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ALLEN'S    SYNONYMS 

AND 

ANTONYMS 


ALLEN'S 

SYNONYMS  AND  ANTONYMS 


BY 

F.  STURGES  ALLEN,  A.B.,  LL.B. 

General  Editor  of 
"WEBSTER'S  NEW  INTERNATIONAL  DICTIONARY" 


HARPER    &    BROTHERS    PUBLISHERS 

NEW  YORK  AND   LONDON 


Allen's  Synonyms  and  Antonyms 

Copyright,  1920,  by  Harper  &  Brothers 

Copyright,  Canada,  1920 

Registered  at  Stationers'  Hall,  London,  England 

Copyright  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland 

and  in  all  countries  subscribing 

to  the   Berne  Convention 

All  rights  of  publication  and  translation  growing  out  of  copyright  in  the  United    States 

of  America,  1920,  and  in  Great  Britain,  1920,  and  under  treaties  with  the  United  States 

of  America,  and  otherwise,  are  reserved  by  Harper  &  Brothers. 

All  rights  reserved 

Printed  in  the  United  States  of  America 


To  My  Friend 
JAMES  BROOKS  COMINS,  M.D. 

In  appreciation  of  the  watchful  care  which  re- 
stored me  to  health,  in  the  year  1914,  mak- 
ing possible  the  carrying  on  and  com- 
pletion of  the  work,  on  this  book. 


PREFACE 

When,  about  the  year  1900,  I  began  work  upon  a  dictionar>-  of 
s^Tion^ins  I  planned  to  make  what  would  h>e  essentially  a  thorough 
^e^'ision  and  enlargement  of  a  p^e^'iousIy  existing  work  on  the  subject. 
But  after  a  short  while  I  was  convinced  that  such  a  method  would 
result  in  a  book  with  which  I  should  only  be  dissatisfied.  I  then  decided 
to  make  a  complete  original  dictionaiy  of  s^^3on^'ms.  la^Tng  the  emphasis 
upon  words  of  hteraiy-  and  technical  value,  but  omitting  phrases  the  in- 
clusion of  which  would  swell  the  book  to  unreasonable  proportions. 

With  this  end  in  ^'iew  I  began  the  study  of  the  definitions  and  quota- 
tions given  in  the  Oxford  English  Dictionary  (easily  the  greatest  dictionary 
m  any  language),  thinking  I  should  be  able  to  complete  my  book  in  four 
or  five  years  at  the  most.  It  soon  became  plain,  however,  that  the  task 
could  not  be  completed  in  this  length  of  time,  for  before  I  had  finished 
even  the  examination  of  the  15,000  pages  of  the  Oxford  English  Dictionary 
more  than  five  years  had  elapsed.  But  during  that  time  I  had  made 
about  300,000  memoranda  of  words.  Since  the  vocabularies  of  the 
more  important  special  dictionaries — of  dialect,  of  law,  medicine,  seaman- 
ship, engineering,  etc. — are  covered  in  the  Oxford  work,  my  notes  repre- 
sent a  winnowing  of  ^-i^tually  the  whole  fund  of  recorded  English  diction. 

The  collation  and  apphcation  of  these  300.000  memoranda  have 
taken  me  many  years  of  intense  labor;  but  these  memoranda  form  the 
basis  upon  which  the  present  dictionary-  has  been  constructed. 

My  aim  has  been  to  make  the  scope  of  the  book  as  broad  as  possible 
in  order  to  meet  the  requirements  of  my  most  critical  advisers,  though 
this  has  not  been  easy.  Some  have  urged  that  obsolete  and  rare  words 
be  omitted;  others  have  ad%Tsed  that  they  be  retained.  Some  have 
thought  the  contextual  notes  superfluous ;  others,  even  among  professional 
writers,  have  considered  them  highly  valuable.  And  so  with  other 
features  of  the  book.  What  some  have  thought  needless,  others  have 
thought  helpful.  As  a  result  it  has  seemed  advisable  to  meet  all  reason- 
able requirements  by  including  those  features  which  serve  any  widely 
felt  need. 

The  surpassing  number  of  words  I  have  had  to  work  upon  has 
made  it  easier  to  carr^-  out  a  sound  and  helpful  conception  of  s^Tionymy 
— badly  lacking  in  some  manuals  of  this  kind.  The  fuUness  of  reference 
to  anton^Ttts,  and  the  parenthetical  comments  that  for  many  thousand 
words  note  their  special  status  or  special  limitations  upon  their  use  will 
make  a  new  appeal  to  discriminating  writers. 

vii 


PREFACE 

To  the  incH'hanical  features  of  the  work  I  have  paid  special  attention. 
I  have  endeavoretl,  by  means  of  a  thorough  system  of  cross  references, 
to  avoid  the  many  repetitions  which  frequently  occur  in  other  dic- 
tionaries of  synonyms.  Furthermore,  I  have  gone  over  the  proofs 
many  times  to  detect  errors  and  omissions,  which  easily  occur  in  a 
work  so  extensive,  so  complex,  and  so  essentially  new  in  its  form  of 
presentation;  and  I  therefore  believe  the  first  edition  of  this  book  to 
be  as  correct  as  it  is  humanly  possible  to  make  it.  But  if  any  error  or 
omission  be  discovered  I  shall  esteem  it  a  favor  if  the  reader  will  l)ut 
apprise  the  publishers,  so  that  corrections  may  be  made  in  subsequent 
editions. 

This  new  presentation  of  the  subject  has  been  by  no  means  the 
result  of  sudden  inspiration.  On  the  contrary,  it  has  been  the  result 
of  long  years  of  unceasing  study  and  experiment.  If,  therefore,  I 
have  afforded  material  help  in  the  study  of  the  micaning  of  words  and 
in  the  correct  use  of  English — the  most  resourceful  of  all  languages — 
I  shall  not  have  labored  in  vain. 

I  wish  hereby  to  acknowledge  my  indebtedness  to  those  who  have 
followed  my  work  with  suggestions  and  criticisms,  and  especially  to 
Dr.  Frederick  W.  Kilbourne  of  Meriden,  Connecticut,  for  reading  the 
last  one  hundred  galley  proofs  and  to  Prof.  Alfred  D.  Sheffield  of  Cam- 
bridge, Massachusetts,  for  seeing  through  the  press  the  last  two  hundred 
pages  of  proofs. 

F.  Sturges  Allen. 

Springfield,  Mass.,  August,  1920. 


NOTES    OF    EXPLANATION 

affected. — When  a  person  deliberately  uses  a  diction  which  is  not  natural 
and  is  not  chosen  simply  in  order  best  to  convey  his  meaning,  his  use 
of  words  is  affected.  This  is  ordinarily  due  to  prudery,  excessive  niceness 
or  fastidiousness,  undue  desire  for  show,  or  a  desire  to  support  some 
pretense,  as  of  sympathy,  refinement,  etc.  There  are  in  English 
various  words  which  are  typically  so  used  in  some  senses,  and  they 
are  followed  in  this  book  by  the  word  ''affected,"  as  where  delectation  is 
used  for  delight,  peregrinator  for  'pilgrim,  confect  for  make,  emporium 
for  market,  limb  for  leg,  avaunt  for  awaij,  etc. 

Common  forms  of  affectation  are  the  excessive  use  of  euphemisms 
(see  EUPHEMISTIC,  below)  and  intensives. 

archaic. — Words  that  belong  to  the  past  but  have  now  fallen  into  disuse 
in  ordinary  language,  but  are  for  some  reason  retained  in  particular 
uses,  as  in  poetry  or  for  their  flavor  of  archaism,  are  followed  by  the 
term  archaic.  Archaic  uses  may  survive  with  particular  individuals, 
as  when  the  word  positive  is  pronounced  with  the  i  before  the  v  long 
(as  in  pine),  or  the  word  oblige  is  pronounced  with  the  i  sounded  as  ee. 
Among  the  very  many  words  archaically  used  in  English  are:  ghastful 
for  alarming,  anhungered  for  hungry,  bestow  for  apply,  host  for  army, 
facets  for  facetious,  hostel  for  inn,  inform  for  deformed,  etc. 

A  word  may  become  obsolete  or  archaic  in  general  use,  but  be 
retained  in  professional  use  or  in  some  stock  phrase,  as  let  in  "without 
let  or  hindrance,"  hearse  or  herse  for  bier  in  certain  ecclesiastical  usage. 
Archaic  uses  often  shade  almost  insensibly  into  those  that  are  poetic, 
learned,  or  rare. 

bookish. — Some  words  are  literary  in  that  they  are  little  used  out  of 
books,  but  still  lack  any  special  literary  associations  aside  from  the 
fact  that  they  are  rather  more  formal  than  ordinary  words  or  that  they 
"smell  of  the  shop."  Terms  decidedly  of  this  character  are  often 
termed  bookish  (and  are  so  marked  in  this  book) ,  as  horrific  for  horrible 
or  frightful,  tintinnabulum  for  bell,  verve  for  ardor,  horrific  for  fearful. 
The  use  of  such  words  often  smacks  of  preciosity  or  stiltedness.  Of 
course  here,  as  in  all  matters  of  usage,  there  is  no  definite  line  of  dis- 
tinction setting  off  bookish  words  as  a  group  from  those  usually  felt 
to  be  literary,  learned,  technical,  or  pedantic.     Cf.  tech.,  below. 

colloq. — Those  words  are  designated  as  colloq.  (that  is,  colloquial)  which 
are  usually  and  properly  common  in  ordinary  speech  or  conversation, 


NOTES    OF    EXPLANATION 

but  lack  the  dignity  of  association  which  is  necessary  to  make  thcni 
appropriate  for  formal  or  elevated  discourse. 

The  use  of  these  words  in  ordinary  conversation  is  not  suggestive 
of  vulgarity,  but  when  used  in  formal  or  elevated  discourse  they  lend 
an  air  of  tiippancj'  or  illiteracy  that  is  offensive  to  good  taste.  Words 
which  have  not  become  recognized  as  in  good  usage  even  to  the  extent 
of  being  colloquial  are  designated  as  slang  (which  see,  below).  The 
appropriate  use  of  colloquial  words  lends  a  charm  and  easiness  to 
informal  conversation  without  which  it  is  likely  to  appear  affected, 
stilted,  or  pedantic. 

A  few  examples  of  colloquialisms  are:  milksop  for  coward,  flit  for 
depart,  cabby  for  cob  driver,  sieing  for  liberty,  ado  for  fuss. 
contextual. — As  used  in  this  book  the  word  contextual  is  used  for  brevity 
in  place  of  "a  contextual  seyise  or  usage."  Very  many  words  depend 
more  or  less  upon  their  context  or  the  circumstances  of  their  use  for  a 
part  of  the  sense  or  meaning  which  they  are  intended  to  convey.  Thus, 
when  the  question  is  asked,  "Have  you  done  your  arithmetic?",  we 
must  know  the  facts  with  reference  to  which  the  question  was  asked 
in  order  to  know  what  done  implies,  as  learned,  memorized,  or  worked 
the  examples  of.  This  dependence  of  a  word  upon  its  context  or  the 
circumstances  of  its  use  exists,  to  a  greater  or  less  degree,  in  all  cases 
where  a  word  of  more  general  meaning  is  used  in  place  of  a  word  of  a 
narrower,  or  specific,  meaning.  Thus,  whenever  we  use  do  in  this  way, 
we  must  in  each  case  look  beyond  the  word  itself  to  know  the  particular 
implication  which  it  is  intended  to  have. 

An  almost  unlimited  number  of  contextual  synonyms  might  in  this 
way  be  given  in  any  dictionary  of  synonjTns,  as  for  example  animal 
under  horse,  cow,  child,  man,  womayi,  insect,  etc.;  emotion  under  passion, 
frenzy,  love,  hatred,  joy,  happiness,  etc.;  move  under  rush,  go,  dart,  run, 
walk,  creep,  glide,  etc. 

I  have  attempted  to  avoid  uselessly  cluttering  the  pages  of  the  book 
with  an  excess  of  such  sjTionyms,  but  have  added  general  words  as 
sjTionyms  where  it  was  felt  that  they  would  be  of  service  to  the  user 
of  the  book. 

Examples  of  the  use  of  contextual  occur  on  most  of  the  pages,  as  after 
ecclesiastic  under  monk,  girl  under  hussy,  product  under  offspring,  mark 
under  brand,  etc. 
euphemistic. — One  often  has  occasion  to  express  what  is  in  itself  un- 
pleasant or  is  conventionally  tabooed  in  direct  expression,  by  using 
terms  that  have  less  offensive  suggestions  than  would  be  involved  in 
those  precisely  or  bluntly  indicating  one's  meaning. 

The  use  of  euphemisms  is  a  notable  feature  of  primitive  races  or 
customs,  as  where  the  Greeks  designated  the  avenging  Errinnyes  by 
the  name  Eumenides  (a  name  which  arose  as  a  euphemism,  and  literally 
means,  "the  gracious  ones"),  or  where  we  use  intoxicated  for  dnnik  or 


NOTES    OF    EXPLANATION 

bowels  or  intestines  for  guts  (a  word  once  in  polite  usage  and  still  proper 
in  some  connections).  Other  words  wholly  or  often  used  euphemistic- 
ally are  infidelity  for  adultery,  intimacy  for  illicit  amour,  departure 
for  death,  innocent  for  simpleton.  So  any  word  of  pleasant  connotation 
may  be  used  in  place  of  a  word  of  unpleasant  suggestion  whenever  the 
intended  sense  will  be  conveyed. 

fig. — 'When  the  use  of  a  word  in  the  sense  for  which  it  is  given  involves  a 
consciousness  that  it  is  more  or  less  transferred  or  figurative  in  use, 
the  word  is  followed  hy  fig.  {iov  figurative).  This  has  resulted  in  many 
words  being  marked  fig.  which  are  not  figurative  in  any  sense  that 
would  imply  that  their  use  belongs  to  what  is  rhetorically  called 
figurative,  flowery,  or  ornate  discourse;  but  merely  that  the  sense 
though  established  in  English  usage  is  not  one  in  which  the  con- 
sciousness of  transferred  or  figurative  use  is  yet  entirely  forgotten, 
and  without  the  fig.  there  might  be  a  momentary  difficulty  in  sensing 
the  connection.  This  is  the  case  with  blaspheme  for  abuse,  whip  for 
abuse,  or  cosmic  for  consistent,  voice  for  speaker,  day  for  time. 

Proper  names  conventionally  used  as  synonyms  are  also  designated 
as  fig.,  where  the  consciousness  of  the  figure  still  exists,  as  where 
Boanerges  is  used  for  speaker,  Castalia  or  Hippocrene  for  spring,  Cyclo- 
pean for  massive. 

formal. — I  have  designated  by  formal  those  words  which  are  charac- 
teristic of  formal  or  precise  discourse,  as  where  insular  is  used  for 
island  (as  an  adjective),  protasis  for  beginning,  chamber  for  bedroom. 
Here  again  it  is  difficult  to  draw  the  line  between  those  sufficiently 
formal  to  be  so  designated  and  those  which  are  not,  and  I  have  omitted 
the  designation  when  there  seemed  to  be  any  question  about  its 
correctness. 

intensive. — When  the  intensive  force  of  a  word  is  a  noticeable  element  of 
its  meaning  the  designation  intensive  is  added  after  the  word.  In 
many  cases  a  prefix  is  added  to  a  word  so  as  to  form  a  new  word,  but 
in  an  intensified  degree.  The  commonest  prefixes  so  used  are  be-  and 
en-  or  em-,  as  in  bedeck,  becloud,  bespatter,  embolden,  empoison,  enchain; 
but  en-  and  em-  are  now  little  used  in  new  combinations,  and  be-  usually 
has  a  suggestion  of  excess,  often  with  a  note  of  contempt  or  disgust, 
as  in  bedeck,  begem,  becalm,  bespatter,  bedraggle.  The  intensive  force 
is  plainly  felt  in  some  of  the  older  words,  now  obsolete  or  archaic,  as 
in  beshrew  (thee),  bethink  (thee),  and  in  many  modern  forms,  such  as 
bedew,  enfeeble,  empoison,  enchase,  encarnalize,  etc.  In  many  cases 
the  intensive  force  of  the  prefix  em-  or  en-  is  lost  and  the  compound 
word  has  become  the  ordinary  term,  as  embitter  (rather  than  bitter), 
encircle  (rather  than  circle),  emboss  (rather  than  boss).  The  em- 
phatic form  is  in  some  cases  so  far  restricted  to  poetic  use  as  to  justify 
the  denomination  poetic. 

learned. — 'Many  words  are  common  enough  in  learned  discourse,  written 

xi 


NOTES    OF    EXPLANATION 

or  spoken,  but  arc  nevcrlheless  quite  out  of  place  in  ordinary  general 
literature  or  conversation.  Technical  terms  (here  marked  as  tech.) 
are  essentially  of  the  learned  class;  but  many  other  words  which 
cannot  properly  be  classed  as  technical  and  yet  are  not  generally 
known  to  those  of  ordinary  education,  are  in  this  work  followed  Ijy 
the  word  ^'learned."  It  would  be  ridiculous  to  designate  as  learned  all 
words  not  understood  or  which  are  not  at  all,  or  but  imperfectly, 
understood  by  those  with  only  a  grammar-school  or  even  a  high- 
school  education,  for  of  these  words,  many  will  be  more  or  less  familiar 
to  one  person  and  strange  to  another,  who  in  turn  may  know  well 
wonls  unfamiliar  or  unknown  to  the  first.  Words  of  this  class  are 
lugubrio7is,  dolorous,  matiitinal,  venial,  fallacious,  inimical,  and  these 
are  left  unmarked,  though  at  times  it  is  difficult  to  draw  the  line 
between  them  and  those  marked  affected,  learned,  or  literary. 

Those  words  designated  as  learned,  therefore,  are  only  those  about 
which  there  seems  to  be  no  question  and  concerning  the  nature  of 
which  a  warning  should  be  given  to  the  user  of  this  dictionary.  Among 
them  are:  indite  for  compose,  mordacious  for  biting,  decollate  for  behead, 
autochthonous  for  native.  Learned  words  are  often,  like  technical 
terms,  more  exact  in  their  meanings  than  more  common  words. 

literary. — ]\Iany  words  are  chiefly  restricted  in  use  to  literary  expression 
notable  for  its  elevation  in  form  or  taste  or  to  formal  addresses  couched 
in  such  language,  and  these  are  designated  as  literary.  Such  words 
carry  a  suggestion  of  studied  elegance  of  expression  or  of  learning  that 
would  lend  to  their  use  in  colloquial  or  technical  discourse  an  appear- 
ance of  pedantry,  stiltedness,  or  affectation. 

Many  or  most  of  these  words  have  once  belonged  to  ordinary  dic- 
tion, but  have  by  a  long  restricted  use  been  set  aside  for  this  more 
studied  or  elegant  discourse,  as  burgeon  for  bud, distrait  for  absent-minded. 
The  setting  apart  of  words  in  this  way  is  a  process  continually  going 
on  in  English.  Further  common  examples  of  "literary"  words  are 
froward  for  perverse,  fruition  for  enjoyment,  imbrue  for  stain,  impugn  for 
attach,  Thespian  for  dramatic,  array  for  dress,  decease  for  die,  fuliginous 
for  smoky,  infelicitous  for  unhappy.     Cf.  formal,  above. 

obs. — The  abbreviation  obs.  (for  obsolete)  is  put  after  such  words  as  have 
fallen  into  disuse  but  have  seemed  notable  enough  to  warrant  their 
inclusion  among  the  synonyms.  Since  Chaucer's  time  many  thousands 
of  English  words  have  become  obsolete,  and  the  presence  of  even  a 
large  part  of  them  would  mar  a  book  of  English  synonjTns  of  to-day. 
The  art  of  printing  has  now,  as  it  were,  stereotyped  our  English  vocabu- 
lary, so  that  in  these  days  words  comparatively  seldom  become  ob- 
solete. Indeed,  there  is  at  present  rather  a  tendency,  consciously^  or 
unconsciously,  to  retain  or  revive  words  already  partly  or  wholly 
fallen  into  disuse,  as  is  seen  in  the  large  number  of  words  marked 
archaic. 

xii 


NOTES    OF    EXPLANATION 

Therefore,  where  there  has  seemed  to  be  some  literary  or  other 
sufficient  reason  for  including  in  the  book  an  obsolete  word,  I  have  not 
hesitated  to  do  so,  as  in  case  of  pleat  for  braid,  pleasant  for  buffoon, 
wick  for  village. 

obsolescent. — ^Where  a  word  has  begun  to  fall  into  disuse,  but  still  has 
use  enough  so  that  it  would  be  inappropriate  to  designate  it  as  rare 
or  obsolete,  I  have  added  the  designation  obsolescent.  As  already  said, 
words  do  not  now  so  often  become  obsolete,  the  influence  of  the  printing- 
press  being  to  keep  in  use  the  vocabulary  which  we  already  have. 
Words  that  are  simply  falling  into  disuse  and  so  are  obsolescent  (as 
incommodious  for  inconvenient,  quiz  for  hoax)  are  to  be  distinguished 
from  archaic  words  which  are  consciously  retained  in  use  or  revived  for 
the  sake  of  the  flavor  of  archaism  associated  with  them.  Cf .  archaic, 
above. 

rare. — The  term  rare  after  a  word  denotes  that  the  word  is  rarely  used 
in  general  literature.  Rare  vrords  consist  mostly  of  those  which  now 
and  then  appear  in  literature  but  have  never  become  common.  Thus, 
fledgy  for  feathery,  affright  for  fear,  desipient  for  foolish  were  first  used 
many  years  ago,  but  they  have  never  become  established  in  general 
use.  Some  words  now  rare  were  once  common ;  where  the  fact  of  their 
former  frequent  occurrence  is  of  notable  interest  these  are  usually 
designated  as  now  rare.  Rare  words  ordinarily  are  of  a  more  or  less 
learned  or  pedantic  character,  and  hence  their  use  is  often  affected  to 
produce  a  humorous  or  ironical  effect. 

rhetorical. — The  word  rhetorical  is  used  to  designate  words  which  are 
characteristically  used  in  language  that  is  artificially  or  extravagantly 
elegant,  or  that  specially  seeks  to  convey  an  extreme  or  exaggerated 
effect,  as  where  mighty  is  used  for  big,  or  mellifluous  for  melodious,  or 
ivroth  for  angry. 

slang. — ^When  a  word  as  a  whole,  or  in  the  given  sense,  has  a  certain 
arbitrary  use,  but  is  considered  as  generally  below  the  level  of  educated 
speech,  it  is  designated  as  slang. 

Slang  generally  consists  of  new  words  or  new  uses  of  old  words; 
but  this  is  not  necessarily  so.  Mere  newness  does  not  make  a  word 
or  sense  slang,  for  many  of  the  new  words  and  senses  of  words  in  all 
departments  of  life,  especially  in  the  arts  and  sciences,  are  not  slang 
in  this  sense,  though  they  might  come  under  the  very  broad  sense 
of  slang  as  equivalent  to  jargon,  or  technical  terminology  (cf.  tech., 
below).  Generally  speaking,  the  use  of  slang  is  not  only  inconsistent 
with  a  refined  or  elegant  diction,  but  also  with  that  seriousness  and 
dignity  which  is  felt  to  be  essential  to  the  general  course  of  conduct  and 
speech. 

Occasionally,  terms  which  arise  as  slang,  such  as  hoax,  jitney,  and 
bus,  are  accepted  into  good  usage,  but  the  great  bulk  of  slang  words 
(such  as  newlywed  for  benedict,  dope  for  medicine,  claret  for  blood, 


NOTES    OF    EXPLANATION 

buster  for  blusterer  or  a  big  thing)  remain  slang  as  long  as  they 
are  used. 
spec. — The  word  specific  (abbreviated  in  the  text  to  spec.)  denotes  that 
a  word  is  a  synonjan  of  the  title  word  only  in  having  a  specific,  or 
particular  and  restricted,  sense  which  is  included  among  those  for 
which  the  title  word  may  be  used.  Specific  senses  are  at  the  opposite 
extreme  from  words  which  have  such  a  general  meaning  that  they  are 
denominated  contextual  (which  see,  above). 

It  is  noteworthy  that  the  more  exact  a  person  becomes  in  his  designa- 
tion or  description,  the  more  specific  are  the  words  which  he  uses. 
Such  words  when  correctly  used  conduce  to  accuracy,  but  they  corre- 
spondingly narrow,  often  belittle,  the  meaning. 

The  designation  spec,  therefore,  often  serves  as  a  useful  or  needed 
warning  that  a  word  given  as  a  synonym  is  so  much  restricted  in  its 
meaning  that  it  is  not  to  be  used  as  a  general  equivalent  of  the  other; 
in  many  other  cases  this  is  obvious  without  the  spec,  which  is  then  given 
merely  for  the  sake  of  uniformity.  For  examples  consult  entries  on 
almost  any  page  at  random,  as  depart,  horse,  perceive,  shrine,  child, 
offspring. 
tech. — The  abbreviation  tech.  (for  technical)  is  added  after  words  such 
as  pomiform  for  apple-shaped,  ramus  for  branch,  squama  for  scale, 
sternum  for  breastbone,  which  are  chiefly  found  in,  and  characteristic  of, 
technical  usage.  Many,  perhaps  most,  of  such  words  are  occasionally 
to  be  found  outside  of  technical  literature,  but  their  use  then  nearly 
always  gives  an  impression  of  learning  or  pedantry.  Many  technical 
terms  are  the  mere  jargon,  or  slang  (in  the  broad  sense),  of  a  trade 
or  profession,  and  such  terms  are  not  ordinarily  included  in  this 
book. 

It  is  to  be  noted  that  technical,  as  well  as  learned,  terms  are  ordinarily 
more  specific  and  exact  in  meaning  than  popular  words,  and  are  also 
barren  of  much  or  all  of  the  connotations  which  lend  to  the  commoner 
words  their  richness  of  meaning. 


Jl^"  Various  characterizations  of  words  other  than  those  given  above  are 
used  in  this  book,  such  as  British,  U.  S.,  hist,  (for  historical),  antiq.  (for 
antiquarian  or  antiquities),  stilted,  etc.  Such  designations  have  mean- 
ings readily  inferred  from  their  ordinary  significations,  and  there  is 
nothing  in  their  relation  to  general  usage  or  to  each  other  to  call  for 
explanation  of  them  here.  Thus,  the  designation  British  is  equivalent 
to  "only  or  distinctively  in  British  usage";  U.  S.,  to  "only  or 
distinctively  in  use  in  the  United  States";  hist.,  to  "used  in  historical 
reference  or  discourse";  antiq.,  to  "used  by  antiquarians  or  in 
reference  to  antiquities";  stilted,  to  "characteristically  used  in  stilted 
discourse." 

XIV 


ABBREVIATIONS  USED   IN  THIS   BOOK 


a adjective. 

adj adjective. 

adv adverb. 

Af.,  Afr Africa. 

Am America. 

anat anatomy. 

antiq antiquities. 

arch architecture. 

archffiol archaeology. 

astrol astrology. 

astron astronomy. 

Bib Biblical. 

biol biology. 

bot botany. 

Brit British. 

Can Canada. 

cf confer  (L.,  compare). 

chem chemistry. 

coUoq colloquial. 

conj conjunction. 

dial dialect,  dialectal. 

dim diminutive. 

eccl ecclesiastical. 

econ economics. 

elec electrical. 

Engl English. 

esp especially. 

etc et  cetera  (L.,  and  so  forth). 

ethnol ethnology. 

exclam exclamation. 

fem feminine. 

fig figurative,  figuratively. 

Ger. German. 

her heraldry. 

hist historical,    hi.story. 

infin infinitive. 


interj interjection. 

math mathematics. 

med medicine. 

metal metallurgy. 

metaph metaphysics. 

meteorol meteorology. 

min mineralogy. 

mythol mythology. 

n noun. 

New  Eng New  England. 

obs obsolete. 

obsolesc obsolescent. 

p participle. 

philos philosophy. 

physiol physiology. 

pi plural. 

Port Portuguese. 

p.p participle  past. 

p.  pr participle  present. 

prep preposition. 

pron pronoun. 

psychol psychology. 

R.  C.  Ch Roman   Catholic   Church. 

Scot Scottish,  Scotland. 

sing singular. 

So South. 

Sp Spanish. 

spec specific. 

tech technical. 

theol theology. 

U.  S United  States. 

V verb. 

var variant  (spelling). 

v.  i verb  intransitive. 

v.  t verb  transitive. 

zool zoology. 


CROSS  REFERENCES 

Every  cross  reference  from  a  word  is  to  some  other  synonymous  word, 
under  which  it  is  given  either  merely  as  a  synonym  or  by  way  of  a  recip- 
rocal reference  at  the  end.  This  latter  is  often  done  where  there  are 
two  groups  of  synonyms  of  overlapping  signification. 

The  matter  in  smaller  type  at  the  foot  of  the  page  consists  entirely 
of  cross  references,  the  words  in  the  italic  type  in  each  case  having,  under 
the  main  vocabulary  entrance,  a  list  of  synonyms  including  the  word 
referred  from.  Thus,  "obloquy:  abuse,  discredit"  means:  "see  in  the 
main  Vocabulary  the  words  abuse  and  discredit,  where  the  word  obloquy 
will  be  found  as  one  of  the  several  synonyms  of  the  other  words." 


DIVIDING  NUMBERS 

Under  many  of  the  vocabulary  entries  the  synonyms  are  divided 
into  numbered  groups,  so  as  to  keep  together  the  synonyms  for  any  one 
sense,  because  the  synonyms  of  a  word  in  one  sense  usually  differ  in 
whole  or  in  part  from  the  synonyms  of  the  word  in  a  different  sense. 
Where  the  distinction  between  the  senses  is  not  obvious,  I  have  intro- 
duced a  brief  hint  or  definition  so  as  to  make  this  plain,  as  under  abridg- 
ment, arrangement,  ask,  v.  t.,  assembly,  base,  n.,  beak.  Frequently  the 
difference  in  meaning  between  the  senses  is  made  clear  or  more  obvious  by 
the  following  antonyms,  as  under  absolute,  ask,  v.  t.,  branch,  body,  benefit. 

XV 


ALLEN'S    SYNONYMS, 

AND 

ANTONYMS 


ALLEN'S   SYNONYMS 

AND 

ANTONYMS 


ABILITY 


abandon,  v.  t.  leave,  quit,  desert,  remit, 
renounce,  forsake,  desolate  (rare),  forgo 
{rare  or  archaic),  drop,  discard,  surrender; 
spec,  evacuate,  forswear,  maroon,  consign, 
bolt;   see  relinquish,  forgo,  abdicate, 

SUBJECT,    STOP. 

Antonyms:  see  keep,  continue,  accom- 
pany, APPROPRIATE. 
abandoned,  a.  1.  corrupt,  reprobate,  un- 
principled, depraved,  hardened,  irreclaim- 
able, incorrigible,  irreformable,  irredeem- 
able, lost;  spec,  shameless;  see  dissipated. 
Antonyms:  see  conscientious. 
2.  forlorn,  lorn  {literary),  destitute  {rare), 
castaway,  outcast,  derelict,  deserted,  de- 
sert {archaic). 

8.    See  UNINHABITED. 

abase,  v.  t.  1.  With  "himself,"  "them- 
selves," etc.,  as  object:  degrade,  lower,  de- 
base, demean  {not  in  good  usage),  sink 
{rare),  stoop  {rare),  bemean. 
2.  humble,  humiliate,  reduce,  disgrace, 
prostrate,  lower,  mortify  {rare  or  spec); 
spec,  depose,  disrate,  disrank,  disgrade, 
discrown,  uncrown,  disbench,  disbishop, 
disbar,  dispurple,  unchurch,  discepter. 
Antonyms:  see  advance,  elevate,  dig- 
nify. 

abasement,  n.  Spec,  degradation,  debas- 
ing, humiliation,  disgrace,  etc.  » 

abash,  v.  t.  disconcert,  confound,  confuse, 
discountenance,    dash,    embarrass,   awe; 
spec,  shame,  overawe;  see  intimidate. 
Antonyms:    see  cheer,  encourage. 

abashed,  a.  disconcerted,  confounded, 
confused,  ashamed,  etc. 

abate,  v.  t.  &  i.  1.  destroy,  abolish,  reduce. 
Antonyms:   see  build,  preserve. 


2.  reduce,  decrease,  curtail,  diminish,  re- 
mit, lower,  depress,  lessen,  abridge,  slack- 
en, mitigate,  relax,  slack;  spec,  qualify, 
intermit,  drop,  fall  {v.  i.),  sink,  subside 
{v.  i.),  flatten,  wane  {v.  i.),  allay. 
Antonyms:   see  increase,  intensify. 

abbreviate,  v.  t.     1.  See  shorten. 
2.  Referring  to  words:    shorten,  clip,  re- 
duce, contract,  prune. 

abdicate,  v.  t.  abandon,  relinquish,  re- 
sign, demit; — all  four  contextual. 

abdomen,  n.  belly  {now  becoming  vulgar, 
exc.  as  referring  to  animals),  paunch  {dys- 
logistic, exc.  of  an  animal),  pod  {vulgar), 
corporation  {chiefly  spec;  colloq.  or  vul- 
gar), guts  {pi.;  cant  or  vulgar);  spec. 
epigastrium. 

abdominal,  a.  ventral,  visceral,  hemal 
{tech.),  alvine  {rare);  spec,  coeliac,  uterine, 
abdominous   {rare),  big-bellied. 

abduct,  V.  t.  transport  {contextual),  kid- 
nap, rape  {esp.  in  p.  p.  &  p.  a.  "rapt"; 
archaic),  ravish  {literary;  often  with 
"away"),  spirit  {chiefly  with  "away"); 
spec,  crimp,  shanghai.  ^ 

abhor,  v.  t.    dislike    {contextual),    detest, 
hate,      contemn,     despise,      abominate, 
loathe,  nauseate  {rare). 
Antomjms:    see  like,  love,  admire. 

abhorrence,  n.  dislike  {contextual),  de- 
testation, despisal,  hate,  abomination, 
hatred,  antipathy,  nausea,  disgust,  loath- 
ing, aversion,  horror. 

Antonyms:    see  liking,  love,  admira- 
tion, affection. 

ability,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  ability  to 
do  a  particular  thing:  competency,  capac- 
ity, power,  efficiency,  sufficiency. 


X^F"  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
abaft:    backward. 
abattoir:    slaunhterhoii/se. 
abbey:    convent. 


abduce:    withdraw. 

aberrant:  abnormal,  wandering, 

unusual. 
abet:    aid,  incite. 


abide:    slai/,    du'ell,  tarry,  con- 
tin  ue,.   slick,   inhere. 
abide,  v.  I.:    endure,  await. 
abiding:    lasting,  constant. 


fS^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
1 


ABJECT 


Antotnjms:    sec  in.\bility. 

2.  In  a  general  sense:  capability  {often 
in  pi.,  as  in  "of  great  capabilities"),  power, 
caliber,  strength,  cncrgj-;  spec,  gauge, 
l>arts  (pi. ;  archaic  or  literary),  masteiliness. 

Antoni/nis:    sec  inability. 

3.  lief  erring  to  a  concrete  q^^alit7J:  talent, 
faculty,  hang  {colloq.),  gift,  art,  trick, 
knack;    spec,  hand;    see  skill,  endow- 

MKNT. 

Antonyms:   see  disability. 
abject,  a.  servile,  slavish,  sneaking,  grov- 
eling,   wormy    (JiQ-)>    cringing,    hangdog 
[collvq.),  reptile  (rare),  miderfoot  {rare); 
see  OBSEQUIOUS. 

Antonyms:    see  assuming,  assured,  im- 

I'lDENT,    self-assertive. 

abjure,   v.   i.    1.    recall   {contextual),  for- 
swear, unswear  {rare). 

Antonyms:    see  maintain,  state. 
2.  See  DISCLAIM. 
able,   a.    1.   quahfied,    competent,    capa- 
ble, effective  {chiefly  spec),  sufBcient. 
Antonytns:    see  incapable. 

2.  clever,  gifted,  talented;  spec,  accom- 
jilished,  notable  {archaic  or  rare). 

3.  iwwerful,  competent,  strong,  mighty 
{rhetorical),  masterly;  see  skilful, 
le.arned. 

Antonyms:  see  weak. 
abnormal,  a.  exceptional  {contextual), 
irregular,  erratic,  anomalous,  anomalistic 
{rare  or  tech.),  aberrant,  eccentric,  heter- 
ocUte  {rare  or  gram.),  anormal  {rare); 
spec,  amorphous,  bastard,  unnatural; 
see  monstrous. 

Antonyms:  see  normal,  ordinary. 
abode,  n.  1.  residence,  habitation  {for- 
mal  or  stilted),  inhabitance  {obs.),  hab- 
itance  {obs.),  dwelling,  house,  quarters 
{pi.;  chiefly  spec),  seat  {archaic  or  poetic), 
home,  domicile  {chiefly  legal),  tenement 
{chiefly  spec),  place  {contextual),  rest 
{rare),  hole  {in  contempt),  habitat  {chiefly 
hot.  and  zooL),  fireside  {fig.),  nest  {fig.), 
harbor  {archaic  or  literary),  cunabula  {lit- 
erary); spec,  place,  camp  {temporary), 
homestead,  headquarters,  residency,  hos- 
tel, hospice,  hospitium,  hall,  court,  palace, 
hibernaculum  or  {rare)  hibernacle,  man- 
sion, college,  curatage,  vicarage,  novitiate, 
Magdalen  or  Magdalene,  legation,  hos- 
telry, wigwam,  heritage,  hermitary  (rare), 
collectorate,  burrow,  barracks  {pi-);  see 
quarters,  house. 
2.  See  STAY. 
abolish,  v.  t.  1.  annul,  cancel,  nulHfy, 
cass  {obs.  or  Scot.),  quash,  disannul  {em- 
phatic for  "annul"),  rescind,  remove,  alDro- 
gate;  spec,  {chiefly  in  reference  to  laws) 
antiquate,  overrule,  overturn;  see  re- 
voke, INVALIDATE. 


Aintonyms:     see   establish,    confirm, 

ENACT. 

2.    overthrow,    overturn,  subvert,  eradi- 
cate, remove,  cxtiri)ate,  suppress,  exter- 
minate, extinguish,  destroy;  spec,  reform; 
see  ABATE,  nullify,  annihilate. 
Antonyms:   see  establish,  conclude. 

abominable,  a.  1.  odious,  detestable,  ex- 
ecrable, hateful,  damnable,  accursed, 
heathenish  {colloq.),  nefarious,  impious, 
hideous,  horrible,  horrid  {noiv  rare  or  liter- 
ary), horrific  {rare),  nefandous  {rare), 
nefand  {obs.),  nameless,  unutterable,  un- 
speakable. 
Antonyms:  see  estimable,  attractive. 
2.  disgusting,  foul,  loathsome,  loathful, 
loathly  (/ii/erar?/),  loathy  (arc/uric j,  beastly, 
vUe,  nefandous  {archaic),  revolting,  shock- 
ing, putid  {rare),  nameless. 
Ajitonyms:  see  pleasant,  attractive, 
beautiful. 

abominate,    v.    t.    abhor,   detest,    dislike 
{contextual),  execrate,  hate. 
Antonyms:    see  love,  like,  admire. 

abort,  V.  t.  bear  {contextual) ,  cast  {referring 
to  beasts  only),  slink  {chiefly  dial.,  referring 
to  beasts  07ily). 

abortion,  n.  1.  miscarriage,  cast  {refer- 
ring to  beasts  only),  slink  or  slinking  {refer- 
ring to  beasts  only). 

2,  misconception,  freak,  monstrosity, 
come-to-naught  {rare) . 

3.  See  failure. 

abound,  v.  i.  1.  exuberate  {rare);  spec. 
superabound. 

2.  overflow,  flow,  swim,  teem;  spec.  lux- 
uriate, revel;   see  swarm. 

abounding,  a.  replete,  plenteous  {archa- 
ic), flowing,  full,  fertile,  fruitful,  rife  {rare), 
flush,  teeming,  swimming,  fat,  rich;  see 
swarming. 
Antonyms:   see  infrequent,  deficient, 

RARE. 

about,  adv.  &  prep.  1.  around,  round, 
circa  {Latin). 

2.  nearly,  approximately,  proximately, 
almost,  nigh,  well-nigh,  circa  {Latin). 

3.  round,  circuitously ;  spec,  alternately, 
successively. 

4.  helter-skelter,  zigzag. 

5.  concerning,  anent  {Scot.),  touching, 
of,  regarding,  on,  after,  respecting,  quoad 
{Latin),  re  {Latin). 

about,  a.     As  used  predicatively  after  "is," 
"was,"    etc.:     1.  afoot,    stirring,    going, 
moving,  doing  {colloq.). 
2.  near,  ready,  nigh  {archaic). 

above,  adv.  &  prep.     1.  over,  upon,   on. 

2.  adv.     See  aloft. 

3.  beyond,  exceeding,  surpassing,  over; 
spec  super-  (a  prefix),  hyper-  {a  prefix). 

Antonyms:    see  below. 


^iW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
2 


ABSORBENT 


abrade,  v.  t.  rub  {contextual),  wear;  spec. 

fret,  grind,  grate;  see  scrape. 
abrasion,  n.  rubbing  or  rub  {contextual), 

wearing  or  wear;    spec,  fret,  graze;    see 

SCRAPE. 

abrasive,  a.  abradent,  scrapy;  spec,  fret- 
ting, graty  {colloq.). 

abrasive,    n.    abradent,    abrader    {rare); 
spec,  carborundum,  emery,  sand,  pumice, 
shagreen,  putty,  bort,  rouge. 
Antonyms:   see  lubricant. 

abreast,  a.  beside,  alike  {contextual), 
alongside;  spec,  aligned,  parallel,  even. 

abridge,  v.  t.  1.  abbreviate,  compress, 
brief,  reduce,  contract  {chiefly  spec),  con- 
dense, compact,  epitomize,  sum  {chiefly 
with  "up");  spec,  razee,  abstract,  dock; 
see  summarize. 
Antonyms:  see  enlarge,  extend. 
2.  See  shorten,  deprive,  abate. 

abridgment,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  act:  con- 
densation, epitomization,  compression, 
reduction,  abbreviation,  contraction; 
spec,  elision;  see  summarization. 

Antonyms:    see  enlargement,  exten- 
sion. 

2.  Referring  to  the  result:  spec,  condensa- 
tion, epitome,  abstract,  summary,  sum, 
compendium,  compend  {rare),  brief,  brevi- 
ary or  breviale  {obs.  or  rare),  digest,  precis 
{tech.;  French),  comprisal  {rare),  synopsis, 
bulletin;  see  summary. 

abrupt,  a.  1.  steep,  sudden,  sharp,  quick, 
angular. 
Antonyms:   see  gradual. 
2.  offhand,    sudden,    hasty,   unpremedi- 
tated, precipitate,  tout-de-suite  {French), 
out-of-hand,  jerky. 
Antonyms:    see  deliberate. 

absence,  n.  1.  awayness  {rare);  spec,  non- 
attendance,  nonappearance,  cut  {colloq.). 
Antonyms:   see  presence,  attendance. 

2.  See  absent-mindedness. 

3.  deficiency,  privation  {logic;  a  loose 
use),  want;  spec,  destitution. 

absent,  a.  1.  away,  abroad  {chiefly  spec), 
elsewhere,  otherwhere  {rare);  spec,  flown, 
distant,  gone,  exiled,  banished,  oversea, 
nonattendant. 
Antonyms:   see  present. 

2.  deficient,  missing,  wanting,  privative 
{logic;  a  loose  use);  spec  indigent  {rare), 
withdrawn,  gone. 

3.  far-away,  dreamy,  abstracted,  ab- 
sorbed, distant,  inattentive,  vacant,  pre- 
occupied, distrait  {literary;  chiefly  as 
French  masc),  lost,  absent-minded,  rapt 
{rhetorical  or  literary);  spec,  musing, 
breathless. 


Antonyms:   see  attentive. 
absent-mindedness,  n.  abstraction,  ab- 
sence,    absorption,    preoccupation,     va- 
cancy, inattention. 

Antonyms:  see  attention. 
absolute,  a.  1.  pure,  perfect,  consum- 
mate, complete,  total,  entire,  round, 
blank,  unqualified,  dead,  clear,  positive, 
utter,  downright,  sheer,  thorough,  thor- 
oughgoing, stark,  essential,  mere  {rare), 
regular  {colloq.),  teetotal  {colloq.),  unal- 
loyed, flat  {chiefly  colloq.);  see  thorough. 

Antonyms:   see  partial,  imperfect. 

2.  unrestricted,  unqualified,  unbounded, 
independent,  arbitrary,  unreserved,  un- 
controlled, full,  plenary,  plenipotentiary 
{chiefly  spec),  plenipotent,  plenary;  spec 
categorematic;    see  autocratic. 

Antonyms:    see  restricted. 

3.  unreserved,  unequivocal,  unqualified, 
positive,  independent,  unconditional,  un- 
conditioned, peremptory. 

Antonyms:   see  conditional. 

4.  See  ACTUAL,  self-existent. 
absolutely,  adv.  purely,  utterly,  entirely, 

consummately,  fiat,  flatly,  dead,  down- 
right, plumb  {chiojly  U.  S.;  slang),  plum 
{chiefly  U.  S.;  slang),  roundly,  teetotally 
(colloq.),  thoroughly,  outright,  altogether; 
spec  out. 

absolution,  n.  1.  forgiveness,  freeing, 
justification  {chiefly  eccl.),  clearance, 
shrift  {eccl.),  assoilment  (rare),  discharge 
{contextual). 

Antonyms:    see  retaliation,   punish- 
ment. 
2.  See  acquittal. 

absolve,  v.  t.  free,  forgive,    clear,   assoil 
{eccl.),  wash  {fig.),  shrive  {eccl.),  justify 
{chiefly  eccl.),   discharge   {contextual). 
Antonyms:   see  punish. 

absorb,  v.  t.  1.  drink  {chiefly  used  with 
"in"  or  "up"),  imbibe,  sop,  occlude 
{tech.),  soak,  suck  {chiefly  with  "up"),  re- 
sorb  {rare);  spec  reabsorb,  ingulf  or  en- 
gulf, blot,  sink. 
Antonyms:  see  exude,  reflect,  emit, 
diffuse. 

2.  Referring  to  ideas,  etc:  incorporate, 
imbibe,  drink  {fig.),  take  {contextual); 
spec,  merge. 

3.  occupy,  engross,  preoccupy,  immerse, 
sink,  merge,  bury,  enwrap  {literary),  de- 
vour, hold  {contextual),  keep  {contextual), 
prepossess. 

absorbed,  a.  engaged,  prcoccujiied,  oc- 
cupied, deep,  sunk,  buried,  rapt  {literary), 
wrapt;   see  absent. 

absorbent,     a.       absorptive,     bibulous. 


ItZF"  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
aboveboard:    openly. 
aboTe-xnentioned:    aforesaid. 


ahioadi  wide-spread, astral/,  free, 

absent,  wroiifj.  [validate. 

abrogate:    abolish,   revoke,    in- 


abscond:    depart. 
absent,  v.  t.:    withdraw. 
absolutism:     autocracy. 


liST  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

3 


ABSORBING 


sponp^v,  spoiipous  (rare),  sorbcnt  (rare), 

tliirsty  [rare  or  Jig.),  sorbcfacicut  (rare). 
absorbing,  (Z.  cngrossiiifj;. 
absorption,    /(.    1.    imbibition,    occlusion 

(tech.);   spec.  resori)tion  (rare),  rcubsorp- 

tion,  soaking,  etc. 
Anton i/ms:  see  reflection,  radiation, 

EMISSION. 

2.  incorporation,  imbibition  (rare);  spec. 
merger. 

S.  engagement,  engrossment,  preoccupa- 
tion, prepossession. 

abstain,  v.  i.  forbear,  refrain,  withhold, 
stay,  desist,  patience  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  indulge. 

abstainer,  n.  teetotaler,  hydropot  (rare), 
rechabite  (fig.);  spec,  teetotum  (humor- 
ous). 

abstemious,   a.   ascetic,   austere,   sober, 
frugal,  abstinent,  temperate,  abstaining; 
spec,  teetotal,  temperance  (colloq.). 
Antonyms:  see  self-gratifying,  drink- 
ing. GLUTTONOUS. 

abstinence,  n.  abstaining,  abstention, 
Avithholdment  (rare),  nephelism  (rare), 
temperance,  refrainment  (rare),  forbear- 
ance (rare). 

abstract,  a.  1.  ideal,  metaphysical,  trans- 
cendental, imaginary  (rare),  visionary 
(rare);  see  academic. 

2.    See  ABSTRUSE. 

abstract,  n.  abridgment,  conspectus,  sy- 
nopsis, syllabus  (chiefly  law  and  spec.); 
spec,  docket,  brief,  note,  headnote;    see 

SUMMARY. 

Antonyms:  see  enlargement,  exten- 
sion, WHOLE. 
abstract,  v.  t.  1.  withdraw,  deduct,  elimi- 
nate, remove,  subtract,  separate  (con- 
textual); spec,  embezzle,  steal  (figurative 
or  slang). 
2.  See  REMOVE,  summarize,  abridge. 

Ardonyyns:  see  add. 
abstraction,  n.  wthdrawal,  deduction,  etc. 
abstruse,  a.  profound,  recondite,  abstract, 
deep,  high,  dark,  acroamatic  (rare),  diffi- 
cult  (contextual),  esoteric   (fig.),  subtle; 
spec,  far-fetched. 

Antonyms:  see  evident,  clear. 
absurd,  a.  irrational,  preposterous,  un- 
reasonable, false  (contextual),  fallacious, 
sophistic,  illogical,  incongruous,  incoher- 
ent, incredible,  nonsensical;  spec,  silly, 
ludicrous,  ridiculous,  paradoxical,  self- 
contradictory. 

Antonyms:    see  logical,  reasonable, 
true,  consistent. 
abundance,  n.    1.  plenty,   plenitude  (lit- 
erary),   copiousness,    profusion,    profuse- 
ness,  plenteousness  (chiefly  poetic),  ampli- 


tude, aflluencc,  fullness,  rci)lction,  frce- 
ness,  luxuriance,  ojjulence,  wealth,  rich- 
ness, prodigality,  generosity,  foison 
(archaic),  cheap  (archaic),  routh  (Scot.;) 
spec,  flood,  exuberance,  super-abundance, 
flow,  heaviness,  lavishness. 
Antonyms:      see     deficiency,     infre- 

QUENCY. 

abundant,  a.  abounding,  copious,  gener- 
ous, luxuriant,  plentiful,  plenteous  (rare 
or  literary),  opulent,  ample,  liberal,  pro- 
fuse, rich,  flush  (chiefly  spec),  plenty 
(chiefly  colloq.),  fat  (rare),  free,  effuse 
(rare),  bounteous,  bountiful,  affluent 
(rare  or  literary),  numerous  (rare);  spec. 
generous,  lavish,  flowing,  exuberant, 
prodigal,  thick,  superabundant,  profli- 
gate, rife,  teeming,  heavy,  unstinted, 
big. 
Antonyms:  see  deficient,  infrequent, 
meager,  scanty. 

abundantly,  adz>.  aboundingly,  copiously, 
generously,  galore  (chiefly  colloq.),  etc. 

abuse,  n.  1.  misuse,  misusage,  ill-use,  mis- 
employment  (rare  or  spec),  abusing,  mis- 
handling, outrage,  despite  (archaic),  per- 
version; see  ill-treatment. 
2.  reviling,  revilement,  vilification,  vitu- 
peration, malediction,  insultation  (rare), 
blasphemy  (fig.),  scurrility,  hbel,  oppro- 
brium, obloquy,  contumely,  rating,  rib- 
aldry, tongue-lashing;  spec.  Billingsgate, 
blackguardism;  see  defamation,  dispar- 
agement. 

Antonyms:    see  praise,  eulogy,  flat- 
tery. 

abuse,  v.  t.  1.  misuse,  misemploy  (rare  or 
spec),  mishandle,  pervert,  outrage;  spec. 
haze;  see  ill-treat. 
Antonyms:  see  cherish. 
2.  revile,  berate  (obs.  or  rare  in  Eng- 
land), vilify,  vituperate,  scurrilize,  blas- 
pheme (fig.),  slang  (colloq.),  whip  (fi^.), 
flay,  lash,  conviciate  (obs.  or  rare),  mis- 
call (rare  or  dial.),  buUyrag  (colloq.),  flyte 
(archaic  or  literary),  tongue-lash;  spec 
blackguard,  curse;  see  insult,  dispar- 
age, defame. 

Antonyms:  see  praise,  ennoble,  flat- 
ter. 

abusive,  a.  vilificatory,  vituperative,  in- 
solent, blasphemous  (fig.),  despiteful  (lit- 
erary), insulting,  scurrilous,  opprobrious, 
scandalous,  scurrile  (archaic),  outrageous, 
foul-mouthed  (contextual),  dyslogistic  (lit- 
erary or  learned;  used  of  names,  senses, 
etc.),  contumehous,  Thersitical  (fig.),  rib- 
ald, ribaldrous  (archaic);  spec,  disparag- 
ing, sarcastic,  Fescennine  (Jig.);  see  de- 
famatory. 


(^^  Cross  references:  see  Note.         |    abstinent:  abstemious. 


I    abusing,  n.:  abuse. 


t^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
4 


ACCOMPLISHED 


Antonyms:    see  praising,   laudatory, 

FLATTERING. 

abut,  V.  i.  join,  butt  {of  seams,  etc.);  see 

BORDER. 

abyss,  n.  deep  (poetic  or  rhetorical),  gulf, 
abysm,    swallow    (rare),    profound,    pro- 
fundity, chasm,  pit,  sink  (chiefly  spec), 
void. 
Antonyms:   see  height. 

academic,  a.  1.  collegiate,  scholarly,  scho- 
lastic, clerkly  (archaic). 

2.  conventional,     formal,     cut-and-dried 
(colloq.),  budge  (archaic). 

3.  theoretical,  speculative;  see  abstract. 
accede,  v.  i.   agree,   assent,   consent,   ac- 
quiesce (with  "in"),  concede,  yield,  sub- 
scribe, accord  (ivith  "with"). 

Antonyms:   see  disagree. 

accent,  v.  t.  accentuate,  stress,  emphasize, 
ictus  (tech.);  spec,  circumflect  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  slur. 

accent,  n.  1.    stress,  emphasis,  accentua- 
tion, ictus  (tech.);  spec,  circumflex,  prime, 
secondary. 
2.  See  emphasis,  modulation,  tone. 

accept,  V.  t.  1.  ^ee  receive,  honor,  be- 
lieve. 

2.  recognize,  embrace,  adopt,  take,  re- 
ceive (referring  to  laws,  etc.). 
Antonyms:   see  reject,  decline. 

acceptable,  a.  pleasant,  welcome,  allow- 
able, agreeable,  gratifying,  grateful,  com- 
fortable, gracious  (archaic),  canny  (Scot.); 
spec,  answerable,  popular,  liked,  refresh- 
ing; see  pleasant,  timely. 
Antonyms:   see  unacceptable. 

acceptance,  n.  recognition,  embracement, 
reception  (referring  to  laws,  etc.),  etc.;  tak- 
ing; spec,  vogue. 

Antonyms:    see  declination,  refusal, 
rejection. 

accepted,  a.  approved;  spec,  popular,  con- 
ventional, orthodox. 

accessible,  a.  approachable,  come-at-able 
(colloq.),  get-at-able  (colloq.);  spec,  open, 
patent   (rare),   ready,  compassable,  con- 
venient, available. 
Antonyms:  see  inaccessible. 

accession,  n.     1.  See  coming,  addition. 
2.  agreement,  accordance,  assent,  assen- 
tation (literary),    consent,    acquiescence, 
concession,  subscription,  acceptance  (with 
"of"),  suffrage  (chiefly  spec). 
Antonyms:  see  disagreement. 

accessory,  a.  1.  contributing,  contribu- 
tory, auxiliary,  supplementary,  supj^le- 
mental,  adjective,  extra,  additional,  ad- 
junct,   suppletory    (learned),    suppletive 


(rare),  accessary  (the  less  usual  form); 
spec,  incident  (law),  appurtenant. 

2.  adventitious,  adscititious  (rare),  ap- 
pendant, dependent,  supervenient,  ac- 
companying, bye  (rare  or  spec),  collat- 
eral, accessary  (the  less  usual  form). 

Antonyms:  see  necessary. 

3.  abetting,  privy,  conniving,  connivent, 
confederate,  participant,  assistant,  acces- 
sary (the  less  usual  form). 

accessbry,  n.  1.  adjunct,  dependant,  ad- 
jective, belonging,  accompaniment,  ap- 
purtenance, appurtenant,  concomitant, 
incident  (law),  accessary  (the  less  usual 
form);  spec,  property;  see  accident. 
2.  privy;  spec,  assistant,  participant, 
conniver;  see  accomplice. 

accident,    n.     1.  See    chance,    misfor- 
tune, quality,  accessory. 
2.  accessory,   nonessential,   external,   in- 
cident, collateral,  unessential. 
Antonyms:  see  essential. 

accidental,  a.  1.  fortuitous,  accessory, 
nonessential,  contingent,  casual,  subsidi- 
ary, external,  incident,  collateral;  spec. 
stray. 
Antonyms:  see  consequential,  inten- 
tional. 

2.  accessory,  incidental,  external,  adven- 
titious, nonessential,  unessential,  collat- 
eral, subsidiary. 

Antonyms:   see  necessary,  fundamen- 
tal, inherent. 

3.  See  occasional. 

acclimatize,  v.  t.  acclimate,  season,  nat- 
uralize. 

accompaniment,  n.  attendance,  escort, 
convoy  (chiefly  spec),  etc. 

accompany,  v.  t.  attend,  escort,  company 
(archaic),  convoy   (chiefly  spec),  follow; 
spec  cavalier,  esquire  (rare),  companion, 
chaperon. 
Antonyms:   see  abandon. 

accompanying,  a.  attendant,  accessory, 
concomitant,  comitant  (rare). 

accomplice,  n.  Spec  abettor,  acces- 
sory; see  associate. 

accomplish,  v.  t.  complete,  fulfill,  per- 
form, effect,  achieve,  do,  attain,  execute, 
compass,  eifectuate,  work,  manage,  con- 
trive, dispatch,  consummate,  negotiate 
(spec  or  colloq.),  win,  expedite  (literary); 
see  finish. 

accomplished,  a.  1.  completed,  com- 
plete, fulfilled,  performed,  done,  con- 
summate, etc 

Antonyms:  see  crude. 
2.  Referring  to  a  person,  his  learning,  etc.: 


f^^  Cross  references:  sec  Note. 
abysm:    abyss. 
accelerate:    quicken,  hasten. 
accentuate:  accent,  emphasize. 


access:   attack. 
accessary:   accessory. 
acclaim:  praise,  shout. 
acclivity:   slope. 


accommodate:  adapt,  con- 
furni,  arrainjf,  furnish,  oblige, 
hoUt. 

accommodating:    obliging. 


%3^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 


ACCOMPLISHMENT 


finished,  proficient,  cultivated,  polished 
{chicjly  spec),  beseen  (archaic,  an  in  ''well 
beseen");  spec,  learned,  versed,  read,  ex- 
quisite. 
An(oni/ms:  see  Boouisii,  rustic. 

accomplishment,  n.  1.  fulfillment,  doing, 
completion,  execution,  consummation, 
performance,  work,  achievement,  manage- 
ment, deed,  feat  [referring  to  an  act), 
negotiation  (spec,  or  colloq.);  spec.,  dis- 
patch, triumph. 

2.  (usually  in  pi.)  refinement,  embellish- 
ment, acquirement,  attainment,  acquisi- 
tion; spec,  graces  (pi.),  proficiency,  polish 
(used  in  a  generic  sense;  as,  "a  man  with- 
out polish"). 

accordingly,  adv.  agreeably,  correspond- 
ingly, conformably,  consistently,  so,  there- 
fore. 

accoucheur,  n.  obstetrician  (chiefly  spec), 
man-midwife.     "Accoucheur"  is  French. 

accoucheuse,  n.  midwife,  obstetrician 
(chiefly  spec),  howdie  (Scot.).  "Accou- 
cheuse" is  French. 

account,  n.  1.  See  computation,  con- 
sideration, IMPORTANCE. 

2.  reckoning,  tally,  score  (chiefly  spec). 

3.  statement,  report,  description,  narra- 
tion, narrative,  relation,  recounting,  re- 
countal  (rare),  rehearsal,  recital,  recita- 
tion, detailment,  record,  history  (chiefly 
spec),  story,  tale,  rede  (archaic  or  poetic); 
spec,  chronicle,  travels  (pi.),  summary, 
detail;  see  anecdote,  narrative. 

4.  score,  tick  (colloq.),  battels  (pi.;  Univ. 
of  Oxford),  shot  (archaic),  reckoning. 

account,  v.  i.  Spec,  report,  return;  see 
settle. 

accountable,  a.  responsible,  answerable, 
hable,  amenable;  spec,  good,  solid. 
Antonyms:  see  unaccountable. 

accountant,  n.  clerk  (contextual),  book- 
keeper; spec,  actuary  (life  insurance),  au- 
ditor, cashier,  teller,  controller,  sirkar 
(Anglo-Indian) . 

accouterments,  n.  pi.  equipment,  gear 
(archaic);  spec,  harness,  clothing,  dress, 
trappings  (pi.). 

accredited,  a.  credentialed,  authorized, 
sanctioned,  acknowledged. 

accretion,  n.  1.  See  growth,  addition, 

GAIN. 

2.  concretion,  adhesion. 
accrue,  v.  i.  arise,  come,  grow,   inure  or 
enure,  redound   (said  of  benefits,  advan- 
tages, etc.);  spec  vest,  mature,  attach,  fall 
(chiefly  with  "due"). 


accrued,  a.  due,  owing;  spec,  overdue, 
matured,  vested. 

accumulate,  v.  t.  &  %.  cumulate,  mass, 
amass,  gather  {^sp.  with  "together"),  pile 
(chiefly  with  "up"),  heap  (chiefly  with 
"up"),  agglomerate,  aggregate,  collect, 
congest,  roll  (chiefly  with  "up"),  acervate 
(rare),  coacervate  (rare);  spec,  scrape 
(ivith  "up"),  garner,  store. 
Antonyms:   see  scatter. 

accumulation,  ?i.  amassment,  cumula- 
tion, agglomeration,  conglomeration,  con- 
glomerate, aggregation,  heap,  aggregate, 
collection,  gathering,  acervation  (rare), 
coacervation  (rare);  spec,  congeries,  hud- 
dle, drift,  litter;  see  store,  stock. 

accuracy,  n.  exactness,  precision,  pro- 
priety, fidelity,  justness,  truth,  etc. 

accurate,  a.  exact,  precise,  correct,  just, 
faithful,  true,  close,  critical^  strict,  nice, 
proper,  exquisite;  see  true. 
Antonyms:  see  inaccurate,  inexact. 

accursed,  a.  anathematized,  cursed  (often 
a     vulgar     oath),     execrated,     devoted, 
damned  (chiefly  a  vulgar  oath),  doomed 
(archaic),  blasted  (chiefly  a  vulgar  oath). 
Antonyms:   see  blessed. 

accusation,  n.  indictment,  charge,  im- 
peachment, arraignment,  denunciation, 
taxing,  delation  (chiefly  by  an  iiiformer), 
impeach  (rare);  spec,  complaint,  attack, 
crimination,  recrimination. 
Antonyms:  see  acquittal. 

accuse,  v.  t.  charge,  indict,  impeach,  ar- 
raign, denounce,  task,  tax,  attaint  (ar- 
chaic), delate  {now  bookish  or  tech.);  spec. 
article,  recriminate,  criminate,  incrimi- 
nate, countercharge,  report,  attack. 
Antonyms:   see  acquit. 

accuser,  n.  Spec  plaintiff,  prosecutor, 
complainant,  hbellant,  informer,  inform- 
ant, delator. 

accustom,  v.  t.  habituate,  use,  familiarize 
(rare),  addict,  wont,  inure,  hackney  (used 
vrith  "in" ;   chiefly  in  a  bad  sense);   spec. 
train,  naturalize;  see  train. 
Antonyms:   see  disaccustom. 

accustomed,  a.   1.  wont,  wonted;    spec. 
natural;  see  addicted. 
2.  See  customary. 

acknowledge,  v.  t.  I.  allow,  grant,  admit, 
agnize  (archaic),  avouch  (rare),  avow, 
confess,  recognize,  yield,  concede,  testify 
(chiefly  Biblical);  see  answer. 
Antonyms:  see  contradict,  deny. 
2.  o-RTi,  confess,  recognize,  admit,  avow 
(obs.  or  rare);  spec,  father,  mother. 


tr^"  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
accord,  v.  t.:   give.  [moni-e. 

accord,  v.  i.:   agree,  accede,  har- 
accord,    n.:   agreement,    corres- 
pondence, harmony. 
accordant:  consistent,  agreeable. 


accost:    address,  greet. 
accouche:    deliver. 
accouchement:   lying-in. 
account,  v.  t.:   consider. 
accouter:    equip. 
accredit:    confirm,  believe. 


accroach,  i'.  i.:    encroach. 
accroach,  v.  t.:    usurp. 
ache:   pain. 

achieve:    accomplish,  get. 
acid:    sour,  rough,  acrid,  acri- 
monious. 


l^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

6 


ACTION 


3.  profess,  declare,  avow. 

4.  M calling  "to  receipt  for":  receipt. 

5.  See  NOTICE. 
acknowledgment,  n.  1.  confession,  rec- 
ognition, admission,  allowance,  grant,  con- 
cession, etc. 

Antonyms:  see  denial. 
2.  profession,  declaration,  avowal. 

acquaintance,  n.     Spec,  friend,  intimate, 
associate,  familiar. 
Antonyms:   see  stranger. 

acquainted,  a.  1.  Referring  to  things:  see 
aware. 

2.  Referring  to  persons:  spec,  familiar 
{which  see).  "Acquainted"  implies  no 
more  than  mere  personal  intercourse  and 
has  no  general  synonym.     Cf.  know,  v.  t. 

acquired,  a.     Spec,  learned,  adopted,  cul- 
tivated, affected. 
Antonyms:   see  innate. 

acquisition,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  act  or 
action:  gain,  acquirement,  acquist  (lit- 
erary); spec,  purchase,  usucaption,  con- 
quest; see  getting. 
Antonyms:  see  loss. 
2.  Referring  to  the  thing:  acquirement 
(chiefly  spec),  acquest  (literary);  spec. 
spoils  (pi.),  purchase,  trade,  bargain,  buy 
(colloq.);  see  gain,  accomplishment. 

acquisitive,    a.    quaestuary    (rare);    spec. 
greedy. 

acquit,  v.  1. 1.  See  discharge,  pay,  behave. 

2.  exculpate,  exonerate,  clear,  discharge, 

absolve,  purge,  assoil  (obs.),  quit  (obs.  or 

rare) . 

Antonyms:  see  convict,  accuse,  blame. 

acquittal,  n.   1.  See  acquittance. 
2.  exculpation,  acquittance  (rare),  clear- 
ance, clearing,  discharge,  purgation  (rare), 
absolution   (noiv  rare   or  literary);   spec. 
compurgation,  acquitment  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  accusation,  conviction. 

acquittance,  n.  1.  See  discharge,  pay- 
ment, acquittal. 

2.  Referring  to  the  document:  release,  ac- 
quittal (rare,  exc.  legal);  spec,  discharge. 

acrid,  a.  1.  pungent,  biting,  acid,  corrosive, 
virulent,  sharp,  caustic,  rough  (contextual), 
mordicant  (rare),  acrimonious  (archaic), 
vitriolic  (spec,  or  fig.),  hot  (colloq.). 
Antonyms:  see  bland. 
2.  See  acrimonious. 

acridity,  n.  1.  pungency,  roughness  (con- 
textual), bitingness,  acidity,  corrosiveness, 
virulence,  causticity. 
2.  See  acrimony. 

acrimonious,  a.   1.  See  ACRID. 
2.  tart,    corrosive,    acid,    bitter,     acrid, 
sharp,  cutting,  caustic,  pungent,  virulent, 


rancorous,    atrabilious    (rare),    vitriolic, 
sour,  biting;   see  sarcastic. 
Antonyms:     see    smooth,    agreeable, 
good-natured. 

acrimony,  n.  acidity,  heat,  acridity,  viru- 
lence, pungency,  rancor,  etc.;  spec,  sar- 
casm, asperity. 

acrobat,  n.  Spec,  tumbler,  vaulter,  equil- 
ibrist, rope-walker,  contortionist,  funam- 
bulist. 

across,  prep,  on,  over,  athwart,  over- 
thwart  (rare),  thwart  (archaic  or  poetic), 
cross  {now  chiefly  dial,  or  poetic). 

act,  n.  1.  Referring  to  an  act  considered 
as  a  whole  ivithout  involving  the  idea  of  the 
time  occupied  or  of  its  going  on:  deed,  per- 
formance, action;  see  action,  l,  deed. 
Antonyms:   see  negligence. 

2.  Referring  to  the  proceeding  or  course  of 
acting:  see  action. 

3.  action,  move,  step,  turn,  deal,  move- 
ment (rare),  play,  proceeding. 

act,  V.  i.  1,  perform,  work,  operate,  func- 
tion, functionate,  go,  serve,  make ;  .spec,  do, 
energize,  preside,  officiate;  see  work,  tell. 

2.  Referring  to  the  theater,  shows,  etc.:  per- 
form, play;  spec,  theatrize  (rare),  theatri- 
calize (rare),  mum,  mime,  mince,  gaff 
(slang,  Eng.). 

3.  move,  proceed,  deal,  stir. 

4.  See  BEHAVE,  dissemble. 

act,  V.  t.  1.  perform,  take  (a  part),  represent, 
impersonate,  enact  (rare  or  rhetorical),  play, 
assume,  support,  sustain,  render,  do  (as 
a  part,  an  act,  etc.);  spec,  counterfeit, 
theatricalize  (rare);  see  personate. 
2.  See  pretend. 

acting,  n.  performance,  representation, 
rendition  (U .  S.),  enaction  (rare);  spec. 
histrionism,  dramaturgy,  mummery,  per- 
sonation, etc. 

action,  n.  1.  act  (rare),  doing  (chiefly  in 
pi.),  acting,  performance,  movement, 
working,  operation;  spec,  effect,  motion, 
play  (of  the  feelings,  passions,  etc.),  oper- 
ance  (rare),  touch,  process,  procedure, 
business  (theatrical),  function,  reaction, 
response,  conation.  //  considered  as  a 
rvhole  without  reference  to  the  element  of 
time  these  terms  are  sometimes  used  as 
synonyms  of  "act."  See  act,  1. 
Antonyms:  see  inactivity,  rest. 

2.  measure,  step,  course,  procedure,  pro- 
vision, proceeding,  demarche  (French); 
spec,  counterstep,  precaution;  see  stroke. 

3.  See  behavior,  transaction,  activ- 
ity, BUSTLE. 

4.  influence,  operation,  working,  touch; 
see  agency. 


tS&=  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
acme:   height,  top. 
acquaint:    inform. 


acquiesce:    accede. 

acquire:  f/et,  gain,  receive,  learn. 

acquirement:    acquisition,  ac- 


complishment, gelling. 
across :   crosswise. 
act:   work,  tell. 


fW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

7 


ACTIVATE 


6.  proceeding  (legal),  suit,  case,  cause, 
process;  spec,  plea  (hist,  or  Scot.),  reinanet, 
uiterpleader,  replevin,  ixssuuipsit,  trespass, 
libel,  counterclaim,  prosecution,  etc. 
active,  a.  1.  acting,  operative,  operant 
(rare);  spec,  exertive,  conative. 
Anionijms:  sec  inactive. 

2.  energetic,  vigorous,  assiduous,  busy, 
industrious,  hustling  (colloq.,  U.  S.),  vi- 
vacious (chiefly  spec),  animated,  bustling 
(colloq.,  U.  S.),  rustling  (colloq.,  U.  S.), 
brisk,  humming  (slatig),  deedful  (rare), 
pragmatic  (rare),  deedy  (dial.),  deliver 
(archaic);  spec,  strong,  sedulous,  hght, 
rapid;   see  nimble,  lively,  restless. 

Aniomjms:    see  sluggish,  idle,   indo- 
lent, LAZY. 

3.  See  alert,  ambitious. 

activity,  7i.  1.  energy  (chiefly  tech.),  vigor, 
vivacity  (chiefly  spec),  briskness,  actual- 
ity (obs.,  cxc  metaphysics),  hustle  (U.  S.; 
slang  or  colloq.),  rustle  (U.  S.;  slang  or 
colloq.),  operation  (rare),  operancy  (rare); 
spec,  nimbleness. 
Antonyms:   see  indolence. 

2.  See  alertness,  ambition. 

3.  coil  (literary),  bustle,  hustle  (17.  S.; 
slang  or  colloq.),  rustle  (U.  S.;  slang  or 
colloq.),  stir,  action,  turmoil,  movement; 
see  excitement,  bustle. 

Antonyms:  see  calm,  peace. 

actor,  n.  1.  Spec,  agent,  doer,  performer. 
Ajitonyms:  see  subject. 
2.  player,  performer,  personator,  Thes- 
pian (literary),  actress  (fem.),  histrion 
(rare),  impersonator  (chiefly  spec),  dram- 
atis personae  (La<i/i;  pi.);  spec,  tragedian, 
tragedienne  (Jem.;  French),  comedian, 
comedienne  (fem.;  cant),  pantomimist, 
farceur  (French),  caricaturist,  burlesquer, 
star,  diva  (Jem.),  ingenue  (fem.;  French), 
Pierrot  {masc;  French),  Pierrette  (fem.; 
French),  punchinello  (Italian),  buffo 
(Italian),  comique  (French),  pantomime 
(hist.),  mummer,  mime,  protagonist,  tri- 
tagonist.    Cf.  puppet. 

actual,  a.  real,  true,  very,  factual,  posi- 
tive, concrete,  veritable,  absolute,  indeed 
(postpositive),  tangible,  practical,  sub- 
stantial, substantive,  effective  (as  opposed 
to  "potential");  spec  sober,  right,  hypo- 
static, hypostatical. 
Antonyms:  see  unreal,  visionary,  im- 
aginary, SUPPOSED,  FABULOUS,  FICTI- 
TIOUS, apparent. 

actuality,  n.  1.  reality,  realism,  realness, 
verity,  truth,  trueness,  substantiality, 
sooth  (archaic),  substance,  tangibility,  ef- 
fect (chiefly  in  "in  effect"),  fact. 


2.  In  a  concrete  sense:  positive,  eternities 
(l)l-),  reality,  truth,  verity,  etc 
Antonyms:       see      illusion,      fiction, 

DREAM,  DAY-DREAM. 

actualize,  v.  t.  realize,  substantialize,  ver- 
ify (rare),  substantiate,  reify  (rare), 
hypostatize  (tech.),  eventuate  (rare);  see 

materialize,  PERSONIFY. 

actually,  adv.  really,  truly,  veritably,  ver- 
ily, indeed. 
actuate,  v.  t.  excite,  impel,  move,  activate 

(tech.);  see  stimulate,  incite. 

adapt,  V.  t.  prepare  (contextual),  accom- 
modate, fit,  conform,  suit;  spec  coordi- 
nate, match,  square,  arrange,  adjust, 
shape,  frame,  turn,  contemper  (archaic), 
attemper,  harmonize,  naturaUze,  prepare, 
assimilate;  see  qualify. 

adaptable,  a.  pliable,  pliant,  tractable, 
accommodative,  conformable,  applicable, 
adaptive,  flexible;  spec  convenient,  ver- 
satile, facultative  (biol.). 
Antonyms:  see  intractable,  obstinate, 
unyielding. 

adaptation,  n.  preparation  (contextual), 
arrangement,  accommodation,  quaUfica- 
tion,  design,  etc 

add,  V.  t.  1.  join,  unite,  put  (tvith  "with," 
"on,"  "to"),  adjoin  (rare),  superadd;  spec. 
tack,  tag  (with  "on"),  adject  (rare),  aflix, 
attach,  postfix,  interline,  interpolate,  en- 
graft {with  "on"),  annex,  append,  subjoin; 

see  ATTACH. 

Antonyms:  see  abstract,  deduct. 

2.  compute     (contextual),    sum     (chiefly 

spec),  total,  foot  (with  "up"),  cast  (tech.); 

spec  superadd. 
addict,  V.  t.  apply,  devote,  give;  see  apply. 
addicted,     a.     accustomed     (contextual), 

given,  devoted. 
addiction,  n.  application,  devotion. 
addition,  n.  1.  adjection  (rare),  joining, 

uniting;    spec,   attachment,   annexation, 

subj  unction,     interhneation,     superaddi- 

tion,  etc 

2.  computation  (contextual),  summation 
(chiefly  spec),  totaling,  footing  (with 
"up"). 

Antonyms:  see  deduction. 

3.  increase;  spec  raise,  enlargement, 
adjunct,  accretion,  accession,  affix,  ac- 
cess, increment,  appendage,  appendix, 
annex,  annexation,  attachment,  sub- 
script, codicil,  interlineation,  interpola- 
tion, contribution,  supplement,  equation, 
rider,  tag,  imitation,  extension,  prolonga- 
tion, continuation;  see  prefix,  suffix, 
postscript. 

additional,  a.  extra,  further,  new,  fresh. 


1^=^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
activate:  animate. 
actuary:   mathematician. 


acumen:    discernment. 
acute:    pointed,  sharp,  intense, 
discerning,  sensitive,  high. 


adage:   saying. 
adamantine:  hard,  unyielding, 

unfeeling. 


t:W  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

8 


ADOPT 


more,  else  (postpositive),  remanent  (rare), 
supervenient  (rare);  spec,  other,  ulterior, 
supplementary;  see  accessory,  spare. 

address,  v.  t.     1.  See  direct,  apply. 
2.  accost    (in    speech;     archaic),    speak, 
bespeak  (archaic);  spec,  apostrophize,  pe- 
tition, salute,  memorialize,  whisper  (ar- 
chaic), pray,  stump  (colloq.);   see  greet. 

address,  n.  1.  speech,  talk  (a  word  sugges- 
tive of  informality  or  brevity),  parley  (rare), 
compellation  (archaic);  spec,  invocation, 
valedictory,  salutatory,  appeal,  petition, 
memorial,  prayer,  lecture,  lecturette, 
(rare),  harangue,  eulogy,  oration,  argu- 
ment,   sermon,    salutation,    apostrophe; 

see  GREETING,  SERMON. 
2.    See  SKILL,  TACT. 

adduce,  v.  t.  instance,  cite,  bring  (a  charge, 
argument,  etc.);  see  present. 

adequacy,  n.  sufficiency. 

adequate,  a.  equal  (ivith  "to"),  commen- 
surate (with  "to"  or  "with"),  commensur- 
able (with  "with"),  sufficient  {with  "to"  or 
"for"),  satisfactory  (chiefly  spec.) ,  enough, 
enow  (archaic),  ample,  competent,  due, 
good,  copious;  spec,  proportionate. 
Antonyms:   see  inadequate,  deficient. 

adherent,  n.  follower,  satellite  (literary), 
dangler;  spec,  hobbler  (obs.  or  hist.),  re- 
tainer, sectary,  supporter;  see  disciple, 
partizan. 

adjacency,  n.    1.    adjoining,    contiguity, 
contiguousness,  juxtaposition;  spec,  abut- 
ment. 
2.  See  nearness. 

adjacent,  a.  contiguous,  conterminous, 
bordering,  adjoining,  touching;  spec. 
abutting;  see  near. 

Antonyms:    see  apart,  distant,  sepa- 
rate. 

adjoin,  v.  t.  1.  touch,  abut  (chiefly  spec); 
spec,  border,  neighbor,  side  (rare). 
2.  See  add. 

adjourn,  v.  i.  rise. 

adjourn,  v.  t.  1.  suspend,  continue  (chiefly 
Scot.);   spec,  prorogue.     Cf.  dissolve. 

2.    See  DEFER. 

adjudge,  v.  t.  judge  (rare),  award,  as- 
sign, give. 

adjunct,  a.  added,  annexed,  connected, 
auxiliary;  see  accessory. 

adjuration,  n.  conjuration,  obtestation, 
appeal  (contextual) . 

adjust,  V.   t.     1.     See  arrange,  adapt, 
harmonize. 
2.  arrange,  dispose,  regulate,  fix,  trim. 


set,  coapt  {rare)^  rig  (chiefly  spec);  spec. 
register,  orient,  orientate,  size,  shape, 
level,  collimate,  square,  justify,  true, 
modulate  (the  voice,  tones,  light,  ete.),  comb, 
couch  (a  lance,  etc.),  tune,  readjust,  har- 
monize, rectify,  systematize,  gait,  coordi- 
nate; see  tune,  size,  set,  proportion. 
Antonyms:   see  disarrange. 

adjustment,  n.  arrangement,  disposition, 
trim,  etc.;  spec,  compromise.   Cf.  adjust. 

administer,  v.  t.  1.  give,  dispense,  dispen- 
sate  (rare);  spec,  exhibit,  distribute. 

2.  In  law:  settle,  dispose  (rare);  spec. 
distribute. 

3.  See  deliver,  manage,  contribute. 
admirable,  a.  good,  estimable;  spec,  ador- 
able;   see  excellent,  fine,  estimable, 

PLEASANT. 

Antonyjns:  see  contemptible. 
admiration,  n.  1.  wonder  (archaic  or  liter- 
ary). 

2.  approval,  approbation  (with  "of"),  es- 
teem (ivith  "for"),  pleasure  (with  "in"), 
reverence  (with  "for"),  adoration  (with 
"of"). 

Antonyms:  see  abhorrence,  condem- 
nation. 
admire,  v.  t.  1.  wonder  (archaic  or  literary). 
2.  approve,  approbate,  esteem,  love  (col- 
loq.); spec,  idolize,  latrize  (rare),  revere, 
adore,  idolatrize. 

Antonyms:  see  condemn,  abhor,  abom- 
inate. 
admission,  n.   1.  admittance,  reception, 
receipt  (rare),  adhibition  (rare). 

Antonyms:  see  expulsion. 

2.  institution,  investiture  (tech.),  initia- 
tion, inauguration,  investure  (rare),  ves- 
ture (rare);  spec,  collation,  incardination. 

3.  See  entrance,  acknowledg-ment. 
admit,  v.  t.  1.  receive,  adhibit  (rare),  in- 
tromit (rare). 

2.  install,  induct,  invest,  vest,  institute, 
inaugurate,  initiate,  enter;  spec,  matricu- 
late, incardinate. 

Antonyms:  see  expel. 

3.  See  acknowledge. 
admixture,  7i.     1.  See  MIXTURE. 

2.  mixture,  infusion,  teaven.  tincture, 
tinge,  cast,  alloy,  spice,  sprinkling,  season- 
ing, soupgon  (French),  flavor;  see  dash. 

admonitory,  a.  monitory,  commonitory 
(rare);  see  warning,  reproving. 

adopt.  V.  t.  1.  arrogate  (Roman  law),  affili- 
ate (rare  or  fig.);  spec,  father,  mother, 
naturalize. 


t^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
adept,  a.:  skilful,  tactful. 
adept,  n.:   master. 
adhere:   stick. 
adhesive:    sticky. 
adieu:   yood-hy. 


adjoin:  touch,  border. 
adjoining:    adjacent. 
adjudicate,  v.  t.:    decree. 
adjudicate,  v.  i.:  judge. 
adjudication:     award,    decree, 
judymcnt. 


adjunct:    addition,  accessory. 
adjure:    tiid,  ask. 
admeasure:    apportion. 
admonish:  warn, advise, reprove. 
ado:    trouble. 
adolescence:   youth. 


K^"  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
'       9 


ADOPTION 


2.  embrace,  espouse,  father  (fig.),  take 
(a  person's  siilc  or  part);    spec,  borrow, 

follow  ;    sec  CHOOSE,  COPY. 

Anton i/nis:    sec  reject. 

adoption,  n.  1.  arrogation  (Roman  laio), 
affiliation  {rare  or  fig.),  etc. 
2.  embrace  (rare),  embracement,  espousal. 

adult,  ti.     Spec,  major,  Nestor  (fig). 
Antonyms:  see  infant. 

adulterate,  /•.  t.  falsify  (contextual),  sophis- 
ticate, blend,  dose  (rare  or  tech.),  debase, 
doctor  (coUoq.),  cook  (colloq.);  spec.  \'itiate 
(with  "with"),  weaken,  simpson  (slang), 
dash,  interpolate,  sand,  load,  fill,  dilate, 
thin,  drug,  lace. 
Antonyms:  see  purify. 

adulterated,  a.  impure,  sophisticated,  etc. 

adulterer,  n.  fornicator  (tech.). 

adultery,  n.  fornication  (tech.),  infideUty 
(a  euphemism). 

advance,  v.  i.  1.  progress,  proceed,  make, 
press,  push,  march,  head  (against  force), 
incede  (rare);  spec,  inch,  creep,  drive, 
gain. 

Antonyms:    see  recede,  retreat,  re- 
tire. 

2.  rise,  appreciate  (U.  S.;  not  in  good 
usage),  enhance;  spec.  boom. 

Antonyms:  see  fall,  depreciate. 

3.  See  progress. 

advance,  v.  t.  I.  forward,  further,  promote, 
push,  shove  (colloq.  or  slang),  speed. 
Antonyms:  see  abase,  retire. 

2.  raise,  prefer,  adduce,  suggest,  present, 
venture,  propound;    see  propose,  offer. 

Antonyms:  see  suppress,  repress. 

3.  raise,  appreciate  (U.  S.;  not  in  good 
usage),  enhance,  boost  (slang);  spec. 
boom,  bull. 

Antonyms:  see  depreciate. 

4.  furnish  (beforehand);   spec,  imprest. 

5.  raise,  elevate,  exalt,  promote;  aggran- 
dize (rare),  prefer  (rare  or  archaic);  spec. 
make,  dignify,  ennoble. 

Antonyms:  see  abase. 
advance,  n.    1.  forwarding,   furtherance, 
promotion,  preference;   see  aid. 

2.  progression,  advancement  (rare), 
march,  procession  (rare),  progress,  ac- 
cess (rare),  push,  headway,  profection 
(obs.  or  astrol.). 

Antonyms:  see  recession,  retreat. 

3.  Spec,  imprest. 

4.  suggestion,  preferment,  preference, 
venturing;  see  proposal,  offer. 


5.  rise,  appreciation  (U.  S.;  not  in  good 
usage),  raise,  boost  (colloq.  or  slang),  en- 
hancement; spec,  boom,  spurt. 
Antonyms:   see  fall,  depreciation. 

advanced,  a.  1.  ripe  (as  "a  ripe  age"). 
2.  Sec  precocious,  forward. 

advancing,  a.  rising;  spec,  booming. 

advantage,  n.  1.  superiority,  precedence, 
better  (used  idiomatically) ,  odds  (/;/.  and 
sing.),  forehand,  prize  (rare),  leverage 
(rare),  purchase  (meek,  or  fig.);  spec. 
spare. 
Antonyms:  see  disadvantage. 

2.    See  GOOD,  BENEFIT. 

advantageous,  a.  superior,  favorable, 
])rofitable,  gainful,  good,  clever  (colloq.), 
expedient,  expediential  (rare),  behoveful 
(archaic),  right  (contextual),  wise  (co/t- 
textual),  advisable;  see  beneficial. 
Antonyms:  see  disadvantageous,  un- 
avise,  inadvisable. 

adventurer,  n.  Spec,  free  lance,  condot- 
tiere  (Italian),  landloper  or  landlouper 
(literary). 

advertize,  v.  t.  1.  notify,  notice,  announce, 
proclaim,    publish;    spec,    avow,    blaze, 
blazon,  noise,  trumpet;    see  proclaim. 
Antonyms:  see  hide. 

2.  Spec,   circularize,  bill,  placard,  post, 
poster,  cry,  quack,  push. 

advertizement,  n.  Spec,  notice,  bill, 
placard,  poster. 

advice,  n.  1.  counsel,  rede  (archaic),  opin- 
ion, recommendation,  advisement  (ar- 
chaic), admonition;  spec,  misadvice,  mis- 
counsel,  dehortation;  see  exhortation. 
2.  See  NOTICE,  information. 

advise,  v.  t.  1.  counsel,  rede  (archaic  or 
poetic),  recommend,  monish  (rare),  ad- 
monish (literary),  guide  (contextual) ;  spec. 
disadvise,  misadvise,  miscounsel,  dehort 
(rare),  exhort. 
2.  See  INFORM. 

adviser,  n.  1.  counselor,  guide  (contextual), 
admonisher;  spec,  referendary,  compra- 
dor (Oriental),  assessor. 

2.   See   INFORMANT. 

advocacy,  n.  support;  see  defense, 
advocate,  v.  t.  support,  favor,  plead;   see 

DEFEND. 

advocate,  n.  1.  supporter,  favorer,  plead- 
er; spec,  intercessor,  interpleader,  patron 
(Roman  antiq.). 
Antonyms:   see  opponent. 
2.  See  LA-ttTER,  Christ. 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
adorable:    estimable,  fine. 
adore:    worship,  admire,  love. 
adorn:    ornament. 
adrift:   afloat. 
adroit:    skillful,  ready. 
adulate:  flatter. 
adult:    grown. 


advene:    come. 

advent:    arrival,  coming. 

adventitious:  accessory,  acci- 
dental. 

adventure,  v.  t.:   venture. 

adventurous:  venturesome. 
ras/i.  dangerous,  reckless. 

adversary:    enemy,  opponent. 


adverse:      opposed,     opposing, 

unfavorable. 
adversity:    misfortuiie,  reverse. 
advert:    turn  {mentally),  refer. 
advertence:    reference. 
advise:   consult. 
advised:   deliberate. 
advisement:   advice. 


JSi^  See  Notes  ol  Explanation. 
10 


AFTERMATH 


aerate,  V.  t.  aerify;  spec,  ventilate,  inflate. 

aeronaut,  7i.  aerostat,  navigator  (context- 
ual). 

aeronautics,  n.  aerostatics,  aerostation, 
navigation  {contextual);  spec,  aerodonet- 
ics. 

aesthetic,  a.  tasteful,  tasty  {colloq.  and  in- 
elegant);  see  ELEGANT. 

affable,  a.  sociable,  conversable,  debonair 
{literary),  talkable  {rare);  spec,  accost- 
able  {rare),  approachable,  soft-spoken, 
communicative,  free,  unreserved. 

Antonyms:      see     arrogant,     ill-tem- 
pered, SURLY,   HAUGHTY,  HATEFUL. 

affair,  n.  business  {chiefly  contemptuous), 
proceeding,  go  {colloq.  or  vulgar),  circum- 
stance, matter  {often  in  pi.),  thing  {often 
in  pi.),  concern;  spec,  finances  {pi.), 
fight,  battle,  duel;  see  transaction,  con- 
cern, THING. 

affect,  V.  t.  touch,  reach,  take  {with 
"disease,"  "blow,"  "fancy,"  etc.,  as  the  sub- 
ject), seize  {with  "idea"  or  the  like  as  the 
subject),  hit  {colloq.);  spec,  possess,  at- 
tack, infect,  smite,  hurt,  trouble,  move, 
grip,  concern,  interest,  pierce,  perturb, 
impress,  penetrate,  strike,  nip  {rare);  see 
influence,  taint,  thrill,  agitate,  ex- 
cite, IMPRESS. 

affectation,  n.  artificiality,  frill  {slang), 
mannerism;  spec,  modishness,  profes- 
sion,   conventionality,    mincingness,    etc. 

Cf.   AFFECTED. 

affected,  a.  1.  touched,  reached,  etc.;  spec. 
infected,   tainted,  attacked,  seized,  dis- 
tempered, concerned,  diseased,  etc. 
Antonyms:   see  unaffected,  intact. 

2.  See  PRETENDED. 

3.  artificial,  nonnatural,  unnatural  {rare), 
mannered  {rare);  spec,  modish,  stagy 
(colloq ),  conventional,  missish,  namby- 
pamby,  got-up  (colloq.),  smirking,  minc- 
ing, minikin  (rare),  niming-piming  (rare), 
mealy;   see  pretentious. 

Antonyms:   see  artless,  sincere,  nat- 
ural, simple,  unaffected,  frank. 

affecting,  a.  moving,  touching,  impres- 
sive; spec,  piercing,  pathetic,  pathetical 
(rare),  heart-rending,  nerve-racking,  piti- 
able, tender,  feeling,  pungent. 

affection,  ?i.  1.  See  feeling,  ailment, 
trouble. 

2.  regard,  fondness,  liking,  bosom  (fig.), 
attachment  (contextual),  charity  (CJiris- 
tian  religion;  archaic),  storge  (tech.;  rare); 


spec,  dotage,  idolization,  latrization  (rare), 
familism;  see  love. 
Antonyms:    see  dislike,   hatred,    ab- 
horrence,   ILL-WILL,    indifference. 

3.  In  a  medical  sense:  spec,  infection,  con- 
tagion. 
affectionate,  a.  fond  (often  spec),  loving, 
warm,  tender,  soft  (often  spec,  and  then 
colloq.  or  contemptuous);  spec,  doting, 
spoony  (colloq.  or  slang),  fatherly,  moth- 
erly, sisterly,  brotherly. 

Antonyms:  see  indifferent,  apa- 
thetic, cold,  disagreeable,  HATEFUL, 
SHARP,  STERN. 

affiliate,  v.  t.  1.  See  join, 
2.  filiate;  spec,  father,  mother  (with  "on" 
or  "upon"). 

affirmative,  a.  predicative,  declarative, 
declaratory;  spec  insistent,  insistive 
(rare) . 

afffict,  V.  t.  Spec,  strike,  beset,  smite, 
ply;  spec,  persecute;  see  trouble,  op- 
press. 

affliction,  n.  Spec,  trial,  disability,  dis- 
ease, misfortune,  visitation. 

afford,  V.  t.  1.  In  the  sense  of  "to  have  re- 
sources or  means  that  are  adequate" :  carry, 
manage,  bear,  go  (colloq.),  give; — not  good 
synonxjms,  but  the  nearest  there  are. 

2.    See  FURNISH,  YIELD. 

afloat,  a.  1.  floating. 
Antonyms:  see  aground. 

2.  overflowed,  submerged,  flooded, 
swamped,  swimming;  spec,  anchorless, 
awash. 

3.  launched,  started,  afoot,  astir,  going. 

4.  adrift. 

aforesaid,  a.  forenamed,  forementioned, 
said,  mentioned,  beforesaid,  named, 
abovesaid,  above-mentioned,  afore-men- 
tioned (rare  or  archaic).  "Aforesaid"  is 
noio  chiefly  formal  or  legal. 

afraid,  a.  1.  apprehensive  (rare),  afeard 
(archaic),  fearful  (obsolete),  alarmed,  af- 
frighted, terrified,  frightsome  (rare),  tim- 
orous (rare),  funky  (slang);  spec,  panic, 
aghast,  scary  (colloq.). 

Antonyms:   see  bold,  reckless. 
2.  See  TIMID,  apprehensive. 

after,  prep.  1.  past,  beyond,  by. 
Antonytns:  see  before. 

2.  following. 

3.  In  the  sense  of  "according  to":   to,  by. 

4.  See  ABOUT,  for. 

aftermath,  n.  aftergrowth,  rowen  (chiefly 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
aerial:   atmospheric,  airy,  lofty. 
aerie:   nest. 
aeriform:    gaseous. 
affiance,  v.  t.:   betroth. 
affiance,  n.:   betrothal. 
affianced:    betrothed. 
affine:    relative. 


affinity:     relation,    liking,    at- 
traction. 
affirm:    swear,  state. 
affirmable:   predicable. 
affirmance:   statement. 
affix,  V.  '..:  add,  attach. 
affix,  n.:  addition,  prefix,  suffix. 
afflictive:    troublesome. 


affluence:   abundance,  wealth. 
affluent,  a.:   abundant,  rich. 
affluent,  n.;   tributary. 
affront:    insult,  offend. 
afoot:    preparing,  afloat. 
afresh:    again. 
aft:    asteryi. 
after,  a.:  hind,  subsequent. 


tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
11 


AFTERPIECE 


(h'al.  <{•  I'.  S.),  eddish,  rowct  (dial.);  spec. 
fo^,  aftercrop. 

afterpiece,  n.  postlude  {miisic). 

aftertaste,  ».  tang. 

afterwards,  adv.  subsequently,  thereupon 
(formal),     thereon     (Jarmal),     thereafter 
(formal),  so,  eft  (obs.  or  archaic),  eftsoon 
or  eftsoons  (archaic),  hitcr,  then. 
Ardotujms:  see  before,  now. 

again,  adv.  afresh,  anew,  anon  (chiefly  lit- 
erary), freshly,  newly;   spec,  encore. 

age,  n.  1.  oldness,  ancientness,  ancientry 
(literary),  anility  (bookish),  caducity 
(rare),  antiquity  (chiefly  spec),  senility 
(chiefly  spec),  eld  (archaic  and  poetic), 
senectitude  (rare);  spec,  date,  immemori- 
alness  (rare),  epact. 
Antonyms:     see   childhood,    infancy, 

YOUTH. 

2.  period,  scon  (often  tech.),  eon,  lifetime 
(fig.),  years  (pL);  spec.  01am  (Hebrew 
chronology),  kalpa  (Hindu  cosmology). 
Antonyms:  see  moment. 
agency,  n.  1.  action  (contextual),  operation 
(contextual),  mediation,  intermediation, 
ministry  (rare  or  spec),  instrumentaUty; 
spec,  hand,  working,  procurement,  pro- 
curation. 

2.  Spec  medium,  vehicle,  contagion;  see 

AGENT,   means. 

3.  Spec,  factorship,  commission,  proxy, 
mediumship,  factorage,  delegacy. 

agent,  n.   1.  actor  (rare),  doer,  operator 
(contextual),   worker   (contextual);     spec. 
reagent,  medium,  mediary. 
Antonyms:   see  subject. 

2.  attorney  (chiefly  tech.  or  spec),  servant 
(law),  representative,  hand  (fig.);  spec. 
factor,  agency,  steward,  instrument,  in- 
strumentality, broker,  emissar\-,  almoner, 
dummy,  intermediary,  go-between,  en- 
voy, lobbyist,  minister,  proxy,  commis- 
sary-, procurator,  consignee,  syndic,  ne- 
gotiant, coagent,  comprador  (Oriental); 

see  REPRESENTATI\T2. 

Antonyms:  see  principal. 

3.  See  MEANS. 

aggravate,    v.    t.    1.    intensify,    heighten, 
worsen,  exacerbate. 

Antonyms:  see  expiate,  mitigate,  mod- 
erate, REDRESS. 
2.  See  irritate. 

aggregate,  n.  amount,  total,  footing,  foot, 
sum;  spec,  summation. 

aggressive,  a.  offensive,  attacking,  push- 
ful (colloq.);   spec,  invasive,  incursive. 

aging,  a.  senescent  (tech.),  oldening  (rare); 
spec,  consenescent  (rare). 


agitate,  v.  t.  1.  In  a  physical  sense:  dis- 
turb, afTcct  (contextual),  disquiet,  per- 
turb, trouble,  excite,  convulse,  toss, 
shake,  exercise,  discompose,  turmoil 
(rare),  tempest  (rare),  commove  or  com- 
mote (rare);  spec,  semove  (rare),  flurry, 
betoss  (intensive),  heave. 
Antonyms:   see  calm,  pacify. 

2.  disturb,  trouble,  disquiet,  perturb, 
convulse,  demoralize,  solicit  (a  Latinism; 
rare),  commove  or  commote  (rare),  tem- 
pest (rare),  turmoil  (rare);  spec,  flutter, 
fret,  ruffle,  ripple,  undulate,  curl,  buzz, 
flurry,  heave,  churn;   see  shake. 

Antonyms:  see  still,  deaden. 

3.  See  discuss. 

agitated,  a.  1.  In  a  physical  sense:    dis- 
turbed, shaken,  troublous,  troubled,  un- 
quiet; spec,  ebullient,  boihng,  ripply,  fret- 
ful, ruffled;  see  rough. 
Antonyms:  see  calm,  stagnant,  quiet. 
2.  disturbed,  distraught  (emphatic;  chief- 
ly literary),  uneasy,  tumultuary  (emphat- 
ic),^  tumultuous  (emphatic),  shaken,  un- 
quiet. 
Antonyms:  see  calm,  peaceful,  quiet. 

agitating,  a.  disturbing,  disquieting,  per- 
turbing, affecting,  etc.     Cf.  agitate. 
Antonyms:   see  calmative. 

agitation,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  action  on 
the  ?nind:  disturbance,  commotion,  de- 
moraUzation,  perturbation,  excitement, 
perturbanoy  (rare);  spec,  incendiarism, 
upheaval,  demagogism,  ebullition. 

2.  Referring  to  the  state  of  mind:  turmoil, 
tumult,  discomposure,  unquiet,  unquiet- 
ness;  spec,  heat,  trepidation,  tremble, 
twitter  (dial.  Eng.,  or  colloq.,  U.  S.),  twit- 
teration  (slang),  ferment,  perturbation, 
perturbancy  (rare).  The  words  under 
sense  1  may  also  be  used  in  this  connection. 

Antonyms:   see  calm. 

3.  Referring  to  the  physical  action:  dis- 
turbance, commotion,  troubling,  toss, 
tossing,  jactation  (chiefly  med.),  pertur- 
bation (rare) ;  spec  upheaval,  convulsion, 
undulation;  see  shaking,  flurry,  ruf- 
fle, upro.\r,  fret,  boiling,  excitement, 

4.  Referring  to  the  physical  condition  or 
manifestation:  spec,  flurry,  ruffle,  tumult, 
curl,  fret,  ebullience,  ebullition,  flutter, 
whitecap,  cat's-paw;  see  ripple,  shake. 
Most  of  the  words  under  3  may  also  be  used 
in  this  sense. 

Antonyms:  see  calm. 

5.  See  discussion,  disturbance. 
agitator,  n.     Spec,  demagogue. 
ago,  adv.  back,  since. 


t^=  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

agglutinate:  stick. 

aggression:   attack. 

agape:    open,  ivondering. 

aggrandize:   enlarge,  elevate. 

aghast:    afraid. 

aged:   old. 

aggregate,  v.  t.:    unite,  collect. 

agile:   nimble. 

agglomerate:   accumulate. 

cortslilute. 

agog:    eager. 

XW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
12 


AID 


agree,  v.  i.  1.  accord  {with  "to"  or  "with"), 
harmonize,  consist  (with  "with"),  answer 
{with  "to"),  correspond  {with  "with"  or 
"to"),  suit,  match,  cohere,  comport,  con- 
sort, coincide,  jump,  tally,  hitch  {colloq.), 
chime,  concord  (rare),  jibe  {U.  S.;  col- 
loq.), gee  (colloq.),  conform  (with  "with" 
or  "to"). 

Antonyms:  see  disagree,  conflict,  dif- 
fer. 

2.  accord,  harmonize,  concur,  consent 
(archaic),  cotton  (colloq.  or  Eng.),  assort 
(rare). 

Antonyms:  see  object,  quarrel. 

3.  covenant,  stipulate,  meet,  engage, 
close,  arrange;  see  promise,  contract. 

4.  See  ACCEDE. 

agreeable,  a.  1.  suitable,  accordant,  ac- 
cordable,  concordant,  harmonious,  con- 
sonant, fit,  answerable,  congruous,  con- 
sentaneous   (archaic);     see    consistent, 

CORRESPONDENT. 

Antonyms:  see  inconsistent,  unsuit- 
able, CONTRADICTORY,  INHARMONIOUS. 

2.  pleasant,  suave,  nice  (a  term  lacking  in 
dignity),  lovely  (colloq.  or  emphatic),  gra- 
cious, lief  (archaic),  likable,  genial,  con- 
genial;    see    affable,    good-humored, 

COMPLAISANT,  SMOOTH. 

Antonyms:  see  disagreeable,  ill-tem- 
pered, ARROGANT,  HAUGHTY,  HATEFUL, 
SURLY,  ACRIMONIOUS. 

3.  See  PLEASANT,  ACCEPTABLE. 
agreeably,  adv.  1.  well. 

2.    See  ACCORDINGLY. 

agreed,  a.  concerted,  stipulated,  con- 
tracted, covenanted,  consented,  arranged. 

agreeing,  a.  1.  accordant  (obs.  or  rare), 
agreeable  (obs.  or  rare),  congruent,  con- 
sentient, consentive  (rare),  consensual, 
consentaneous,  concentual  (fig.).  "Agree- 
ing" is  not  much  used  as  an  adjective;  the 
other  terms  are  rare  or  literary. 

Antonyms:  see  dissentient,  discor- 
dant, CONFLICTORY,  INHARMONIOUS,  DIS- 
PUTATIOUS. 

2.  Referring  to  sound:  assonant,  conso- 
nant. 
agreement,  n.  1.  accord,  accordance,  con- 
cord, consistence,  consistency,  coinci- 
dence, harmony,  chime,  correspondence, 
concert  (literary),  concinnity  (literary), 
consonance,  unison,  match,  consort 
(rare),  conformity,  concentus  (rare),  line, 
keeping,  consonancy,  congruence,  con- 
gruity,  coherence,  conformation ;  see  con- 
sistency. 

Antonyms:  see  inconsistbtJcy,  dis- 
agreement, CONFLICT,  DIFFERENCE. 


2.  Referring  to  the  mind:  concert,  meet- 
ing (in  "meeting  of  the  minds";  legal),  con- 
currence, consension  (rare),  consensus, 
consentience  (rare),  unanimity,  under- 
standing, concentus  (bookish),  consent, 
(archaic),  concent  (fig.),  rapport  (French). 

Antonyms:    see   objection,    disagree- 
ment, QUARREL. 

3.  Referring  to  the  result  of  the  act:  en- 
gagement, transaction,  pact,  covenant 
(chiefly  spec),  convention,  paction  (chiefly 
spec),  compact,  arrangement,  league 
(chiefly  spec),  bargain,  deal,  cheap  (ar- 
chaic); spec  interim,  concordat,  cartel  or 
(German)  Kartel,  sponsion,   affiance;  see 

PROMISE,   contract. 

4.  Of  sounds:   assonance,  consonance. 

5.  See  accession. 

agricultural,  a.  rural,  prandial  (literary 
or  tech.),  georgic  (literary),  georgical  (lit- 
erary),  geofonic  (rare). 

agriculture,  n.  husbandry,  farming,  geo- 
fonics  (rare;  usually  pedantic),  agronomy 
(tech.). 

agriculturist,  n.  husbandman,  farmer 
(the  usual  word),  agronomist  (tech.). 

aground,   a.   grounded,   aland   (archaic); 
spec  ashore,  stranded,  struck. 
Antonyms:   see  afloat. 

ahead,   adv.   before,   on,   forward,   forth, 
forthright  (archaic). 
Aiitonyms:   see  backward. 

aid,  V.  t.  1.  help,  assist,  bestead  (literary), 
comfort  (obs.  or  legal);  spec  avail,  abet 
(in  wrongdoing),  relieve,  sustain,  uphold, 
patronize  (rare  or  spec),  succor,  befriend, 
favor,  serve,  subserve,  coassist  (rare), 
strengthen,  speed  (archaic),  hand;  see 
support. 
Antonyms:  see  hinder,  defeat,  oppose. 
2.  further,  promote,  advance,  strengthen, 
support,  second,  foster,  nourish,  favor, 
facilitate,  bolster  (with  "up"),  boost  (col- 
loq. or  slang;  U.  S.);  spec,  prosper,  sub- 
sidize, encourage,  patronize. 

Antomjms:  see  hinder,  defeat,  blight, 
prevent,  oppose. 

aid,  n.  1.  cooperation  (stilted  or  spec),  as- 
sistance, help,  aidance  (rare),  comfort 
(obs.  or  legal);  spec  abettal  or  abetment 
(in  wrongdoing),  sustenance  (rare  or  liter- 
ary), support,  succor,  strengthening,  ser- 
vice, boot  (archaic),  suppeditation  (rare), 
sustainment  (rare),  relief;  see  support. 
Antonyms:  see  hindrance,  defeat,  op- 
position. 

2.  furtherance,  fosterage,  nourishment, 
advancement,  support,  favor,  sustain- 
ment (rare),  promotion,  boost  (colloq.  or 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
agonize,  v.  t.:  pain. 


agonize,  v.  i.:   suffer,  struggle. 
agony:    pain,  ecstasy. 


agrarian:   rural. 
ahead:  forward. 


IW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
13 


AIDER 


slang;     U.    S.),    maintenance,    conduco- 
ment  (rare);  spec,  patronage. 
Antonijms:    see  obstacle,  hindrance, 

nEFEAT,  PREVENTION,  OPPOSITION. 
3.    NiT  AIDER. 

aider,  n.  I.  helper,  associate,  assistant, 
coadjutor  [rare  or  spec.),  coadjutant 
{rare),  helpmate  or  ((he  original,  but  now 
the  less  usual,  form)  helpmeet;  spec,  co- 
worker, cooperator,  ally,  henchman,  tool, 
stool,  decoy,  acolyte,  second,  etc. 
2.  promoter,  furtherer,  favorer,  etc.     Cf. 

AID.  ('.  /. 

ail,  V.  t.  I.  Referring  to  the  body:    affect, 
trouble,  distress. 
2.   Referring  to  the  jnind:   sec  trouble. 

ailing,  a.  invalid,  indisposed,  unwell,  ill 
(chiefly  predicative),  sick  {chiefly  U.  S.  or 
literary);  spec,  sickness,  sickly,  sickish, 
sicklied  (rare),  bad  {contextual),  poorly, 
peaked,  unhealthy,  morbid,  puling  {col- 
loq.),  pathological  (tech.),  pathologic 
(rare),  down  (colloq.),  unsound,  complain- 
ing, infirm,  cacochymic  (obs.),  maladive 
(rare),  valetudinarian  (rare),  valetudi- 
nary (rare),  invalidish  (rare);  see  dis- 
eased. 

Antonyms:   see  well,  healthy,  a^igor- 
ous,  he.\rty. 

ailment,  n.  disorder,  ail  (rare),  complaint, 
indisposition,  trouble,  affection,  ill  (chiefly 
in  pi.),  illness,  sickness,  infirmity,  weak- 
ness; spec,  decline;  see  disease. 

aim,  V.  t.  1.  direct,  train,  level,  point,  pre- 
sent;  spec,  fire,  shoot,  sight. 
2.  Referring  to  a  missile:    direct,   drive, 
peg  (colloq.);  spec,  shoot,  throw. 

aim,  V.  i.  1.  point,  drive; — all  also  used  fig. 
2.  See  intend. 

aim,  n.  1.  object,  mark,  target,  shot,  visie 
(Scot.);  spec,  butt,  bull's-eye,  white. 

2.  marksmanship. 

3.  See  object. 

aimed,  a.  directed  (contextual),  pointed; 
spec,  direct,  point-blank,  straight. 
Antonyms:  see  aimless. 

aimless,    a.    1.    chance,   random     blind, 
blindfold  (flg.),  undirected;  spec,  harum- 
scarum. 
Antonyms:   see  aimed. 
2.  See  purposeless. 

air,  n.  1.  atmosphere,  heaven,  aerosphere 
(rare);  spec,  miasma. 

2.  Spec,  manner,  action,  bearing,  atti- 
tude, way,  domineer  (colloq.),  bridle, 
fUrt. 

3.  Chiefly  in  pi.:  affectation  (contextual), 


frill  (chiefly  in  pi.;   colloq.,  U.  S.);  spec. 
show,  mannerism,  style;  see  pretense. 
4.  See  WIND,  melody. 
airy,  a.  I.  See  atmospheric,  gaseous,  un- 
substantial, light,  exposed,  avindy. 

2.  light,  thin,  delicate,  tenuous,  aerial, 
ethereal,  etherial,  aeriform  (rare),  celes- 
tial (fig.). 

Antonyms:  see  clumsy,  hea\'y. 

3.  iSee  exposed. 

alar,  a.  Referring  to  the  wings:  alate, 
winglike,  wing-.shaped,  winged,  alated. 

alarm,  n.  1.  See  fear. 
2.  signal  (contextual),  alarum;   spec,  toc- 
sin. 

alarming,  a.  frightful,  scary  (cnllnq.),  ter- 
rific (710W  rare,  exc.  as  an  expletive),  dread- 
ful, dread  (rather  literary  or  formal),  ter- 
rifying, terrible,  startling,  ghastful  (a?- 
chaic);  see  horrible. 
Antonyms:  see  reassuring. 

alarmist,  n.  scai'emonger,  pessimist,  dis- 
quietist  (rare);   spec,  terrorist. 

alas,  inter j.  alack,  ohone  (Scot.  &  Irish), 
ah,  woe. 
Antonyms:  sec  euhoe. 

alcoholic,  a.  spirituous,  hard,  ardent, 
strong  (contextual). 

alert,  a.   1.  .See  nimble. 
2.  Referring    to    mental    quality:     active, 
quick,  live  (chiefly  U.  S.),  lively,  nimble 
(rare  or  contextual),  awake;    see  ready, 
watchful. 
Antonyms:   see  sluggish,  stupefied. 

alertness,  n.  1.  nimbleness  (cf.  nimble). 
2.  actiAdty,  liveliness,  quickness,  nimble- 
ness (rare  or  contextual);  spec,  watchful- 
ness. 

alienate,  V.  t.   1.  See  transfer. 
2.  separate,  estrange,  wean,  disunite,  dis- 
affect;  spec,  disacquaint. 

alight,  V.  i.  1.  descend,  fight,  perch,  settle, 
drop,  pitch,  fall,  land;  spec,  ground;    see 
lodge. 
Antonyms:  see  rise. 

2.  See  dismount. 

3.  Spec,  detrain. 

align,  V.  t.  range,  line  (vnth  "up");  spec. 
coUimate  (tech.). 

alike,  a.  1.  same,  like,  identical,  selfsame 
(emphatic) ,  twin    (of  two);    spec,  consub- 
stantial,  duplicate;    see  equal. 
Antonyms:  see  different,  distinct. 
2.  See  similar. 

alikeness,  n.  1.  sameness,  likeness,  identi- 
ty, etc. 
2.  See  srMiLARrTY. 


X^^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
air,  r.  t.:  ventilate,  express,  dis- 
■play- 
aisle:  body,  alley. 
akin:    related. 


alack:    alas. 
alacritous:   ready. 
alamode:  stylish. 
alarm,  v.  t.:  frighten. 
alarmed:   afraui. 


alarum:    alarm. 
alcove:    recess. 
alias,  a.:   otherwise. 
alias,  n.:    name. 
alien:  foreign. 


fS^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

14 


AMALGAMATE 


all,  a.  whole,  any  (in  sentences  of  universal 
exclusion,  as  in  "there  is  no  hope  of  any 
relief,"  "I  cannot  give  you  any  encourage- 
ment"), every  (distributive),  each  (implying 
separation  in  consideration  or  treatment); 
— not  truly  synonyrns  of  "all"  nor  of  each 
other,  but  often  analogous  in  use. 
Antonyms:  see  few,  many. 

all,  n.  whole,  enth'ety,  everything,  every- 
body;— specific  or  partial  synonyms  only. 
See  WHOLE. 
Antonyms:    see  part,  none. 

alley,  n.     Spec,  frescade  (rare),  mall,  lane, 
aisle  (an  inaccurate  use),  byway. 

alley,  n.  taw. 

all- healing,  a.  panacean  (learned). 

allied,  a.   1.  See  united,  related. 
2.  In  scientific  usage:    kindred,  related, 
congeneric,  cognate,  akin. 
Antonyms:  see  unrelated. 

allowance,    7i.    1.    See   permission,    ac- 
knowledgment. 

2.  Spec,  fee,  aid,  share,  subvention,  com- 
mission, pension,  livery  (historical),  viati- 
cum, pin  money,  quarterage,  pittance;  see 

SUBSIDY,    FEE,    COMMISSION. 

3.  Ration  (chiefly  mil.  or  formal),  feed 
(colloq.);    spec,  dietary. 

4.  In  sports:  odds  (pi.  &  sing.),  law  (tech.); 
spec,  bisque. 

alloy,  n.   I.  See  mixture,  admixture. 

2.  garble  (rare);   spec,  amalgam,  spelter 

(rare),    brass,    bronze,    iatten,    temper, 

pinchbeck,  billon. 
alloy,  V.  t.  1.   adulterate,    mix,    temper; 

spec,  amalgamate. 
Antonyms:   see  purify. 

2.    See  MODERATE,  MIX. 

alluvium,   n.   deposit   (contextual),  wash 

(contextual);    spec,    geest,    drift,    gravel, 

sand,  waste,  till,  delta,  warp. 
ally,  n.  1.  associate,  confederate. 
Antonyms:   see  enemy,  opponent. 

2.  In  scientific  classification:  congener. 
alms,  n.   dole,   charity;     spec,  pittance, 

maundy  (Eng.). 


aloft,  adv.  1.  above  (contextual),  on  high; 
spec,  heaven-high,  overhead. 
2.  See  up. 

alone,  a.  sohtary,  only  (rare),  single 
(now  rare),  sole  (archaic),  isolated,  sep- 
arate, lone  (poetic  or  archaic),  lonely  (em- 
phatic), lonesome  (rare),  solus  (masc; 
Latin),  sola  (fern.;  Latin);  spec,  unac- 
companied, unattended,  forsaken,  de- 
serted, abandoned,  detached,  compan- 
ionless,  desolate. 

alone,  adv.  1.  solitary,  only  (rare),  sepa- 
rately, solely,  singularly  (rare). 

2.    See  ONLY,  MERELY. 

aloof,  a.  apart,  distant,  off,  away. 

aloud,  adv.  1.  out,  audibly. 
Antonyms:  see  silently. 
2.  See  LOUDLY. 

alphabet,  n.  Christcross-row  (hist,  or  ar- 
chaic), letters  (pi.);  spec,  ogham  or  ogam, 
glossic,  glossotype,  palaeotype,  futhorc. 

also,  adv.  besides,  moreover,  more,  like- 
wise, too,  further  or  (less  usual)  farther, 
yet,  similarly,  withal  (archaic),  forby  (ar- 
chaic), furthermore  or  (less  usual)  far- 
thermore,  therewithal  (archaic),  eke  (ar- 
chaic), thereto  (archaic). 

altar,  n.  shrine,  sanctuary;  spec,  super- 
altar,  chantry,  marae,  thymele,  Com- 
munion table,  Lord's  table,  Holy  table, 
table  (for  short). 

alter,  v.  t.  modify,  change;  spec,  interpo- 
late;   see  FALSIFY,  CHANGE. 

Antonyms:  see  continue,  maintain,  fix. 
alternate,  v.  t.  interchange,  vary,  rotate; 

see  reciprocate. 
alternation,  n.  interchange,  interchange- 

ableness,  variation,  rotation;  see  recipro- 
cation. 
alternative,  n.   choice,   side,   horn   (of  a 

dilemma;  rhetoric  and  logic),  disjunction 

(logic) . 
although,  conj.  notwithstanding,  though, 

howbeit,  albeit,  maugre  (archaic),  despite 

(literary  or  learned) . 
always,  adv.  1.  ever  (archaic  or  literary), 


tW  Cross  references;  see  Note. 

aliment,  n.:   food. 

aliment,  v.  t.:  feed. 

alimentary:    nutritious. 

alimentation:  nutrition,  feed- 
ing, [sensitive. 

alive:     living,  lively,  swarming, 

allay:  appease,  abate,  mitigate, 
moderate,  calm. 

allegation:    statement. 

allege:   state. 

allegiance:    constancy. 

allegorical:    metaphorical. 

all-embracing:  comprehensive. 

alleviate:    mitigate. 

alleviation:    mitigation. 

alleviative:    mitigatory. 

alliance:  union,  confederacy, 
relation,  amour. 


allied:    united,  related. 

allocate:  place,  apportion,  ar- 
range. 

allocation:  placing,  apportion- 
ment, arrangement. 

allot:    apportion,  appropriate. 

allotment:  apportionment,  ap- 
propriation, share. 

allow:  acknowledge,  concede,  ap- 
portion,  permit,   grant. 

allowable:  acceptable,  permis- 
sible. 

all-powerful:    omnipotent. 

allude:    refer. 

allure:    attract. 

allurement:    attraction. 

alluring :    attractive. 

allusion:   reference. 

allusive:   referential. 


ally,  v.  t.:  unite,  league. 
almighty:  omnipotent. 
almost:    about. 
almshouse:    poorhouse. 
along,    adv.:     lengthwise,    for- 
ward. 
along,  prep.:  by. 
alongside:   abreast. 
aloof :   apart. 
already:   before. 
alterable:    changeable. 
alterative:    changing. 
altercate:    dispute. 
altercation:   dispute. 
alternately:   about. 
altitude:    height. 
altogether:    absolutely. 
amalgam:    alloy,  mixture. 
amalgamate:    alloy,  mix. 


%^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

15 


AMANUENSIS 


perpetually,  eternally,  evermore  (archaic 
or  literary),  everlastingly,  forever. 
Aittouijnis:   see  nevku. 

2.  ^'(r  CONSTANTLY. 

amanuensis,  /(.  scrivener,  scribe,  WTiter; — 

{all  three  contextual);  spec,  khoja. 
amateur,  n.     Spec,  dilettante,  Corinthian 

amateurish,    a.    nonprofessional;     spec. 
Corinthian  (.%•)• 
Antonyms:   see  profession.\l. 

amatory,  a.  erotic,  amorous,  lovesome 
(archaic);  spec,  gallant  (rare),  tender, 
languorous,  languishing.  Anacreontic 
(rare),  Sapphic  (rare),  silly  (rare  orcolloq.), 
spoony  (colloq.  or  slang);  spec,  toysomc, 
erotomaniac,  nymphomaniac. 

Antonyms:    see    man-hating,    woman- 
hating,  APATHETIC. 

ambiguous,  a.  uncertain,  doubtful,  equivo- 
cal, dilogical  (rare),  double,  questionable, 
mistakable;  spec,  left-handed,  oracular. 
Antonyms:    see  definite,  unquestion- 
able. 

ambition,  n.   1.  See  desire. 
2.  energy,  activity,  push  (colloq.),  emula- 
tion, aspiration. 

ambitious,  a.   1.  See  desirous. 

2.  energetic,  active,  pushing  (colloq.), 
pushful  (colloq.);   spec.  Icarian  (fig.). 

Antonyms:    see  lazy,  unambitious. 

3.  Referring  to  a  person,  his  imagination, 
etc.:  spec,  bold,  audacious,  aspiring,  soar- 
ing. 

4.  Referring  to  what  shows  ambition:  spec. 
bold,  audacious;  see  pretentious,  showy. 

Antonyms:   see  simple. 
amble,  n.    Spec,  jog-trot,  dog- trot,  niggle; 

see  pace. 
ambush,  n.  trap  (contextual),  ambuscade, 

ambushment,  bUnd,  bushment  (obs.). 
ambush,  v.  t.  trap   (contextual),   waylay, 

ambuscade,  forelay  (obs.  or  dial.),  wait 

(archaic). 
ambush,  V.  t.  wait  (archaic),  lurk  (rare). 
amend,  v.   t.    1.   improve,   reform,   mend 

(rare  or  dial.),  rectify  (rare);  see  correct, 

redress. 
Antonyms:  see  spoil,  impair. 

2.    See  REFORM. 

amendable,  a.  improvable,  corrigible,  re- 
formable;  see  corrigible. 

amendment,  n.  1.  improvement,  reform, 
reformation;  spec,  progress;  see  correc- 
tion, redress. 


2.  Sec  reformation. 

amidst,  prep.  1.  Referring  to  position  in 
or  near  the  middle:  amid  (poetic  or  formal), 
mid  or  often  (as  an  aphetic  form)  'mid 
(poetic),  midst  or  often  (as  an  aphetic 
form),  'midst  (archaic). 
2.  See  among. 

ammunition,  n.  supplies  (pi.;  contextual), 
munition  (often  in  pi.);  spec,  missiles 
(pi.),  archery,  powder,  shot  (pL),  bullets 
(pi.),  shell  (pi.),  etc. 

among,  prep,  amongst  (less  usval  than 
among,  esp.  in  the  primary  local  sense), 
amidst,  in. 

amount,    n.    1.   See    sum,     aggregate, 
quantity. 
2.  deal,  lot  (colloq.);  spec,  quantity. 

amount,  v.  i.  total. 

amour,  n.  1.  See  love. 
2.  love  affair,  loves  (pi.),  intrigue  (con- 
textual), gallantry,  alliance   (contextual), 
amourette  (dim.);  spec,  intimacy  (euphe- 
mistic); see  courtship. 

amputate,  v.  t.  sever  (contextual);  spec. 
prune. 

amulet,  n.  periapt  (rare),  charm,  talis- 
man ;  spec,  phylactery. 

amusing,  a.  diverting,  light,  funny,  odd 
(colloq.),  good,  delicious;  see  laughable. 
Antonyms:     see    dull,    sad,    serious, 
sober. 

analogous,  a.  parallel,  correlative,  corre- 
sponding,   similar,    cognate,    equivalent, 
correspondent. 
Antonyms:   see  opposite,  contrasting. 

analogue,  n.  parallel,   correlative,  corre- 
late (rare),  parallelism,  equivalent. 
Antonyms:    see  opposite,  contrast. 

analogy,  n.  parity  (rather  literary  or  learn- 
ed), correlation,  equivalence,  parallelism, 
proportion  (rare),  similarity,  correspond- 
ence. 
Antonyms:   see  contrast,  opposition. 

analysis,  n.  1.  separation,  resolution,  dis- 
section, di\'ision,  anatomy  (fig.),  reduc- 
tion; spec,  partition,  pilpul;   see  deco.m- 

POSITION,   disintegration. 

2.  In  grammar:  parsing,  construction; 
.spec,  scansion. 

analytical,  a.  divisive,  resolvent,  separa- 
tive. 
Antonyms:  see  compositive. 

analyze,  v.  t.  1.  separate,  resolve,  dissect, 
anatomize  (fig.);  spec,  partition;  see  de- 
compose, disintegrate. 


(^^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
amass:   accumulate. 
amaze:    surprise. 
amazement:    surprise. 
amazing :    surprising. 
ambit:    circuit,  hound. 
ambrosial:    divine,  fragrant. 
ameliorate:   improve,  mitigate. 


amenable:    accountable. 
amends:    compensation. 
amenity:    pleasantness. 
amerce:   fine. 
amiable:   lovable,  kindly. 
amicable:   friendly. 
amiss:   wrong. 
amity:    peace. 


a,Taiiesty z  forgetfulness,  pardon. 
amorous:    amatory. 
amorphous:  formless. 
ample:    abundant,  adequate. 
amplify:    enlarge 
amplitude:      abundance,   size, 
amuse:    divert. 
amusement:    diversion. 


(W  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

16 


ANNEXED 


Antonyms:  see  compose. 
2.  In  grammar:    parse,  construe;     spec. 
scan. 

anarchical,  a.  lawless,  ungoverned. 
Antonyms:  see  law-abiding. 

anarchistic,  a.  red  (colloq.),  lawless;  spec. 
nihilistic,  dynamitic. 

anarchy,  n.   misrule,  lawlessness;     spec. 
nihilism,  dynamitism. 
Antonyyns:   see  government. 

anatomize,  v.  t.  dissect;  spec,  hominisect, 
vivisect. 

anatomy,  n.  1.  dissection;  spec,  homini- 
section,  calliscction,  sentisection,  vivisec- 
tion, phytotomy,  topography,  zootomy. 

2.    See  SKELETON,   ANALYSIS. 

ancestor,  n.  predecessor  {contextual),  an- 
cestry (a  collective),  forebear  {orig.  Scot.; 
now  literary),  stock  (a  collective),  fore- 
elder  {rare),  forerunner;  spec,  root  {fig.), 
patriarch,  progenitor,  forefather,  father, 
ancestress,  grandam  {literary;  fig.),  pro- 
genitress, progenitrix,  foremother  {rare). 
Antonyms:  see  descendant,  offspring. 

ancestral,  a.  forefatherly;  spec,  patrimon- 
ial, hereditary. 

ancestry,  n.  lineage,  progeniture. 

anchor,     1.  Spec,    kedge,    bower,    sheet 
anchor,  killick  {chiefly  Eng.),  grapnel. 
2.  See  HOLD. 

anchorage,  n.  riding,  berth  {contextual); 
spec,  harborage,  roadstead,  road. 

ancient,  a.    Did   {cojitextual) ,  early   {co7i- 
textual),  primitive,  high,  pristine  {usually 
in  a  good  sense),  vetus  {Latin);  spec,  pre- 
historic; see  antiquated,  obsolete. 
Antonyms:  see  new,  modern,  recent. 

ancillary,  a.  auxiliary,  subordinate. 

andiron,  n.  fire-dog  or  {for  short)  dog. 

anecdote,  n.  account  {contextual),  inci- 
dent {contextual);   spec,  haggada. 

angel,   n.    1.   spirit   {contextual),   celestial 
{contextual);  spec,  cherub,  seraph,  virtue, 
archangel,    principality,    power,    throne, 
dominion,  Ariel,  Belial,  Gabriel. 
2.  See  minister,  demon,  genius. 

angelic,   a.    1.   celestial   {contextual),   se- 
raphic   {chiefly   spec),    cherubic    {chiefly 
spec). 
2.  See  heavenly. 

anger,  n.  ill-temper  {contextual),  displeas- 
ure {contextual),  choler  {literary),  ire  {lit- 
erary), wrath,  indignation,  indignance 
{rare),  indignancy  {rare),  spleen,  dudgeon 
(archaic),  madness  {colloq.),  vexation, 
gall,  bile,  heat,  mad  {slang;  colloq.,  U.  S., 


or  dial.),  dander  {colloq.,  U.  S.,  or  dial.), 
despite  {archaic),  corruption  {colloq.  or 
dial.),  irritation  {contextual);  spec,  fury, 
frenzy,  rage,  passion,  furiousness,  exas- 
peration, furiosity  {rare). 
Antonyms:   see  pleasure. 

anger,  v.  t.  exasperate   madden,  provoke, 
incense,  inflame,  excite  {contextual);  spec. 
chafe,  enrage,  infuriate,  huff  {colloq.). 
Antonyms:    see  please. 

angle,  n.  1.  corner,  bend  {primarily  spec), 
point;     spec,   cant,  nook,  elevation,  de- 
pression, shoulder,  elbow,  knee,  crotch, 
cusp,  bull's-nose. 
2.  See  POINT,  FISHHOOK,  aspect. 

angry,  a.  displeased,  wrathful,  wrathy 
{colloq.),  incen,sed,  irate  or  ireful  {literary), 
wroth  {rhetorical),  dark  {fig.),  hot  {colloq.), 
heated,  black  {fig.),  mad  {colloq.),  riley 
{colloq.,  U.  S.),  huffy  {colloq.),  exasper- 
ated, wood  {archaic);  spec,  furious,  in- 
furiated, infuriate  {literary),  passionate, 
impassionate  {rare),  rabid,  raging,  in- 
dignant, fevered,  fiery,  high,  rough. 

Antonyms:  see  pleased,  apathetic,  un- 
impassioned. 

angular,   a.    cornered,    sharp,  edgy,   ab- 
rupt, cranky  {esp.  dial.;    Eng.),  angulous 
{rare) . 
Antonyms:  see  straight,  curved. 

animal,  n.  1.  organism  {contextual);  spec 
invertebrate,  vertebrate,  brute,  beast, 
zoon  {tech.),  vermin,  creature  {in  U.  S. 
esp.  of  cattle),  fauna  (a  collective),  flesh  (a 
collective).  "Animal,"  except  in  technical 
usage,  is  generally  distinguished  from 
"man"  and  also  is  chiefly  used  of  verte- 
brates. 

2.  Spec,  beastliness,  brutality,  bestiality, 
brutishness,  blood  (fig.). 

animal,  a.  1.  Spec,  bestial,  brutal,  brut- 
ish, zooid  {tech.),  zoic  {tech.),  holozoic 
{tech.). 

Antonyms:   see  spiritual,  human,  veg- 
etable, mineral. 
2.  See  sensual,  unreasoning. 

animate,  v.  t.  1.  energize,  inspire,  quicken 
{archaic),  vivify,  vitalize,  enliven  {rare), 
actuate  {contextual),  inform  {literary  or 
spec),  imbue,  activate  {tech.),  spirit 
{rare);  spec,  pervade,  revive,  raise,  spir- 
itualize. 
Antonyms:  see  kill,  paralyze. 
2.  See  enliven,  incite,  encourage. 

ankle,  n.  tarsus  {tech.). 

anneal,  v.  t.  temper,  toughen;  spec  bake. 


tS=  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
anathema:  curse. 
anchoret:    religious,  hermit. 
anchorless:    afloat. 
ancientness:  age. 
anent:   about. 


anew:    again. 
anguish:    pain. 
animadversion:  comment,  cen- 
sure. 
animadvert:    comment. 
animalize:   brutalize. 


animated:   living,  active. 
animosity:  ill-will. 
annex:    add,  attach. 
annexation:     addition,  attach- 
ment. 
annexed:    adjunct . 


XW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

17 


ANNIHILATE 


annihilate,  c.  /.  abolish  (contextual),  de- 
stroy, obliterate,  dissolve,  nullify  (rare), 
efface  (context uol),  uncreate,  blot  (ron- 
textual),  unmake  (rare),  extinguish,  an- 
nul (rare),  discrcate  (rare),  nothuig  (rare); 

see  EXTIRPATE. 

Antonyms:   sfc  create,  preserve. 

anniversary,  n.  mind  day  (obs.);  spec. 
centenary,  centennial,  triennial  quadren- 
nial, quinquennial,  sextennial,  septennial, 
octennial,  decennial,  birthday,  birthnight, 
jubilee,  year  day  (obs.). 

annotate,  v.  t.  gloze,  gloss,  commentate 
(rare);  spec,  marginalize  (rare),  margin, 
interlineate. 

annotation,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  act: 
glozing,  glossing,  commentation  (rare). 
2.  Referring  to  the  result:  comment  (con- 
textunl),  note  (contextual),  gloss,  scholium 
(tech.),  gloze;  spec,  margin  (rare),  mar- 
ginalia (pL),  interlineary,  postil  (hist.). 

annotator,  n.  commentator,  glossist,  glos- 
sator, glosser,  glossographer  (rare),  scho- 
liast (tech.). 

announce,  v.  t.  advertize,  intimate,  de- 
clare, tell,  herald,  bruit  (literary),  notify, 
signify,  signal,  annunciate,  enunciate  (jor- 
mal),  enounce  (rare);  spec,  sound,  usher, 
call,  denounce,  presage,  advertize,  bill, 
post,  cry,  bulletin;  see  proclaim. 
Antonyms:  see  hide. 

announcement,  n.  intimation,  annunci- 
ation, notification,  declaration,  notice, 
advertizement,  enunciation  (formal);  spec. 
indiction,  banns  (pi.),  bulletin,  obituary, 
obit  (archaic),  proclamation. 

annoy,  v.  t.  distress  (contextual),  disturb 
(contextual),  vex,  touch,  plague,  tor- 
ment, harass,  irk  (archaic),  curry  (Jig.), 
pester,  exulcerate  (archaic),  fret,  molest 
(archaic),  displeasure  (rare);  spec,  nag, 
rag  (colloq.  or  slang),  ruffle,  pinprick,  ear- 
Tsng,  bore;  see  irritate,  trouble,  tease. 
Antonyms:  see  please,  elate,  pac- 
ify, CALM. 

annoyance,  n.  1.  distress  (contextual), 
disturbance  (contextual),  harassment,  ex- 
ulceration   (rare),  molestation  (archaic); 

see  IRRITATION. 

2.  Referring  to  what  annoys:  vexation, 
plague,  thorn,  torment,  pest,  pester,  nui- 
sance, gall,  bore ;  see  irritation,  trouble. 

Antonyms:  see  comfort. 

3.  Referring  to  the  state  of  mind:  vexa- 
tion, displeasure,  disquiet,  ruffle;  see  ir- 
ritation. 


annoying,  a.  displeasing  (contextual),  vex- 
atious, plaguesome  (colloq.) ,  plaguey  (col- 
loq.), thorny,  painful,  worrisome,  irksome. 
Antonyms:   see  calmative,  sedative. 

annual,  a.  yearly. 

annular,  a.  ring-shaped,  round  (context- 
ual), annulated,  annulate,  cricoid  (tech.; 
chiefly  spec). 

anoint,  v.  t.  anele  (archaic),  oint  (archaic), 
inunct  (chiefly  spec.;  rare),  smear  (now 
only  contemptuous);  spec,  oil,  grease, 
chrism,  balsam,  salve. 

anonymous,  a.  nameless,  unnamed,  un- 
known (a  loose  contextual  use). 

another,  a.  Spec,  second,  other  (archaic 
or  rare),  different. 

answer,  v.  i.  1.  Referring  to  making  de- 
fense against  a  charge,  as  in  law:  defend, 
plead  (law);  spec,  reply,  rejoin,  rebut, 
surrejoin,  surrebut. 

2.  reply,  respond,  retort,  return  (context- 
ual), rejoin,  replicate  (rare);  spec,  sub- 
join, recriminate. 

3.  react,  respond;  spec,  counteract. 

4.  See  agree,  ser\t]. 

answer,  v.  t.  1.  As  in  law:  defend. 

2.  reply,  respond,  retort,  rejoin,  say  (con- 
textual), replicate  (rare). 

Antonyms:  see  question. 

3.  acknowledge;  spec,  receipt. 

4.  solve. 

5.  See  satisfy,  settle. 

answer,  n.  1.  As  used  in  law:  defense, 
plea;  spec,  rebutter,  reply,  rejoinder, 
replication,  surrejoinder,  surrebutter. 

2.  reply,  response,  retort;  spec,  coun- 
terblast, countercharge,  contraremon- 
strance,  repartee,  antiphony,  subjoinder, 
oracle,  anthem. 

Antonyms:  see  question. 

3.  acknowledgment;   spec,  receipt. 

4.  solution. 

5.  reaction,  response. 

answering,    a.    responsive,    replying,    re- 

sponsory  (obs.). 
antedate,  v.  1. 1.  precede  (in  time),  predate. 
Antonyms:  see  postdate. 

2.  mistime       (contextual),      anachronize 

(rare) . 
antediluvian,    a.    prediluvian,    antedilu- 

\'ial,  prediluvial. 
anteprandial,  a.  preprandial; — both  rare. 
anteroom,  n.  vestibule;   spec,  hall,  lobby, 

antechamber. 
anthem,  n.    respond   (rare),  responsory; 

spec,  offertory. 


XW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
annual:    yearly. 
annul:    abolish,  invalidate. 
annulus:    ring. 
annunciate:    announce. 
annunciation:   announcement. 
annunciatory:    proclamatory. 


anomalous:    abnormal. 

anon:   soon,  a^ain. 

answerable:  accountable,  ac- 
ceptable. 

antagonism:    opposition. 

antagonist:  opponent,  competi- 
tor. 


antagonize:   oppose. 
antecede:  precede,      [viousness. 
antecedence:    precedence,  pre- 
antecedent:     preceding,  previ- 
ous. 
antecessor:    predecessor. 
anterior:    previous,  fore. 


XS'  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

18 


APPALL 


anthology,  n.  posy  (rare),  florilegium 
(rare) . 

anticipate,  v.  t,  1.  preconceive,  foresee 
(fig.),  precognosce  (rare);  spec,  hope, 
reckon  {used  with  "that"  and  a  dependent 
clause),  suspect,  forefeel  (rare),  forebode, 
intuit  {rare  or  tech.);  see  expect,  fore- 
taste. 

2.  forestall,  forerun,  devance  (rare),  fore- 
come  (rare),  prevent  (rare). 

anticipation,  n.  1.  presentiment,  fore- 
sight, preconception,  preassurance  (rare); 
spec,  forefeeling  (rare),  reckoning,  fore- 
boding, hope,  prolepsis,  intuition;  see 
expectation. 

2.  forestalment,  prevenience  (rare),  pre- 
vention (rare) ;   spec,  prevenance. 

anticipatory,  a.  1.  anticipant,  anticipa- 
tive,  precognoscent  (rare),  presentient 
(rare);  spec,  proleptic  (rare);  see  expect- 
ant, HOPEFUL. 

2.  anticipant,  prevenient  (learned),  pre- 
venting (rare). 

anticlimax,  n.  bathos  (learned),  come- 
down (colloq.). 

antidote,  n.  remedy  (contextual),  alexi- 
pharmic  (learned),  Theriac  (archaic;  fig.), 
mithridate  (obs.  or  hist.),  counterpoison, 
obvietam  (ohs.  or  hist.);  spec,  counter- 
charm,  countervenom,  bezoar  (archaic). 
Antomjms:  see  poison. 

antiquarian,  n.  antiquary;  spec,  archae- 
ologist, archseologer  (rare),  palseologist. 

antiquarianism,  n.  Spec,  palseology, 
archaeology. 

antiquate,  v.  t.  age,  outdate,  unmodern- 
ize  (rare). 

antiquity,  n.  1.  age  (contextual),  old  (ar- 
chaic or  poetic),  oldness,  ancientness. 

2.  Referring  to  the  people  of  antiquity:  eld 
(archaic  or  poetic);   spec,  foreworld  (rare). 

Antonyms:   see  modernness,  newness, 
recency. 

3.  See  RELIC. 

antlers,  n.  pi.  head,  attire; — both  collec- 
tives, and  hunting  terms. 

anvil,  71.  stithy  (rare);  spec,  teest. 

anxiety,  n.  distress  (contextual),  trouble 
(contextual),  care,  disquiet,  concern,  con- 


cernment,   uneasiness,    suspense,    solici- 
tude; see  apprehension. 

anxious,  a.  distressed  (contextual),  trou- 
bled (contextual),  careful  (rare),  uneasy, 
concerned,  solicitous;  see  timid,  appre- 
hensive. 

Antonyms:    see  careless,  bold,  calm, 
confident. 

anybody,  n.  any  one. 

anyhow,  adv.  anyways,  anyway,  anywise. 

anything,  n.  aught  (literary),  ought  (tfie 
less  usual  spelling). 

apart,  a.  1.  separate,  aloof,  away,  aside; 
spec,  distant,  foreign. 
2.  See  unrelated. 

apart,  adv.  1.  separately,  aside,  away, 
aloof,  asunder. 

Antonyms:     see   together,    adjacent, 
touching. 
2.  independently. 

apathetic,  a.  dull,  phlegmatic,  calm  (con- 
textual), cold,  sluggish,  cold-blooded,  in- 
ert (literary  or  learned),  impassive,  indif- 
ferent, insensible,  nerveless,  torpid,  tor- 
pent  (rare);  spec,  languid,  languishing, 
languorous,  listless,  lethargic,  inexcitable, 
lackadaisical. 
A  ntonyms:  see  eager,  excited,  ardent, 
angry,  impetuous,  compassionate, 
emotional,  emphatic,  energetic,  sus- 
ceptible, SPIRITED,  amatory,  AFFEC- 
TIONATE, hateful,  etc. 

apathy,  n.  dullness,  sluggishness,  inert- 
ness (literary  or  learned);  spec,  languor, 
torpor,  lethargy,  lassitude,  calm  (context- 
ual), etc. 

apiece,  adv.  individually,  each,  severally. 

apostasy,  n.   1.  recreancy,  tergiversation 
(rare),   abandonment,  perversion,  seces- 
sion, lapse,  relapse.     Cf.  backslide. 
Antonyms:   see  constancy. 

2.    See   DESERTION. 

apostate,  n.  1.  renegade,  recreant,  turn- 
coat, pervert  or  (colloq.)  vert,  transfuge 
(rare),  tergiversator  (rare);  spec,  back- 
slider. 

2.    See  DESERTER. 

apostate,  a.  recreant. 

apostatize,  v.  i.  1.  renegade,  secede,  re- 


It^^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

antic,  a.:  grotesque,  frisky,  buf- 
foonish. 

antic,  n.:   buffoon,  caper. 

anticipant:  anticipatory,  ex- 
pectant. 

antifebrile:  febrifuge. 

antipathy:  aversion,  abhor- 
rence,  incompatibility. 

antipodal:  opposite. 

antipodes:  underworld. 

antipyretic:  febrifuge. 

antiquated:  old,  old-fashioned, 
obsolete,  chronic. 

antique:  old,  old-fashioned. 

antithesis:    contrast. 


antithetic:    contrasting. 
antitype:   foreshadow. 
antler:    horn. 

anyway,  anyways:    anyhow. 
apace:    rapidly. 
apache:    desperado. 
apartment:    room,  suite. 
ape,  «.;  simian,  imitator. 
ape,  V.  I.:  imitate. 
apelilie:    simian. 
aperient:    cathartic. 
aperture:    opening. 
apex:    top,  cusp,  height. 
aphorism:  saying. 
apiary:    beehive. 
apish:    simian,  imitative. 


vertical, 
assurance,     verti- 


revelation,    dis- 


revelatory. 
justificatory,    ex- 


aplomb,  a.: 
aplomb,  n.: 

caiily. 
apocalypse: 

closure. 
apocalyptic: 
apologetic: 

cusalory. 
apologist:    justifier,  excuser. 
apologue:  fable. 
apology:     justification,  excuse, 

substitute. 
apophthegm:    saying. 
apostrophe:    address. 
apotheosize:    deify. 
appall:   frighten,  dismay. 


tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
19 


APPANAGE 


lapse,  lapse,  fall,  vert  {colloq.,  Eng.);    sec 

HACKSLIDE. 

2.    See   DKSERT. 

appanage,  n.  adjunct,  appurtenance,  pro- 
priiun  {(eeh.),  \no\wrty  (eonlexlual);  spec. 
perquisite,  prerogative. 

apparatus,  /;.  1.  rigging,  machine,  ma- 
chinery, mechanism,  gear,  plant,  enginery 
(often  fig.);   spec,  tackle. 

2.    Sec  INSTRUMENT,   EQUIPMENT. 
apparent,  a.  1.   See  evident. 
2.  seeming,   ostensible,   ostensive   (rare), 
semblable  {rare  or  literary),  evident  (rare); 
spec,  phenomenal,  external,  sensible;   see 

PROFESSED. 

Antonyms:   see  hidden,  actual. 

apparently,  culv.  seemingly,  etc.,  methinks 
(archaic  and  usually  poetic).  Cf.  appar- 
ent, 2. 

apparition,  n.  1.  See  appearance. 
2.  specter,  appearance,  phantasm,  phan- 
tom, image,  show,  shadow,  umbrage  (^^7- 
erary),  idol  (literary  or  learned),  phasm 
(rare),  shape  (now  rare  or  contextual), 
phantast  (rare),  phantasma  (rare),  eido- 
lon (learned);  spec,  double,  wraith,  fetch, 
double  -  ganger,  bogy,  boodie  (Scot.), 
epiphany,  Christophany,  blue-devils  (col- 
loq.), illusion;   see  ghost,  semblance. 

apparitional,  a.  phantom,  phantasmic 
(rare),  phantasmal. 

appeal,  v.  i.  1.  turn;  spec,  refer;  cf.  ap- 
peal, n.,  2. 

2.  apply,  ask,  pray,  sue,  entreat  (rare), 
cry  (fig.),  plead,  go  (contextual;  esp.  vrith 
"up"),  petition. 

appeal,  n.  1.  As  used  in  law:  counter- 
plea  (rare);  spec,  recusation,  plaidoyer. 

2.  apphcation,  turning,  reference,  address 
(rare),  prayer;   spec,  memorial. 

3.  application,  request,  asking,  call,  cry, 
prayer,  entreaty,  plea,  suit;  spec,  oath, 
captation. 

4.  »S'ee  attraction. 

appear,  v.  i.  1.  show  (now  colloq.) ,  emerge, 
issue,  peer  (archaic),  spring  (chiefly  spec), 
offer,  develop,  come  (contextual);  spec. 
figure,  rise,  sparkle,  coappear,  compear 
(law),  issue,  loom,  glimpse  (archaic). 
Antonyms:  see  disappear,  vanish. 
2.  See  SEEM. 

appearance,  n.  1.  appearing,  manifesta- 
tion,    show     (colloq.),     rise,     apparition 
(learned) ;     spec,    shadow,    reapparition, 
avatar,  gUmpse,  outcrop,  gleam. 
Antonyms:   see  disappearance. 


2.  species  (tech.),  pluise,  guise,  aspect,  fig- 
ure, look,  favor  (archaic),  face,  form, 
shape,  surface,  shadow,  phantasm,  ghost, 
complexion,  cast,  color,  show  (now  rhetor- 
ical or  poetic,  exc.  as  referring  to  an  illusory 
or  deceiving  appearance),  portraiture 
(rare),  visage  (rare);  spec,  perspective, 
smoke,  facies  (natural  hist.);  see  aspect. 

3.  phenomenon;  spec,  meteor  (esp.  tech.). 

4.  semblance;  spec,  likeness. 

5.  See  apparition. 

appease,  v.  t.   1.  See  satisfy,  pacify. 
2.  slake,  quench,  assuage,  allay,  mitigate, 
lay  (archaic);   see  satisfy. 

appeasement,  n.   1.  See  satisfaction. 
2.  slaking,  assuagement,    etc.       Cf.    ap- 
pease, 2. 

appendage,   n.    1.   attachment,    pendicle 
(chiefly  Scot.),  codicil  (fig.  or  spec);  spec. 
chatelaine,  chatelaine  (French),  fob,  pen- 
dant, tang,  crook. 
2.  *See  PROCESS. 

appendix,  n.  attachment,  addition,  codi- 
cil (fig.  or  spec);  spec,  excursus. 

appetite,  n.  1.  belly  (fig.),  hunger,  desire, 
craving,  maw  (fig.  or  spec);  spec,  malacia 
(tech.);  see  thirst. 
Anto7iyms:  see  disgust,  surfeit. 

2.   See    DESIRE. 

applaud,  V.  t.     Spec,  acclaim,  clap,  cheer, 
encore,    chirrup    (Eng.;     slang),    claque 
(cant  or  slang);  see  praise. 
Antonyms:   see  condemn,  censure. 

applaud,  V.  i.  Spec,  acclaim,  clap,  cheer, 
huzza,  stomp. 

applause,  ?i.   1.  See  praise. 
2.  Referring  to  what  is  done  by  way  of 
praise:  spec  plaudit  (chiefly  in  pi.),  hand- 
clap, clap,  hozanna,  huzzas  (pi.). 
Antonyms:  see  condemnation,  censure. 

apple,  n.  pome  (poetic). 

apple-shaped,  a.  pomiform  (tech.). 

applicable,  a.  1.  See  adaptable. 
2.  suitable,  usable,  adaptable,  devotable; 
spec  appropriate,  appropriable. 

application,  n.  1.  apposition,  touching. 

2.  constancy  (contextual),  assiduity,  de- 
votion, appliance,  sedulity  (rare),  sedu- 
lousness,  intentness,  diligence,  industry, 
attention. 

Antonyms:   see  change ableness,  indo- 
lence. 

3.  resort,  recourse,  recurrence. 

4.  See  asking,  appeal,  appropriation. 

5.  Spec,  poultice,  plaster,  epithem,  stupe, 
lotion,  foment,  wash,  ointment,  cerate. 


C^^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
apparel,  n.:    clothing. 
apparel,  r.  I.:   clothe. 
apparency:    evidency. 
appeasable:    pacifiable,  satisfi- 

ahle. 
appellation:   naming,  name. 


appellative:  name. 

append:    attach. 

appendant:  accessory,  result- 
ing. 

apperceive:    perceive. 

apperception:  perception,  in- 
telligence. 


appertain:    belong,  relate. 
appetency:  desire,  inclination. 
appetize:    relish. 
appetizing:    palatable. 
appliance:        application,     in- 
strument. 
applicant:    asker. 


IsS^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
20 


APPROPRIATE 


apply,  V.  t.  1.  put  {with  "to,"  "on,"  or 
"upon"),  use  {with  "to,"  "on,"  or 
"upon"),  lay  {with  "to,"  "on,"  or  "upon"), 
bestow  {archaic);  spec,  misapply. 

2.  direct,  concentrate,  give,  devote,  ad- 
dress, bend,  buckle,  put,  keep,  ply  {rare  or 
dial.);  see  addict. 

3.  See  APPROPRIATE,  RELATE. 

apply,  V.  i.  1.  bear  {vxith  "on"  or  "upon"), 
hold,  subsist. 

2.  address  {rare),  turn,  run,  resort,  go 
{contextual);   see  appeal. 

appoint,  V.  t.  1.  ordain,  prescribe,  fix,  or- 
der, frame,  establish,  determine,  preap- 
point, decree,  direct,  set,  destine,  fore- 
ordain, dispose ;  spec,  redetermine. 

2.  designate,  assign,  constitute,  set,  fix, 
limit,  settle,  cast;  spec,  commission, 
place,  name,  detail,  depute,  deputize 
{U.  S.),  delegate,  prick,  nominate,  des- 
tine, attach,  determine,  predetermine, 
locate;    see  apportion,  appropriate. 

Antonyms:  see  forbid. 

3.  See  equip. 

appointed,  a.  fixed,  ordained,  determined, 
set,  etc. 

appointment,  n.  1.  ordinance,  ordina- 
tion, ordainment,  establishment,  disposi- 
tion, determination,  prescription,  decree, 
direction,  settlement,  foreordination,  pre- 
determination. 

2.  designation,  constitution,  settlement, 
limitation;  spec,  commission,  deputation, 
indiction,  destination,  determination, 
etc.;  see  apportionment,  appropria- 
tion. 

3.  engagement,  assignation,  tryst  {liter- 
ary), meeting,  date  {colloq.). 

4.  See  equip. 

apportion,  v.  t.  portion  {less  usual  than  "ap- 
portion"), assign,  appoint,  allow,  allocate, 
allot,  admeasure,  measure  {archaic  or  fig.), 
award,  mete  {rare),  give  {contextual),  dis- 
tribute, deal  (chiefly  spec);  spec,  award, 
limit  ([/.  S.  &  Canada),  dole,  admeasure 
{rare) . 

apportionment,  n.  assignment,  appoint- 
ment, allowance,  allotment,  etc.  Cf.  ap- 
portion. 

appreciative,  a.  sensible,  sensitive. 
Antonyms:  see  unappreciative. 

apprehension,  n.  fear  {with  "lest"  or 
"that"),  anxiety  {with  "lest"),  solicitude 
{with  "lest"),  scruple  {rare). 


apprehensive,  a.  fearful  {with  "of,"  "lest," 
or  "that"),  anxious  {with  "for  fear  that"), 
solicitous  {with  "lest"),  afraid  {with 
"that").  "Apprehensive"  is  used  with 
"of,"  "lest,"  or  "that." 
Antonyms:  see  hopeful. 

apprehensiveness,  n.  fearfulness,   anxi- 
ety, solicitude,  fear. 

approach,  v.  i.  I.  near,  advance  {context- 
ual), approximate,  nigh  {rare),  advene 
{rare),  accede  {rare),  appropinquate 
{rare);  spec,  borrow,  verge,  draw,  board, 
converge,  come. 
Antonyms:  see  depart. 

2.  approximate  {as  in  quality,  form,  etc.), 
near  (rare);  spec,  resemble. 

3.  come  (contextual); — referring  to  what 
draws  near  in  time. 

approach,  v.   t.   near,   approximate   {ar- 
chaic), appropinquate  {rare),  anear  {ar- 
chaic) . 
Antonyms:   see  avoid,  leave. 
approach,  n.  1.  nearing,  approximation, 
advance  (contextual);   spec,  convergence. 
Antonyms:  see  avoidance,  divergence. 

2.  coming. 

3.  In  pi.:   advances  {pi.). 

4.  access;  spec,  entrance. 
approaching,  a.   1.  nearing,  advancing; 

spec,  convergent,  connivent  {tech.),  com- 
ing. 

2.  See  COMING  {in  time). 
appropriate,  v.  1. 1.  take,  spheterize  {rare); 
spec,  misappropriate,  condemn,  arrogate, 
convert,  embezzle,  foreclose,  secrete, 
pocket,  usurp;  see  convert,  steal,  con- 
fiscate. 
Antonyms:    see  abandon,  relinquish, 

FORGO. 

2.  assign,  appoint,  allot,  apply,  devote, 
dedicate  {spec,  or  archaic),  design;  spec. 
reserve,  misapply,  misappropriate. 

3.  See  ascribe. 
appropriate,  a.  1.  See  peculiar. 

2.  becoming,  suitable,  fit,  fitting,  meet, 
condign  {of  punishinent) ,  felicitous  {ac- 
tion, remark,  etc.),  convenient  {archaic), 
convenable  {obs.),  feat  {archaic),  compe- 
tent {archaic),  likely,  proper,  appropriate, 
apposite,  pat  {chiefly  spec),  apt,  good, 
right,  sortable  {archaic),  idoneous  {rare), 
concinnous  {rare),  congruous ;  spec,  happy, 
decent,  graceful,  applicable;  see  timely. 
i      Antonyms:   see  unsuitable,  untimely. 


t^"  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
apposite:   appropriate,  relative. 
apposition:      application,     re- 
lation. 
appraisal:    valuation. 
appraise:    value. 
appraisement:  valuation. 
appreciable:    perceptible. 
appreciate:  value,  feel,  advance. 


appreciation:  valuation,  feel- 
ing, advance,  understanding. 

appreciative:   sensitive. 

apprehend:  arrest,  capture, 
perceive,  understand,  expect, 
fear. 

apprehensible:  understand- 
able, perceptible. 

apprehension:   arrest,  capture, 


intelligence,  perception,  expecta- 
tion, fear.  {gent. 

apprehensive:    afraid,   intelli- 

apprise:   notify,  inform. 

approachable:  accessible,  af- 
fable. 

approbate:   approve,  admire. 

approbation:  approval,  ad- 
miration. 


tS"  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

21 


APPROPRIATELY 


appropriately,  adr.  becomingly,  suitably, 

(/(•..  apr01)0S.       (.'/.  Al'l'UOl'RIATE,  «.,  2. 

appropriateness,  ri.  bccomingncss,  suit- 
ability, iitness,  felicity,  etc. 

appropriation,  n.  taking,  application; 
spec,  confiscation,  'arrogation,  allotment, 
secretion,  etc.    Cf.  appropriate,  v.  t. 

approval,  n.  approbation,  support,  sanc- 
tion, imprimatur  (spec,  or  fig.),  indorse- 
ment, countenance,  acceptance;  spec,  fa- 
vor, fancy,  auspices,  vis>  {French);    see 

ADMIRATION,   PRAISE,   LIKING. 

approve,  v.  t.  approbate  {rare;  chiefly 
Eiig.),  sanction,  support,  countenance, 
sustain,  pass,  indorse,  second;  spec,  en- 
courage, preconize  (rare),  favor,  vise;  see 

LIKE,  PRAISE,  ADMIRE. 

Aiitotiyms:  see  condemn,  reprove,  cen- 
sure. 

approximate,  a.  rough,  round,  close,  near; 
— referring  to  approximations,  numbers,  etc. 

appurtenance,  n.  accessory,  belonging, 
appurtenant;  spec,  paraphernalia  {pi.), 
incident  {law),  requisite,  property  {thea- 
ters), props  {pi.;  theaters);  see  accessory, 

APP.\NAGE. 

aquiline,  a.     Referring  to  the  nose:  hawk- 
nosed     {rare    or    opprobrious),    beaked, 
hooked,  Roman. 
Antonyms:  see  pug-nosed,  snub. 

arable,  a.  plowable,  tillable. 

arable,  ?i.  infield  {Brit.),  earthland  {rare), 
plowland. 

arbitrary,    a.      1.  See   absolute,    capri- 
cious, tyrannical,  autocratic. 
2.  High-handed,  willful,  high  (colloq.). 

arbor,  n.  bower;  spec,  pergola,  pandal 
(Arujlo-Indian). 

arboreal,  a.  arboral,  arboreous,  arborous, 
dendral  {rare). 

arcade,  n.  passage  {contextual);  spec,  clois- 
ter, loggia  {Italian). 

arch,  n.  cove  {the  ordinary  hollow  arch), 
fornix  {Latin);  spec,  ogive,  skewback, 
conch,  concha,  vault,  invert,  concamera- 
tion  {rare),  span. 

arch,  V.  t.  1.  cove,  vault  {chiefly  spec),  em- 
bow  {literary),  concamerate  {rare);  spec. 
hog,  hump,  hunch. 
2.  span,  overvault  {rare),  overarch. 

archer,  n.  sagittary  {rare),  bowman,  bow- 
yer  {rare);  spec.  Sagittarius. 


architect,  n.  builder  {contextual),  maker 
{rare),  constructor  (contextual),  master 
builder  (tech.);  spec,  ecclesiologist. 

architecture,  n.  structure,  building,  con- 
struction; spec,  ecclesiology. 

ardent,  a.  1.  See  burning,  hot,  alcoholic. 
2.  eager,  impetuous,  hot,  warm,  fiery, 
burning,  fierce,  fervent,  glowing,  feverish, 
fervid,  perfervid  {emphatic  for  ^'fervid"; 
rare),  zealous,  passionate,  enthusiastic  or 
enthusiastical  (both  archaic). 
Antonyms:  see  apathetic,  indifferent. 

ardor,  n.  eagerness,  impetuosity,  ardency, 
fervor,  fever,  feverishness,  heat,  glow, 
warmth,  fire,  elan  (French),  fieriness,  ve- 
hemence, zeal,  flame,  spirit,  soul,  verve 
(literary  or  bookish),  ferventness,  fervid- 
ity  {rare),  perfervor  {rare),  enthusiasm 
{archaic) . 
Antonyms:  see  apathy,  indifference. 

area,  n.  1.  Referring  to  an  extent  of  land: 
extent,  space,  expanse,  tract,  circuit,  com- 
pass, field,  sphere,  range,  scope,  ground 
(contextual),  size,  stretch;  spec,  sheet,  ter- 
rain, terrane;  see  piece. 
2.  extent,  expanse,  space,  room  \jiow 
chiefly  spec). 

arena,  n.   1.  Spec,    circus,    amphitheater, 
cirque,  ring,  Usts  {pL),  cockpit 
2.  See  sphere. 

argument,  n.  1.  reason  {contextual);  spec 
silencer,    fallacy,    sophism,    sockdologer 
{slang,  U.  S.),  settler  {colloq.),  dilemma; 
see  reason. 
2.  See  discussion,  dispute. 

aright,  adv  Spec,  rightly,  correctly,  just- 
ly, properly. 

arise,  v.  i.   1.  See  rise. 
2.  originate,  spring,  issue,  rise,  proceed, 
emerge,  come,  grow,  flow,  accrue,  begin; 
see  occur,  result. 
Antonyms:  see  die. 

arising,  n.   1.  See  rise 
2.  origination,    spring,    rise,    beginning, 
birth,  etc.     Cf.  arise,  v.  i.,  2. 

aristocracy,  n.   1.  Referring  to  a  form  or 
principle  of  government:   optimacy  {rare), 
patriciate  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  democracy. 

2.  See  nobility. 

3.  As  a  collective:  quality  {chiefly  archaic 
or  dial.). 


JSP=  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
approximate:    approach. 
approximately:   about. 
approximation:    approach. 
appulse:    impact. 
appurtenance:    property. 
appurtenant,  a.:    accessory. 
appurtenant,  n.:    accessory. 
apriori :    deductive. 
apropos:   timely,  appropriately. 
apt:     ready,     appropriate,    dis- 
posed. 


aqueduct:    channel. 
aqueous:   watery. 
arbiter:  judge,  master. 
arbitrate:    decide,  judge. 
arbitration:  decision,  judoment. 
arbitrator:  judge. 
arbor:    axle. 
arborescent:    branching. 
arc:    curve,  band. 
Arcadian:    rural. 
arch,  n  :    chief. 
archaic:    old-fashioned. 


archetypal:   original. 
archetype:     original,  pattern. 
archipelago:    sea. 
ardency:    ardor. 
arduous:    difficult,  laborious. 
argent:    silvery. 
argillaceous:   clayey. 
argosy:   ship. 
argot:    jargon,  dialect. 
arguable :   questionable. 
argue:     discuss,  dispute,  mean. 
arid:   dry,  uninteresting. 


IW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
22 


ARSIS 


aristocrat,    n.    patrician    (learned),    op- 

timate  (learned);   see  noble. 
aristocratic,  a.   1.  See  noble. 

2.  patrician  (rare).  [common. 

Antonyms:    see  democratic,  plebeian, 

arm,  ?i.  1.  wing  (colloq.  or  humorous,  exc. 

spec);  spec,  brachium,  humerus,  forearm. 

2.  branch;  spec,  inlet,  estuary,  fiord  or 
fjord;   see  bkanch. 

3.  projection;  spec,  transept,  jib,  davit, 
fluke,  crane ;  see  boom. 

4.  See  POWER,  WEAPON,  sleeve. 

arm,  v.  t.  1.  equip;     spec,  panoply,  heel, 
lead  (I6d),  forearm. 
2.  See  ARMOR. 

armed,  a.  equipped  (rare);    spec,  pano- 
plied, forearmed. 
Antonyms:  see  unarmed. 

armhole,  ?i.   1.  See  armpit. 
2.  armseye  (tech.),  scye  (rare). 

armor,  n.     Spec,  panoply,  mail,  bard. 

armor,  v.  t.  1.  Referring  to  man  or  horse: 
arm,  mail;  spec,  panoply,  helm  (archaic 
or  poetic). 

2.  Referring  to  a  vessel,  aeroplane,  etc.: 
protect  (contextual) ,  plate,  mail  (rare). 

armored,  a.  mailed,  mail-clad;  spec,  pano- 
plied, loricate,  iron-clad. 

armpit,  n.  armhole,  axilla  (tech.). 

arms,  n.  1.  armament,  armor  (obs.  or  rare); 
see  WEAPON. 

2.  In  heraldry:  coat  of  arms  or  (for  short) 
coat,  bearings  (pi.;  often  in  sing.),  blazon, 
ensign,  blazonment,  blazonry. 

army,  n.  1.  host  (archaic  or  poetic),  array 
(archaic),  force,  forces  (pi.),  troops  (pi.), 
legion  or  (pi.)  legions  (orig.  spec),  men- 
of-war  (pi.;  71010  rare  or  hist.),  battalion 
(archaic);  spec  fyrd  (/lisi.),  division,  corps. 
2.  See  multitude,  organization. 

arrange,  v.  t.  1.  dispose,  distribute,  allo- 
cate (learned),  lay;  spec,  adjust,  classify, 
range,  rank,  trim,  organize,  systematize, 
marshal,  collocate,  form,  array,  group, 
defilade,  brigade,  dress,  pitch,  echelon, 
space,  size,  compose,  recompose,  order, 
tidy  (colloq.),  drape,  seriate  (rare);  see 
organize,  pack,  adjust. 
Antomjms:   see  disarrange,  confuse. 

2.  In  music:  spec,  orchestrate,  score,  in- 
strument. 

3.  settle,  accommodate,  reconcile,  com- 
pose, compound,  compromise  (obs.  or  ar- 
chaic);  spec,  adjust,  arbitrate,  mediate. 

4.  See  agree,  stipulate,  adapt,  plan. 
arrangement,  n.  1.  disposure,  disposition, 


allocation  (learned),  ordinance  (now  only 
in  literature  or  art);  spec,  systematization, 
ordination,  malarrangement,  trim,  group- 
age,  organization,  defilade,  categorization, 
chronography,  collocation,  codification; 
see  organization,  adjustment. 
Antonyms:  see  disorder. 

2.  Referring  to  the  result:  disposure,  dis- 
position, form,  shape,  etc.  (with  most  of  the 
terms  under  1.,  above),  lay;  spec,  make-up, 
orderliness,  array,  schematism,  cosmos. 

3.  In  music:  spec,  orchestration,  instru- 
mentation, score. 

4.  settlement,  accommodation,  reconcili- 
ation, composite;  spec,  exchange,  stipu- 
lation. 

5.  Referring  to  the  result:  settlement; 
spec  mise  (Eng.;  hist.),  bundobust  (An- 
glo-Indian);   see  agreement. 

6.  See  adaptation,  plan,  thing. 
arranger,  n.     Spec  disposer,  distributer, 

classifier,  marshal,  etc     Cf.  arrange. 

arrest,  v.  t.   1.  See  stop,  restrain. 
2.  seize,   apprehend,   bond    (slang),  nick 
(colloq.    or   slang),    grab    (colloq.),    pinch 
(slang),  collar  (slang). 

arrest,  n.  1.  See  stoppage,  restraint, 
imprisonment. 

2.  seizure,  apprehension,  arrestment 
(chiefly  Scot.),  arrestation  (a  Gallicism) . 

arrival,  n.  coming,  access  (rare),  advent, 
subvention  (rare;   chiefly  spec). 

arrive,  v.  i.  come,  attain  (with  "to"), 
accede  (rare),  subvene  (rare;  chiefly  spec), 
reach  (with  "to").  "Arrive"  takes  "at"  for 
its  preposition. 

arrogance,  n.  presumption,  assumption, 
pride,  overweening,  haughtiness,  etc  Cf. 
arrogant. 

arrogant,  a.  presumptuous,  overbearing, 
assuming,  assumptive  (rare),  magisterial 
(bookish  or  learned),  fastuous  (rare),  high- 
minded,  high,  overweening,  uppish  (col- 
loq.), topping;  see  self-important,  im- 
pudent, HAUGHTY,  ROUGH. 
Antonyms:     see   agreeable,    affable, 

HUMBLE,  SUBMISSIVE,  BASHFUL,  ABJECT, 
CONDESCENDING,  OBSEQUIOUS. 

arrow,  n.  missile  (contextual),  shaft;  spec 

bolt,  flight,  sumpit,  vire  (hist.),  quarrel. 
arrow-headed,  a.  sagittate   sagittated; — 

both  tech. 
arsenal,  n.  armory. 
arsis,  n.  thesis  (the  original  sense  of  "thesis" 

being    the   same   as    the    present   common 

sense  of  "arsis,"  and  vice  versa). 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
armada:   fleet. 

armament:    arms,   equipment. 
armorial:   heraldic. 
armory:   arsenal. 
aroint,  inter j.:   away. 
aroma:    smell. 


aromatic:    odorous. 

around:    about. 

arouse:    wake,  rouse,  excite. 

arraign:   accuse. 

arrant:    outrageous. 

arras:    tapestry. 

array,  n.:    arrangement,  army, 


body,  group,  clothing. 
array,  v.  t.:  arrange,  clothe. 
arrear:   debt. 
arrive,  v-  I.:   reach. 
arrogate:   appropriate,  assume, 

ascribe. 
arrowy:   rapid. 


XW  Sec  Notes  of  Explanation. 
23 


ART 


azt,  ».  1.  cnft,  skSl  ^orcftokc);  spec  trade. 
kaadkiafk,  caeoteebtj  (rare),  discipiine, 

a.   5«f  sXHX,  DBGKaOCSZOBB,  L2L1BNIXG, 

ASn-TTT. 

a.  craf  H   cnliBeaB»  w^bbsb,   deeotful- 

BB9BL  atUHlBBSy  StlXteC^,  wiiiiiunp^  TwsirfT— 

I  in  iiif  n  (rare),  fiofeaee,  design,  artifice,  tct- 
BEiBky,  PoBey,  ^joess,  sidydety  cr  subtle- 
■esB  (in  BM*  rare),  pawkiness  i^cut.  or 
dML),  frmamB  (daefy  eaOoq.),  faxoj 
(nvr),*  xas  TBHsassss; — — itfy  miik  spe~ 

d^imrbatim*.  

AMimufms:   spec  ardesoesB^  fraoksess 

(jee  .ABZLESS.  FRXTTK^ . 

■ctfal,  a.  1.  S^e  simrFO-  isGSznooSk 

&  cxaftr.  siy.  wiiv,  decetf^i  c^inrlng, 
I'JiiuUl  .•J^."'-  cautelous  'cr-  "le 

(aaw  rare  .  sub '^-^    •-^^-■■^a^,  mv. 

(dU^tgaBac  ::ng,  pawky 

tbkxt; — HMti^  vitik  tpedfie  twapHeatiom. 
Anienfmg:  tee  ASZLKse,  fkask. 

artiele,  n.  1.  piece:  rpee,  contribation, 
critiqaej  review,  essay,  feaiUeton 
Freiick  ,  apfaedadoB,  Botie^  P^P^i 
^sjx.  s^ody.  ^Eldi,  ^wlogy. 
X.  tkiog  (esafezAMf),  eoDBOodity;  ^pee. 
eqMXt,m|nct;  aee  goods. 
S.  See  cxArsE,  rrEJt  thes-g. 

SL  denpe,  tr:-'--  =\''--— '^-lae,  siioSe,  fi- 
TOBBBtf  THgl'jr-  maneuTer.  prae- 

tiee,  deaipi,   :   -  -  --r.  fetch-  tricfceTy 

(rare),  stratpgv  ■  rare ,. ,  stratLagg-m.  feint ; 
^ec  cumttatpktt;   ««  teics,  peetsisse. 
axtsSecK,  a.  asftaDaa;   gpee.  srdzsji.  ar- 
tist, Daedaios  (%.). 


a.  factttiuua,  made,  raise,  made- 
vp,  Hi*nufact**rwl  (spec  or  fig.  .  painted 
i9fee.orfi§.y;  «jeclabored,mmanxral,  tiie- 
atrifai^  eoBstEaiQed,  cnltiTated;  ^e  fhe- 

■yn^HMW,  CJ0C3PBBKFErr,   COSVESTIOXiL. 

il  irfdiaf  w  I  •  ^ee  xatcsal,  gestixe,  jis- 

O0HBSK&I9EED. 

actakKT*  ■•  Qgdrwncp,  fweiiiPTj  {arduae); 
nee  are&ery,  fafoadad^  uattery,  ofiageK 
^.\  trebprirpts  ''pil);  aee  cajtso^ey. 

artrUery-majL,  n.  grmrtfr;  «g  CA>rsoNSKE. 

artist,  n.  artiste  ( French  j;  apec  dilettante, 
paBtdSst,  nanrtiT,  seo^ptor,  ^da*,  ear- 
faKMLit,  eoteist,  water-cafan^  landacap- 
Bt,  ian»w*wiimt,  eirfjast,  fuhireir  rapm 
(Frauk),  laaniHt,  mfimat,  acBaztist,  €fe. 
Tie  term  '^artaty"  eze.  as  giinwm  bg  the  4xn- 


tcrt.  nfen  to  one  afcdZed  m  fKmth'wg.  sculpt- 
ure, etc 

artistic,  n.  artful  {arckcdc),  daedal  (Jt^g.); 
*p»fc.  painterly. 
Antonyms:  sef  EVAKTISTIC. 

artless,  a.  L.  5cf  O'CTLTfEED. 
3.  simple,  innocsit.  inartificial,  naive  or 
yUis  u^wioZ"'  naif,  natural,  guiWess,  ingen- 
uous, straigiitforward.  plain,  unsophisti- 
cated: ^p^c.  rural,  rude,  homely,  home- 
spun, homebred;  see  fra>"K. 
Antonyms:    tee   abtfxx,   CALCULAnSG, 

AFFECTED,     PSETENDED,     TRICKY,     HTPO- 

CEJTICAI- 

artlessness.  i.  naivete  'French),  srmplic- 

it3.-,  un^C'phistication.  ingenuousness,  in- 
artr£iriality     rtjre.,   sLmpleness,   etc.     Cf. 

as,  adv.  dt  eonj.  1.  like  (generaHy  considered 

riJc'ir  or  iLz-^enly). 

2.    S'le  BECAUSZ. 

ascend,  r.  i.     L.  See  Riss.  climb,  elope. 
2.  Referring  to  goiruj  yzck  in  time:  mount. 

ascend,  r.  t.  climb,  mount,  rise;   spec,  re- 
ascend,  damber,  top. 
Antonyvn:  tee  descksd. 

ascendancy,  n.  ccmtrol,  asc0idance  (rare) , 
ascaidant. 

ascent,    n.     1.  Spec,    rise    (icAicA    see), 

pifmhfng  (cf,  CLTVCB). 

2.  slope,  rise,  gradient  (tech,;  Eng.);  see 

TTTTT 

ascetic,  a.  austere,  abstemious,  mortified 
(rare J ;  see  abstemiocs. 
Antonyms:  see  self-oeattftixg,  glttt- 
Tosors,  SESscors,  conviviai- 
ascetic,  n.     Spec,  fakir,  styhte,  yogi  (Hin- 
du phUos.);  see  eesmit. 
AruoT!.yms:    see  box-vtvant,  GLrrTox, 

DETSXZS. 

ascetjcism,  n.  austerity,  abstemiousness; 

spec,  yosa  or  yogism. 
J.r.ir'-r,^^'^!-?;  ^ee  sele-geatificatiox. 
ascribe,  v.t.   1.  See  ajtrtbtte,  acceedit. 

2.  attribTite,  a;=yign,  arrogate   (Jiieraryj, 

appropriate. 
ascription,  n.  L.  *See  A-TTBrBmox. 

2.  s,::r.'' ution,  arrogation  (iiteran/j,  ap- 

prcpn^tion. 

asexiiaL,  a.  neuter  ^bid.),  sexless. 
ash,  a.  dn^ary  (literary  or  tech.),  ashf^. 
asby,  a.  ashprn,  cinereous  (literary  or  tech.), 

cineraceoua  'rarej,  dneritious  (Uierary  or 

tech.),  favillous  (rare). 
aside,  n.  bye;    stpec.  byplay,  by-end,  by- 
matter;  see  BT-WOEK. 


rUe. 
HaBmer,  learn. 


iiarei  111  ill  able:    diaeoterahU. 
aAaaaeA:  aimtked. 
wtiumz  Oik,  adky. 
■iifc«rt;    (M^omMd. 
■aMe:  ^ort. 


-See  Hot«a  of  Explanation. 

24 


ASSOCIATE 


ask,  r.  i.  1.  With  the  person  as  the  objed: 
request ;  spec,  beg,  crave  (literary  or  for- 
med.), pray  (archaic,  exc.  in  certain  ptirai- 
es),  entreat,  beseech,  petition,  implore, 
supplicate,  dun,  imp>ortune,  move,  plead, 
adjure,  conjure,  obsecrate  *rare),  sue,  so- 
licit, earwig,  knee  (rare),  c^oax. 
Antonyms:   see  forbid,  compel. 

2.  Witli  the  thing  ashed  for  as  the  otijeci: 
request;  spec,  beg,  entreat,  implore,  sup- 
plicate, demand,  petition,  clamor,  can- 
vass, require,  seek  (archaic),  exact,  solicit, 
call,  invoke,  cry. 

Antonyms:  see  reject. 

3.  See  SEiOiox,  qcxstiox,  demand,  ix- 
^^TE. 

ask,  V.  i.  1.     Spec,  beg,  beseech,  plead,  ap- 
peal, postulate  (rare),  petition,  sue,  clam- 
or, importune,  entreat  (rare). 
2.  See  Qtxsnox. 

asker,  n.  Spec,  requester,  applicant, 
craver,  supplicant,  entreater,  claimant, 
suppliant,  orator  (/au-\.  etc.     CJ.  asx,  r.  t. 

askew,  a.  crooked  {cordexiual^  distorted, 
awn-,  atwist  (rare),  skew,  skewed;  spec. 
loxic. 

asking,  a.  1.  interrogative,  interrogational, 
interrogatory,  implorative,  postulatorj- 
(rare'i. 

2.  Spec,  requesting,  begging,  etc.,  supjili- 
catorj,  soUcitant  (rare.,  supphcant.  sup- 
pliant, precative,  implorative,  postulaton.- 
\jare),  precatorj"  {chiefly  legal  or  tech.\ 
petitorj-  {rare^.  petionar>"  ■xo''(^-   O-  ^^-SK. 

asking,  n.  1.  Spec,  begging,  question,  re- 
quest, petition,  impetration,  imploration 
(rar€^,  application,  postulation  {rare), 
prayer,  canvass,  soUdtation,  importunity, 
dun,  entreatment  (arcAai.f\  entreaty,  ob- 
secration, beseechment,  obtestation  QU- 
erary  or  learned),  imploring,  imploration, 
instancy  (rare),  sohcitation.  suit  (Ziterary), 
petition,  supplianee,  supphcation,  roga- 
tion, compreeation;  Sf^  APPEAL. 
2.  Referring  to  what  is  ashed:    see  RZ- 

QCEST. 
aspect,     7i.      1.    See     APPEAKAXCZ,     SIDE, 
FACEN'G. 

2.  appearance,  light,  angle  (chiefly  eoi- 
Irxj.^.  complexion,  phase,  face,  view,  look. 

aspirant,  n.  aspirer.  seeker;  spec  candi- 
date, suitor,  competitor. 

aspirate,  n.  spiritus.  breathing,  aspiration. 


aspirated,  a.  rou^  {eoniexlual),  ^lirated, 

iiSpiraie  'rare). 

assail,  r.  t.  1,  See  attack. 
2.  pelt,  ply,  storm,  bestcMin  (rare);  spec 
din,  hoot. 
Ardonymg:  see  defend,  shelxek. 

assailable,  a.  pregnane. 

assassin,  n.  Spec,  thug,  sicajian  {rare). 

assassinate,  r.  t.  murder  (cantexhtal),  re- 
move: spec,  morganize  (L'.  S.). 

assay,  n.  trial,  test,  examination:  spec,  an- 
alysis. cup>el,  copdlation,  dodmasy. 

assembly,  n,   1.  See    gathkktxg,    com- 

PAXT. 

2.  Referring  to  the  moreformidbf  organized 
gatherings  cf  persons,  spec.:  synod,  salrai, 
chapts*,  i^Qiiim,  court,  moot,  caa\ea- 
tion,  ctmTocation,  congregation,  legidb- 
ture,  oongres,  senate,  house,  di^  cham- 
b^',  camera  (rare  or  hisL),  ealxn^  ooon- 
eil,  pazJianiQit,  meeting,  chapter,  eamar- 
nlla  (Spanish),  oomitia  (Rtman  hisL), 
muster;   see  cojiTExriGX,  oouxcrL,  cox- 

GREGAnOX. 

assess,  r.  f.  1.  charge,  levy. 

2.    S-c  TAX,  VALCE. 

assessable,  a.  leviable. 

assimilate,  r.  /.  1.  See  ooxporm,  likeh. 
2.  adapt,  absorb;   spec  digesx -.—-all  eflen 
used  fig.  iff  ideas. 
Antonyms:  seeiESCBETB. 

associate,  n.  eompaiiMMi,  fellow,  ocmsoo- 
ate  (rare);  spec  aster,  biotho-,  exnjmiefc 
(rare),  dhnm  (coOoq.),  familiar,  eonnade, 
intimate,  covey  {sUatg  or  wulgar),  etxnes 
(astron.),  enmy,  yKAsii^SkiWf  hoTBomaie, 
go^ip,  ^nmner  (ScoL),  ally,  eonfedefate, 
aceomidice,  diipmate,  dansman,  eondis- 
dj^B  (Uierary),  privy,  eon^teer,  oon&eie 
(cits,  or  rare),  oonfrexe  (Frendt),  daaamate, 
mesmate,  eonvictca;  cohahitant,  capito- 
laiy,  nQ^ibra*,  assodatiiHi,  partner,  oo- 
parrner,  oonsOTt,  spouse,  mate,  oomate 
coadjutor:  sm?  aixt,  sisteb,  omt 
i'i:>.   rz.  ATTrxD_o<"T. 

associate.  1..  .rite,  link,  conjoin, 

a::..  -.  ;.bine.  allv  feJbefy 

i?-v:.     ir:.:  -  '    -      "  '  .-'    'rVi- 

gade.  re;  -  -    >• 

2.  Refe-. 
nect,  joi:. 
ar2/\    ccc--;:" 
minsle. 


r  liier- 
oouple. 


trF"  Cr-5i  ir;'cTfr.,ij:  see  Xa:e. 

askance:    ohliiudy. 

aslant:    s.'.ipir;? 

asleep:     "     :  -    -- 

aslope: 

asperity: 

asperse:    ■.. 

aspersion: 

asphyxiate:    •  ./ 
asphyxiation: 


aspiratior;: 

aspire: 

asquint, 
asquint, 
ass:  .:. 
assault: 
assent..  : 
assent, 
assert:  • 
assets: 


ssseTerate: 


assisi.^nt. 


Note^s  ol  Explanation. 
■25 


ASSOCIATE 


associate,  v.  i.  1.  unite,  combine,  join,  con- 
join, consociate  (rare),  mingle:  spec,  mis- 
sort  {rare),  mingle,  mix,  ueignbor,  herd, 
hobnob. 

2.  companion  (rare),  consort  {literary  or 
formal),  fellow  {rare),  assort  {rare),  fellow- 
ship, accompany  {rare),  train  {slang),  con- 
sociate {rare),  sort  {dial,  or  archaic),  for- 
gather; spec,  sororize  {rare),  fraternize, 
mingle,  mix,  neighbor,  clique,  crony 
{rare),  herd,  haunt  {rare,  exc.  of  ani- 
mals), missort  {rare),  hobnob;  see  con- 
verse. 

association,  n.  1.  joining,  union,  connec- 
tion, conjunction  {rare),  linking,  combi- 
nation, alliance  {rare,  exc.  spec),  mingling; 
see  UNION. 

2.  company,  companionship,  fellowship, 
consociation  {rare),  consort  {literary), 
consortion  {rare);  spec,  comradeship, 
comradery  {rare),  camaraderie  {French), 
confraternization  {rare),  fraternization, 
complicity. 

3.  body;  spec,  company,  society,  band, 
troop,  crew,  gang,  clan,  concern,  conso- 
ciation, pool,  trust,  combine,  hong  {Chi- 
nese), hoey  {Chinese),  Burschenschaft 
{German),  bond  {Dutch),  league,  craft, 
trade,  profession,  brigade,  union,  mys- 
tery, college,  Athenajum,  guild,  board, 
fellowship,  academy,  order,  sodahty, 
brotherhood,  sisterhood,  institute,  con- 
gregation, communion,  connection,  somaj 
{India),  fratry  {ohs.  or  hist.),  choir,  chan- 
try, ku-klux,  chapter,  camorra,  organiza- 
tion, corps,  hunt,  clique,  carbonarii  {pi.; 
Italian);  see  convent,  party,  company, 

PARTNERSHIP,  CORPORATION,  FIRM,  CLUB, 
UNION,  SISTERHOOD. 

assume,  v.  t.  1.  take  {as  a  partner  into  asso- 
ciation); spec,  reassume,  arrogate. 

2.  postulate,  suppose,  fiction  {rare),  feign, 
presume,  presuppose,  say  {used  in  the  im- 
perative), hypothesize,  hypothetize  {rare), 
posit,  pose  (rare),  beg  {chiefly  in  "to  beg 
the  question"). 

Antonyms:  see  deny. 

3.  affect,  take  (a  character),  invest  {one- 
self with),  endue  {literary),  strike  {an  atti- 
tude); spec,  reassume;  see  act. 

Antonyms:  see  doff. 

4.  take  {as  in  "to  take  the  shape  of"). 

5.  *S'ee  UNDERTAKE,   DON. 

assume,  v.  i.  presume,  venture. 

assumed,  a.  supposed,  hypothetical,  hy- 
pothetic, supposititious,  suppositional, 
suppositive,  fictional,  fictionary  {rare), 
presupposed,  presumptive,  paper  {col- 
loq.);  spec,  given. 


assuming,  a.  presuming,  nervy  {slang), 
presumptuous,  immodest  {rare),  assump- 
tive, hoity-toity  {usually  implying  petu- 
lance or  ill-temper),  superior,  forward, 
lofty ;  see  arrogant. 
Antonyms:  see  abject,  modest,  unpre- 

TENTIOU.S. 

assumption,  71.  1.  taking;  spec,  reassump- 
tion. 

2.  supposition,  supposal  {rare),  suppo- 
sure  {rare),  postulation,  presupposition, 
presupposal  {rare),  presumption,  hy- 
pothesis {tech.  or  learned). 

Antonyms:  see  denial. 

3.  Referring  to  the  thing  assumed:  postu- 
late {logic,  etc.),  hypothesis  {tech.  or 
learned),  suppose  {rare),  fiction;  spec. 
make-believe,  datum,  premiss,  condition, 
principle.  The  terms  under  sense  2  are 
also  used  concretely. 

4.  affectation,  investiture,  enduement 
{literary),  striking,  etc. 

5.  presumption,  superiority,  loftiness, 
nerve  {slang),  cheek  {slang),  forwardness; 
see  arrogance. 

assumptive,  a.    1.  See  assuming,  akro- 

GANT. 

2.  suppository,  postulative,  presupposi- 
tory. 

assurance,  7i.    1.   warrant,    certification; 
spec,  reassurance. 

2.  confidence  {contextual),  self-assurance, 
sufficiency,  self-confidence,  self-reliance, 
self-possession,  aplomb  {French),  self- 
trust,  self-security  {rare),  self-sufficiency, 
plerophory  {rare);  spec,  overconfidence, 
overtrust  {rare),  bumptiousness,  cool- 
ness, cocksurene.ss,  nerve  {slang),  cheek 
{slang);  see  boldness,  presumption,  im- 
pudence. 

Antonyms:     see  timidity,   doubt,   dis- 
trust,  BASHFULNESS,    EMBARRASSMENT. 

3.  *See  GUARANTEE,  INSURANCE. 

assure,  v.  t.    1.  warrant,  tell  {contextual), 
certify,  resolve  {a  reflexive);  spec,  reassure; 
see  CONVINCE. 
Antonyms:  see  disconcert,  embarrass, 

INTIMIDATE. 

2.  See  insure. 
assured,  a.  confident  {contextual),  self-as- 
sured, self-confident,  self-reliant,  immod- 
est {rare),  self-assertive,  self-possessed; 
spec,  bumptious,  cool,  overconfident, 
flush  {rare),  Icarian  {fig.),  independent, 
crank  {dial.),  nervy  {slang),  cheeky  (sZan^) , 
presumptuous ;  see  bold,  impudent,  self- 
assertive,  DECIDED. 

Antonyms:   see  abject,  doubtful,  tim- 
id, distrustful,  bashful,  hesitating. 


I^^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
assort,  B.  t.:  classify,  class. 
assort,  V.  i.:  associate. 


assorted:    classified. 
assortment:   classification,  col- 
lection, variety. 


assuage:  mitigate,  appease, satisfy. 
assuasive:   mitigatory. 
assuredly:   truly. 


XW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

26 


ATTEND 


assuring,  a.     Spec,  reassuring,  comfort- 
able, encouraging,  emboldening. 
Antonyms:  see  depressing,  horrible. 

astern,  adv.  1.  aft,  abaft  (as  in  "the  gale 
was  abaft"). 

2.    See  BACKWARD. 

astir,  a.  active,  moving;    spec,  agog;    see 

AFLOAT. 

astray,  a.  1.  lost,  wandering. 

2.  abroad,  out,  wide,  off  (colloq.). 
astringent,  a.  constrictive,  styptic;    spec. 

puckery,  haemostatic,  rough,  binding  (col- 
loq.). 
astrologer,  n.  Chaldean  (fig.),  astrologian 

(rare),  cock  (fig.;  poetic). 
astronomy,  n.     Spec,  astrology,  astrom- 

ancy,  meteoroscopy,  uranology,  uranog- 

raphy,  astrophysics,   astrochemistry,  as- 

trophotography. 
asylum,  n.   1.  See  refuge. 

2.  home     (contextual),     college     (chiefly 

Eng.);  spec,  madhouse,  sanitarium,  beth- 

lehem  (rare),  bedlam  (archaic). 
at,   prep.  1.  Referring    to    place:    in,   to 

(U.  S.  or  dial.  Eng.). 

2.  Referring  to  time:  in,  to,  by. 
atheistic,  a.  godless. 
athlete,  n.     Spec,  boxer,  fighter,  pancra- 

tiast,  acrobat. 
Antonyms:  see  weakling. 
athletic,    a.     1.    palsestral    (rare);    spec. 

agonistic,  gymnastic,  acrobatic. 

2.  See  STRONG. 
athletics,  n.     Spec,   gymnastics,  agonis- 

tics,  acrobatism. 
atmospheric,   a.   airy,   aerial,   elemental 

(referring  to  atmospheric  forces),  meteoric 

(tech.). 
atomize,  v.  t.  comminute,  spray,  reduce 

(contextual);  spec,  nebulize. 
atomizer,   n.   sprayer;      spec,   odorator, 

nebulizer. 
atone,  v.  i.  pay  (xvith  "for"). 
attach,  V.  t.  1.  take,  seize,  nail  (obs.  or 

slang);    spec,  garnishee. 

2.  join  (contextual),  add  (contextual), 
unite  (contcvtual) ,  connect,  fasten,  fix,  af- 
fix, annex,  tie  (chiefly  spec),  wed  (fig.),  hind 
(chiefly  spec),  confix  (rare);  spec,  append, 
chain,  tag,  tack,  tie,  tail,  hook,  hinge,  screw, 
pin,  engraft,  subjoin,  barnacle  (rare). 

Antonyms:   see  separate,  detach. 

3.  See  JOIN,  ADD,  associate,  appoint, 
attribute. 


attachable,  a.  Spec,  fastenable,  annex- 
able,  connectable,  appendable,  etc.  Cf. 
attach. 

attachment,  n.  1.  joining  (contextual), 
union  (contextual),  connection,  annexa- 
tion, affixture  (rare);  spec,  confixation 
(rare),  subj unction  (rare),  appending, 
binding. 

2.  Spec  fixture,  affix,  annex,  postfix,  ap- 
pendicle,    appendix,     insertion,    fixtures 
(pi.;  chiefly  U.  S.);   see  appendage. 
3.  See  joining,   addition,   affection, 
love. 

attack,  V.  t.  1.  assault,  assail,  engage,  en- 
counter, attempt  (archaic),  aggress  (rare; 
V.  i.  only),  tackle  (colloq.),  storm  (chiefly 
spec);  spec  charge,  ply,  beset  (literary), 
strike,  bait,  torpedo,  mob,  grenade,  rush, 
flank,  surprise,  fusillade,  storm,  raid. 

Antonyms:   see  depend,  protect,  shel- 
ter. 

2.  In  a  nonphysical  sense:  assail,  impugn 
(literary);  see  dispute,  oppose,  accuse. 

Antonyms:    see  defend. 

3.  See  censure,  affect,  begin. 
attack,  71.  1.  assault,  assailment,  aggres- 
sion, encounter,  set,  onset,  offense,  oppug- 
nation  (rare);  spec,  charge,  onslaught, 
stroke,  musketade,  battery,  camisade  or 
camisado  (archaic  or  mil.),  descent,  bom- 
bardment, connonade,  raid,  sally,  sur- 
prise, escalade,  surprisal,  shock,  storm. 

Antonyms:   see  protection,  defense. 

2.  In  a  nonphysical  sense:  assault,  im- 
pugent  (ra?-e),  crusade;  see  accusation. 

3.  access  (tech.  or  literary),  onset,  seizure; 
spec,  epidemic;    see  fit. 

4.  See  BEGINNING. 

attempt,  v.  t.  try,  essay,  assay  (archaic), 
offer,  make,  undertake,  endeavor  (ar- 
chaic), enterprise  (archaic);  spec  venture. 

attempt,  n.  trial,  try  (colloq.),  endeavor, 
venture,  slap  (colloq.  or  slang),  offer  (rare), 
whack  (slang),  shy  (slang),  essay  (archaic 
or  literary),  set.  assay  (archaic),  under- 
taking. 

attend,  v.  t.  1.  tend  (now  rare,  archaic,  or 
U.    S.,   exc.    spec),    serve,    mind,   nurse, 
keep;     spec,  guard,  stroke,  watch,  feed, 
valet,  midwife,  wash. 
Antonyms:   see  disregard,  ignore. 

2.  In  the  sense  of  "to  he  jyresent  at" :  spec 
frequent,  haunt. 

3.  See  ACCOMPANY,  SERVE,  FOLLOW. 


f^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
astonish:    surprise. 
astound :    surprise. 
astraddle:     bestriding. 
astrict:    constrict. 
astride:    bestriding. 
astringe:    constrict. 
astute:       discerning,      shrewd, 
subtle. 


asunder:    apart. 
athwart:    across. 
atmosphere:   air. 
atomy:    particle,  pygmy. 
atomy :    skeleton. 
atonic:   weak,  unaccented. 
atrabilious:   acrimonious. 
atrocious:    wicked,   cruel,  out- 
rageous. 


atrocity:  wickedness,  cruelty, 
outraqe,  monstrosity. 

attach,  V.  i.:  stick,  belong,  accrue. 

attain,  v.  t.:  reach,  get,  accom- 
plish. 

attain,  v.  i.:  reach,  arrive,  come. 

attainment:     accomplishment. 

attaint,  v.  t.:  contaminate,  sully. 

attaint,  n.:  contamination. 


IW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

27 


ATTEND 


attend,  v.  i.  1.  Sec  listen,  serve. 
2.  wait,  hang  (icUh  "upon");  spec,  dangle. 
S.  In  the  sense  of  ''to  give  attention":  tend, 
look  (iciih  "after");  spec,  minister  {usu- 
ally icith  "to"),  care  {chiefly  mth  "for"), 
serve. 

attendance,  H.  1.  tendance,  attention, 
minding,  keeping. 

2.  waiting  {with  "upon^'),  hanging  {with 
"upon"),  tendance  {rare);  spec,  service. 

S.    See    ACCOMPANIMENT,    SERVICE,    RETI- 
NUE, COMPANION. 

attendant,  a.  1.  ministerial,  attending; 
spec,  serving. 

2.    See  ACCOMPANYING,  SUBSEQUENT. 

attendant,  7i.  companion,  associate;  spec. 
shadow,  satellite  {chiefly  derogatory),  peo- 
ple {pi.),  barnacle  {fig.),  famulus  {Latin), 
chamberlain,  escort,  acolyte,  page,  but- 
tons {colloq.),  peon  {India),  orderly, 
femme  de  chambre  {French),  courtier, 
courier,  outrider,  sergeant,  henchman, 
giUie  {Scot.),  valet,  minder,  keeper,  body- 
guard, caddie,  cad  {Eng.);  see  handmaid, 

NURSE,    PAGE. 

attention,  n.  1.  consideration,  observ- 
ance, regard,  heed,  respect,  notice,  ad- 
vertence, thought,  intentness,  concentra- 
tion, ear  {as  in  "to  give  ear,"  "to  have  the 
ear  of"),  observancy  {archaic);  see  appli- 
cation, CARE. 

Antonyms:     see    disregard,    inatten- 
tion, ABSENT-MINDEDNESS. 
2.    See  CIVILITY,  SERVICE. 

attentive,  a.  1.  considerate,  observant, 
heedful,  studious,  advertent  {rare),  re- 
gardful, attent  {archaic),  awake  {with 
"to"),  watchful,  intent  {toith  "on"),  in- 
tentive  {archaic),  bent  {rare,  exc.  in  "bent 
on"),  thoughtful,  concentrated,  mindful, 
careful,  regardant  {rare);  spec,  searching, 
resolved,  studious  {with  "of"). 
Antonyms:  see  absent,  inattentive, 
unobservant. 
2.  See  POLITE. 

attentiveness,  n.  1.  consideration,  regard, 
heed,  intentness,  etc.     Cf.  attentive. 
2.  See  politeness,  civility. 

attenuate,  v.  t.  1.  extenuate  {rare),  spin 
{with  "out");  spec,  draw,  finedraw,  rope. 
2.  See  THIN,  weaken. 

attenuated,  a.  thin;  spec,  drawn-out, 
spun-out,  finespun,  subtle;  see  slender. 

attenuation,  n.    1.    extenuation   {rare); 
spec,  drawing,  finedrawing. 
2.  Spec,  thinning  {see  thin,  v.),  thinness 
{see  THIN,  a.),  subtlety;  see  slenderness, 
weakening,  weakness. 


attic,  n.  garret,  loft,  cockloft  {archaic;  of- 
ten spec),  soler  {obs.  or  rare),  sky  parlor 
{humorous  or  colloq.). 

attitude,  n.  1.  Referring  to   the  body  or 
bodily  appearance:  see  posture,  air. 
2.  Referring  to  the  mind:    posture,  posi- 
tion, set;   spec,  feeling,  twist,  prejudice. 

attorney,  n.  1.  See  agent. 
2.  In  the  sense  of  "attorney  at  law":  spec. 
solicitor,    curator,    procurator,    proctor, 
barrister,  counselor,  advocate. 

attract,  v.  t.  1.  See  draw,  catch. 
2.  draw,  magnetize  {fig.),  take,  pull;  spec. 
drag,  allure,  entice,  seduce  {esp.  to  evil), 
solicit,  invite,  tempt,  attempt  {archaic), 
lure,  bait,  trap,  bonnet,  decoy  {often  fig.), 
button  {slang),  charm. 
Antonyms:  see  repel,  disgust. 

attraction,  n.  1.  Spec,  affinity,  gravita- 
tion, gravity;  see  drawing. 

2.  Referring  to  the  act  or  action  or  quality: 
draw  {rare),  magnetism  {fig.),  pull;  spec. 
affinity,  allurement,  appeal,  seduction 
{esp.  to  evil),  charm,  enticement,  inveigle- 
ment, temptation,  soUcitation,  glamour. 

3.  Referring  to  the  thing  that  attracts:  cyno- 
sure {chiefly  literary  or  learned),  bait,  de- 
coy, magnet,  lure,  charm.  Most  of  the 
terms  under  2  are  similarly  used. 

attractive,  a.  1.  See  drawing. 
2.  drawing,  alluring,  seductive  {esp.  to 
evil),  catchy  {colloq.),  seducing  {esp.  to 
evil),  magnetic,  aUective  {rare);  spec,  en- 
ticing, decoying,  prepossessing,  tempting, 
taking,  catchy,  pleasing,  psychagogic 
{rare),  winning,  winsome,  temptatious 
(rare),  charming,  meretricious;  see  pleas- 
ant. 

Antonyms:  see  repellent,  abominable, 
disgusting. 

attractiveness,  n.  1.  See  attraction. 
2.  charm,  grace,  winsomeness,  pleasing- 
ness. 

attributable,  a.  referable,  referrible,  as- 
cribable,  imputable,  due,  chargeable,  ow- 
ing; spec,  traceable. 

attribute,  v.  t.  1.  refer,  ascribe,  assign,  im- 
pute, lay,  attach,  accredit,  count,  give, 
place,  put;  spec,  mother,  father. 
Antonyms:  see  refuse. 
2.  See  ascribe. 

attribution,  n.  reference,  ascription,  as- 
signment, etc.     Cf.  attribute,  v. 

auction,  a.  sale  {contextual);  spec,  subhas- 
tation,  cant  {chiefly  Irish),  survey  {dial. 
Eng.). 

audible,  a.  sensible  {contextual),  auricular 
{rare),  bearable  {rare). 


1^^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
attest:   testify,  authenticate,  evi- 
dence. 
Attic,  a.:   classic,  refined. 


attire,  v.  t.:  clothe. 
attire,  n.:  clothing. 
attitudinize:   pose. 
attune:   harmonize. 


atwist:   askew. 
auburn:    hrown. 
audacious:    bold 
audibly:   aloud. 


{^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
28 


AUTONOMOUS 


audience,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  act,  fact, 
or  action:  hearing,  ear;  spec,  durbar 
(East  India),  court. 

2.  Referring  to  those  that  hear:  auditory 
(rare);  spec,  congregation,  theater, 
church,  gallery  gods  (pi.;  colloq.),  gallery, 
orchestra,  pit;  see  hearer. 

auditorium,  n.  auditory  (rare);  spec,  pit, 
parterre,  parquet,  cockpit,  orchestra. 

auricular,  a.  aural,  heard  (rare),  auditory 
(referring  to  the  function  of  the  ear),  otic 
(rare) . 

auspicious,  a.  1.  See  ominous,  prosper- 
ous. 

2.  favorable,  propitious,  promising 
promiseful,  prosperous,  white  (literary), 
lucky,  fortunate,  bright,  hopeful,  rosy, 
flattering,  Favonian  (rare),  felicitous 
(chiefly  spec);  spec,  brilliant,  fair. 
Antonyms:  see  inauspicious,  ill- 
omened. 

austere,  a.  strict  (contextual),  severe,  rig- 
id, stern,  hard,  difficult  (rare),  rigorous, 
Catonian  (rare),  astringent  (rare);  spec. 
rugged;  see  ascetic,  abstemious. 

Antonyms:    see  gentle,  self-gratify- 
ing. 

austerity,  n.  strictness,  severity,  rigidity, 
rigor,  rigorism,  etc.     Cf.  austere. 

authenticate,  v.  t.   1.  Spec,  canonize. 
2.  attest,    certify,    seal    (chiefly    spec), 
avouch;     spec,   coattest,  consign  (rare), 
countersign,  certificate,  test,  validate. 

author,  n.  1.  originator,  creator,  creatress 
or  creatrix  (fern.),  breeder  (chiefly  spec,  or 
fig.),  doer,  maker;  spec  constructor,  de- 
viser, producer,  inventor,  begetter,  father, 
mother;   see  creator. 

Antonyms:  see  creature. 
2.  authoress  (fern.),  composer;  spec 
writer,  scribe,  poet,  literatist  (rare),  quill- 
driver  (contemptuous),  penner,  penman, 
scribbler,  inditer,  contributor,  coauthor, 
pastoralist,  magazinist,  magaziner,  leg- 
endary, mythologist,  penny-a-liner,  libret- 
tist, Goliard  (hist.),  htterateur,  pam- 
phleteer (chiefly  derogatory) ,  paragraphist, 
paragrapher,  compiler,  essayist,  encyclo- 
pedist, bluestocking  (colloq.),  penwoman, 
pot-boiler  (colloq.),  hack,  prosaist,  paro- 
dist, ecloguist,  proser,  romancer,  lexi- 
cographer, textualist,  critic,  reviewer, 
editor.  "Author"  is  now  generally  used 
instead  of  "authoress." 

authoritative,  a.  1.  potestative  (rare), 
magisterial  (rare),  magistral  (rare);  spec. 


official,  standard,  valid,  canonical,  ortho- 
dox, cathedral. 

2.  commanding,  imperative,  dictatorial, 
imperial  (rare  or  allusive),  jussive  (rare), 
peremptory,  lordly,  imperious;  spec,  mas- 
terful; see  domineering. 
Antonyms:  see  submissive,  obedient. 
authority,  n.  1.  power,  command,  domin- 
ion, jurisdiction  (chiefly  spec),  authoriza- 
tion, warrant  (chiefly  spec),  competency, 
faculty  (chiefly  eccl.);  spec,  supremacy, 
canonicity,  canonicalness,  agency,  pleni- 
potence,  validity. 

2.  See  MAGISTRATE,  INFLUENCE. 

3.  precedent;  spec,  decision,  dictum,  tes- 
timony. 

authorization,  n.  permission,  license, 
sanction,  warrant,  etc. 

authorize,  v.  t.  permit,  license,  sanction, 
warrant,  empower,  enable;  spec,  commis- 
sion, legalize,  legitimate,  fiat  (rare),  fac- 
ulty (chiefly  eccl.). 
Antonyms:  see  forbid. 

authorship,  n.  composition  (which  see); 
spec  pencraft  (rare). 

autocracy,  n.  monarchy,  despotism,  abso- 
lutism, tyranny  (chiefly  with  reference  to 
ancient  rulers);  spec,  czarism,  tsarism, 
kaiserism,  Caesarism. 

autocrat,  n.  monarch,  despot  (after  an- 
cient Greek  usage),  tyrant  (chiefly  with  ref- 
erence to  ancient  rulers),  dictator  (chiefly 
hist,  and  spec);  spec,  czar  or  tsar  (hist.), 
czarina  or  tsarina  (hist.).  Kaiser  (hist.), 
emperor,  Caesar  (hist.). 

autocratic,  a.  1.  arbitrary,  despotic  (after 
ancient  Greek  usage),  absolute,  tyrannous 
or  tyrant  (chiefly  in  reference  to  ancient 
rulers). 
Antonyms:  see  democratic,  yielding. 
2.  See  arbitrary. 

autograph,  n.  Spec,  holograph,  sign- 
manual;  see  signature. 

autographic,  a.  1.  autograph,  manual 
(signature) ;  spec  holographic,  holograph. 
2.  self-recording,  ipsographic  (rare). 

automatic,  a.  1.  self-acting,  self-regulat- 
ing, self-moving;  spec,  mechanical,  spon- 
taneous; see  automobile,  a. 
2.  *See  involuntary. 

automobile,  a.  automatic  (contextual), 
self-moving,  locomobile,  locomotive 
(chiefly  spec),  automotive. 

automobile,  n.  locomobile,  locomotive 
(chiefly  spec),  machine  (colloq.),  motor 
(colloq.);   spec,  autocar,  motor-car,  elec- 


ta' Cross  references:  see  Note. 
auditory:   auricular. 
auditory :  audience,  auditorium. 
aught:   anything,  cipher. 
augment:    increase. 
augmentation :    increase. 
augur,  n.:    diviner. 


augur,  V.  t.:   predict,  signify. 
augury:   divination,  sign. 
august:    imperial,  imposing. 
aura:      emanation,    exhalation, 

sensation. 
aureate:   golden,  gilded. 
aureola:   crown,  halo. 


auspicate:   begin. 

auspice:    divination,    sign    (in 

pL),  patronage. 
authentic:    reliable,  genuine. 
authorized:    accredited. 
automaton:   mncliine. 
autonomous:   self-governing. 


tW  Sec  Notes  of  Explanation. 

29 


AUTUMN 


trie,  steamer,  runabout,  limousine,  tour- 
ing CUT,  roadster,  townear,  coupe,  coupe- 
let,  sedan,  convertible,  truck,  torpedo, 
tractor,  motorcycle,  motocyclc,  cycle  car. 

autumn,  n.  harvest  {obs.  or  dial.),  fall 
{chkjbj  U.  S.). 

auxiliary,  7i.  secondary,  subsidiary,  suc- 
centuriate  (rare),  parergal  (rare);  see  ac- 
cessory, ADJUNCT,  ANCILLARY. 

available,  a.  Spec,  ready,  handy,  con- 
venient, present,  free,  disposable,  use- 
able;   sec  ACCESSIBLE. 

avalanche,  n.  sUde,  lauwine  (rare);  spec. 
landslide  (chiefly  U.  S.),  landslip  {chiefly 
Eng.),  snowslide,  snowsUp,  glissade, 
eboulement  (French). 

avenger,  n.  Spec,  revenger.  Ate,  Eu- 
menides  (pi.),  Erinnyes  (pL),  Alecto, 
Megajra,  Tisiphone. 

average,  a.  mean,  medial  (chiefly  math.), 
normal;    spec,  standard;    see  ordinary, 

KAIR. 

average,  n.  mean,  normal,  run,  rule. 

average,  v.  i.  run,  go;  spec,  equate. 

aversion,  n.  dislike,  repugnance,  repul- 
sion, antipathy,  dyspathy  (rare);  spec. 
nausea,  horror  (loith  "of"),  loathing,  Rus- 
sophobia,  negrophobia,  anthrophobia, 
gynsecophobia,  Anglophobia,  Germano- 
phobia,  etc.;  see  abhorrence,  opposi- 
tion. 
Antonyms:  see  liking,  love,  longing. 

avert,  v.  t.  turn   (chiefly  with  "from"  or 
"aivay"),  divert,  forfend  (archaic),  pre- 
vent (rare);  spec,  parry. 
Antonyms:  see  incur. 

aviary,  n.    Spec,  cage,  birdhouse,  dovecote. 

aviation,  n.  aeronautics,  flying;  spec,  glid- 
ing, soaring,  climbing,  aeroplaning,  hy- 
droplaning, planing  (colloq.),  volplaning. 

aviator,  n.  aeronaut,  airman,  flyer,  air- 
woman, aviatress  or  aviatrix,  birdman 
(colloq.),  birdwoman  (colloq.);  spec,  pilot, 
glider,  observer,  spotter  (military  card), 
bomber,  scout. 

avoid,  V.  t.  1.  shun,  elude,  evade,  escape, 
balk,  beware,  miss  (contextual),  clear,  flee, 
dodge,  bUnk,  run  (contextual),  help  (loith 
a  clause  introduced  by  "but"),  blench 
(rare),  evite  (rare),  eschew  (rare  or  obs., 
exc.  spec);  spec,  boycott,  double,  slip. 
Antonyms:  see  face,  meet,  approach, 
incur,  undertake,  court. 

2.    See  INVALIDATE. 


avoidance,  7i.  elusion,  evasion,  cschewal, 
shunning,  eschewment  (rare),  escape 
(rare  or  obs.,  exc.  spec),  evitation  (rare). 

await,  V.  t.  tarry,  wait,  expect  (obs.),  abide, 
bide;  spec,  watch. 

awake,  a.  1.  waking;  spec,  open-eyed. 
Antonyms:  see  unconscious. 
2.  See  CONSCIOUS,  alert,  attentive. 

awake,  v.  i.  waken,  awaken,  rouse. 

award,  71.  1.  See  decision. 
2.  assignment,     adjudication,     adjudge- 
ment (rare);  see  apportionment. 

aware,  a.  1.  cognizant,  conscious,  sensible, 
ware  (archaic),  intelligent  (now  rare). 
Antonyms:  see  unconscious. 
2.  conversant  (learned  or  formal;  with 
"with"),  informed  (with  "of"),  acquainted 
(with  "with");  spec,  familiar  (with  "with"). 
"Aware"  is  used  vnth  "of." 

awareness,  n.  Spec,  cognizance,  acquaint- 
ance, consciousness,  conversance,  etc. 

away,  a.  &  adv.  1.  See  apart,  absent. 
2.  off,  hence. 

away,  interj.  begone,  aroint  (obs.  or  ar- 
chaic), hence,  off  (chiefly  with  "with"), 
avaunt  (a  word  denoting  aversion;  now 
literary  or  affected),  go;  spec,  scat,  shoo, 
boo. 

awe,  n.  abashment;,  fear,  reverence,  dread. 
Antonyms:    see  contempt. 

awful,  a.  fearful,  dread,  awesome,  dreadful. 

awkward,  a.  1.  ungainly,  uncouth,  clown- 
ish, gauche  (French),  wooden,  rustic, 
grotesque,  inept,  inapt  (rare),  gawky  (col- 
loq.), maladroit  (literary  or  learned),  un- 
graceful; spec,  stiff,  bungling,  slouchy;  see 
clumsy. 
Antonyms:   see  graceful,  skillful. 

2.  tactless,  clumsy,  indelicate,  uneasy 
(rare),  boorish. 

Antomjms:   see  skillful,  tactful,  dip- 
lomatic. 

3.  See  embarrassing,  difficult. 
awkwardness,    n.    maladresse    (French), 

gaucherie  (French),  rusticity,  gawkiness 
(colloq.),  ineptitude,  ineptness,  inaptness 
(rare),  inaptitude  (rare),  ungainliness,  un- 
couthness,  clownishness ;  see  clumsiness. 

axial,  a.  pivotal. 

axiomatic,  a.  self-evident,  apodeictic 
(learned),  necessary;  spec,  gnomic,  gnom- 
ical. 

axis,  n.  Spec,  spindle,  shaft,  arbor;  see 
axle. 


f^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

avail,  n.:   benefit. 

avail,  v.:   benefit,  aid,  serve. 

avails:   proceeds. 

avaricio  is:   greedy. 

avaunt:    away. 

ave,  V.  i.:  hail. 

ave,  n.:    greeting. 

avenge:    vindicate,  retribute. 


avenging:    retributive. 
avenue:   way,  road. 
aver:    prove,  state. 
averse:    opposed,  unwilling. 
avid:   greedy. 

avocation:   business,  diversion. 
avouch:  authenticate,  state,  con- 
firm. 
avow:  state,  acknowledge. 


avowal:  acknowledgement,  state- 
ment. 
awake,  v.  t.:  wake,  rouse,  excite. 
awaken:    wake,  rouse,  excite. 
award:    apportion,  adjudge. 
awash:   floating,  afloat. 
awesome:    awful,  fearful. 
awry:    askew.  \tion. 

axiom:    rule,   saying,   proposi- 


f^'  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

30 


BAGGY 


axle,  n.  axis  (rare),  shaft;  spec,  axletree, 
arbor,  spindle;   see  pivot. 

ax-shaped,  a.  dolabriforra  (tech.),  securi- 
form (rare). 

azure,  a.  blue  (contextual),  cerulean  (liter- 
ary), celestic  (literary  or  tech.),  cerule  (po- 
etic), cerulescent  (rare),  skyey  (colloq.  or 
undignified;  rare) . 


babble,  v.  i.  1.  Referring  to  inarticulate  or 
meaningless  sounds,  as  of  a  baby,  idiot,  etc.; 
chatter,  clatter,  cackle,  prate,  blather  or 
bhther  (dial.),  prattle,  patter  (colloq.), 
gabble  (colloq.;  chiefly  derogatory),  chip- 
per (rare),  claver  (Scot.),  deblaterate 
(rare  and  humorous  or  contemptuous), 
clack  (chiefly  derogatory),  twaddle  (rare), 
gibber  (chiefly  spec),  jargon,  jargonize 
(rare);  spec,  drivel,  rave. 
2.  See  CHATTER  (referring  to  senseless  or 
trivial  talk),  murmtjr   (as  brooks,  leaves, 

etc.),    TATTLE. 

babble,  v.  t.  1.  chatter,  clatter,  prattle, 
prate,  blather  or  blither  (dial.),  gabble 
(colloq.;  chiefly  derogatory) . 

2.    See  TELL,  TATTLE. 

babble,  n.  1.  chatter,  clatter,  prattle,  prat- 
ing (rare),  blatter  or  blether  or  blather 
(dial.),  bibble-babble,  babblement,  blat- 
eration  or  deblateration  (rare  and  hu- 
morous or  contemptuous),  patter,  gabble 
(colloq.;  chiefly  derogatory),  jargon,  prat- 
tlement  (rare),  cackle,  clack,  claver 
(Scot.),  clatter,  clitter-clatter  (rare),  prit- 
tle-prattle;   spec,  drivel. 

2.    See  CHATTER,  TATTLE,  MURMUR. 

babyish,  a.  infantine,  infantile,  childish, 

dolly  or  dollish. 
Bacchan<tl,    n.    1.    Bacchant    (masc.    or 

fern,.),  Bacchante     (Jem.),  Bacchanalian, 

BacchiE  (pi.;  fern.);  spec.  Thyiad  (Jem.), 

maenad  (fern.). 

2.    See  REVELER. 

bacchic,  a.  1.  Bacchanalian,  Dionysiac, 
Dionysian,  Dionysic. 

2.    See  REVELING.  • 

back,  n.  posterior,  back  side  (now  used  only 
of  the  buttocks  when  used  as  one  word), 
rear,  arrear  (archaic),  backing,  dorsum 
(tech.);  spec,  behind  (vulgar),  breech,  butt, 
cascabel,  gorge,  rearward  (of  an  army;  ar- 
chaic); see  BUTTOCKS,  REVERSE. 
Antonyms:  see  front. 

backbone,  n.  1.  spine,  spinal  column, 
rachis  (tech.),  spina  (Latin;  tech.),  chine 
(tech.  or  archaic),  ridgebone  (rare). 

2.    See  CONSTANCY,  DETERMINATION. 


background,   n,   rear,    distance;      spec. 
groundwork,  setting,  distemper. 
Antonyms:   see  foreground. 

backslide,  v.  i.  slide  (contextual;  rare), 
lapse,  fall,  revert,  weaken,  tergiversate 
(rare);  spec,  ref all  (rare);  see  apostatize, 

RELAPSE,  desert. 

backward,   adv.    back,    arear,   hindward, 
rearward,  astern  (naut.  or  fig.),  abaft  (now 
mdynaut.),  baft  (archaic;  now  only  naut.) . 
Antonyms:   see  forward. 
backward,    a.    1.    rearward,    hindward, 
back,  reverse. 
Antonyms:   see  forward,  ahead. 

2.  retrogressive,    retrograde,    regressive, 
recessive;      see   degenerative,    rever- 

SIONAKY. 

Antonyms:  see  progressive,  precocious. 

3.  retrospective. 

bad,  a.  1.  In  the  very  general  sense  of  "not 

good":    poor,  wretched,  execrable  (a  hy- 

perbolism),  sad  (often  jocular),  miserable, 

horrid  (colloq.;  a  weak  hyperbole). 

Antonyms:   see  good,  excellent,  fair, 

FINE. 

2.  See  wicked,  harmful,  unpleasant, 

UNSUITABLE,  FAULTY,  IMPERFECT,  INFE- 
RIOR,  INVALID   (pron.  Kn-va,rid),  ailing, 

DANGEROUS,  SEVERE. 

badge,  n.  mark  (contextual),  emblem,  to- 
ken, symbol,  sign,  ensign  (chiefly  spec), 
insignia  (pi.;  chiefly  spec);  spec,  marker, 
recognizance  (archaic),  colors  (pi.),  re- 
gaha  (pi.),  mon  (Japanese),  crest,  favor, 
laticlave,  decoration,  cockade,  chevron, 
brassard,  weeper,  angusticlave,  rosette, 
cordon,  ribbon,  button,  medal,  collar,  etc. 

bag,  n.  container  (cant;  contextual),  pouch, 
case,  poke  (dial,  or  tech.,  exc  in  "pig  in  a 
poke"),  receptacle  (contextual),  pocket 
(obs.  or  spec);  spec,  capsule,  mail,  packet, 
satchel,  sabretache,  sachet,  sack,  sac, 
sacklet,  reticule,  scrip  (archaic),  purse, 
ditty-bag,  gunny,  bunt,  cod,  knapsack, 
portmanteau,  haversack,  dilly-bag  (orig. 
Australian). 
2.  *See  SAC. 

bag,  v.  t.  pouch,  sack. 

bag,  V.  i.  pouch,  pocket  (rare),  belly,  bulge 
(contextual) ,  swell  (contextual). 

baggage,  n.  1.  encumbrances  (pi.),  lug- 
gage (chiefly  British),  viaticals  (pi.;  rare; 
chiefly  mil.),  impedimenta  (pi.;  chiefly 
mil.),  truck  (colloq.),  traps  (pi.;  colloq.), 
plunder  (slang  or  cant),  things  (pi.;  colloq.; 
contextual),  trap  (colloq.),  dimnage  (sailor's 
slang) . 
2.  See  WANTON,  girl. 


ti^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

B 
baa:  bleat. 


bachelor:  celibate. 
back,  v.t.:  support,  mount,  drive. 
backbite:    censure,  defame. 
backing:   back,  support. 


badger:   /laros.s,  tease. 
badinage:    pleasantry. 
baffle:   defeat. 
baggy:   bag-shaped,  flaccid. 


(^  Sue  Notes  of  Explanation. 

31 


BAG-SHAPED 


bag- shaped,  a.  bapoiy,  jiouchy;  iccli.  sac- 
cate, utricular,  utriculatc,  utriculosc. 

bailiff,  tt.  1.  Spec,  bailie  [Scot.),  pursui- 
vant (Eiiij.),  catchpi>ll  (iiterari/;  arcliiiic), 
beagle  (Jiy-^>  bunibailitT  (conleinptuous), 
constable,  granger  (Eng.),  hundreder 
(Eng.). 

bake,  i'.  /.  cook  {contextual;  chiefly  spec); 
spec,  burn,  roast,  fire,  kiln. 

bake,  n.  cook  {contextual;  chiefly  spec); 
spec  roast,  burn. 

balance,  n.  1.  scales  {pi.). 

2.  poise,  ecjuilibrium,  libration  {rare), 
equipoise,  equilibrity  {rare),  equiponder- 
ance  {learned),  equiponderancy  {rare); 
spec,  isostasy,  stability.  Often  used  fig.  of 
other  than  physical  forces. 

3.  See  COUNTERPOISE,  COMPENSATION, 
COMPARISON. 

4.  Referring  to  character:  poise,  compos- 
ure, equipoise,  evenness;  see  sanity. 

balance,  lk  t.  1.  poise,  equilibrate  {tech.  or 
learned),  equilibrize  {rare);   spec,  equate, 
trim  {naut.).     Often  used  fig.  of  things  or 
forces  other  than  physical  ones. 
Antonyms:  see  overturn,  upset. 

2.  See  COUNTERPOISE,  COMPENSATE,  COM- 
PARE,  WAVER. 

3.  Of  accounts:   equate  {rare),  square. 
balance,    v.   i.    poise,    equilibrate   {rare), 

librate  {said  of  a  bird). 
balanced,  a.  1.  equilibrious,  poised;  spec. 

stable. 

2.  Referring  to  accounts,  total,  etc:  even, 

square. 
bald,    a.    1.    bare    {contextual),    hairless, 

peeled  {obs.  or  rare),  depilous  {rare),  pelon 

{as  a  dog;  French);  glabrous  {tech.);  spec 

beardless,  whiskerless. 
Antonyms:  see  hairy,  bearded. 

2.  See  BARE,  mere,  unadorned,  EVI- 
DENT. 

balk,  V.  i.  refuse  {rare),  jib;  spec.  shy. 

balky,  a.  restiff  {obs.  or  rare),  restive. 

ball,  n.  1.  globe,  sphere,  orb  {chiefly  liter- 
ary and  spec),  round  {chiefly  contextual); 
spec,  globule,  pellet,  sphericle  {rare), 
spherule,  puck,  gutty  {slang),  grub,  bowl, 
clew,  bullet,  croquette,  bottom  {obs.),  cop, 
marble,  jinglet,  pigskin  {colloq.),  earthkin, 
terella,  mound,  pompon;  see  drop. 
2.  Spec,  masquerade,  fandango  {now 
rare,  exc  as  to  foreign  countries),  masque, 
mask. 


ball,  V.  t.  globe  {a  reflexive),  orb  {a  reflex- 
ive), conglobe,  conghjbate,  englobe,  en- 
s])here;  spec,  clew; — all  literary  or  rare, 
crc  ''ball." 

ball,  V.  i.  orb  {rare). 

ballad,  n.  song,  singsong  {chiefly  spec); 
spec,  cantilena  {Italian),  derry  {rare). 

band,  n.  1.  Chiefly  in  plural:  bond;  spec. 
shackle,  chain,  fetter,  trammel,  bilbo, 
manacle,  gyve,  handcuff,  cuffs  {colloq.;  pi.), 
binding; — all  implying  restraint  of  per- 
sonal liberty. 

2.  bond,  tie,  bind,  shackle  {rare  or  obs.), 
binder,  binding,  vinculum  {tech.);  spec 
bandage,  couple,  strap,  chain,  rope,  bil- 
let, clasp,  ligature,  ligament,  hoop,  fillet, 
girdle,  girth,  tourniquet,  belt,  loop,  bal- 
dric, bandsaw,  bandoleer,  thong,  regula, 
sliver,  reglet,  tendon,  commissure,  breech- 
ing, holdback,  collar,  collet,  ferrule,  head- 
band, fanon,  fascia,  parrel  or  parral, 
becket,  cincture,  cuff,  curb,  garter,  gar- 
land, noseband,  cavesson,  waistband;  see 

STRING,  STRAP,  RIBBON. 

3.  stripe,  strip,  bar,  belt,  zone,  arc,  line; 
spec,  fascia,  vitta,  frieze,  orle;  see  streak. 

4.  association,  organization;  spec,  bri- 
gade {of  workers),  cohort,  union,  chorus 
{of  singers),  chouan  {French). 

5.  Spec,  brass,  woodwind,  strings  {pi.), 
orchestra,  Kapelle  {Ger.). 

band,  v.  t.  streak,  stripe,  belt,  line;  see 
streak. 

banded,  a.  striped,  barred,  hsted;  spec. 
ring-streaked,  fasciated,  belted. 
Antonyms:  see  uniform. 

bandy,  v.  t.  1.  See  beat. 
2.  toss  {words,  names,  etc.),  shuttlecock 
{rare),  exchange  {contextual). 

bank,  n.  1.  Spec,  mound,  dike,  shelf,  ridge, 
terrace,  brae  {Scot.),  embankment,  escarp- 
ment, terreplein,  escarp,  glacis,  digue 
{French),  remblai  {French);  see  bar. 
2.  brim  {archaic);  spec,  riverside,  levee 
{U.  S.),  rivage  {poetic),  ripe  {rare);  see 
share. 

bank,  v.  t.  1.  Spec,  embank,  dike,  terrace, 
escarp,  mound,  rampart. 
2.  See  carom. 

bankrupt,  v.  i.  break,  smash  (slang),  bust 
{slang,  U.  S.). 

banner,  n.  flag  {contextual);  spec  penon, 
oriflamme,  gonfalon,  gonfanon. 

bantam,  n.  1.  See  dwarf. 


(W  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
bail,  n.;   bar. 
bail,  V.  t.:   dip. 
bairn:   child. 
bait:    worry,  feed,  attract. 
balderdasb:    nonsense. 
bale,  V.  t.:  dip. 
bale,  n.:   evil,  harm,  sorrow. 
baleful:      harmful,     sorrowful, 
malevolent. 


balli:   avoid,  shirk,  defeat. 

balm :   mitigatory. 

balmy:      fragrant,     calmative, 

mitigatory,  mild. 
baluster:   post. 
balustrade:    railing. 
ban,  J).  <.;   curse,  forbid. 
banal:    commonplace. 
bandit:    desperado. 
bandy-legged:    bow-legged. 


bane:    harm,  pest,  evil. 
baneful:    harmful,  deadly. 
bang,  V.  t.:  strike,  clap. 
bang,  n.:   blow,  clap. 
banish:    expel. 
banishment:  expulsion. 
banister :   railing. 
bank,  v.  i.:   rely. 
bankrupt:    insolvent. 
banquet:   feast. 


K^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
32 


BASE 


2.  Referring  to  a  self-important  fellow: 
cockalorum,  whippersnapper,  skipjack  (ar- 
chaic), puppy  (colloq.);  spec,  braggart, 
jackanapes,  upstart. 

banter,  v.  t.  &  i.  rally,  badinage,  joke, 
roast  {colloq.  or  slang),  persiflate  {rare), 
josh  {slang),  jig  {dial,  or  slang),  chaff 
{colloq.),  quiz,  jolly  {colloq.),  kid  {slang). 

baptize,  v.  t.  christen;  spec,  dip  {colloq.; 
contextual),  immerse  {contextual),  sprinkle 
{colloq.;  contextual),  rebaptize. 

bar,  n.  1.  Spec,  rod,  stick,  rail,  bail,  cross- 
bar, batten,  boom,  tongue,  came,  concelli 
(pi.),  crow,  fiferail,  handspike,  slicebar, 
slice,  bull,  rave,   crosshead,  hound,  fid; 

see  STAKE,    ROD. 

2.  ridge;  spec,  sandbar,  overslaugh  {local, 
U.  S.),  spit,  swash. 

3.  See  BARRIER,   BAND,  COURT,  COUNTER. 

4.  bank,  barrier,  ridge ; — {all  three  context- 
ual); spec,  sandbar,  shelf,  barrage. 

5.  prevention,  hindrance,  impediment, 
check,  stop,  conclusion  {law);  spec,  fore- 
closure, estoppel. 

bar,  V.  t.  1.  See  stop,  prevent. 
2.  prevent,  hinder,  stop,  check,  preclude; 
spec,  foreclose,  exclude,  oust,  estop. 

barbarism,  n.  Referring  to  words  or  lan- 
guage: misuse  {contextual),  solecism,  cata- 
chresis  {tech.);  spec,  malapropism,  Goth- 
icism,  Gothism,  vandalism.  Gallicism, 
Latinism,  Grecism,  etc. 
Antonyms:  see  culture. 

barbarize,  v.  t.  savage. 

barbarous,  a.  1.  Spec.  Gothic,  vandalic, 
heathenish,  Hunnish. 
2.  See  cruel,  uncivilized,  heathenish, 
cacophonous. 

bare, a.  1.  naked,  nude,  exposed,  bald;  spec. 
stripped,  denudate,  uncovered,  depilated, 
unhaired,  barked,  skinned,  peeled,  nap- 
less, threadbare,  blank,  gaunt,  desolate, 
callow,  breechless,  plain,  rampick  {archaic 
or  dial.),  galled;  see  bald,  raw,  naked. 
Antonyms:  see  covered,  clothed, 
hairy,  leafy. 

2.  See  MERE,  unadorned,  uncovered, 
narrow,  meager. 

bare,  v.  1. 1.  denude,  denudate,  divest;  spec. 
unsheathe,  bark,  skin,  shave,  disease  {ar- 
chaic) ,  expose,  disclose,  uncover,  strip,  peel, 
depilate. 
Antonyms:  see  cover. 
2.  See  EXPOSE,  disclose. 

barefoot,  a.  unshod,  discalceate  {chiefly 
said  of  nuns,  friars,  etc.),  discalced  {eccl.). 


bareheaded,  a.  Spec,  uncovered,  ton- 
sured. 

bargain,  v.  i.  1.  Spec,  haggle,  higgle, 
stickle,  treat,  negotiate,  dicker  {U.  S.), 
chop  {obs.  or  rare),  chaffer,  cheap  {archaic); 

see  BARTER. 

2.    See  CONTRACT. 

bark,  n.  rind  {chiefly  tech.  or  literary),  skin, 
peel;  spec,  cortex,  liber,  cork,  tan,  dita, 
cambium,  hat. 

barli,  V.  t.  skin,  peel,  denude,  debark  {rare), 
decorticate. 

bark,  n.  cry  {contextual),  yap  {colloq.),  yelp 
{colloq.  or  spec),  latration  {literary);  spec. 
bay,  quest. 

bark,  v.  i.  speak,  cry  {contextual),  latrate 
{very  rare),  yap  {colloq.),  yelp  {colloq.  or 
spec);  spec,  quest,  bay. 

barking,  a.  latrant  {literary). 

barracks,  n.  pi.  lodgings  {pi.),  quarters 
{pi.);  spec,  bullpen  {cant). 

barren,  a.  1.  sterile,  fruitless  {rare  as  refer- 
ring to  animals),  unproductive,  unfruit- 
ful, infertile,  dead  {chiefly  of  soil  or  land), 
infecund  (rare);  spec,  childless  {context- 
ual), heartless,  naked,  neuter,  acarpous, 
infructuose  {rare),  desert,  unfructuous 
{rare),  farrow. 

Antonyms:   see  fruitful,  luxuriant. 
2.  unproductive,  dead,  jejune  {literary), 
otiose  {literary),  fruitless;    see  ineffect- 
ual. 
Antonyms:  see  productive,  effective, 

INGENIOUS. 

barricade,  n.  fence,  obstruction,  barrier, 
bar; — all  four  contextual. 

barrier,  n.  obstruction  {contextual),  fence 
{chiefly  spec),  bar  {primarily  spec);  spec. 
hedge,  chain,  boom,  rope,  bank,  entangle- 
ment, wall,  stockade,  fencing  {collective), 
gate,  barrage,  barrage  {French;  mil.), 
traverse  {rare);  see  barricade. 

barter,  v.  t.  &  i.  bargain,  exchange,  trade, 
swap  or  swop  {colloq.,  U.  S.;  or  dial.), 
truck,  chop  {rare  or  obs.). 

base,  a.  1.  See  low,  lowly,  illegitimate, 
INFERIOR  {in  quality),  plebeian. 
2.  Ignoble,  infamous,  vile,  mean,  low, 
cheap,  miscreant  {literary),  turpitudinous 
{rare),  ilUberal  {literary),  vulgar  {rare  or 
archaic),  sordid;  spec,  abject,  groveling, 
menial,  villain  (^rare),  villein  (/lisi.),  slavish, 
beggarly,  servile,  soulless,  baseborn;  see 
contemptible. 
Antonyms:  see  noble. 

base,  n.  1.  See  bottom,  support,  founoa- 


t^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

banter:   pleasantry. 

barbarian,  a.:  foreign,  uncivil- 
ized. 

barbarian,  n.:  foreigner,  sav- 
age, boor. 


barbaric:  foreign,  uncivilized. 

barbarity:    cruelty. 

bard:   poet,  singer. 

bard:    armor. 

bargain:    agreement,  contract. 

bark:    vessel,  boat. 


barmy:   yeasty,  flighty. 
baroque:  extravagant,  irregular. 
barrage:    bar,  obstacle. 
barricade:    obstruct. 
barroom:   saloon. 
basal:  foundational,  fundamental. 


K^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
33 


BASE 


TIOX,  BEARING,  STEM  (philol.),  RECEPTA- 
CLE,  BASS. 

2.  Iti    the    sense    of    "chief   vigredient": 

ground,   basis,   basement   (tech.;    chiefly 

spec). 

S.  In  botany,  zoology,  etc.:    foot,  fundus 

(tech.),  bottom;  spec,  butt;   see  stalk. 

base,  V.  t.  1.  rest  (contextual),  found, 
ground  (orig.  spec),  put  (contextual),  bot- 
tom;   spec  build. 

2.  In  a  secondary  sense:  found,  ground, 
rest,  predicate  (U.  S.). 

baseness,  7i.  ignominy',  meanness,  infamy, 
turpitude,  etc     Cf.  base,  a.,  2. 

bashful,  a.  shy,  retiring,  diffident,  shrink- 
ing, timid,  strange,  shamefaced,  shame- 
fast  (archaic),  coy,  reserved,  chary  (rare), 
boggle  (dial,  or  colloq.),  modest;  spec 
sheepish,  blushful.  "Coy"  (which  see)  does 
not  imply  anything  as  to  the  disposition, 
but  refers  merely  to  the  outward  acts. 
Antonyms:  see  assured,  bold,  impudent, 

SHAMELESS,   ARROGANT,  CONCEITED. 

bashfulness,  n.  shyness,  diffidence,  coy- 
ness, reserve,  timidity,  etc 
Antonyms:  see  assurance,  conceit. 

basis,  71.  1.  See  base,  bottom,  reason, 
ground. 

2.  foundation,  ground,  groundwork,  funda- 
mental, principle,  premise  corner  stone 
(fig.),  keystone  (fig.). 

basket,  n.  skep  (local,  Eng.);  spec,  scuttle, 
seedhp,  tap,  tapnet,  crate,  calanthus 
(archcEol.),  frail,  bass,  bassinet,  canister 
(a  Latinism  or  Grecism),  pannier,  corbeil, 
buck,  moll,  creel,  gabion,  nacelle,  flasket, 
flat,  prickle,  pad,  corf,  canaster,  hanaper 
(historical),  hamper. 

bass,  a.  low,  deep,  heavy,  base  (obsoles- 
cent), basso  (Italian),  grave  (rare);  spec 
bar>-tone. 
Antonyms:  see  shrill. 

bass,  n.  base  (obsolescent);  spec,  thorough- 
base,  drone,  barytone,  bourdon. 

bastard,  n.  by-blow  or  bye-blow  (archaic), 
love  child,  whoreson  (law  or  archaic),  il- 
legitimate (formal  or  legal),  misfortune 
(Scot.  &  dial.  Eng.),  come-by-chance  (col- 
loq.);  spec  nephew  (euphemistic),  niece 
(euphemistic) . 

bath,  n.  1.  immersion,  dipping;  spec,  tub- 
bing, pedilavium,  douche  (French),  dip 
(coUoq.);  see  wash. 


2.  suffusion,  circumfusion,  embathing 
(literary). 

3.  wash,  lotion;  spec.  dip. 

4.  lavatory,  laver  (literary  or  rhetorical); 
spec,  tub,  demibath,  hammam  or  hum- 
mum  (Turkish),  sudatory,  sudatorium 
(Latin),  therm  (archaic),  thermjE  (pi.; 
Latin),  sitz  bath,  vaporarium  (Latin), 
caldarium  (Latin). 

bathe,  v.  t.  1.  immerse,  dip,  bath  (always 
literal),  embathe  (literary);  spec  tub, 
embrocate,  foment;   see  wash. 

2.  suffuse,  circumfuse,  embathe  (literary). 

3.  bask,  beek  (Scot.). 

battleship,  n.  Spec,  predreadnought, 
dreadnought,  superdreadnought,  liner. 

bawd,  n.  pimp,  procurer,  whoremaster 
(law),  pander,  procuress,  panderess  (rare); 
spec,  bawdstrot  (obs.),  broker  (obs.),  ca- 
det, maquereau  (French),  mackerel  (ar- 
chaic) . 

bawdry,  n.  1.  pandering,  pimping,  pro- 
curation, panderism;    spec,  proxenetism. 

2.    See  OBSCENITY. 

be,  V.  i.  1.  exist,  consist  (archaic),  stand, 
lie,  subsist,  remain,  go  (as  in  "as  things 
go");  spec,  coexist,  postexist  (rare),  pre- 
exist (rare),  occiu*,  lurk,  rank. 

2.    See  CONTINUE,   occur,   CONSTITUTE. 

beadle,  n.  constable,  bluecoat  or  bluebot- 
tle (nickname);  spec,  bedell  or  poker 
(Univ.  slang,  Eng.). 

beali,  71.  1.  Referring  to  a  bird:  bill,  nib, 
neb. 

2.  Referring  to  an  insect:  snout,  rostrum 
(tech.),  nose;    spec,  proboscis. 

3.  Referring  to  a  vessel's  prow:  rostrum, 
beakhead. 

4.  projection  (contextual);  spec,  nozzle, 
nose,  horn,  umbo  (tech.). 

beam,  n.  I.  timber,  raft  (archaic  or  spec), 
balk;  spec,  batten,  scantling,  truss,  tie, 
trevis  (Scot.),  che\Ton  (rare),  girder,  raft- 
er, joist;   see  pole. 

2.    See  WIDTH,  QUILL,  RAY. 

beanlike,  a.  fabaceous  (tech.). 
bean-shaped,  a.  fabiform  (tech.). 
bear,  v.  t.  1.  See  support,  keep  (in  mind), 
entertain,  endure,  suffer,  transport, 

BEHAVE,  press,  SHOW,  CARRY,  CAUSE, 
YIELD. 

2.  produce,  have  (a  child,  young,  etc.), 
throw    (cant;      only    of   animals),    drop 


XdS^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
bashaw:   magnate. 
basic:   fundamental. 
bastard:    illepitimate,  false,  ir- 
regular, unauthorized. 
bastinado:   cudgel. 
batch:   quantity. 
bate,  V.  i.:  flap. 
bathos:    anticlimax. 
bating:    except. 
baton:   staff. 


battalion:    division. 
batten:  thrive,  fatten. 
batter,  v.  t:  beat,  bruise,  indent. 
batter,  n.:  slope. 
batter,  n.:  paste. 
battle,  V.  i.:  fight,  contend. 
battle,  n.:  fight,  contest. 
bauble:   gewgaw,  scepter. 
bawl,  V.  i.:    cry,  shout. 
bawl,  V.  t.:  shout. 
bawl,  n.:    cry,  shout,  outcry. 


bay,  n.:    compartment,  window. 

bay,  V.  i.:   bark. 

bayonet,  v.  t.:   stab. 

bayou:    inlet. 

bays,     pL:     wreath,      garland, 

crown. 
bazaar:   market,  fair. 
beach:   ground. 
beacon:    signal,  watchtower. 
beam,  r.  ?'..■    shine. 
beaming:    shining. 


XW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

34 


BECOMING 


{chiefly  of  animals,  esp.  sheep),  teem  (ubs. 
or  archaic),  cast  (esp.  prematurely;  chiefly 
of  animals);  spec,  spawn  {contemptuous), 
child  {obs.),  farrow,  abort. 
bear,  v.  i.  1.  travail  {of  women  only),  teem 
{archaic),  labor  {of  women  only;  archaic), 
parturiate  {rare);  spec,  litter,  yean,  ean 
{obs.),  cub,  pig,  pup,  farrow,  calve,  fawn, 
kitten,  foal,  whelp,  twin,  spawn  {con- 
temptuous). 

2.    See  RELATE,   APPLY. 

bear,  n.  1.  Bruin  {used  as  a  proper  name); 
spec,  grizzly,  cub,  whelp. 

2.  As  applied  to  a  person:  rudesby  {ar- 
chaic), crab  {rare),  cur  (contemptuous; 
contextual) . 

3.  See  SPECULATOR. 

beard,  n.  1.  Spec,  whiskers  {pi.),  Charley 
or  Charlie  {colloq.  or  slang),  goatee,  im- 
perial, Vandyke,  Burnsides  {pi.),  Gallo- 
ways {pi). 
2.  awn,  arista  {tech.). 

bearded,  a.   1.  hairy  {contextual),  whisk- 
ered, barbate  {rare). 
Antonyms:  see  bald. 
2.  Spec,  awned,  barbate,  barbed,  pogo- 
niate  {tech.),  glochidiate  {tech.). 

beardless,  a.  smooth-iaced;  spec,  shaven, 
unfledged  {fig.). 

bearing,  n.  1.  See  endurance,  position, 
relation,  transportation,  behavior, 
carriage. 

2.  base,  support,  rest;  spec,  journal, 
plate,  step,  coak,  cock,  brass,  babbit, 
tread,  trunnion,  seating,  gudgeon,  yoke, 
saddle,  tassel  or  torse,  templet,  lintel, 
headstock,  tailstock;  see  bushing. 

3.  In  heraldry:  charge,  devise;  spec,  well, 
rest,  goutte  {French),  trestle,  trivet,  trav- 
erse, trefoil,  tressure,  weare,  gore,  wedge, 
ferrule,  virule,  woolpack,  fiasque,  fusil, 
yard;  see  arms. 

beast,  n.  1.  See  animal. 
2.  As  a  term  of  contemptuous  opprobrium: 
spec,  brute,  dog,  cur,  hog,  swine,  hound. 

beastlike,  a.  theriomorphic  {rare),  bes- 
tial, beastly  {rare),  brutish,  brutal  {rare), 
theroid  {rare),  ferine  {rare),  feral  {learned,). 

beastly,  a.  1.  See  beastlike. 
2.   coarse   {contextual),  abominable  {con- 
textual), vile;    spec,  swinish,  hoggish,  pig- 
gish   boarish,  filthy,  gluttonous,  greedy; 
see  indecent. 
Antonyms:  see  refined,  gentlemanly, 

LADYLIKE,    CHASTE. 

beat,  V.  t.  1.  pound,  clapperclaw  {archaic  or 
dial.),  contund  {humorou^s  or  affected),  be- 
labor {intensive),  thump  {colloq.),  thwack, 
whack,  pommel  or  pummel,  welt  {colloq. 


or  slang) ,  fan  {slang) ,  lam  {colloq.  or  vulgar); 
spec,  mill,  bepommel  or  bepummel  {inten- 
sive), drub,  tattoo,  whale,  hammer,  bandy, 
mallet  {archaic),  maUeate  {rare),  scutch, 
flail,  flog,  lap,  beetle,  drum,  full,  batter; 
see  RAM,  thrash. 
Antonyms:  see  cherish,  caress. 
2-  Referring  to  making  a  foam  or  the  like 
of:  whip,  mill,  churn  {fig.  or  spec),  svidtch. 

3.  Referring  to  games,  contests,  etc.:  de- 
feat {esp.  in  a  game);  spec,  gammon, 
whitewash  {colloq.),  skunk  {vulgar  slang), 
blank,  goose-egg  {slang),  distance,  lurch. 

4.  See  nonplus,  surpass,  defeat. 
beat,  n.  1.  See  blow,  pulsation,  circuit, 

TACK,  FLAP,  SPONGER. 

2.  defeat;  spec,  whitewash  {colloq.), 
skunk  {vulgar  slang),  blank,  etc. 

3.  In  newspaper  cant:   scoop. 
beatification,  n.  felicitation  {rare),  mac- 

arization  {rare). 

beatified,  a.  blessed. 

beatify,  v.  t.  heaven  {rare),  bless,  felicitate 
{rare),  imparadise  {rare),  macarize  {rare); 
see  please,  gladden. 
Antonyms:   see  curse. 

beatitude,  n.  blessing;     spec,  macarism 
{rare) . 
Antonyms:   see  curse. 

beautiful,  a.  lovely,  lovesome  {archaic), 
beauteous    {literary    and    chiefly    poetic), 
bright,   lustrous    {fig.),   splendent;   spec. 
pretty,  dainty,  sweet. 
Antonyms:   see  ugly,  abominable. 

beautify,  v.  t.  become  {contextual),  adorn, 
grace;  spec,  prettify;  see  ornament. 
Antonyms:  see  deface. 

beauty,  n.  1.  loveliness,  lovelihead  {rare), 
formosity    {archaic),    pulchritude    {rare), 
lustre;      spec,   glory,   prettiness    {beauty 
without  dignity). 
Antonyms:  see  ugliness,  deformity. 
2.  belle,  fair  lady,  fair  one;  spec,  belhbone 
{obs.). 
Antonyms:  see  hag. 

because,  conj.  since,  inasmuch  as,  as, 
forwhy  {archaic),  long  or  along  {archaic 
or  dial),  forasmuch  as  {archaic  or  formal). 

becloud,  V.  i.  cloud,  darken,  obscure;  spec. 
fog. 

become,  v.  t.  1.  befit,  fit,  suit,  beseem. 
Antonyms:  see  misbecome. 
2.  See  grace,  beautify. 

become,  v.  i.  grow,  turn,  go,  fall,  drop, 
wax  {archaic  or  literary),  come,  get; — 
mostly  idiomates. 

becoming,  a.  1.  befitting,  fitting,  fit,  suit- 
able, worthy,  good,  well-becoming,  seem- 
ly, meet,  gaimy  {rare),  graceful  {chiefly 


t^=  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
bearish:    rough. 
beatific:   glad. 


beau:  dandy,  lover. 
beaver:   visor. 
becalm:   calm,  detain. 


beck:   brook. 
beck:    how,  gesture. 
beckon:   gesture. 


t^*  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

35 


BECOMINGNESS 


spec),  bcsecmly  (rare),  decorous;   sec  ap- 
propriate, PROPER. 
Antonyms:    sec   unbecoming,    unsuit- 
able, IMPROPER. 
2.  beautifying,  feat  {archaic  or  dial.). 

becomingness,  n.  fitness,  suitability, 
oomeline.^;.-^,  grace  (chicjhj  spec);  spec,  ap- 
propriateness, proj^riety. 

bed,  n.  1.  couch,  lair  (rare,  exc.  of  beasts), 
doss  (slang  or  cant),  berth  (chiefly  spec), 
bunk  (colloq.  or  spec),  roost  (slang);  spec. 
litter,  crib,  cot,  cradle,  trundle,  truckle, 
mattress,  pallet,  hammock,  shakedown. 

2.    See  BEDSTEAD,  LAYER,  BOTTOM,  PIECE. 

bed,  V.  t.  1.  lodge,  lair  {rare,  exc.  of  beasts), 
bunk  (colloq.  or  spec);  spec,  cradle,  litter. 

2.  Sec   REST. 

bedcover,  n.  Spec  quilt,  bedquilt,  cov- 
erlet, coverlid  (rare),  counterpane,  com- 
forter (colloq.,  U.  S.),  bedspread  (tl.  S.), 
spread  (U.  S.),  comfortable  (U.  S.),  pall 
(archaic),  rezai  (Anglo-Indian),  palam- 
pore,  duvet  (French). 

bedding,  n.  »Spec.  laedclothes,  litter,  lit- 
tering, lairage  (rare),  brancard. 

bedroom,  n.  bedchamber  or  chamber 
(formal  or  pretentious),  bower  (archaic), 
cubicle  (esp.  one  of  a  series  in  an  Eng. 
school  dormitory) ,  cubiculum  (jocose);  spec. 
ruelle  (French). 

bedstead,  n.  Spec,  cot,  charpoy  (Anglo- 
Indian),  bed  (colloq.  or  cant). 

bedtick,  n.  tick,  case,  cover  (contextual). 

beef,  n.  The  animal:  bovine,  neat  (rare); 
spec,  bull,  cow,  freemartin,  ox,  steer, 
heifer,  muley  or  mulley,  bullock,  bossy, 
roan,  taurine  (rare),  buffalo,  bison,  au- 
rochs, carabao,  gayal,  gaur,  zebu,  za- 
mouse,  yak,  musk-ox,  urus,  anoa,  sapiu- 
tan,  Kerry,  Durham,  Jersey,  etc. 

beebive,  n.  hive,  apiary  (tech.),  alveary 
(obs.,  exc.  as  figuratively  used  of  various 
old  dictionaries),  bike  (Scot,  or  dial.);  spec. 
dome. 

beekeeping,  n.  apiculture. 

beetle,  7i.  coleopter  (tech.),  clock  (Eng.); 
spec,  scarab,  dung  beetle,  dorbeetle,  June 
beetle,  etc. 

befool,  V.  t.  1.  See  deceive. 
2.  rig  (slang  or  colloq. ),heia.pe  (slang  or  dial.) 

before,  adv.  1.  See  forward. 
2.  earlier,    sooner,    antecedently,    previ- 
ously,   already,    beforehand,    heretofore, 
hitherto,    beforetime    (archaic),    erenow 
(literary  or  archaic). 
Antonyms:  see  afterwards,  now. 


before,  prep.  1.  ere  (now  chiefly  literary  or 
dial.),  or  (archaic  or  dial.). 

Antonyms:  see  after. 
2.  coram  (Latin;  for  ''in  presence  of"). 

beg,  V.  t.  1.  See  ask. 
2.  mendicate  (rare);   spec,  quest  (R.  C. 
Ch.),  cadge  (dial,  or  slang). 
Antonyms:  see  give,  reject. 

beg,  V.  i.  1.  See  ask. 
2.  mendicate  (rare),  mump  (cant;  obs.), 
cadge,  cant  (literary),  quest  (R.  C.  Ch.). 

beget.  V.  t.  parent  (rare),  raise  (rare),  gender 
(archaic),  engender    (archaic  or  learned), 
get  (now  only  of  animals),  ingender  (rare), 
father,  procreate  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  kill. 

begetter,  n.  author  (in  "author  of  one's  be- 
ing"), generator,  procreator. 

begetting,  n.  progeniture,  procreation, 
generation,  getting  (archaic),  get  (chiefly 
cant) . 

beggar,  n.  pauper  (contextual),  mendicant 
(learned  or  tech.;  esp.  of  certain  ecclesias- 
tics), mumper  (slang),  thigger  (Scot.), 
clapperdudgeon(arc/!aic) ,  canter farc/iaic); 
spec,  fakir,  jockey  (historical),  bluegown 
(Scot.),  gangrel  (archaic),  vagabond,  gab- 
erlunzie  (Scot.),  schnorrer  (Jewish),  dy- 
vour (Scot.;  obsolescent),  dervish,  dandy, 
roundsman,  beadsman  (Eng.). 
Antonyms:  see  rich  person. 

begging,  n.  1.  beggary,  mendicity  (rare), 
mendicancy,  mendication  (rare). 
2.  See  ASKING. 

begging,  a.  1.  See  asking. 
2.  mendicant  (learned  or  tech.),  canting 
(rare),  cadging. 

begin,  v.  t.  commence,  start,  gin  (archaic), 
originate,  initiate,  broach  (chiefly  spec), 
inchoate  (learned);  spec  attack,  institute, 
raise,  introduce,  reintroduce,  recom- 
mence, open,  inaugurate,  auspicate, 
handsel  (Eng.). 
Antonyms:   see  end,  finish,  complete. 

begin,  v.  i.  commence,  gin  (archaic),  pro- 
ceed, start,  enter,  open;    spec,  exordize 
(rare),  recommence,  renew. 
Antonyyns:   see  end. 

beginning,  n.  1.  commencement,  start, 
outstart,  outset,  inauguration,  opening, 
institution,  inchoation  (learned),  inchoacy 
(rare),  inception,  incipience,  incipiency, 
initiation,  initiative,  ingress  (archaic),  on- 
set; spec,  gambit,  origination,  attack. 
Antonyms:  see  end,  finish,  catastro- 
phe, event. 


|S=  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

bedraggle:    draggle. 

beforehand:   before. 

bedeck:    ornament. 

bedrivel:    slobber. 

befoul:    contaminate. 

bedew:   wet. 

bedspread:    bedcover. 

befuddle:   confuse. 

bedim:   darken. 

belaU:    happen,  belong,  occur. 

begem:    ornament. 

bedizen:    ornameTit. 

befit:    become. 

beggar,  v.  t.:  impoverish,  belittle. 

bedlam:    asylum. 

befitting:    becoming. 

beggarly:   poor,  base,  mean. 

bedquilt:   bedcover. 

befog:   cloud,  confuse. 

beggary:   begging. 

fW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

36 


BELLY 


2.  The  place  of  beginning:  spec,  threshold, 
outset,  tee,  origin. 
S.  See  ARISING. 

4.  Spec,  rudiment,  forefront,  front,  em- 
bryo, outstart,  outset,  prime,  proem 
(learned),  prelude,  incunabula  (pi.;  liter- 
ary), morning  {fig.),  dawn  {fig.),  protasis 
{learned) . 

Antonyms:   see  completion,  end,  out- 
come. 

beginning,  a.  commencing,  inauguratory, 
initiative,  initiatory,  inceptive,  initial,  in- 
cipient; spec,  nascent.  The  word  "begin- 
ning" is  unusual  as  an  adjective. 

beguile,  v.  t.  1.  See  deceive,  cheat,  di- 
vert. 

2.  In  the  sense  of  "to  while  away": 
shorten. 

behave,  v.  t.  As  a  reflexive  verb:  conduct, 
demean(</iis  is  the  correct  use  of  "demean"), 
bear,  comport,  deport,  carry,  quit  {ar- 
chaic), acquit  {archaic);  spec,  misbehave, 
misconduct,  misdemean.  "Behave"  is 
often  used  as  implying  good  behavior. 

behavior,  n.  conduct,  demeanor,  bearing, 
comportment,  deportment,  carriage,  ac- 
quittance, manners  {pi.),  action,  sem- 
blance {rare),  goings  {pi.;  colloq.),  conver- 
sation {archaic),  havior  {archaic),  quit- 
tance {archaic).     Cf.  air. 

behead,  v.  t.  decapitate,  head  {archaic), 
neck  {dial.),  decollate  {learned);  spec. 
guillotine,  caboche. 

behold,  inter j.  ecce  {Latin),  lo,  la  {dial.). 

being,  a.  existing,  existent,  extant,  beent 
(metaphysics),  subsistent,  subsisting; 
spec,  constituted.     "Being"  is  rare  as  an 
adjective. 
Antonyms:  see  nonexistent. 

being,  n.  existence,  entity,  subsistence ;  spec. 
life,  essence,  quid  (learned),  hypaxis  (rare; 
tech.),  existent  (rare),  ens,  automaton. 
Antonyms:   see  nonexistence. 

belfry,  n.  tower  (contextual),  companile, 
clocher  (rare). 

belie,  v.  t.  Spec,  defame,  misrepresent, 
contradict. 

belief,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  mental  action, 
condition,  habit,  etc.:  credit,  faith,  accept- 
ance, credence,  reception  (chiefly  Bib.), 
thinking  (contextual),  fay  (archaic);  spec. 
supposition,  trust. 


Antonyms:  see  unbelief,  doubt,  skep- 
ticism. 

2.  Referring  to  what  is  believed  as  a  matter 
of  faith:  tenet,  persuasion,  creed ;  spec. 
supposition,  profession,  superstition, 
mumpsimus  (contemptuous  or  humorous), 
tradition,  misbelief. 

3.  See  conviction,  opinion,  creed. 
believable,  a.  credible;    spec,  supposable. 

Antonyms:  see  unbelievable. 

believe,    v.    t.    1.    trust,    credit,    swallow 

(chiefly  colloq.  or  slang),  accept,  receive 

(chiefly  Bib.),  accredit  (an  erroneous  use); 

spec,  feel,  suppose,  fancy,  misbelieve,  guess. 

Antonyms:   see  disbelieve,  doubt. 
2.  See  consider. 
believe,  v.  i.  trust. 

Antomjms:  see  doubt. 
believer,   n.    truster,    accepter,    receiver; 
spec.  Christian,  faithful  (a  collective;  used 
with  "the"). 
Antonyms:  see  unbeliever,  heretic. 
believing,  a.  credulous  (chiefly  spec),  cred- 
itive  (rare),  credent  (rare);  spec,  trustful, 
confiding,  fond,  easy   (colloq.),  supersti- 
tious. 
Antonyms:  see  unbelieving,  doubtful, 

SKEPTICAL. 

believingness,  n.  credulousness  (chiefly 
spec),  credulity  (chiefly  spec),  trustful- 
ness; spec  fondness,  easiness  (colloq.), 
superstition. 

belittle,  v.  t.  1.  overshadow  (flg.),  minish 
(rare),  beggar,  minimize;  spec,  dwarf. 
Antonyms:  see  exaggerate. 
2.  See  disparage. 

bell,  n.  1.  Spec,  sanctus  bell,  grelot,  gong, 
dingdong  (literary  or  colloq.),  jingle,  pa- 
vilion, tintinnabulum  (bookish  or  tech.), 
tinkler  (slang),  tocsin,  chimes  (pi.). 

2.  sound  (contextual),  stroke;  spec,  toll, 
knell,  jingle. 

3.  See  bubble,  time,  hour. 

bellow,  n.,  v.  t.  &  v.  i.  1.  cry  (contextual), 

bell  {esp.  of  deer),  roar,  low  (of  kine),  blare 

(rare) . 

2.  See  shout. 
bellowing,  a.  mugient  (rare),  lowing  (of 

kine),  roaring. 
bell- shaped,  a.  campanulate,  campanu-- 

lar,  campapulous,  campaniform; — all  four 

tech.  or  literary. 


XW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
begone:    away. 
begrime:   soil. 
begrudge:    envy,  grudge. 
beguilement:  deception,  cheat, 

diversion. 
behalf:   side,  benefit. 
behave,  v.  i.:  act. 
behest :    biading. 
behind:    hind,  remaining,  late, 

slow. 
behind:   buttocks. 


behold,  V.  t.:  see. 
beholden:  indebted. 
beholder:    spectator. 
behoof:    benefit. 
behoove,  behove,  v.  t.:  benefit. 
behoveful:     beneficial,    advan- 
tageous. 
bejewel:   ornament. 
belabor:   beat,  ply. 
belated:    delayed. 
belay:    fau'en. 
belch:   erupt,  eject. 


beldam,  beldame:  grand- 
mother, hag. 

beleaguer:    surround. 

belike:   probably,  perhaps. 

bell,  V.  i.:  flare. 

bell,  V.  &  n.:   bellow. 

belle:    beauty. 

belles-lettres:    literature. 

bellicose:    pugnacious. 

belligerent:  fighting,  warlike, 
combative. 

belly,  V.  i.:  bag. 


%W  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

37 


BELONG 


belong,  r.  i.  pertain,  apportain  {formal), 
behove  {archaic),  befall  {archaic),  attach. 

belonging,  a.  pertaining,  pertinent,  ap- 
pertaining {J'ormal),  ajipertinent  {formal), 
accessory  or  (less  usual)  accessary. 

beloved,  n.  dear,  idol;  see  love. 

below,  adv.  ct  prep.  1.  In  the  sense  of  "loiver 
than":  beneath,  ncath  or  'neath  (poetic). 
Antonyms:   see  above. 
2.  In  the  sense  of  "directly  below":    see 

UNDER. 

belt,  /(.  band;  spec,  girdle,  girth,  bandoleer. 
bench,  n.  1.  seat  (con^ex^wa/),  settle;  spec. 

pew. 

8.  See  COURT,  lodge. 
bend,  v.  t.  1.  strain  (archaic,  exc.  of  the 

bow),  draw,  stretch  (a  bow). 

2.  crook,  flex  {scientific),  ply  (rare),  turn 
(chiefly  with  "over,"  "out,"  "in,"  etc.); 
spec,  spring,  strain,  crank,  deform,  cir- 
cumflex, deflex,  buckle,  warp,  bate,  dou- 
ble, geniculate  (rare),  hook,  knee,  elbow; 
see  CURVE,  straighten. 

3.  See    SUBDUE,    strain,    turn,    apply, 

DIRECT. 

bend,  n.  1.  flexure  (tech.),  flection  or 
(British  or  spec.)  flexion  (chiefly  referring 
to  the  act  or  action;  tech.),  turn  (context- 
ual), crook,  bent  (rare);  spec,  warp, 
buckle,  sag,  crank,  crankle,  hook,  knee, 
elbow,  scarp. 
2.  See  TURN,  stoop,  droop. 

bending,  ?i.  flection,  flexure,  crooking;  spec. 
circumflexion,  genuflexion,  reclination. 

benedict,  n.  benedick  (alluding  to  Berie- 
dick  in  Shakespeare's  "Much  Ado  about 
Nothing"),   neogamist    (rare),    newlywed 
(slang). 
Antonyms:  see  celibate. 

benefaction,  n.  1.  benefit  (rare),  benefi- 
cence, kindness,  favor. 

Antonyms:  see  injury. 
2.  .See  GIFT. 

benefactor,    n.    benefiter    (rare);     spec. 
patron,  Maecenas  (fig.;  literary),  giver. 
Antonyms:  see  sponger. 

benefice,  n.  Eccl.:  hving;  spec,  parsonage, 
sinecure,  vicarage,  rectory,  mensal,  pre- 
bend, provostry,  commandery,  curacy. 

beneficent,  a.  1.  Referring  to  persons: 
benefic  (rare),  beneficial  (obs.);  see  kind, 

KIN-DLY. 

Antonyms:  see  evil-doing. 


2.  Referring  to  tilings:     see  beneficial. 
beneficial,  a.  advantageous,  helj^ful,  good, 
beneficent,  behooveful  or  behoveful  (ar- 
chaic),  gainful   (rare);   spec,   serviceable, 
bonitarian  or  bonitary;     see  curative, 

REMEDIAL,   HEALTHFUL. 

Antonyms:     see    injurious,    harmful, 

RUINOUS. 

beneficiary,  n.  Spec,  usufructuary,  pre- 
bendary, prebend  (rare),  chargeant  (rare 
or  Scot.),  chargee  (rare),  donee,  grantee, 
impropriator,  impropriatrix,  incumbent. 

benefit,  n.  1.  avail  (only  in  "of  avail"  and 
"of  no,  little,  etc.,  avail"),  profit,  vail  (obs.), 
advantage,  behalf  (as  in  "in  behalf  of," 
"on  behalf  of"),  behoof  (now  chiefly  legal 
or  literary),  good. 

2.  good,  gain,  profit,  advantage,  service, 
avail,  boot  (archaic,  exc.  in  "to  boot"), 
benefaction,  commodity  (archaic),  better- 
ment (rare),  behoof  (now  chiefly  legal  or 
literary);  spec,  bespeak  (actor's  cant), 
easement. 
Antonyms:  see  injury,  harm. 

benefit,  v.  t.  advantage,  profit,  help,  serve, 

avail,  behoove,  behove,  good  (obs.),  boot 

(archaic  or  literary),  skill  (archaic;    used 

only  impersonally  with  "it"  as  the  subject). 

Antonyms:   see  injure. 

benefit,  v.  i.  profit,  gain; — with  the  imper- 
sonal "it." 

benevolent,  a.  1.  charitable  (referring  esp. 
to    almsgiving),    caritative    (rare);    spec. 
philanthropic  or  phUanthropical. 
Antonyms:  see  malevolent. 

2.    See  GENEROUS. 

bent,  a.  1.  flexed  (tech.),  crooked,  uneven 
(contextual);    spec,  inflexed,  reflexed,  in- 
fractous,  geniculate;   see  curved. 
Antonyms:  see  straight. 
2.  See  determined. 

bequeath,  v.  t.  1.  bequeathe  (a  variant), 
will,  give  (contextual),  leave,  devise  (usu- 
ally of  real  estate).  "Bequeath"  usually 
refers  to  personalty. 

2.    See  TRANSFER,  GIVE. 

bequest,  n.  I.  willing  (rare),  devise,  devisal. 
2.  devise,  gift  (contextual);  spec,  legacy, 
fideicommissum.  The  same  distinction 
holds  between  "bequest"  and  "devise"  as 
holds  between  "bequeath"  and  "devise." 

bereave,  v.  t.  deprive;  spec,  orphan,  widow 
(chiefly  in  p.  p.  or  fig.). 


t^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
belonging:  accessory,  property. 
belted:    banded. 
bemean:   abase. 
bemire:    muddy. 
bemist:    confuse. 
bemuddle:   confuse. 
beneath:    below,  under. 
benediction:   blessing. 
beneficence:   benefaction. 


benign :  hind,  kindly, gentle, mild. 

benignant:   kindly. 

benison:    blessing. 

bent:   inclination,  trend. 

benumb:  numb,  dull,  stupefy, 
paralyze. 

benumbed,  a.:  numb,  insen- 
sible, dull. 

berate:  scold. 

berm:   ledge,  edge. 


berth:  anchorage,  bed,  position. 
beseech:   ask. 
beseem,  v.  i.:   seem. 
beseem,  v.  t.:  become. 
beset:     stud,  surround,  harass, 

attack,  invest,  besiege,  obsess. 
beshrew:    curse. 
beside,  prep.:   by. 
beside,  a.:   abreast. 
besides:   also. 


t^^  See  Notes  o{  Explanation. 

38 


BIG 


besiege,  v.   t.    1.   invest,   encompass,   set 
{chiejly  with  "out";    obs.),   beset   (rare), 
siege  (rare),  gird  (literary);    spec,  block- 
ade. 
2.  see  ASSAIL. 

best,  n.  choice,  flower,  cream,  prime, 
pick;    spec,  elite  {French). 

bestow,  V.  t.  1.  See  place,  deal. 

2.  confer  {as  attention,  pains),  show  {with 
"to"),  send  {with  "to"),  pay,  give  (con- 
textual), spend. 

Antonyms:   see  take. 

3.  confer;  spec,  lavish,  heap,  place  (an 
order,  etc.).     Cf.  give. 

bestriding,  a.  astraddle,  astride,  a-cock- 
horsc  (rare  or  spec). 

betray,  v.  t.  1.  blow  (slang;  rare),  bewray 
(archaic),  sell  {^now  usually  understood  as 
spec);  spec,  knife  (slang  or  cant,  U.  S.). 
2.  See  disclose,  tattle,  seduce. 

betrayal,  n.  1.  betrayment  (rare),  prodi- 
tion  (rare). 
2.  See  disclosure,  seduction. 

betrayer,  n.  Simon  (who  betrayed  the  Tro- 
'ans;  fig.),  Judas  (who  betrayed  Jesus; 
fig.);  see  traitor. 

betroth,  v.  t.  contract  (contextual),  affiance 
(forinal),  espouse  (literary  or  archaic),  affy 
(obs.),  engage,  bind  (contextual),  promise 
(contextual);  spec,  handfast  (hist.). 

betrothal,  n.  contract  (contextual),  af- 
fiance (formal),  espousal  (literary  or  ar- 
chaic), engagement,  promise  (contextual); 
spec,  handfast  (hist.),  subarrhation  (hist.). 

betrothed,  a.  engaged,  affianced  (formal). 

betrothed,  n.  fianeoe  (fern.;  French),  fi- 
ance (masc;  French),  affianced  (rare  or 
formal),  intended. 

better,  a.  1.  superior,  gooder  (illiterate), 
preferable;  spec,  choicer,  safer,  wiser,  etc. 

Antonyms:  see  worse. 
2.  See  improved. 

betterness,  n.  superiority,  meliority  (rare), 
preferableness. 

betty,  n.  molly,  peggy,  moppet,  cotquean 
(archaic),  mollycot  (dial.  Eng.),  henhussy. 

between,  prep,  atween  (archaic),  betwixt 
(archaic  and  chiefly  poetic),   atwixt   (ar- 
chaic); spec,  midway  (rare,  exc.  as  adv.). 
Antonyms:  see  about,  adv.  &  prep. 

beverage,  n.  drink,  potion  (chiefly  vied.), 
potation  (rhetorical),  drinkable  (colloq.; 
chiefly  in  pi.). 


bewildered,  a.  confused,  dazed  (cf.  con- 
fuse, daze). 

bewitch,  v.  t.  1.  witch,  charm,  enchant, 
spellbind,   spell,   glamour    (rare),   trance 
(rare),    ensorcell    (rare);      spec,   voodoo, 
sirenize  (rare),  overlook. 
Antonyms:  see  disenchant. 

2.    See  CAPTIVATE. 

bewitched,  a.  charmed,  enchanted,  spell- 
bound, etc.      Cf.  BEWITCH. 

bewitchery,  n.  1.  In  a  sense  implying  a 
spell  cast  over  one:  witchery,  bewitch- 
ment, enchantment,  captivation  (rare), 
spell,  charm,  glamour,  fascination  (obs. 
or  hist.);  spec,  sorcery. 
2.  See  BEWITCHMENT  (referring  to  the 
power  or  faculty),  magic  (referring  to  the 
art  or  practice),  captivation. 

bewitching,  a.  1.  witching,  enchanting, 
Sircean  (fig.). 

2.    See  CAPTIVATING. 

bewitchment,    n.    1.    See    bewitchery, 

CAPTIVATION. 

2.  Referring  to  the  power  or  faculty:  be- 
witchery (rare),  witchery,  enchantment, 
fascination  (ohs.  or  hist.),  charm,  glamour. 

beyond,  prep.  Spec,  yond  {obs.  or  dial.), 
past,  exceeding,  farther,  without,  outside, 
above,  after. 

biannual,  a.  semiannual,  biyearly  (rare). 

bid,  V.  t.  1.  See  offer,  invite. 
2.  tell,  direct,  instruct,  enjoin,  command, 
order,    call    (now   chiefly  spec),    charge; 
spec  adjure,  conjure,  enjoin. 
Antonyms:  see  forbid. 

bidding,  n.  direction,  instruction,  injunc- 
tion, enjoinment  (rare),  order,  dictate, 
charge,  command,  commandment  (rare 
of  the  act),  behest  (literary),  mandate, 
biddance  (rare),  prescription,  jussion 
(rare),  imperation  (rare),  word  (context- 
ual), ordinance  (rare  or  spec),  mandatum, 
mandment  (laio),  voice,  hest  (archaic); 
spec,  imperative,  decree,  warrant,  fiat, 
commission,  countermand,  precept,  writ. 
Antonyms:  see  forbiddance. 

bier,  n.  feretory  (rare),  hearse  or  (now  rare) 
herse  (archaic  or  eccL);    spec,  catafalque. 

big,  a.  1.  bulky,  voluminous,  bumper  (crop, 
etc.;  colloq.),  hulking  or  hulky  (colloq.), 
whacking  (colloq.),  large,  decuman  (very 
large;  literary),  magnitudinous  (rare), 
mighty    (rhetorical),    gross,    mickle    (ar- 


t^"  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
besmear:    smear. 
besmut:    blacken.  [tify- 

besot:    intoxicate,  stupefy,  stal- 
bespatter:   spot. 
bespeak:    engage,    order,    indi- 
cate, address. 
besprinkle:    spot.  [iial. 

bestial:   animal,  beastlike,  sens- 
bestir:   rouse,  excite. 
bestraddle:    straddle. 


bestride:  mount,  straddle,  ride. 
bet:    wager. 
betide:    happen,  befall. 
betimes:   early,  immediately. 
betoken:    signify,  indicate. 
better,  v.  t.:   improve,  surpass. 
bevy:    flock,  company. 
bewail:  mourn. 
beware:    avoid. 
bewilder:    confuse,  stupefy. 
bezel:   edge. 


bias,  n.:    slayit,    tenency,    preju- 
dice, partiality,  inclination. 
bias,  V.  t.:   prejudice,  incline 
biased:    partial,  prejudiced. 
bibulous:     drinking,  absorbent. 
bicker:  quarrel,  dispute,  murmur. 
bid:    offer,  invitation. 
biddable:    obedient. 
bidding,  a.:    commanding. 
bide:    await,  withstand,  endure. 
bifurcate:  forked. 


iW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

39 


BIG    THING 


chaic),   tall    {slang,  U.  S.),  great;    spec. 
stout,  thick;     see  massive,  large,  im- 
mense. 
Antonyms:  see  small,  slender. 

2.  .Set'  IMPORTANT,  PRETENTIOUS,  SWOL- 
LEN. 

big   thing    (of  any  kind),   bouncer   {col- 
loq.),  whopjier  (colloq.),  strapper  (colloq.), 
swinger  {colloq.). 
Antonyms:  see  particle. 

bill,  r.  t.     Spec,  invoice. 

billow,  ;i.  wave  {contextual),  undulation 
(learned  or  tech.;  contextual),  swell,  surge. 

billow,  v.  i.  wave  {contextual),  swell,  undu- 
late {contextual). 

billowy,  a.  wavy  {contextual),  undulating 
{learned  or  tech.;  contextual),  rolling, 
surging,  swelling. 

bin,  n.  box  {contextual);  spec,  pocket, 
kench  {U.  S.),  bunker,  hold,  crib,  hutch. 

bind,  V.  t.  1.  hold  {contextual),  truss,  con- 
fine {contextual);  spec,  tie,  vinculate 
{rare),  wattle,  bend,  lash  {chiefly  naut.), 
hgature,  ligate,  enchain,  fillet,  ferrule, 
ferrel,  pinion,  truss,  garter,  fetter,  enfet- 
ter {rare),  frap,  fasciate  {rare),  braid, 
band,  chain,  enchain  {rare  or  literary), 
bond,  cord,  rope,  wire,  reeve,  sheaf, 
thong,  withe,  hoop,  gyve,  pin,  bandage, 
lace,  enlace  {rare),  entangle,  interlace 
{chiefly  fig.),  muzzle,  swathe. 
Antonyms:  see  loose. 

2.  stick,  jam,  jamb  {rare);  spec,  squeeze. 

3.  Spec,  braid,  tape. 

4.  obhgate,  hold,  oblige  {chiefly  law),  en- 
gage, restrict  {chiefly  law),  astrict  {rare); 
spec,  bond,  mortgage,  pledge,  sacrament, 
indenture,  pin  {with  "to"),  indebt  {rare), 
swear,  hypothecate. 

Antonyms:  see  free. 

5.  See  ATTACH,  BORDER,  RESTRAIN,  FAST- 
EN, CONSTIPATE. 

bind,  V.  i.  stick,  jam,  jamb  {rare),  hold 
{contextual);  spec,  squeeze. 

binding,  a.  1.  See  astringent. 
2.  obligatory,  obligative  {rare),  obliging 
{rare),  imperative,  imperious  {rare);  spec. 
mandatory,  incumbent. 
Antonyms:  see  invalid. 

binding,  7i.  1.  h^olding,  confining,  confine- 
ment, tying,  religation  {rare),  ligation 
{rare  or  learned);  spec,  bandaging,  liga- 
ture, deligation  {rare). 

2.  See  BAND. 

3.  obligation,  committal,  obligement 
{rare),  engagement.     "Binding"  is  rare. 


4.  See  attachment,  restraint. 

bird,  n.  fowl  {rare,  exc.  spec,  or  as  a  col- 
lective); spec,  fledgling  or  fledgeling, 
squeaker,  chirper,  dicky  {colloq.),  dicky- 
bird or  dickey-bird  {colloq.),  cockyolly 
bird  {nursery  or  pet  name),  cageling, 
nestling,  nestler  {rare). 

birdhouse,  n.  aviary;  spec,  columbarium, 
columbary,  dovecote.  - 

birdlike,  a.  volucrine  {rare),  avian  {tech.); 
spec,  ornithomorphic  {rare),  ornithoid 
{rare). 

birth,  n.  1.  nativity  {literary  or  eccl.),  nas- 
cency {rare  or  fig.),  natality  {rare);  spec. 
cast,  heterogenesis,  litter. 

Antonyms:   see  death. 
2.  See   offspring,    product,    descent, 
arising. 

birthmark,  n.  nsevus  {chiefly  spec;  tech.); 
spec,  strawberry,  tumor,  mole. 

biscuit,  ?i.  Spec,  cracker  {U.  S.),  hard- 
tack, ship  biscuit,  cracknel,  rusk,  pretzel 
{U.  S.). 

bisect,  V.  t.  halve,  hemisect  {rare),  middle 
{naut.). 

bishop,  n.  prelate,  pontifex  {rare),  pontiff 
{historical  or  spec),  primate,  presul  {rare); 
spec,  metropolitan,  patriarch,  pope,  ex- 
arch, diocesan,  archbishop,  chorepisco- 
pus  {hist.),  suffragan,  episcopacy  (a  col- 
lective; loith  "the"). 

bishopric,  n.  1.  *See  diocese. 
2.  bishophood,     bishopry,     lawn     {fig.), 
primacy,  prelateship,  prelacy,  prelature, 
episcopacy,  episcopate;    spec  exarchate. 

bitch,  n.  dog  {contextual),  slut,  lady 
{cant  or  euphemistic);  spec,  brach, 
brachet. 

bite,  V.  t.  1.  fang  {rare);  spec,  nibble,  nip, 
gnaw,  gnash,  scrunch,  champ,  chop,  sav- 
age, snap,  tooth  {rare),  worry.  Most  of 
these  synonyms  are  also  used  absolutely  or 
intransitively. 

2.  See    cut,    vs^ound,    corrode,     pain, 
hold,  sting,  etc. 

bite,  n.  Spec  nibble,  crunch,  scrunch, 
nip,  champ,  snap,  gnash. 

biting,  a.  1.  mordant  {rare),  mordacious 
{learned) . 

2.  See  ACRID,   stimulating,   acrimoni- 
ous, SARCASTIC. 

bitter,  a.  1.  Spec,  gaily,  bitterish. 
2.  See  ACRIMONIOUS,  severe,   painful, 
sorrowful. 

bitter,  v.  t.  embitter  {emphatic),  sour. 
Antomjms:  see  sweeten. 


|SJ=  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
big-bellied:    corpxdent. 
bight:   bay,  loop. 
bigot:    fanatic. 
bigoted:    narrow. 
bigotry:    fanaticism. 
bigwig :   per  so  nage . 


bilateral:    two-sided. 

bilge:    protuberance. 

bilk,  V.  t.:  defeat,  deceive,  cheat. 

bilk,  n.:  trick. 

bill:   caress. 

billet,  n.:   stick. 

billet,  n.:   letter,  position. 


billet,  V.  t.:  lodge. 
billon:   alloy. 
binder:   baiid. 
birthplace:   source. 
birthright:     hereditament. 
biserial:   two-rowed. 
bit:    morsel,  particle. 


tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
40 


BLEND 


black,  a.  1.  dark,  jet,  pitchy,  jetty,  piceous 
{rare),  coaly,  nigrous  {rare),  Cimmerian 
{fig.;  literary),  sooty,  atramentous  {rare), 
swart  {chiefly  spec),  inky,  sable,  atra- 
mentaceous  {literary). 
Antonyms:   see  white. 

2.  See  DEPRESSING,  MALEVOLENT,  WICK- 
ED,  OUTRAGEOUS,  THREATENING. 

blackball,  ?i.  pill  {slang),  pip   {colloq.  or 

slattg) . 
blacken,  v.  t.  1.  black,  nigrify  {rare);  spec. 
soot,  ink,  besoot  {intensive),  besmutch 
{intensive),  besmut  {intensive),  cork,  be- 
grime {intensive),  charcoal,  blackwash, 
ebonize. 
Antonyms:  see  whiten. 

2.    See  STAIN,  SULLY. 

blackened,    a.    blacked;       spec,    inked, 

corked,  smutty,  etc. 
bladder,   n.     Spec,   vesica,   vesicle,   cyst, 

sac,  gall,  sound. 
bladdery,  a.  bladderform  {rare);  also,  {all 

tech.    or   learned),   vesiculose,   vesiculous, 

cystic,  vesicular,  vesiculiform. 
blade,  n.  1.  flat;   spec,  spoon,  vane,  wash, 

limb,  web,  languet,  spear,  brand  {poetic 

or  archaic),  snare,  colter  or  coulter. 

2.  See  cutter,  feather. 

3.  spark,  bawcock  {archaic),  blood,  dash- 
er {colloq.),  galliard  {archaic);  spec. 
Johnny  {colloq.),  rake,  jeunesse  doree 
{French),  buck,  roysterer. 

blamable,  a.  culpable  {with  "of"),  fault- 
ful  {rare),  blameworthy,  delinquent, 
faulty,  censurable;  spec,  vituperable 
{rare);  see  guilty,  sinful,  reprehen- 
sible. 
Antonyms:  see  blameless,  sinless,  in- 
nocent. 

blame,   n.    1.   fault,    culpability,    blame- 
worthiness,  censurableness ;     see  guilt, 
sinfulness,  reprehensibility. 
2.  censure,  reflection,  criticism,  dispraise, 
mispraise  (rare);   see  reproof,  censure. 

blame,  v.  t.  censure,   criticize,  inculpate 
{rare),  dispraise  {rare),  mispraise  {rare); 
see  reprove,  censure. 
Antonyms:   see  acquit,  excuse. 

blameless,  a.  faultless,  unblamable  {rare), 
innocent,  incensurable  {rare),  irreproach- 


able, irreprovable  {rare),  inculpable  {rare), 
irreprehensible  {rare),  unimpeachable; 
see  SINLESS,  innocent,  guiltless. 

Antonyms:  see  blamable,  sinful,  guil- 
ty, reprehensible. 

blaming,  n.  censure,  criticism,  inculpation; 
see  reproof,  censure,  accusation. 

bland,  a.  1.  smooth,  inirritant  {rare),  vel- 
vety, velvet. 
Antonyms:  see  acrid,  corrosive,  harsh, 

PUNGENT. 

2.  See  SMOOTH,  plausible. 
blank,     a.     1.     See    absolute,     empty, 

BARE,   confused,   UNADORNED. 

2.  thoughtless,  vacuous,  vacant,  inex- 
pressive, unexpressive,  dull,  expression- 
less. 

Antonyms:    see  expressive,  thought- 
ful, pleased,  etc. 

blanket,  n.  cover,  wrap,  whittle  {obs.  or 
dial.);  spec,  mackinaw,  shroud. 

blaze,  n.  1.  See  flame,  flash,  out- 
burst. 

2.  Referring  to  a  marking  on  an  animal: 
spec,  spot  {contextual),  star,  snip,  cloud. 

blazon,  v.  t.  1.  In  heraldry:  emblazon. 
2.  See  describe,  depict,  show. 

blazonry,  n.   1.  See  arms,   show,   depic- 
tion, display. 
2.  blazoning,  emblazonry,  blazonment. 

bleach,  v.  t.  whiten  {contextual),  blanch, 
decolorize  {chiefly  tech.). 

blear,  a.  1.  Referring  to  the  person:  blear- 
eyed,  bleared,  bleary,  dim-eyed,  dim- 
sighted,  sand-blind  {archaic). 

Antonyms:   see  bright-eyed. 
2.  Referring  to  the  eyes:    bleary,  bleared, 
cloudy,  blurred,  dimmed,  lackluster,  dull. 

blear,  v.  t.  &  i.  dull,  blur,  cloud,  dim. 

bleat,  V.  i.  &  n.  cry  {contextual),  baa,  blat, 
blate. 

bleed,  v.  t.  1.  blood  {archaic);  spec,  phle- 
botomize, venesect,  cup,  leech,  deplete. 

bleed,  v.  i.     Spec,  shed,  flow,  ooze,  drop. 

bleeding,  n.  bloodletting;  spec,  phlebot- 
omy, venesection. 

blend,  v.  t.  mix  {contextual),  mingle  {con- 
textual); spec,  fuse,  amalgamate,  interfuse, 
intergrade,  gradate;  see  adulterate. 
Aidonyms:   see  separate. 


X^^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

bivouac:    camp. 

bizarre:  fantastic,  odd,  un- 
familiar, extravagant. 

blab:   UMle. 

blab,  blabber:    tattler. 

blackguard,  n.:  rascal. 

blackguard,  v.  t.:   abuse. 

black-hearted:  wicked,  ma- 
levolent. 

blackleg:    cheat. 

blackmail:    e.ctortion. 

blameworthy:    blamable. 

blanch:    whiten,  bleach,  pale. 


blandish:    cajole. 

blank,  v.  t.:   defeat. 

blare:    trumpet,  sound. 

blaspheme:    curse,  abuse. 

blasphemous:  impious,  ir- 
reverent, abusive. 

blast,  71.:  wind,  charge,  ex- 
plosion. 

blast,  V.  t.:  blow,  blight,  ruin. 

blasted:    accursed. 

blat,  V.  i.:   bleat,  chatter. 

blat,  V.  t.:    blurt,  tattle. 

blatant:   boisterous,  clamorous. 

blate:    bleat,  chatter. 


blaze,  V.  i.:  flame,  shine. 
blaze,  V.  t.:  advertize. 
blazing:  flaming,  flashing. 
blazon:     arms,  description,  de^ 

piction. 
bleak:    exposed,  cold,  gloomy. 
blear,  n.:   blur. 
bleary:    blear. 
bleb:    vesicle,  bubble. 
blemish,  v  I.:  damage,  impair, 

sully. 
blemish,  n.:  fault,  impairment. 
blench:    shirk. 
blend,  v.  i.:   unite,  harmonize. 


(S^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

41 


BLENDING 


blending,  o.  confluent  (learned). 

bless,  V.  t.   1.  See  consecrate,  beatify, 

CONGRATULATE,  PRAISE. 

2.  In  the  sense  of  "to  invoke  the  divine  good 
trill  or  protectiqii  upon":    sain  {archaic). 

Antonjjms:  see  curse. 
blessed,  a.  1.  blest  (a  variant). 

AntoHifms:  see  accursed. 

2.    See  CiLAD,   HALLOWED. 

blessing,  n.  1.  benediction,  benison  (ar- 
chaic or  poetic),  benedicite  (Latin);  spec. 
grace  (at  table). 
Antonyms:  see  cursing. 
2,  See  ciOOD. 

blight,  I',  t.  blast,  nip,  strike;  spec,  blow, 
infect,  wither,  rust,  mildew,  sear,  brand, 
burn,  bunt,  choke. 

Antonyms:  see  aid,  cherish,  strength- 
en. 

blighted,  o.  blasted,  nipped,  stricken; 
spec,  rusty,  blown,  etc. 

blind,  a.  1.  sightless,  visionless,  dark,  un- 
seeing, unperceiving,  rayless;  spec,  eye- 
less (often  Jig.),  moon-eyed,  moon-blind, 
blindfold,  blindfolded,  stockblind,  stone- 
blind. 

2.  unperceiving,  undiscerning,  uncompre- 
hending, unseeing,  blindfold  (fig.),  dark, 
senseless,  insapient  (rare),  benighted  (lit- 
erary); see  disregardful. 

Antonyms:   see  discerning,  prophetic. 

3.  closed  (at  the  end),  cajcal  (tech.) 

4.  Referring  to  walls  etc.,  that  have  no 
opening  through:  blank. 

5.  See  unintelligible,  hidden,  illegi- 
ble, CHANCE. 

blind,  V.  t.  1.  blear,  darken,  purblind, 
quench  (the  eye;  literary);  spec,  squint, 
blink,  exoculate  (rare),  excecate  (rare), 
gouge,  seel,  hoodwink;  see  dazzle. 
2.  darken  (the  mind),  benight,  hoodwink 
(Jig.),  deaden. 

blindly,  adv.  Spec,  darkly,  unseeingly, 
gropingly,  unperceivingly,  etc. 

blindness,  n.     Spec,  sightlessness,  dark- 
ness, senselessness,  benightedness  (liter- 
ary), etc. 
Antonyms:  see  sight,  insight. 

blister,  n.  vesication  (tech.),  vesicle  (tech. 
or  learned);   spec,  blain  (rare),  bullation. 

bloat,  V.  t.  inflate,  swell,  puff  (chiefly  with 
"up"),  distend. 

Antonyms:  see  contract,  deflate, 
shrink. 

block,  n.  1,  mass  (contextual);  spec,  clog 
(chiefly  Scot.),  clump,  scotch,  brick,  bri- 
quette, briquet,  square,  die,  cube,  pad,  | 


loaf,  mold,  nub,  set,  stock  (rare),  dado; 
see  PIECE. 

2.  Referring  to  buildings:   insula  (Roman 
antiq.),  island  (rare);  spec,  square. 

3.  See   BLOCKING,    PATTERN,   BLOCKHEAD, 
quantity,  DIVISION,  STOP. 

block,  V.  t.  1.  obstruct,  jam  (rare),  jamb, 
choke,  blockade  (fig.  or  spec);  spec,  ram, 
scotch. 

2.  See    STOP,  DEFEAT,  SHAPE,  OUTLINE, 
PROP. 

blockhead,  n.  simpleton,  dunce,  stupid, 
ass  (contemptuous),  dolt,  dullard,  block, 
stick  (colloq.),  chump  (colloq.  or  slang), 
numskull,  stock  (rare),  dunderhead, 
blunderbuss,  blunderhead,  clod,  clodpate, 
clodpoll,  cod's-head  (slang),  buzzard 
(rare),  chucklehead  (chiefly  dial.),  coof 
(Scot.),  pigsconce  (contemptuous;  rare), 
oxhead  (colloq.),  loggerhead,  lunkhead 
(slang,  U.  S  ),  woodenhead  (colloq.), 
hardhead  (colloq.),  booby  (colloq.),  doddy- 
poll  (obs.  or  rare),  cuddy  (chiefly  Scot.), 
idiot  (slang  or  contemptuous),  dummy 
(colloq.),  driveler  (contemptuous),  idiot 
(contemptuous),  imbecile  (contemptuous), 
mome  (archaic),  foozle  (colloq.),  saphead 
(slang,  contemptuous),  jolthead  (rare), 
dotterel  (j^^.),  wiseacre  (ironical  or  sar- 
castic) . 
Antonyms:  see  scholar,  wiseacre. 

blocking,  n.  obstruction,  block,  jamming, 
choking,  choke,  blockade  (Jig.  or  spec). 

blond,  blonde,  a.  fair,  light;  spec,  albino. 
Antomjms:  see  brunet. 

blood,  n.  1.  claret  (slang),  drops  (pi.;  by  el- 
lipsis); spec,  gore,  cruor,  grume,  ichor 
(Greek  myth.). 

2.  See  SAP,  family,  relation,  ill  tem- 
per, BLADE. 

blood,  V.  t.    1.  See  bleed. 
2.  bloody,    engore    (rare),    bebleed    (ar- 
chaic; intensive). 

bloodless,  a.  1.  anajmic  (chiefly  med.),  ex- 
sanguine (rare),  exsanguious  (rare),  ex- 
sanguinous  (rare). 

2.    See  PEACEABLE,  UNFEELING. 

bloodshed,  n.  bloodletting;  spec,  slaugh- 
ter. 

bloodshot,  a.  red  (contextual);  spec,  in- 
flamed. 

bloodthirsty,  a.  cannibal,  bloody,  tiger- 
ish,   sanguinary    (bookish),    sanguineous 
(rare) . 
Antonyms:  see  gentle. 

bloody,  a.  1.  red  (contextual),  sanguinary 
(unusual  in  the  literal  sense),  sanguineous 


XW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
blindfold:   blind. 
blink,  T.  i.:  wink,  flicker,  shine. 
blink,  V.  t.:   avoid,  ignore,  shirk. 
blink,  n.:  wink,  moment,  flash, 
flicker. 


bliss:    gladness,  good. 
blissful:    glad. 
blithe:    glad,  cheerful,  gay. 
blithesome:        glad,    cheerful, 

cheering,  gay. 
blizzard:    storm,  wind. 


bloat,  a.:    inflated,  swollen. 
bloat,  n.:   drunkard. 
blockade,  v.  t.:  block,  besiege. 
blockade,  n.:   siege. 
bloodletting:  bleeding,  bloodshed. 
bloodsucker:  extortioner. 


iW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

42 


BOARISH 


(rare),  haematic  (tech.),  sanguine  (poetic 
or  rhetorical),  ensanguined  (literary); 
spec,  crimson  (contextual),  purple  (con- 
textual), gory,  sanguinolent  (chiefly  vied.), 
reeking. 

2.  See  HOMiciDAii. 
bloom,  n.  1.  See  flower  (referring  to  a 
single  blossom),  flush,  efflorescence, 

POWDER,  PRIME. 

2.  Referring  to  the  state:  flower,  blossom, 
anthesis  (tech.),  efflorescence  (tech.),  flo- 
rescence (tech.  or  learned),  blowth  (rare). 

3.  Flowers  collectively:  efflorescence 
(tech.),  bloomage  (rare),  blossom  (rare). 

blotch,  n.  1.  spot,  area  (learned;   context- 
ual), patch;  spec,  stigma. 
2.  See  vesicle. 

blouse,  n.  Spec,  smock,  smock  frock, 
camorra  (Italian),  camise,  garibaldi, 
tunic. 

blow,  n.  1.  stroke,  impact,  clip  (colloq.), 
bufi"et  (chiefly  spec.) ,  coup  (French),  smite 
(chiefly  rhetorical);  spec,  smite,  bang,  bat, 
beat,  bounce,  ding  (dial.),  thump  (col- 
loq.), douse  (rare),  crack,  clout  (dial,  or 
vulgar),  clour  (Scot,  or  dial.  Eng.),  douser 
(dial,  or  slang),  punch,  plug  (slang), 
smash  (colloq.),  dad  (chiefly  dial.  &  Scot.), 
push  (chiefly  dial.),  lick  (slang  or  vulgar), 
welt  (colloq.  or  slang),  whack  (colloq.), 
thwack,  slam,  crack,  wipe  (slang),  drub, 
dump,  dash,  dab,  dazzler  (sZan.^),.double- 
thonger  (colloq.),  cut,  clash,  clap,  bang, 
floorer  (slang  or  cant),  dunt  (chiefly  Scot^, 
stinger  (colloq.),  swipe  (colloq.),  counter, 
sidewinder  (U.  S.),  kick,  bastinado, 
punch,  left-hander,  right-hander,  slash, 
rap,  wallop  (slang),  plunk  (slang),  sock- 
dologer  (slang,  U.  S.),  slug  (colloq.),  whop 
(colloq.),  whang  (dial,  or  colloq.),  tunk 
(colloq.  or  dial.),  bump,  stamp,  facer 
(colloq.),  smack  (colloq.),  thumper  (rare), 
fisticuffs  (pi.);  see  cuff,  slap. 
Antonyms:  see  caress. 
2.  See  disaster. 

blow,  V.  i.  1.  Spec,  bluster,  flaw,  whiff, 
whiffle,  fan,  breeze  (rare),  storm,  puff, 
fuff  (rare  or  Scot.),  blast  (rare  or  obs.). 

2.  See  exhale,  boast. 

3.  pant,  puff,  fuff  (rare  or  Scot.). 

4.  Spec,  toot,  tootle. 

blow,  v.  t.    1.  wind   (pron.  wind);    spec. 
blast,    puff,    bugle,    toot,    tootle;       see 
trumpet. 
2.  See  inflate,  blight. 


blow,  n.  1.  blowing,  bluster;  spec,  perfla- 
tion (rare  or  tech.),  whiff,  puff. 

2.  See  WIND. 
blunder,  v.  i.  1.  err,  slip,  bungle,  boggle 

(colloq.),  foozle  (slang  or  often  cant  and 

spec);  spec,  solecize,  muff. 

2.  stumble,  slip,  flounder. 
blunder,    n.    1.  error    (contextual),    slip, 

bungle,  boggle  (colloq.);  spec,  muff,  bull, 

solecism. 

2.  stumble,  slip,  flounder. 
blunt,  a.  1.  dull;    spec,  pointless,  round, 

turned,  duUish. 
Anto7iyms:  see  sharp,  pointed. 

2.  See  DULL  (mentally),  insensible. 

3.  bluff,  burly  (archaic),  abrupt,  plump, 
direct,  outspoken,  plain-spoken,  flat, 
brusque,  round,  crisp;  see  rough. 

Antonyms:  see  gentle,  smooth,  smooth- 
spoken. 

blunt,  V.  t.  1.  dull;    spec,  unedge  (rare), 
turn,  round,  rebate  (rare). 
Antonyms:    see  sharpen. 
2.  See  DULL  (mentally). 

blur,  n.  1.  See  smear,  stain,  sullt. 
2.  Referring  to  vision:  blear  (rare),  cloud, 
dimness,  indistinctness. 

blurt,  V.  t.  utter  (contextual),  plump,  blat 
(colloq.),  bolt  (rare). 

blush,  V.  i.  redden,  rouge  (rare),  ruddy 
(rare),  flush. 
Antonyms:   see  f alb. 

blushing,  a.  rubescent  (learned),  erubes- 
cent (rare),  flushed,  ruddy,  rosy. 
Antonyms:   see  pale. 

bluster,  v.  i.  1.  See  blow. 
2.  bounce  (rare),  hector,  roister,  swagger, 
buHy,  ruffle,  gasconade  (literary),  vapor 
(literary),  swell,  bravado;   see  rage. 
Antonyms:   see  cringe,  coax. 

bluster,  rt.  1.  See  blow,  wind. 
2.  bravado,  swagger;    spec,  jingo,  jingo- 
ism,   chauvinism    (learned),   vaporing   or 
vapor  (literary). 

blusterer,  n.  swaggerer,  bully,  bouncer  (col- 
loq.), roister  or  {now  more  usual)  roisterer, 
buster  (slang),  swasher,  swash  (rare),  etc. 

board,  v.  t.  1.  approach  (o  ship). 

2.  enter  (a  train). 

3.  entrain  (put  aboard  a  train). 

board,  n.     Spec,  deal,  plank,  panel,  slab, 

clapboard,  gangboard. 
boarding  house,    pension  (French;  chiefly 

referring  to  a  boarding  house  in  continental 

Europe) . 


5^°  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
bloom:   flower,  thrive,  flush. 
bloomy:   flowery,  thriving. 
blossom,  n.:   flower,  bloom. 
blossom,  V.  i.:  flower. 
blot,  71.:   spot,  stain,  sully. 
blot,  V.  t.:    spot,  cancel,  sully, 
stain,  hide,  dry. 


blotch:   spot,  stain. 

blowy:    windy. 

blowzy:   red,  slovenly. 

blubber:    cry. 

bluestocking,  n.:  pedant,  pre- 
cisian. 

bluestocking,  a.:  precious,  pe- 
dantic. 


blufl,  V.  t.:  deceive. 
bluS,  n.:  pretense. 
blunder,  v.  t.:    botch,  misman- 
age. 
blur:    smear,  sully,  blear. 
blurred:   blear. 
board,  n.:    tack. 
boarisb:  .iwinish,  beastly,  cruel. 


t^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
43 


BOAST 


boast,  V.  i.  brag,  vaunt,  vapor  (lifcran/), 
bounce  (rare),  blow  (dial,  or  colloq.), 
cackle  {cant  or  slang),  bluster,  flourish, 
swaiih,  gasconade  [literary),  crack  (ar- 
chaic); spec,  rodomontade  (literary). 

boaster,  n.  bragger,  brag,  braggart,  lex- 
iphancs  (rare;  literary),  braggadocio, 
vaunter,  vaporer  (literary),  bouncer, 
cracker,  fanfaron  (French),  mouther  (cori' 
temptuous),  gasconader  (rare),  Gascon 
(literary),  swashbuckler,  hector,  killcow 
(obs.  or  dial.),  puff  (archaic),  puckfist 
(contemptuous),  Rodomont  (literary;  fig.), 
Thraso  (literary;  fig.);  spec.  Scaramouch 
(literary;  fig.),  Tartarin  (literary;  fig.). 

boastful,  a.  bragging,  braggart,  vaunt- 
ing, lexiphanic  (rare;  literary),  bouncing 
(rare),  tongue-valiant  (rare),  rodomon- 
tade (rare).  Thrasonical  (literary;  fig.), 
Thrasonic  (literary;  fig.),  mouthy  (col- 
loq.), flaunty  (rare),  self-glorious  (rare), 
vaunty  (Scot.),  windy  (colloq.  or  slang), 
vainglorious;  see  bombastic. 
Antonyms:  see  modest. 

boasting,  n.  bragging,  braggery  (rare), 
braggadocio,  braggartism,  cockahoop, 
(rare),  vaunting,  vaporing  (literary) ,  vaunt- 
ery  (rare),  vaporosity  (rare),  jactitation 
(rare),  vainglory,  fanfaronade  (literary), 
rodomontade  (literary),  gasconade  (liter- 
ary), gloriation  (rare),  blow  (colloq.);  see 

BOMBAST. 

boat,  n.  1.  vessel  (contextual),  bark  (po- 
etic); spec,  sandal,  sampan,  shallop, 
skimming  dish  (colloq.),  skiff,  randan, 
umiak  or  oomiak,  sharpy,  rocker  (chiefly 
U.  S.),  rum-tum,  punt,  sculler,  torpid 
(slang,  Eng.),  sink  (U.  S.),  flat,  flatboat, 
pontoon  or  ponton,  tow,  dinghy,  praam, 
pinnace,  cutter,  drover,  currach  (Scot,  or 
Irish),  dahabeeyah,  canoe,  gondola,  gig, 
pair-oar.  cot  (Irish),  caique  (French), 
barge,  coracle,  bateau  (chiefly  Canada  and 
Louisiana),  scout,  Bucentaur,  yawl. 
2.  sauce  boat,  gravy  boat. 

boatman,  n.  boatsman,  boater;  spec,  row- 
er, sculler,  barcarole  (Italian),  w^aterman, 
wherry  man,  dandi  (Anglo-Indian) ,  keel- 
man  (dial.  Eng.  &  Scot.),  lighterman, 
gondolier,  hoveler  (Eng.). 

boat-shaped,  a.  navicular  (literary  or 
tech.),  naviform  (rare),  cymbiform  (tech.), 
scaphoid  (tech.). 

bodily,  a.  physical  (contextual),  somatic 
(tech.),  corporeal,  corporal,  carnal,  flesh- 
ly, earthly;    spec,  unspiritual,  personal. 


Antonyjus:    see  ethereal,   spiritual, 

GHOSTLY. 

bodily,  adv.  1.  corporally,  carnally,  cor- 
poreally. 

2.  en  masse  (French),  bodaciously  (dial.. 
Southern  U.  S.). 

body,  n.  1.  corpus  (now  hiunoroxis  or  gro- 
tesque), form,  case  (rare),  clod  (fig.),  bulk 
(disparaging)  ,c0ivca,?,9,  (contemptuous),  hulk 
(contemptuous;  chiefly  spec). 
Antonyms:  see  mind,  soul,  ghost. 

2.  carcass  (noiv  contemptuous  when  used 
of  a  human  corpse),  form  (contextual),  ca- 
daver (chiefly  spec,  and  tech.),  lich  (ar- 
chaic), corpse  (a  human  body),  corse 
(chiefly  poetic  or  archaic),  carrion  (obs.  or 
archaic),  remains  (pi.;  euphemistic);  spec. 
kill,  mummy,  carnage  (a  collective  with 
"the"). 

Antonyms:  see  soul,  ghost. 

3.  trunk,  soma  (tech.),  corporation  (/m- 
morous  or  slang),  torse  or  torso  (sculp- 
ture); spec,  waist,  bust. 

4.  Spec,  (in  the  sense  of  "the  main  part") 
nave,  aisle,  cell  or  cella,  hull,  centrum, 
enceinte  (French),  buck  (dial.,  exc,  U.  S., 
in  "buckboard"),  purview,  nacelle,  limou- 
sine, sedan. 

Antonyms:   see  border,  edge,  branch, 
RIM,  vestibule. 

5.  mass,  form,  figure,  consistence  (rare); 
spec,  bulk,  hulk,  corpuscle,  corpuscule, 
aggregation,  mobile  (rare),  atom,  atomy, 
pygmy,  mite,  particle,  piece,  fragment, 
etc. 

6.  corps,  force,  troop  (chiefly  spec),  ar- 
ray, army  (fig.  or  spec);  spec  detach- 
ment, squad,  committee,  regiment,  bat- 
talion, etc. 

7.  See  BULK,  gathering,  force,  person, 

TRUNK,  SUBSTANCE,  STRENGTH,  QUANTITY, 
material,  PRINCIPLE,  ASSOCIATION. 

bogy,  n.  bogey,  demon  (contextual),  spec- 
ter, hobgoblin,  scarecrow  (fig.),  buga- 
boo, boggard  or  boggart  (rare),  goblin, 
boggle,  bogle,  bug  (obs.  or  dial.);  spec 
rawhead,  bloodybones;  see  bugbear. 

boil,    V.  t.   seethe  (archaic   or   literary   or 

a  cookery  term),  scald;   spec,  wallop  (dial. 

or   tech.),    cree    (dial.),    parboil,    decoct 

(tech.),  coddle,  stew,  poach,  elixate  (tech.). 

Antonyms:  see  freeze. 

boil,  V.  i.  1.  bubble,  seethe  (archaic  or  liter- 
ary or  a  cookery  term),  ebulliate  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  freeze. 
2.  See  RAGE. 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

boat,  T.  i.:  sail. 

bob,   n.:    plummet,  jerk,   bow, 

bunch. 
bob,  V.  t.:  jerk,  dock,  refrain. 
bob,  V.  i.:  bow. 


bobble:  jiggle. 

bode:   forebode,  signify. 

boding,  a.:   significant. 

bodyguard:    escort,  retinue. 

bog:    marsh. 

bogey:    bogy. 


boggle,  V.  i.:  shy,  object,  bungle. 

boggle,  n.:   shy. 

boggle,  n.:   bogy. 

boggy :    marshy. 

bogle:    bogy. 

bogus:    pretended. 


XW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

44 


BOOKWORM 


boil,  n.  seethe  {rare);  spec,  wallop  (dial,  or 
tech.). 

boiled,  a.  sodden  {iiow  rare). 

boiler,  n.     Spec,  caldron,  copper. 

boiling,  n.  agitation  (contextual),  bub- 
bling, ebullition  (learned  or  tech.),  ebul- 
lience (rare),  coction  (literary  or  affected), 
gurgitation  (rare);  spec,  elixation  (rare), 
decoction. 

boisterous,  n.  noisy  (contextual),  riotous, 
roaring,  robustious  (rare),  rumbustious 
(colloq.),  clamorous,  wild  (contextual),  up- 
roarious, rampant,  rampageous,  tumult- 
uous, noisy,  turbulent,  vociferous,  bla- 
tant;   see  ROUGH,  CLAMOROUS. 

Antonyms:  see  calm,  motionless,  si- 
lent. 
bold,  a.  1.  assured  (formal  or  literary), 
stout,  stout-hearted,  daring,  forward,  au- 
dacious, fearless,  dreadless  (rare),  intrep- 
id (formal),  confident,  undaunted,  daunt- 
less, hardy,  unapprehensive  (rare),  nervy 
(colloq.  or  slang),  dour  (Scot.),  unfearful 
(rare),    free,    cool,    impavid    (rare);     see 

BRAVE,  RECKLESS,  IMPUDENT,  INDECENT, 
VENTURESOME. 

Antonyms:    see    timid,    afraid,    fear- 
ful,     ANXIOUS,       cowardly,      BASHFUL, 
MODEST. 
2.    See  STEEP,  BLUFF,  PROJECTING. 

boldness,  n.  stoutness,  nerve  (colloq.), 
hardihood,  audacity,  daring,  intrepidity, 
assurance,  face,  etc. 

Antonyms:  see  timidity,  fear,  anxiety, 
etc. 

bombast,  n.  boasting,  extravagance,  rant, 
stuff  (contextual),  turgescence  (rare),  tur- 
gidity  or  turgidness  (formal  or  literary), 
tumidity  (rare),  rodomontade  (literary), 
mouthing  (contemptuous),  tympany 
(rare),  loftiness  (contextual),  magniloquy 
(rare),  sonorousness  (contextual),  mag- 
niloquence (less  common  than  "grandilo- 
quence''), grandiosity,  grandiloquence, 
grandiloquism  (rare),  inflation,  heroics 
(pi.;  sarcastic), _  fustian  (contemptuous), 
highfalutin  or  highfaluting  (colloq.),  flatu- 
lence (rare),  swellingness  (rare),  swollen- 
ness  (rare),  bombastry,  lexiphanticism 
(rare),  pomposity,  gas  (slang),  Johnson- 
ese (fig.);  spec,  spread-eagleism  (U.  S.), 
euphuism,  rant. 

bombastic,  a.  boastful,  sounding,  stilted, 
tumid  (literary  or  formal) ,  turgid  (literary 
or  formal),  grandiloquent,  grandiloquous 
(rare),  turgent  (rare),  pompous,  plethoric 


(literary),  flatulent  (rare),  puffed,  mag- 
niloquent (less  usual  than  "grandilo- 
quent"), mouthing  (contemptuous),  oro- 
tund (contemptuous;  learned),  grandiose, 
grand  (contextual),  lofty,  mouthy  (con- 
temptuous), inflated,  fustian  (contemptu- 
ous), magnisonant  (rare),  lexiphanic 
(rare),  hyperbolical,  heroic,  extravagant, 
high-flown  (esp.  of  language),  highfalutin 
or  highfaluting  (colloq.),  high-sounding, 
magnific  (chiefly  derisive),  tall  (colloq^, 
toplofty  (colloq.,  U.  S.),  Herodian  (fig.; 
rare),  Johnsonese  or  Johnsonian  (fig.), 
Ossianic  (fig.),  sonorous  (contextual), 
swollen,  pyrotechnic  (learned),  sounding. 
Antonyms:  see  modest. 
bond,  n.  1.  union  (contextual);  spec,  coup- 
ler, coupling,  couple,  link,  bonder,  tie; 
see  band,  shackle. 

2.  nexus  (learned  or  tech.),  tie,  link, 
cord,  union,  attachment,  yoke,  connec- 
tion. 

3.  See  CONTRACT,  SURETY. 

bondage,  n.  serfdom,  serfage  or  serfhood; 
spec,    helotry   or   helotism   (Greek   hist.), 
peonage  (Spanish  American);    see  slav- 
ery. 
Antonyms:  see  freedom. 

bondman,  7i.  bondsman  (masc),  bond- 
maid (fern.),  bondwoman  (fern.),  serf; 
spec,  villein  (hist.),  carl  (obs.  or  hist.), 
vassal,  helot  (Greek  hist.),  peon  (Spanish 
American);  see  slave. 
Antonyms:   see  freeman. 

bonnet,  n.  cap;  spec,  tam-o'-shanter, 
toque,  sunbonnet,  poke  bonnet,  poke. 

bonus,  n.  gift;  spec,  premium,  honorari- 
um; see  TIP. 

bon  vivant.  bonne  vivante  (French;  fern.), 
high  liver;    spec,  epicure. 
Antonyms:   see  ascetic 

bony,  a.  osteoid  (rare),  ossean  (rare),  os- 
seous (tech.). 

book,  n.  1.  volume,  tome  (literary  or  tech.); 
spec,  booklet,  packet,  incunable  (rare), 
incunabulum  (rare),  chapbook,  folio, 
quarto,  octavo,  duodecimo,  sixteenmo, 
twelvemo,  etc.,  legend  (obs.  or  eccL),  mis- 
cellany, brochure,  livret  (dim.;  French), 
pamphlet,  journal,  blotter,  ledger,  codex, 
treatise,  handbook  compendium,  canto. 

2.  [Cap.]  Bible; — used  with  "the". 

3.  set  (contextual),  packet. 
bookworm,  n.  student  (contextual),  dig, 

sap,  grind,  bucker; — the  last  four  slang  or 
colloq. 


t^^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

bolster,  n.:    cushion,  support. 

bolster,  v.  i.:  cushion. 

bolt,  n.:  arrow, liyhtning, pin, roll. 

bolt,  V.  i.:  rush,  run. 

bolt,  V.  t.:  swallow,  desert. 


bolt,  )).  (.;  sift. 
bomb:    shell. 

bombard:    cannonade,  pell. 
bombardier:    gunner. 
bonbon:    .•iweetmeat. 
bond,  a.:    servile. 


bonfire:   fire. 

bon  mot:    witticism. 

bonny:     good-looking,  cheerful. 

booby:    blockhead. 

book,  1'.  t.:  list. 

bookish:    learned,  pedantic. 


fS^  See  Notes  o(  Explanation. 

45 


BOOM 


boom,  n.  arm,  beam   (anitcxtual) ,   spar; 
spec,  jib,  crane;   see  spar. 

boor,  n.  1.  See  RUSTIC. 
2.  vulfxarian  {rare),  lout,  clown,  clod- 
hopper (contcjnptuous;  colloq.),  lubber, 
churl,  carl  (archaic  or  Scot.),  carter  (fig.), 
loon,  barbarian  (lilerary),  clout  (archaic), 
lobby  (chiefly  dial.),  chuff  (obs.  or  rare); 
.•<pec.  Grobian  (Jig.;  literary). 
Antonyms:  stT  gentleman. 

boorish,  a.  I.  See  rustic. 
2.  vulgar,  ill-mannered,  clownish,  loutish, 
clodhopping  (co]ttemptuou.'i;  colloq.),  in- 
urban  (rare),  cloddish,  uplandish  (rare), 
churlish,  ill-bred,  low-bred,  barbarian 
(literary),  coarse,  woolen  (rare),  illiberal 
(literary),  carlish  (literary),  lubberly,  rude, 
uncultured;     spec,    ungentlemanly ; .    see 

AWKW.iRD. 

Antonyms:  see  accomplished,  refined, 

POLITE. 

border,   7i.    1.  bound,   bordure   (archaic), 
verge,  threshold  (spec,  or ^^.),  shirt,  fringe, 
hem;  spec.  curb. 
Antonyms:  see  interior,  body. 

2.  edge;  spec,  hem,  edging,  forel,  sel- 
vedge, dado,  orphrey,  orfray,  purfle, 
mat. 

3.  frontier,  coast  (archaic),  borderland, 
march  (hist,  in  pi.  and  with  "the";  or 
archaic),  rand  (obs.,  dial.,  or  spec);  spec. 
outskirt  (rare),  outskirts  (pi.),  wayside; 

see  BOUNDARY. 

Antonyms:  see  interior,  inland. 
border,  v.  t.   1.  skirt,   verge   (rare),  rim, 

fringe,  line  (contextual),  bound,  neighbor. 

2.  edge;    spec,  purl,  cotise,  purfle,  bind, 

dado. 
border,  v.  i.  adjoin  (contextiuil) ,  neighbor, 

bound,  touch  (contextual);  see  abut. 
bore,  V.  t.  1.  pierce  (contextual),  eat  (con- 
textual); spec,  gimlet,  drill. 

2.  See  "WEARY. 
bore,  n.  w-ave  (contextual),  eager  (a  less 

usual  name). 
borrow,  v.  t.  1.  get  (contextvxil) . 
Antonyms:  see  lend. 

2.  See  ADOPT. 
bosh,  interj.  fudge,  nonsense. 


bosom,  n.  breast,  bust  (esp.  oj  a  woman). 

bosom,  a.  gremial  {now  only  in  "gremial 
veil"). 

botch,  V.  t.  bungle,  blunder,  muddle, 
clamper  (chiefly  Scot.);  spec,  cobble,  tin- 
ker, butcher  (slang),  murder  (slang);   see 

-MISMANAGE,  REPAIR. 

botchy,  a.  bungling. 

bottle,  n.  container  (cant);  spec,  vinai- 
grette, vial  or  (more  often  tech.)  phial, 
split,  siphon,  bolthead,  demijohn,  dead- 
man  (slang  or  colloq.),  matrass,  marine 
(slang),  magnum,  Jeroboam  (literary  and 
humorous),  carafe  or  caraff,  carboy,  cruet, 
cruse  (archaic),  costrel,  goatsl-dn,  tickler 
(colloq.),  flagon,  flask,  flacon,  gourd,  cor- 
net, canteen. 

bottle-shaped,  a.  utriform  (rare). 

bottom,  n.  1.  foot,  base,  basis  (archaic), 
doup  (Scot.),  root,  sole;  spec,  keel,  culet, 
cullet,  bilge,  heel,  sump. 
Antonyms:  see  top,  peak. 

2.  bed  (of  a  body  of  water);   spec,  coulee 
(U.  S.),  channel,  basin. 

3.  intervale,    interval,    haugh    (Scot,    or 
dial.);  spec,  swale  (dial.). 

4.  See  DEPTH,   SUPPORT,  BUTTOCKS,  SEAT, 
EN*DURANCE,    DREGS. 

bottomless,  a.  baseless,  fathomless, 
plumbless  (rare). 

boudoir,  n.  cabinet  (arc)iaic),  bower  (liter- 
ary). 

bought,  a.  boughten  (cliiefly  colloq.,  U.  S., 
or  poetic),  purchased. 

bouncer,  n.  whaler,   whacker,  whopper, 
whapper,  bumper,  buster,  smasher,  sock- 
dologer  (U.  S.); — all  slang  or  colloq. 
Antonyms:  see  dwarf. 

bound,  a.  1.  fastened,  confined,  tied. 

2.  obliged,  obligated;  spec,  committed, 
liege,  indentured. 

3.  See  CERTAIN. 

bound,  V.  i.  1.  See  jump. 
2.  bounce,    rebound,    dap    (rare),   resile 
(rare);  spec,  ricochet. 

bound,  n.  1.  See  boundary,  border. 
2.  In  the  pi.   (bounds):     territory,  area, 
place,  compass,  limit,  range,  reach,  pale 
(chiefly  spec),  confine  (chiefly  in  pi.;  obs. 


t^°  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

boom,  V.  i.:  hum,  resound, 
progress,  thrive,  advance. 

boom,  V.  t.:  advance. 

boom,  71.;  hum,  resonance,  ad- 
vance. 

boon,  n.:  good,  gift. 

boon,  a.:   kind,  companionable. 

boose,  n.:    carouse,  liquor. 

boose,  V.  %.:   drink,  carotise. 

boost,  n.:   lift,  push,  advance. 

boost,  V.  t.:  lift,  push,  raise, 
advance. 

boot,  V.  t.:  shoe. 

boot,  n.:   benefit,  remedy. 

boot,  V.  t.:  benefit. 


booth:   stall. 
bootless:   useless. 
booty:    plunder,  prize. 
booze,  n.:  carouse,  liquor. 
booze,  V.  i.:  drink,  carouse. 
borderland:   border. 
bordure:    border. 
bore,  V.  t.:    annoy,  tire. 
bore,    n.:     hole,    tube,    caliber, 

annoyance. 
boreal:    northern. 
boredom:  ennui. 
borough:   town. 
borrel:    ignorant. 
borrowed:   imitated. 
I     bosh:    nonsense. 


bosk:   thicket. 

bosky:   bushy. 

bosom,  V.  t.:  embrace. 

boss,    n.:    employer,   controller, 

overseer. 
boss,  V.  t.:  direct. 
boss,  n.:  stud. 
boss,  V.  t.:  emboss,  stud. 
bossy:    studded. 
bossy:    domineering. 
bother:    trouble,  tease. 
bothersome:    troublesome. 
bough:    branch. 
boulder:    rock. 
boulevard:   road,  walk. 
bounce,  v.  i.:   bound. 


%^W  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

46 


BRAID 


or  rare);    spec,  perambulation,  division, 
purlieu;  see  sphere,  scope. 
bound,  V.  t.  1.  limit,  confine,  demarcate 
(literary  or  tech.),   circumscribe,   delimit 
{chiefly  literary),  terminate;  see  confine. 

2.    See  BORDER. 

boundary,  n.  1.  bounder  (archaic),  bound- 
ure  {ohs.  or  rare);  spec,  demarcation, 
monument,  landmark,  term,  Hermes, 
Herma,  herm,  cairn,  line. 
2.  limit,  bound  {chiefly  in  pi.),  outline,  pre- 
cinct, confine,  verge,  buttal  [ohs.  or  tech.), 
butt  {ohs.  or  rare),  bourne  {literary),  mete 
{chiefly  in  pi.  and  legal),  mere  {archaic), 
march  {historical  or  archaic),  mark  {his- 
torical or  archaic),  rubicon  {flg.),  term 
{rare),  periphery,  circuit,  circumference, 
compass,  line  {contextual),  dool  {Scot.  & 
dial.  Eng.) ,  bounder  {archaic);  see  border. 

boundary,  a.  limitary,  terminal  {rare), 
limital  {rare),  bounding,  border. 

boundless,  a.  1.  unlimited,  infinite,  term- 
less, limitless,  incomprehensible  (rare), 
immeasurable,  unbounded,  illimitable; 
spec,  shoreless. 

Antonyms:  see  limited,  narrow. 
2.  See  endless,  inexhaustible. 

bouquet,   ?z.    1.   nosegay,   boughpot   {ar- 
chaic); spec,  posy  {archaic  or  colloq.),  but- 
tonhole    {colloq.;      Eng.),     boutonniere 
{French),  buttonhole  {colloq.). 
2.  See  SMELL. 

bow  {pron.  bo),  n.  1.  See  curve. 
2.  Fiddlestick  {now  familiar  or  contemptu- 
ous). 

bow,  V.  i.  1.  {pron.  bou)  See  curve,  stoop, 

YIELD. 

2.  {pron.  bou)  Spec,  incline,  curtsy,  curt- 
sey, bob,  beck  {chiefly  Scot.),  nod,  duck, 
scrape,  caji,  salaam,  dip  {colloq.),  kotow, 
stoop,  knee,  genuflect  {rare),  conge 
{French),  congee,  lout  {archaic  or  dial.); — 
referring  to  a  gesture  of  courtesy,  respect,  or 
deference. 

3.  {pron.  bo)  bend,  curve. 

bow  {pron.  bou),  v.  t.  incline,  bend;  spec. 
prostrate,  nod,  stoop. 

bow  {pron.  bou),  v.  t.  1.  See  stoop,  over- 
come, subdue. 

2.  Spec,  incline,  bend,  stoop,  lout  {ar- 
chaic or  dial.;  rare); — referring  to  a  ges- 
ture of  courtesy,  respect,  or  deference.  I 


bow,  n.  1.  (pron.  bou)  Spec,  obeisance, 
curtsy,  curtsey,  bob,  reverence,  leg  (ar- 
chaic or  jocular),  beck  (chiefly  Scot.),  nod, 
nid-nod  (colloq.),  scrape,  salaam,  pros- 
tration, obedience  (archaic  or  dial.),  cong6 
(French),  congee,  duck,  inclination,  dip. 
2.  (pron.  bou)  prow,  stem,  head,  prore 
(poetic),  entrance  (tech.),  forepart;  spec. 
foreship  (rare),  beakhead  (rare),  fore- 
foot, forepeak,  forehold,  foresheets  (pi.), 
hawse,  luff,  forecastle,  gripe. 

bowl,  n.  1.  Spec,  mazer  (obs.  or  historical), 
crater  {Greek  antiq.),  tazza,  jorum,  Jero- 
boam (humorous),  bowie  (Scot.),  cogie 
(Scot.),  cap  (Scot.),  porringer,  brimmer. 
2.  *See  HOLLOW. 

bowl,  V.  i.  1.  See  roll. 
2.  glide,  tool,  roll; — referring  to  a  manner 
of  progress,  as  of  a  carriage. 

bow-legged,  a.  bandy-legged. 

bowl-shaped,  a.  crateriform  (tech.). 

bowstring,  n.  string,  cord,  nerve  (poetic). 

box,  V.  i.  fight  (contextual),  spar. 

box,  n.  1.  case,  container  (com.),  recepta- 
cle; spec,  canister,  chest,  cabinet,  casket, 
cassette  (French),  cassolette,  canteen,  cof- 
fin, pyx,  cofferdam,  caisson,  carton,  car- 
touche, buist  (obs.  or  Scot.),  caddy, 
drawer,  kist  (Scot.  &  dial.  Eng.),  shrine 
{archaic),  trunk,  case. 

2.  Referring  to  the  theater  box:  compart- 
ment (contextual);  spec,  loge  (French). 

3.  See  seat,  shelter. 

brace,  n.  bracer  (rare),  support  (co7itext- 
ual),  strengthener  (contextual);  spec. 
clasp,  buckle,  band,  clamp,  stay,  strut, 
bolt,  rope,  chain,  bracket,  truss,  girder, 
tie,  rod,  rider,  rib,  crib,  prop,  shore,  but- 
tress, reinforce,  reinforcement. 

brace,  v.  t.  1.  support,  strengthen,  stiffen; 
spec,  gird,  prop,  strut,  tie,  truss,  buttress, 
chain,  bracket,  rib,  stay,  reinforce,  bone, 
shore,  etc. 
2.  See  stimulate,  strengthen. 

bracket,  n.    1.   brace   (contextual);    spec. 
corbel,  console,  shoulder,  cheek,  modil- 
lion,  gusset,  cantilever. 
2.  See  SHELF. 

braid,  n.  plait,  pleat  (obs.),  brede  (archaic), 
plaiting  (a  collective);  spec,  soutache 
(French),  galloon,  cue,  leghorn  (a  collec- 
tive), Venetians  (pi.),  lace. 


tS?"  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

bound,  a.:    going. 

bounteous:  generous,  abun- 
dant. 

bountiful:  generous,  abundant. 

bounty:  generosity,  gift,  re- 
ivard,  subsidy. 

bourn:   goal. 

bourne:    goal. 

bourse :   exchange. 

bouse,  71.:   caroiisr,  liquor. 

bouse,  V.  i.:    drink,  carouse. 


bout:      round,    course,   contest, 

carouse. 
bovine:  beef.  [sioti,  interior. 

bowel:  intestine;  in  pi.;  compas- 
bower:  bedroom,  boudoir,  arbor. 
bowery:    shady. 
bowl,  V.  t.:   roll,  serve. 
bowlder:   rock. 
box:    slap. 
boxer:   fighter. 
boy:    child,  youth,  servant. 
boycott,  V.  t.:   avoid. 


boycott,  n.:   conspiracy. 
boyish.:    childish. 
bracing:    stimulating. 
brackish:    salt. 
brag,  n.:   boaster. 
bra<g,  !'•  '••■   boast. 
braggadocio:  boasting,  boaster. 
braggart,  n.:    boaster. 
braggart,  a.:   boastful. 
braee-er:    boaster. 
bragging,  a.:   boastful. 
bragging,  n.:   boasting. 


{^  See  Notes  of  Explanation, 

47 


BRAID 


braid,  v.  t.  1.  intortwinc  {contexUial) ,  plat, 
plait,  pleat  (,obs.),  brede  {obs.  or  archaic). 
2.    Ntr  BIND. 

brain,  n.  1.  headpiece  (fig.),  encephalon 
(tech.);  spec,  cerebrum,  cerebellum,  hind- 
brain,  little  brain. 
2.  In  pi.:  see  mind. 

brake,  n.  check  (rare),  stop;  spec,  clog, 
convoy,  block,  chock,  cow,  drag,  skid. 

brakeman,  n.  brakesman,  guard  (Eng.). 
"  Brakenian'  is  the  u.'iual  form. 

branch,  n.  1.  shoot,  oflfshoot,  stick  {con- 
itxtu(il),  ramus  (tech.),  rame  (rare);  spec. 
hmb,  bough,  twig,  spray,  sprig,  spire, 
start,  caulome,  bush,  phylloclade  (tech.), 
offset,  sucker,  ramulus,  ramulet,  fork, 
rootlet;  see  shoot. 
Antonyms:  see  trttnk. 

2.  division  (contextual),  ramification,  di- 
varication (learned) ,  embranchment 
(rare),  fork.,  arm,  offshoot,  offset,  throw- 
off  (rare);  spec,  stem,  loop,  spur,  bifurca- 
tion, billabong  (Australia),  anabranch 
(Australia) ;  see  arm. 

Antonyms:   see  body. 

3.  Referring  to  a  horn:  fork;  spec,  snag, 
tine,  prong,  speller,  tray,  broach,  start, 
bez-antler,  pricker. 

4.  member  (co7itextual) ;  spec,  lodge,  tent, 
court,  filiation,  chapter,  post,  corps, 
language. 

branch,  a.  rameous  (rare),  ramal  (tech.). 

branch,  v.  t.  &  i.  1.  divide,  ramify,  divari- 
cate (learned),  offset,  outbranch  (poetic), 
digitate  (rare);   spec,  dichotomize,  bush. 

2.    See  DIVERGE. 

branching,    a.    arborescent,    ramifying; 

spec,  dichotomous,  spraying;  .see  branchy. 
branchy,  a.  ramose  (tech.),  ramous  (tech.), 

branching;     spec,    ramulose,    ramellose, 

twiggy,  sprayey,  spriggy. 
brand,  n.  1.  See  sword,  blight. 

2.  character  (contextual) ,  stigma  (learned), 
print,  stamp;  spec,  crop,  burn  (context- 
vM). 

3.  mark,  chop  (in  China),  cachet 
(French);  spec,  label,  stamp,  tally. 

4.  Referring  to  goods:  quality,  make, 
class,  grade,  chop  (in  China),  stamp. 

brand,  v.  t.  1.  stigmatize  (learned  or  liter- 
ary), print,  stamp,  mark  (contextual); 
spec,  burn  (the  original  sense  of  "brand"), 
pitch,  tiver  (dial.  Eng.). 


2.  //;  commerce:  mark;  spec,  label,  tally. 
brave,  a.  1.  bold,  courageous,  stalwart, 
daring,  game  (slang  or  colloq.),  gamy  (col- 
loq.  or  slang),  dauntless,  spirited,  lion- 
hearted  (rhetorical),  valiant,  valorous,  gal- 
lant, doughty  (literary),  dour  (Scot.), 
stout,  resolute,  preux  (French),  galliard 
(archaic),  prow  (archaic),  yeomanly  (lit- 
erary); spec,  manful,  intrepid,  manly, 
chivalrous,  womanly. 
Antonyms:     see   cowardly,  unchival- 

ROUS. 

2.    See  EXCELLENT,  SHOWY. 

bravery,  n.  boldness,  courage,  daring,  val- 
or, spirit,  etc.;  cf.  brave. 
Antonyms:    see  cowardice. 
bravo,  interj.  excellent!  good!  fine! 
brawling,  7i.  1.  See  murmuring. 

2.  disputation,  quarreling;    cf.  quarrel. 
bray,  n.  &  v.  i.  cry  (contextual),  hee-haw 

(onomatopoetic;  colloq.). 
braze,  v.  t.  1.  brass,  brazen. 

2.  See  SOLDER. 
brazen,  a.  1.  brass;  spec,  brassy,  brassish. 

2.  <S'ee  SHAMELESS,  harsh,  metallic. 
brazen,  v.  t.  cheek  (slang),  face; — chiefly 

with  "out." 
brazier,  n.  firepan;  spec. brasero  (Spanish), 

hearth,  mangal  (rare),  scaldino  (Italian). 
breach,  7i.  1.  ;See  break,  surf,  violation, 

WOUND. 

2.  opening,  break,  rent,  rupture,  disrup- 
tion, ruption  (rare  or  spec);  spec,  chasm, 
fret,  split,  gap. 

3.  Referring  to  personal  relations:  division, 
rupture,  ruption,  split,  break,  schism. 

breach,  v.  t.  break,  rupture,  disrupt;  spec. 
gap. 

bread,  n.  tommy  (slang,  Eng.),  bread- 
stuff; spec,  biscuit,  eulogia  (hist.),  pone 
(Southern  U.S.),  manchet  (archaic),  muf- 
fin, roll,  rusk,  pumpernickel,  toast,  simnel 
(chiefly  historical),  showbread,  brewis 
(dial.),  bun,  crug  (slang,  Eng.),  host, 
element. 

break,  v.  t.  1.  Spec,  disrupt  (rare  or  fig.), 
rupture,  snap,  rive,  burst,  smash,  rend, 
fragmentize  (rare),  stave,  chip,  bray, 
bra!^;e,  craze,  fritter,  crash  (rare),  crumb, 
comminute,  crack,  crumple,  fracture, 
fault,  tear,  cabbie,  buck,  rag,  splinter, 
nick,    demohsh;     see   shatter,    scrape, 

BURST. 


t^"  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

brainpan:    skull. 

brainsick:   deranged. 

brainwork:    thinking. 

brainy:     intelligent. 

brake:  fern,  thicket,  brushwood. 

bramble:   brier. 

brambly:    briery. 

brandish:    swagger. 

brash,  a.:  hasty,  impetuous,  brittle. 


brash,  n.:   rubbish,  wood. 

brass,  a.:   brazen. 

brassy:   brazen. 

brat:    child. 

bravado,  n.:   bluster,  defiance. 

bravado,  v.  i.:   bluster. 

brave,  v.  t.:  defy,  face,  challenge, 
embolden. 

brave,  n.:  bully,  desperado,  war- 
rior. 


bravo:    desperado. 

brawl:    fight,  quarrel,  murmur. 

brawn:   flesh,  strength. 

brawny:   muscular,  strong. 

bray,  v.  t.:   grind. 

brayer:    pestle. 

breachy :   u  nruly. 

breadth:  width;  also,  cf.  spa- 
cious,  roomy,  liberal,  compre- 
hensive. 


{^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

48 


BREVITY 


Antonyms:    see  join,  unite,   cement, 

SOLDER. 

2.    See  BREACH,  DISARRANGE,  INTERRUPT, 

EXCEED,     RUIN,     DISCHARGE,     BANKRUPT, 

COMMUNICATE,    SUBDUE,    TAME,    VIOLATE, 

DEGRADE. 

break,  v.  i.  1.  part  {contextual);  spec,  dis- 
rupt {rare  or  fig.),  crash  {rare),  burst, 
crack,  splinter,  rend,  outburst  {rare);  see 

SHATTER,   BUBST. 

2.  Referring  to  a  wave:  comb,  wash, 
crest,  topple  {colloq.). 

3.  Referring  to  a  fish:  rise,  leap,  prime  (rare). 

4.  Referring  to  the  voice:  change,  mature. 

5.  See  FAIL,  DAWN,  BURST,  START,  CHANGE. 

break,  n.  1.  breach;  spec,  disruption  {rare 
or  fig.),  break-up,  rupture,  crush,  crash, 
smash,  snap,  burst,  debacle,  rent,  abra- 
sion, chip ;  see  burst. 

2.  in  continuity  {rare);  spec,  opening,  gap, 
rent,  nick,  chasm,  hiatus,  blank,  interval, 
lacuna,  void,  intermission,  aperture,  rift, 
fissure,  drop,  crack;  see  scrape. 

3.  Referring  to  the  waves:  spec,  wash, 
combing,  breaking. 

4.  See   interruption,    breach,    start, 

CHANGE,  TRANSITION,  RISE. 

breakable,  a.  frangible  {learned  or  book- 
ish);  see  BRITTLE. 

breaker,  n.  1.  Spec,  crusher,  smasher, 
brayer,  cracker,  etc. 

2.  wave  {contextual),  comber,  white  horse, 
surge  {a  collective) . 

breakfast,  n.  dejeuner  {French),  dejune 
{Scot.;   archaic). 

breaking,  n.  1.  breakage;  spec,  disruption 
{rare  or  fig.),  rupture  {rare),  ruption 
{rare),  fracture  {chiefiy  spec),  fraction, 
infraction  {rare),  fragmentation  {rare), 
crumblement  {rare),  irruption  {learned  or 
bookish),  inbreak  {rare),  incrash  {rare), 
rending,  inburst  {rare). 

breakwater,  n.  Spec,  mole,  framework, 
groyne,  jetty,  pier  {colloq.,    U.  S.). 

breast,  n.  1.  mamma  {of  a  female;  tech.), 
mammilla  {of  a  male;  tech.),  bubby  {dial, 
or  vulgar). 

2.  See  BOSOM,  courage. 

3.  brisket. 

breastbone,  n.  sternum  {tech.). 

breastplate,  n.  pectoral  {rare),  poitrel 
{archaic),  plastron  {hist.);    spec,  cuirass. 

breast-shaped,  a.  mammillary,  mammi- 
form ;  spec,  mastoid ; — all  three  tech. 

breath,  n.  1.  air  {contextual). 
2.  respiration,    spiration     {rare);     spec. 
snore,  pant,  puff,  yawn,  wheeze;    see  in- 
halation, EXHALATION,  SIGH. 


3.    See   EXHALATION,    WIND,    REST,    EXER« 
CISE,  MOISTURE,  TRIFLE. 

breathe,  v.  i.  1.  respire;    spec,  pant,  puff, 
pump,  snore,  wheeze;     see  inhale,  ex- 
hale, SIGH. 
2.  See  STOP. 

breathe,  v.  t.  1.  respire;    see  inhale,  ex- 
hale. 
2.  See  rest,  exhale,  utter. 

breathing,  n.  1.  respiration,  spiration 
{rare);  spec,  eupnoea,  dyspnoea,  apncea; 
see  inhalation,  exhalation. 

2.    See  REST,   UTTERANCE,   ASPIRATE. 

breathless,  a.  1.  blown,  pumped  {slang  or 
colloq.),  exhausted  {contextual),  all  in 
{slang,  Jj    S.). 

2.    See  LIFELESS. 

bred,  a.  reared,  raised  {now  chiefly  U.  S., 
and  considered  improper  or  colloq.  as  ap- 
plied to  persons);  spec,  educated. 

breeches,  n.  pi.  1,  knickerbockers  {U.  S.), 
breeks  {Scot.),  small  clothes,  smalls  {col- 
loq.), hose  {obs.  or  hist.;  chiefly  spec); 
spec  buckskins,  gaDigaskins,  corduroys; 
— all  pi. 
2.  See  TROUSERS. 

breechless,  a.  trouserless,  sansculottic 
{hist.),  unbreeched,  pantless  {vulgar). 

breed,  v.  t.  1.  Referring  to  the  female:  grow, 
create,  produce,  cherish,  form,  develop; 
spec,  hatch. 

2.  Spec,  inbreed,  cross,  interbreed,  inter- 
cross, crossbreed,  fancy. 

3.  produce,  grow,  engender,  brew,  gen- 
erate (rare); — as  in  "to  breed  trouble." 

Antonyms:  see  extinguish. 

4.  raise  {stock,  etc.). 

5.  See  CAUSE,  rear. 

breed,  v.  i.  1.  In  the  sense  of  "to  bear 
young":  generate  {rare),  reproduce, 
propagate. 

2.  In  the  sense  of  "to  he  horn":  originate 
{rare) . 

breed,  n.  stock,  brood  {chiefly  contemptu- 
ous as  used  of  men);  see  family,  race. 

breeding,  n.  1.  stirpiculture  {rare). 
2.  nurture,  education  {rare);    spec,  gen- 
tility,  gentilesse    {archaic);    see  polite- 
ness. 

breeding  place.  1.  Spec  loonery,  hen- 
nery, hawkery,  gullery,  heronry,  hatch- 
ery, beavery,  hoggery,  piggery,  rookery. 
2,  Fig.:   hotbed. 

brevity,  w.  1.  See  shortness. 
2.  Referring  to  time:  briefness,  shortness, 
littleness,  momentariness,  swiftness,  tran- 
siency, transience. 
Antonyms:  see  length. 


l^°  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

break-up: 

decomposition. 

breeder:  author. 

breakage:     breaking. 

break. 

breeze:    wind,  disturbance. 

bveakdown:    cMapse. 

breast,  v.  I 

:  oppose. 

breezy:    windy,  lively. 

breakneck:   dangerous. 

breathing. 

a.:  living. 

breve:    summary. 

(W  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

49 


BREW 


8.  Rcfarrittg  to  speech  or  uriting:    short- 
ness, curtness,  breviloquence  {affected  or 
humorous),  brachylogy  {rare),  pauciloquy 
{rare):  sfc  conciseness. 
Antonijtns:  see  prouxity. 

bribe,  v.  t.  corrupt  {contextual) ,  hire  {con- 
textual), buy,  suborn  {tech.);  spec,  oil 
{slang),  anoint  {rare;  in  "to  anoint  the 
hand'  ),  palm  {slang),  subsidize,  tip, 
fircase  {slang),  square  {colloq.). 

bribe,  n.  douceur  {French),  gratification 
[euphemistic);  spec,  sop,  graft,  grease, 
baksheesh,  tip. 

bribery,  n.  corruption  {contextual),  subor- 
nation (tech.);  spec,  subsidizing. 

bric-a-brac,  n.  knicknacks  {pi.);  spec. 
scrimshaw. 

brick,  n.  Spec,  clinker,  clink,  grizzle, 
lump,  cutcha  {Anglo-Indian),  quarl, 
header,  binder,  briquette  or  briquet. 

bricky,  a.  lateritious  {referring  esp.  to  color; 
chiefly  tech.). 

bride,  n.  wife,  Beatrice  {fig.). 

bridegroom,  7i.  husband,  groom,  bene- 
dict. Benedick. 

bridesman,  n.  best  man,  groomsman. 

bridge,  n.  1.  span;  spec,  drawbridge,  via- 
duct, bateau,  bridge,  bascule  bridge, 
Bifrost  {mythol.). 

2.    See  PLATFORM. 

bridge,  v.  t.  &  i.  span,  overbridge  {rare). 
bridgehead,  n.  tete-du-pont  {French). 
bridle,  n.  1.  headgear;  spec,  snaffle,  branks 
{used  in  punishing  a  scold;  pL). 

2.    See  RESTRAINT. 

bridle,  v.  i.  bristle. 
brief,  a.  1.  See  short. 

2.  Referring  to  time:  short  {now  obs.  or 
archaic,  exc.  in  certain  phrases),  transient, 
little,  short-lived,  swift,  momentary;    see 

EPHEMERAL. 

Aniomjms:  see  long,  endless,  eternal, 

LENGTHY. 

3.  Referring  to  speech:  breviloquent 
{rare),  curt,  curtal  {archaic);  see  concise. 

Antonyms:  see  prolix. 

brier,  n.  briar  {a  variant),  bramble;  spec. 
blackberry,  raspberry,  loganberry. 

brier,  n.  briar  (a  variant),  heath,  brier- 
wood. 

briery,  a.  briary  (a  variant),  brarably. 

bright,  a.  1.  Spec,  brilliant,  effulgent,  re- 
fulgent, glaring,  lucid  {rare),  splendid, 
splendent,  resplendent,  radiant  {rare), 
gay,  vivid,  splendorous,  splendrous,  gor- 
geous, strong  {contextual),  garish,  bright- 


some,  light,  lightsome,  transplendent 
{rare).  Orient  or  Oriental  {esp.  of  gems, 
etc.);  see  lustrous,  luminous,  shining, 

FLASHING,  GLOWING,  DAZZLING,  FLAMING. 

Antonyms:   see  dark,  dim. 

2.  Referring  to  colors:  spec,  flaming, 
flamboyant,  fresh,  lively,  flashy,  gay;  see 
SHOWY.  Alost  of  the  terms  given  under 
se7ise  1  are  also  used  as  synonyms  in  refer- 
ence to  colors. 

Antonyms:   see  dull. 

3.  Referring  to  a  career,  course  of  conduct, 
etc.:  spec,  brilliant,  dazzling,  illustrious, 
meteoric,  purple  {literary),  distinguished, 
famous. 

Antonyms:  see  obscure. 

4.  See  CHEERFUL,  CLEAR,  INTELLIGENT, 
AUSPICIOUS,   DISCERNING. 

brighten,  v.  t.  1.  illuminate,  beshine  {rare), 
illume  {literary  or  fig.),  enlighten  {chiefly 
poetic  or  rhetorical),  embrighten  {rare), 
irradiate  {literary) . 

2.  Referring  to  colors:  raise,  liven  (coHog.), 
lighten. 

3.  See  SHINE,  ENLIVEN,  CHEER. 

bright-eyed,  a.  shining-eyed,  clear-eyed. 
Antonyms:  see  blear,  dim-eyed. 

brightness,  n.  1.  Spec,  brilliance,  efful- 
gence, refulgence,  glare,  lucidity  {rare), 
splendor  or  splendour,  splendidness,  re- 
splendence, splendrousness  {rare),  gai- 
ety, strength  {contcvtual) ,  splendence 
{rare),  gorgeousness,  glister  {chiefly  liter- 
ary), sparkle,  transplendency  {rare),  Ori- 
ency  (esp.  of  gems),  glitter;  see  luster, 

luminosity,   SHINE,  DAZZLE. 

Antonyms:  see  darkness,  dimness,  ob- 
scurity. 

2.  Referring  to  colors:  spec,  flamboyance, 
freshness,  flashiness,  gayness,  gaiety, 
showiness.  Most  of  the  terms  under  sense 
1  are  also  used  of  colors. 

Antonyms:  see  dullness. 

3.  Referring  to  a  career,  performance,  etc.: 
spec,  brilliance,  illustriousness,  eclat 
{French),  distinction,  fame. 

Antonyms:   see  obscurity. 

4.  See  intelligence,  discernment. 
brindled,  a.  party-colored,  brinded,  briu- 

dle;  spec,  tabby. 
bring,  v.  t.  1.  fetch,  conduct  {a  Latinism), 
deduce  {rare),  have  {archaic);  spec,  land, 
retrieve,  draw,  get,  reduce  {rare). 
Antonyms:  see  send,  remove. 
2.  Referring  to  price,  amount,  etc.:   fetch, 
command,  reahze,  encash  {rare);  spec.  net. 


1[W  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
brew:    concoct,  devise. 
brewing:    concoction. 
briax:    brier. 
bridal:    marriage. 
oridle,  v.  t.:   restrain. 


brief,  n.:    letter,  writ,  abstract, 

summary. 
brief,  v.  t.:  abridge.  [tion. 

brigade,  n.:   division,  organizor- 
brigade,  v.  t.:   organize. 
brigand:   desperado. 


brigbten:    clear,  improve. 
brim:    edge. 
brimful:  full. 
brimmer:    bumper. 
brine:    pickle. 
brink:    edge. 


f^'  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
50 


BRUNT 


3.  reduce,  throw,  work;  spec,  reason  {esp. 
with  "into,"  "out  of,"  etc.),  conjure,  pray, 
laugh,  ridicule,  lull,  etc. 

4.  reflect  (as  censure,  doubt,  etc.),  throw, 
cast. 

5.  See  INDUCE,  PRESENT,  INTRODUCE,  IN- 
FLICT. 

brisk,  a.  1.  See  active,  rapid,   strong, 

SHARP. 

2.  smart,  perky. 
brisket,  n.  breast. 
bristle,  n.     Spec,  (tech.)  seta,  setula,  set- 

ule,  vibrissa. 
bristle,  v.  i.  1.  Referring  to  hair  or  bristles: 

erect    {learned    or    tech.),    stand,    stare 

(archaic) . 

2.    See  BRIDLE. 

bristling,  a.  horrid  (chiefly  poetic),  shag- 
gy, rough,  horrent  (chiefly  poetic). 

bristly,  a.  setaceous,  strigose,  strigate, 
setulose,  hispid,  setose,  scrubby  (rare  or 
spec),  horrent  (chiefly  poetic),  hairy  (con- 
textual);— all  exc.  "bristly,"  "scrubby," 
hairy,  and  "horrent,"  chiefly  tech. 
Antonyms:   see  smooth. 

brittle,  a.  weak  (contextual),  breakable 
(contextual),  fragile,  frail  (contextual), 
brickie  (dial.),  bruckle  (dial.),  brash 
(chiefly  U.  S.  and  spec);  spec,  delicate 
(contextual),  short,  crisp,  shattery  (rare), 
shivery,  cold-short,  hot-short ;  seecRUMBLY. 
Antonyms:  see  strong,  flexible,  un- 
breakable. 

broad,  a.  1.  See  wide,  spacious,  roomy, 
evident,  comprehensive,  unre- 
strained, general,  liberal. 

2.  full  (daylight). 

3.  pronounced  (brogue,  accent,  etc.),  Doric 
(spec,  or  fig.;  of  a  dialect,  etc.). 

broadside,  adv.  flatways,  flatwise,  side- 
wise,  sideways. 
brogue,  n.  1.  shoe,  brogan. 

2.    See  MODULATION. 

broil,  V.  t.  1.  cook  (contextual),  grill,  car- 
bonado  (obs.  or  literary);    spec,  frizzle, 
devil,  spitchcock. 
2.  See  HEAT. 

broken,  a.  1.  Spec,  disrupt  (rare  or  fig.), 
burst,  fractured,  shattered,  gapped,  rup- 
tured, torn,  rent. 
Antonyms:   see  intact,  whole. 

2.  Referring  to  one's  health:  shaken;  spec. 
run-down. 

3.  See  intermittent,  rough,  violated. 
broker,  a.   1.   See  pawnbroker,   go-be- 
tween. 


2.  agent,  middleman;    spec,  jobber. 
brokerage,  n.  brokage  (obs.,  rare,  or  spec); 

spec  pawnbrokerage,  agency  (contextual). 
brooch,  n.  clasp,  ouch,  fibula  (antiq.). 
brood,  n.   1.  hatch;    spec,  clutch,  covey, 

cletch  or  clatch  (dial.),  nide  (chiefly Eng.). 

2.  See  offspring,  race,  breed. 
brook,  n.  stream,  rivulet,  rindle  (rare  or 

dial.),  rill,  beck  (Eng.;   literary  or  dial.), 

burn  (dial,  or  Scot.),  runnel,  runlet,  run, 

streamlet,  burnie  (Scot.),  bourn  or  bourne 

(chiefly  local  Eng.  or  literary),  burn  (dial. 

and  Scot.);   spec,  gill  (dial.,  Eng.),  rillet. 
broom,  n.  brush  (contextual),  besom  (now 

chiefly  dial,  or  literary);  spec,  wisp,  pope's- 

head,  brush,  whisk,  whisker,  wing. 
broom- shaped,  a.  scopiform,   fascicular; 

— both  chiefly  tech. 
broth,  n.  broo  or  bree  (Scot.),  liquor;  spec. 

brewis  (dial.),  cuUis  (now  rare),  kale;  see 

SOUP. 

brothel,  n.  bagnio  (literary),  bordel  (obs. 
or  archaic),  bawdyhouse,  house  of  ill  re- 
pute (the  usual  legal  term). 

brother,    n.     1.    Spec,    cadet    (younger 
brother) . 
2.  See  associate,  friar. 

brotherly,  a.  1.  fraternal. 
2.  See  affectionate. 

brown,  a.  Spec,  lurid,  foxy,  hazel,  cheli- 
donian,  bay,  bayard  (archaic),  brownish, 
browny,  brunneous  (rare),  ferruginous, 
auburn,  adust  (rare),  bronze,  mahogany, 
maroon,  russet,  snuff-colored,  smoky,  rus- 
setish,  russety,  tan,  sorrel,  puce,  tawny, 
fallow,  tabac,  musteline,  fawn. 

brown,  n.  Spec,  bistre,  mummy,  feuille- 
morte  (French),  ecru  (French). 

brown,  v.  t.  embrown  (emphatic);  spec,  tan, 
russet,  scorch,  toast. 

bruise,  v.  t.  1.  injure  (contextual),  contuse 
(tech.  or  literary),  batter,  contund  (rare), 
pound  (rare);  spec  suggilate  (obs.  or  rare). 
2.  See  indent,  crush. 

bruise,  n.  1.  injury  (contextvMl) ,  contusion 
(tech.   or  literary),   batter   (rare),  pound 
(rare);    spec,  suggilation  (rare  or  tech.), 
ecchymosis,  mouse  (slang). 
2.  See  indentation. 

bruising,  a.  contusive  (bookish  or  tech.). 

brunet,  a.  dark,  brunette  (less  usual  than 
"brunet";  chiefly  fern.);  spec,  (tech.)  mel- 
anochroid,  melanous,  melanistic. 
Antonyms:   see  blond. 

brunet,  n.  brunette  (Jem.);  spec,  (tech.) 
melanochroi  (pL),  mclanoi  (pi.). 


^W  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
briny:    salt. 
British:    English. 
broach,  n.:   spit,  horn. 
broach,  v.  t.:  transfix,  open,  be- 
gin, spill,  introduce,  draw,  ream. 
broadcast:    scattered. 


broaden:  widen,  generalize, 
liberalize,  enlarge. 

brokage:    brokerage. 

brood,  v.:   incubate,  consider. 

brook:    endure. 

brotherhood:  association,  fra- 
ternity, fellojvship. 


browbeat:    bully. 
brownie:  fairy. 
browse,  «.;  fodder. 
browse,  v.  t.:  graze. 
bruit:    report. 
brummagem:   gaudy. 
brunt:  xhock. 


^[W  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

51 


BRUSH 


brush,  ti.  1.  Spec,  pon,  pencil,  rigger,  sable, 
pope's-head,  tit  eh,  card,  air  brush. 

2.    ^Vf  UKOO.M,  TUKT,  TAIL. 

brush,  r.  /.  1.  Spec,  whisk;    see  sweep. 

2.  ^'tr  c'.n.vzK. 
brushlike,  a.  scopiform  (tech.),  muscari- 

form  (/(•(•/).),  brushy  (rare). 
brushwood,  n.  1.  scrub,  brush,  bush;  spec. 

chaparral    ([/.    S.),  frith  {Eng.),    brake, 

underbrush,  rice  {Eng.). 

2.  brush; — referring  to  small  branches  cut 

up. 
brutalize,  r.  t.    Chiefly  fig.  in  sense:  ani- 

malize  (rare),  imbrute  {literary),  brutify, 

bestialize;    spec,  dehumanize  {rare),  dis- 

humanize  {rare),  sensualize,  harden. 

Antonyms:  see  refine,  spiritualize. 
bubble,    n.    1.   globule    {contextual),    bell 

{chiefly  Scot,  en-  tech.),  blob  {dial,  or  col- 

loq.),  blobber  {ohs.  or  dial.);  spec.  buUule, 

bead,  bleb,  bladder. 

2.  Referring  to  the  sound:   gurgle. 

3.  See  SHOW,  fallacy,  trifle. 
bubble,  V.  i.  1.  bell  {dial.,  Scot.,  or  tech.), 

eflfervesce  {literary  or  tech.;    often  spec), 
intumesce  {tech.;    often  spec),  rise  {con- 
textual), ebullate  or  ebulliate  {rare);  spec. 
bead,  sparkle,  gurgle,  yaw;  see  boil. 
2.  gurgle. 

bubbling,  a.  effervescent  {literary  or  tech.; 
often  spec),  effervescive  {literary  or  tech.; 
often  spec),  ebullient  {tech.;  often  spec), 
intumescent  {tech.;  often  spec),  fretting 
{rare);  spec  sparkling;   see  boiling. 

bubbling,  n.  effervescence  or  {rare)  effer- 
vescency {literary  or  tech.;  often  spec),  in- 
tumescence {tech.;  often  spec),  ebul- 
lience {rare),  ebullition  {literary  or  tech.), 
fret  {rare). 

bubbly,  a.  bubblish;  spec  bladdery,  bleb- 
by,  beady. 

bucket,  n.  Spec  tub,  scoop,  kibble,  float, 
piston,  pail,  blackjack. 

buckle,  n.  1.  clasp,  fibula  {antiq.);  spec. 
broach. 

2.    See  BEND,  TWIST. 

buckler,  n.  1.  shield,  rondache  {French); 
spec,  rounder. 

2.    See  PROTECTOR. 

bud,  n.  1.  sprout,  shoot,  gemma  {tech.), 
burgeon  {poetic),  tendron  {rare);  spec. 
button,  gemmule,  gemina,  knop  (.archaic), 
eye,  bulbil,  bulbet,  cabbage,  chit. 


2.  gemma  {biol.);   spec  {zool.)    medusa, 
medusoid,  hydra. 

bud,  IK  i.  1.  sprout  germinate,  burgeon 
{literary);  spec,  button. 

2.  gemmate  {biol.). 

3.  disbud;     spec  chit. 

bull,  n.  orange,  yellow;     spec  Isabella, 

Isabel. 
buSer,  n.  bumper;     spec,  fender,   dolly, 

cushion. 
buffer,  V.  t.  cushion. 
buffet,  n.  1.  cupboard,  sideboard. 

2.    See  EATING   HOUSE,   FOOTSTOOL. 

buffoon,  n.  clown  {chiefly  spec),  merry- 
andrew,  fool,  Jack-pudding  {archaic), 
pleasant  {obs.),  grotesque  {rare),  antic, 
pickle-herring  {rare),  merryman  {rare), 
droU,  harlequin,  zany  {orig.  spec;  rare  or 
literary);  spec,  punch,  punchinello.  Scara- 
mouch, pantaloon,  jester,  jackpudding, 
pierrot,  Harlequin,  mimic,  mummer, 
mime,  mimer,  archimime,  Goliard  {his- 
torical), gracioso  {Spanish). 

buffoon,  V.  i.  droll  {literary  or  rare),  harle- 
quinade {rare),  merry-andrew  or  merry- 
andrewize  {rare). 

buffoonery,  n.  farce,  clowTiery  {chiefly 
spec),  foolery,  harlequinade,  drollery 
{literary  or  rare) ,  merry-andrewism  {rare), 
buffoonism,  zanyism  {orig.  spec;  rare); 
spec,  mimicry,  mummery,  Harlequinade. 
Antonyms:  see  dignity. 

buffoonish,  a.  clownish,  buffoon,  antic. 
Antonyms:  see  dignified. 

bugbear,  n.  bug  {obs.  or  archaic),  bugaboo, 
scarecrow  {fig.  or  spec),  boggard  or  bog- 
gart {rare);  spec  fetish,  mumbo- jumbo; 
see  bogy. 

buggy,  a.    Spec  cimicine. 

build,  V.  t.  1.  erect,  raise,  rear,  edify  {rare), 
fabricate  {rare  or  spec),  construct,  big  or 
bigg    {Scot.);     spec,    mason,    substruct, 
superstruct,  reconstruct. 
Antonyms:  see  abate,  destroy. 

2.    See    FRAME,     BASE,     ESTABLISH,     CON- 
STRUCT, COMPOSE. 

build,  71.  1.  See  structure. 
2.  Referring  to  a  person:    physique,  set, 
set-up  {colloq.). 

builder,  n.  architect  {chiefiy  spec),  erect- 
or; spec,  jerry-builder,  carpenter,  mason. 

building,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  operation: 
erection,    fabric    {now  eccl.),   edification 


f^^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

brush,  n..-   contest,  fight. 

brusb,  n.:    brushwood,  thicket. 

brushy:    rough. 

brusque:    blunt,  rough. 

brutal:  animal,  cruel,  rough, 
coarse,  sensual. 

brute,  a.:  unreasoning,  soulless, 
insensible,  sensual,  rough,  un- 
conscious. 


brute,  n.:  animal,  beast,  fiend, 
sensualist. 

brutish:  animal,  beastlike,  un- 
reasoning, coarse,  sensual,  cruel, 
rough. 

buccaneer:    desperado,  pirate. 

buck,  n.:  deer,  dandy. 

buck,  V.  i.:  jump. 

buck,  v.  t.:  unhorse. 

bucket,  V.  t.:  draw,  drench,  drive. 


bucket,  V.  i.:  ride. 
budge.  V.  i.:   more,  yield. 
budge,  a.:   stiff,  pedantic. 
buff:    polish. 
buffet,  ».  <.;  strike,  fight. 
buffet,  V.  i.:  fight. 
bug:    insect. 
bugaboo:  bttgbear. 
bugle:    horn. 
build,  V.  i.:  rely. 


XW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
52 


BURDEN 


(rare),  architecture,  construction,  fabri- 
cation (rare  or  spec). 
2.  Referring  to  what  is  built:  edifice  (usii- 
allyspec.),  erection  (formal),  fabric,  struc- 
ture, construction;  spec,  substructure, 
superstructure,  superstruction  (rare),  li- 
brary, hall,  rotunda,  palace,  chamber, 
camera,  store,  mansion,  coe  (local;  min- 
ing) pavihon,  cottage,  hovel,  factory, 
garage,  shelter,  court,  etc.;  see  house. 
^* Building"  is  commonly  used  only  of  an 
inclosed  structure. 

built,  a.  built-up,  framed;  spec,  fabricated. 

bulb,  n.  1.  bud  (contextual);  spec,  bulbil, 
chive,  clove. 
2.  Spec,  tuber,  corm. 

bulb- shaped,  a.  bulbiform,  bulbous,  bulb- 
ed. 

bulging- eyed,  a.  goggle-eyed. 

bulk,  n.  stall. 

bulk,  71.  1.  See  size,  quantity,  body. 
2.  generality,  body,  mass,  heft  (colloq., 
U.  S.),  most  (with  "the"),  staple,  gross 
(obs.  or  archaic);  spec,  majority,  many. 
Antonyms:   see  minority. 

bulk,  V.  i.  1.  sweU,  expand,  loom;     see 

SWELL. 

2.  See  WEIGH. 
bull,  n.  bovine  (contextual);  spec,  michy 

(slang,  Australia),  bullock. 
bullfighter,  n.  toreador  (Spanish;  esp.  a 

mounted   bullfighter);     spec.   banderilJero 

(Spanish),  picador. 
bull's-eye,   n.   aim    (contextual),    center; 

spec,  prick  (obs.),  blank,  white,  carton 

(cant) . 
bull- shaped,     a.     tauriform     (tech.     or 

learned). 
bully,   n.   1.   intimidator,   bounce    (rare; 

colloq.),   bouncer    (rare;   colloq.),   hector, 

hectorer,  brave   (archaic),  tiger   (slang), 

bulldozer  (colloq.). 
Antonyms:  see  fawner. 

2.    See  BLUSTERER. 

bully,  V.  t.  intimidate,  overbear,  bounce 
(rare;   colloq.),    hector,    huff,    browbeat, 
overbear,  bulldoze,  bullyrag;  spec,  bluff, 
outbully,  haze  (U.  S.). 
Antonyms:   see  coax,  cajole. 

bully,  V.  i.  1.  intimidate,  hector,  bounce 
(colloq.),  huff  (colloq.),  domineer  (con- 
textual), bulldoze. 


Antonyms:   see  cringe,  coax. 

2.  See  bluster. 
bulwark,    n.    I.    wall    (contextual);   spec. 

rampart,  parapet,  breakwater. 

2.  See  shelter. 
bumper,    n.    I.    brimmer;    spec,    cupful, 

glassful,  bowlful. 

2.  See  buffer,  bouncer. 
bunch,  n.  1.  See  protuberance. 

2.  cluster,  bob  (dial,  or  spec);  spec,  bun- 
dle, fascicle,  fasciculus,  hand  (of  bananas), 
wisp,  whisk ;  see  tuft. 

3.  See  quantity,  group. 

bunchy,  a.  1.  bundled,  fasciculate  (tech.), 
fasciculated  (tech.),  clustery. 
Antonyms:  see  scattered. 
2.  See  protuberant. 

buncombe,  n.  1.  makebelieve  (contextual), 
claptrap  (contemptuous),  talk  (colloq.). 

bundle,  n.  1.  package,  pack,  packet,  par- 
cel, truss  (rare  or  spec);  spec,  roll,  fadge 
or  fodge  (tech.  or  dial.),  fardel  (archaic), 
brail,  faggot,  dossier  (French),  dufter 
(Anglo-Indian) ,  iascine,  sheaf,  swag  (Aus- 
tralia), book,  peter  (thieves'  cant),  bolt, 
bavin  (obs.  or  dial.,  Eng.),  bottle  (now 
local  Eng.),  hand,  bung  (Eng.);  see  bunch. 

2-    See  GROUP,  QUANTITY. 

bundle,  v.  t.  1.  pack,  packet,  truss  (ar- 
chaic or  spec),  parcel;  spec,  faggot, 
hamper  (rare),  crate,  cask,  sack,  pug,  bag, 
bale. 

2.    See  HASTEN. 

bungle,  V.  t.  &  i.  blunder  (rare),  boggle 
(colloq.),  butcher  (colloq.),  tinker,  foozle 
(slang  or  often  cant  and  spec);  spec,  muff; 
see  botch. 

bunt,  n.  Referring  to  part  of  a  flag  or  sail: 
bag,  belly,  swell. 

buoy,  n.  float  (contextual);  spec,  dan, 
dolphin,  nun,  buoy,  nut  buoy,  can  buoy, 
spar  buoy,  bell  buoy,  etc. 

buoyant,  a.  1.  floaty  (colloq.). 
2.  Referring  to  the  mind:  resilient,  elastic, 
corky  (colloq.);  see  hopeful. 
Antonyms:  see  hopeless,  depressed. 

burden,  n.  1.  burthen  (now  chiefly  ar- 
chaic), load,  weight,  incubus  (literary; 
chiefly  spec),  cumber  (literary),  incum- 
brance or  encumbrance,  incumbency 
(rare;  literary),  tax  (esp.  excessive);  spec 
surcharge;    see  load. 


l^W  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
bulge,  V.  i.:   protuberate,  bag. 
bulge,  n.:    protuberance. 
bulging:   protuberant. 
bulkhead:   partition,  wall. 
bulky:   big. 
bull,  n.:    blunder. 
bull,  V.  t.:    raise. 
bulldoze:    intimidate,  bully. 
bullet:   ball,  missile. 
bulletin:  statement,  publication. 
bullyrag:   bully,  tease. 


bulwark:    protect. 
bummer:   loafer. 
bump,  V.  t.:   knock. 
bump,  n.:    protuberance. 
bumper:    big. 
bumpkin,  n.:  rustic. 
bumptious:   self-assertive. 
bumpy :    protuberant. 
bunch,  V.  t.:   gather. 
bunch,  V.  i.:  protuberate,  gather. 
bunco,  V.  t.:  cheat. 
bundle,  v.  i.:  hasten. 


bung:    stopper,  vent. 
bungle,  n.:    blunder. 
bungling:    botchy,  awkward. 
bunk,  n.:   bed. 
bunk,  V.  i.:   lodge. 
bunker:   bin,  hazard. 
bunko,  V.  t.:   cheat. 
bunt,  n.:  blight. 
bunt,  V.  &  n.:   push,  butt. 
buoy:   float. 
bur:    hull. 
burden,  n.:   refrain. 


ti^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
53 


BURDEN 


2.  In  a  legal  sense:  onus,  obligation, 
chargo,  weight,  incumbency,  cumbrance 
(rare);  spec,  responsibility,  tax. 

3.  Referritig  to  what  is  menially  burden- 
some: incubus,  \Yeight,  load,  cumber  (lit- 
erary), cumbrance  (rare). 

4.  See  CHAUUE,  capacity. 

burden,  v.  t.  1.  load,  weight,  cumber,  en- 
cumber, charge  {now  chiefly  fig.  or  Jiaut.), 
lade  {archaic),  tax  {esp.  to  burden  oppres- 
sively), saddle  {orig.  spec);  see  over- 
burden;— all  used  also  fig. 

Antonytns:   see  lighten. 
2.  See  OPPRESS,  ch.\rge. 

burdensome,  a.  1.  heavy,  onerous  {Jormal 
or  learned),  oppressive,  weighty,  cumber- 
some;— all  used  also  fig. 
Antonyms:   see  light. 
2.  See  OPPRESSIVE,  troublesome. 

bureau,  n.  1.  See  office. 
2.  chest  {of  drawers);   spec,  tallboy,  low- 
boy; see  secretary. 

burgher,  n.  citizen,  freeman. 

burglar,  n.  housebreaker,  cracksman 
{slang);   spec,  robber. 

burglarize,  v.  t.  burgle  {humorous  or  colloq. ) . 

burglary,  n.  housebreaking,  effraction 
{rare);  spec,  robbery. 

burial,  n.  1.  interment,  inhumation,  en- 
tombment (orig.  spec.),  deposition  (chiefly 
eccl.),  sepulture  (Jormal  or  literary),  sepe- 
lition  (rare),  tumulation  (rare);  spec,  vi- 
visepulture  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  disinterment. 
2.  See  funt:ral. 

burial,  a.  1.  mortuary,  sepulchral,  sepul- 
tural  (rare),  tombic  (rare). 
2.  See  funeral. 

burlesque,  a.  Spec.  Hudibrastic  (fig.;  liter- 
ary), burlesque-heroic,  mock-heroic,  buf- 
fo, macaronic,  parodic  (rare);  see  comic. 

burlesque,  n.    1.  Referring  to  a  literary 
composition:     parody,    travesty;       spec. 
caricature,    paratragcedia,    mock-heroic, 
extravaganza,  burletta. 
Antonyms:   see  tragedy. 
2.  See  caricature. 

burlesque,  v.  t.  parody,  travesty;  spec. 
caricature,  buffoon,  buffoonize. 

burn,  V.  t.  1.  consume  (hy  fire),  combust 
(obs.  or  jocular),  oxidize  (chem.  or  context- 
ual); spec,  carbonize,  char,  scorch,  sear, 
deflagrate,  cremate,  cinder  (rare),  incin- 
erate, kiln,  incense,  coal  (rare),  parch, 
brand,  singe,  conflagrate  (rare),  chark 
(rare),  coke,  broil,  flame;  see  roast. 

2.  To  injure  by  heat:    spec,  blister,  sear, 
scald,  cauterize. 

3.  bake. 


burn,  V.  i.  1.  consume  (contextual),  oxidize 
(chem.  or  contextual);  spec,  flame,  flash, 
glow,  deflagrate,  flicker,  smoke,  smother, 
rage  (contextual),  conflagrate  (rare),  flare, 
fizzle,  smolder. 
2.  See  desire,  shine. 

burning,  a.  I.  ardent  (literary),  live,  liv- 
ing; spec,  glowing,  aflame  (predicative), 
flaming,  conflagrant  (literary  or  learned), 
flamed  (rare),  red,  raging  (contextual) r 
ustorious  (rare). 
Antonyms:    see  lifeless. 

2.  See  ardent. 

3.  consuming,  comburent  (rare);  spec, 
caustic. 

burning,  n.  consumption  (with  "of";  con^ 
textual),  combustion,  fire;  spec,  flaming, 
flashing,  ustion  (rare),  eremacausis  (rare). 

burnt,  a.  Spec,  charred,  incinerated,  tor- 
rid, parched,  etc.,  samel  or  sammen. 

burr,  7!.  ring  (coM^ex^uaZ);  spec,  rove,  washer. 

burrow,  )'.  i.  dig,  work;  spec,  earth,  mole, 
gopher,  mine. 

burrow,  n.  1.  cuniculus  (tech.),  excavation 
(contextual);  spec,  mine,  earth,  wormcast. 
2.  See  LAIR. 

burst,  V.  t.  break,  bust  (dial,  or  vulgar),  dis- 
rupt  (bookish  or  literary;  chiefly  fig.),  rend, 
rupture;  spec,  shatter;  see  explode. 

burst,  V.  i.  1.  break,  bust  (dial,  or  vulgar), 
disrupt  (bookish  or  literary;  chiefly  fig.), 
rend,  rupture;  spec,  inburst;  see  explode. 
2.  break,  outburst,  outbreak;  spec,  gush, 
outblaze  (often  fig.),  effervesce,  sally,  flash, 
explode,  outflame;  see  start. 

burst,  n.  1.  break,  rupture,  disruption 
(bookish  or  literary;  chiefly  fig.),  bust  (dial, 
or  vulgar);  spec,  eruption;  see  explosion. 

2.  breaking,  outburst,  outbreak;  spec,  ex- 
plosion, implosion,  outblaze,  gush,  sally, 
flash,  effervescence,  spurt. 

3.  See  effort,  run. 

bursting,  a.  disruptive,  rending;  spec. 
eruptive,  erumpent  (rare);  see  explosive. 

bury,  v.  t.  1.  inter,  inhume,  inhumate,  sep- 
ulcher  (rare  or  spec),  ensepulcher  (rare), 
sepulture  (Jormal  or  literary);  spec,  en- 
tomb, inearth  (chiefly  poetic),  earth  (po- 
etic or  rhetorical),  urn,  inurn,  tumulate 
(rare),  tomb  (rare),  grave  (archaic),  mold 
(rare),  immure,  hearse. 
Antonyms:  see  disinter. 

2.  Spec,  cache. 

3.  See  cover,  submerge,  ignore,  for- 
get, ABSORB. 

bury,   n.      Spec,   camp    (dial.),   pie,    pit, 

clamp,  cache. 
bush,  n.  1.  shrub,  scrog  (chiefly  Scot.),  tod 

(archaic  or  dial.),  cop  (dial.);  spec,  bushlet. 


l^°  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
bureaucrat:    officer. 
burgeon,  n.:   bud. 


burgeon,  v.  i.:   germinate. 

burgh:    town. 

burial  place:   grave,  cemetery. 


burn,  n.:   brook. 
burnish:    polish. 
burr:    hull. 


tS"  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

54 


BYWORD 


2.  See  BRUSHWOOD. 

bushing,  n.  bearing  {contextual),  coak, 
bush,  bouche,  thimble. 

bushlike,  a.  dumose  {rare),  dumetose 
{rare). 

bushy,  a.  brushy,  dumose  {rare),  dume- 
tose {rare),  scroggy  {chiefly  Scot.),  bosky, 
busky,  thick  {contextual);  spec,  shrubby, 
scrubby. 
2.  See  ROUGH. 

business,  n.  1.  See  task,  work,  relation, 

OFFICE,      traffic,       INDUSTRY,      ERRAND, 
DUTY,    CONCERN,    AFFAIR. 

2.  occupation,  employment,  vocation, 
avocation  {common  in  good  writers  in  this 
sense,  but  as  so  used  avoided  by  many  as 
unfortunately  destroying  the  useful  distinc- 
tion between  "vocation"  and  "avocation"), 
pursuit,  calling,  profession  {chiefly  spec), 
mystery  {archaic),  trade  {chiefly  spec), 
faculty  {archaic  or  hist.),  shop  {chiefly  in 
"to  talk  shop";  colloq.),  craft  {chiefly  spec.) 
Antonyms:  see  diversion. 

business,  a.  commercial,  industrial. 

buskin,  n.  1.  shoe  {contextual),  half-boot 
{contextual),  cothurnus. 

2.    See  TRAGEDY. 

bustle,  v.  i.  1.  fluster,  flutter,  flurry,  hustle 
{colloq.),  rustle  {colloq.,  U.  S.),  clutter,  stir. 
Antonyms:  see  glide,  sit,  idle,  dawdle. 
2.  See  rustle. 

bustle,  n.  action  {contextual),  fluster, 
flurry,  flutter,  stir,  to-do,  commotion, 
fuss,  tumult,  rustle  {colloq.,  U.  S.),  hus- 
tle {colloq.). 
Antonyms:  see  leisure,  deliberation, 
idleness. 

bustling,  a.  rushing,  hurried,  tumultuous, 
humming,  rustling  {colloq.,  U.  S.). 
Antonyms:    see   leisurely,    idle,    de- 
liberate. 

busybody,  n.  meddler,  quidnunc  {literary; 
contemptuous),  pry  {rare),  Paul  Pry  {flg.), 
numquid  {rare),  pragmatist  {rare),  prag- 
matic (rare);  spec,  snoop;  see  gossip. 

but,  prep.,  adv.,  &  conj.  1.  See  except. 
2.  however,  howbeit  {archaic),  yet,  still, 
moreover,  nevertheless,  natheless  or  nath- 
less  {archaic),  howsomever  {dial,  or  vul- 
gar), howsoever  {archaic),  notwithstand- 
ing (emphatic). 

butcher,  v.  t.  1.  slaughter. 
2.  See  murder,  spoil,  bungle,  mangle. 

butcherly,  a.  1.  carnificial  {learned  or  af- 
fected) . 


2.  See  cruel. 
butt,  n.  1.  See  stock,  aim,  object. 

2.  laughing-stock,  byword,  make-game 
{rare),  target,  sport,  mockery,  mock, 
laughter  {rare),  joke. 

3.  push,  bunt,  thrust,  buck  {colloq.  or 
dial.). 

butterless,  a.  dry  {toast). 

buttery,  a.  butterish  {rare),  butyraceous 
{tech.),  butyrous  {rare  and  tech.).    . 

buttocks,  n.  rump  {esp.  of  animals),  pos- 
teriors {pi.),  butt  {colloq.  and  vulgar,  exc. 
spec),  behind  {colloq.  or  vulgar),  funda- 
ment {chiefly  tech.),  nates  {pi.;  tech.), 
breech,  bottom  {colloq.),  seat,  tail  {dial,  or 
vulgar),  stern  {colloq.),  doup  {Scot.),  po- 
dex  {tech.),  back  {contextual);  spec. 
cushions  {pi.). 

buttony,  a.  knoblike,  bossy,  buttonlike, 
umbonal  {tech.),  umbonate  {tech.),  um- 
bonic  (rare). 

buttress,  n.  support  {contextual),  brace 
{contextual);  spec,  flying-buttress,  arc- 
boutant {French),  counterpart. 

buttress,  v.  t.  support,  prop,  brace; — all 
three  contextual. 

buy,  V.  t.  purchase,  chap  {dial.),  coff  {ar- 
chaic,   Scot.),    take    {contextual;    chiefly 
spec);  spec,  preempt,  ransom,  repurchase, 
redeem,  rebuy,  discount;  see  bribe. 
Antonyms:  see  sell,  hire,  grant. 

buy,  n.  purchase,  cheap  {obs.),  bargain 
{now  spec). 

buying,  n.  purchase,  emption  {chiefly  law); 
spec  preemption,  redemption,  coemption. 
Antonyms:  see  sale. 

by,  prep.  &  adv.  1.  near,  beside,  besides 
{less  usual  than  "beside"),  to. 

2.  along,  over,  through,  per  {Latin);  spec. 
past. 

3.  See  AT,  after. 

4.  beside  {in  comparison). 

5.  per  {Latin),  with,  of,  forby  {archaic); 
spec,  thereby,  therewith,  thereof,  hereby, 
herewith,  etc. 

by-bidder,  n.  straw  bidder,  Peter  Funk 
{U.  S.). 

bye,  n.  1.  See  aside. 
2.  In  games:  spec,  run,  goal,  hole. 

bystander,  n.     Spec  spectator,  witness. 

byway,  n.  sideway  {rare);  spec  bypath, 
byroad,  sidepath,  lane. 

byword,  n.   1.  See  saying,  talk,   nick- 
name. 
2.  proverb  {word  of  reproach) . 


t}0^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

butlery:    pantry. 

buzzard:   hawk. 

buskined:   tragic. 

butt:   cask. 

bygone:   past. 

busky:    bushy.                [dlesome. 

buttery:    pantry.                 [danl. 

byname:   name. 

busy,  a.:   active,  occupied,  med- 

buttons:    servant,    page,    atten- 

bypath:    byway. 

busy,  )).  t.:   occupy. 

buyable:    purchasable. 

byplay:  aside. 

butcher,  n.:   slaughterer. 

buxom:    plump. 

by-product:    product. 

butchery:    slaughter,  slaughter- 

buzz, V.  i.:   hum,  ring. 

byroad:    byway. 

house. 

buzz,  n.:   hum,  humming. 

by -talk:    gossip. 

(S^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
55 


CABINET 


cabinet,  n.  1.  room;  spec,  boudoir. 
2.  case,  slip  (obs.);  spec.  (5tagere  (Frctich), 
varpucno  (Spanish);  see  chest. 

S.    N(T  COUNCIL. 

cache,  v.  t.  bury,  hide,  store. 
cackle,  v.  i.  1.  Spec,  clack,  check,  gabble, 
gaggle,  keckle. 

2.    ^'(r  LAUCUI,  BABBLE,  CHATTER. 

cacophonous,  a.  ill-sounding;  spec,  harsh, 
raucous.  "Cacophonous"  is  rare,  learned, 
or  pedantic. 

cad,  71.  1.  see  attendant. 
2.  In  the  sense  of  "a  vidgar  felloiv" :  cock- 
tail {slang,  Eng.),  snob  {chiefly  English). 

cadet,  n.  son  {contextual),  chevaher  {hist.); 
spec,  duniwassal  {Scot.). 

caesura,  n.  In  rhetoric:  break,  pause, 
lengthening;    spec,  comma. 

cage,  n.  aviary  (contextual) ;  spec.  mew. 

cajole,  V.  t.  flatter,  palaver  {rare;  chiefly 
with  "ercr"), wheedle,  tweedle  (rare),  carny 
or  Carney  {dial,  or  colloq.  Eng.),  jolly  {col- 
loq.),  cog  (obs.  or  archaic),  inveigle, 
blandish. 
Antonyms:      see     bully,     intimidate, 

COMPEL. 

cajole,    V.    i.    flatter,    palaver,    carny    or 

carney  {dial,  or  colloq.  Eng.). 
cajolery,   n.    flattery,    cajolement    {rare), 
wheedling,  blandishment,  palaver,  jolly- 
ing {colloq.). 
Antonyms:   see  compulsion. 
cake,  n.   mass   {contextual);    spec,  brick, 
block,  floe  {of  ice). 
cake,  V.  i.  bake,  harden;     spec,  plaster, 

crust,  encrust. 
calamitous,  n.  distressing,  troublesome, 
miserable,    unhappy,    disastrous,    catas- 
trophic, sad. 

calamity,    n.    1.    trouble,    distress,    mis- 
fortune, misery,  unhappiness,  affhction. 
Antonyms:  see  happiness,  pleasure. 
2.  Referring    to   an   instance   of  what   is 
calamitous:    trouble,  misfortune,  misery, 
distress,     disaster,     catastrophe,     blow, 
scourge,  curse;   spec,  fatahty. 
Antonyms:   see  good. 
calculating,    a.     calculative,    scheming, 
politic,  designing. 
Antonyms:  see  artless. 


calculous,  a.  gritty,  stony. 

calculus,  71.  concretion;     spec,  cystolith, 

dacryolith,      gravel,      sand,      gastrolith, 

crab's-oye,  stone,  bezoar. 
calendar,  7i.    1.  almanac,   rubric   {rare), 

calends  {pi.;  rare);  spec,  clog  {hist.),  fasti 

{pi.),  menology,  kalcndar  {eccl.  var). 

2.  list;  spec,  docket. 
calendar,   v.   t.   press    {contextual);  spec. 

water. 
calf,  n.  Referring  to  part  of  the  leg; — no 

syns.     The  adjective  is  sural  {tech.). 
calf,  n.   1.  bovine   {contextual),  offspring 

{contextual);  spec,  maverick  {U .  S.),  dogie 

(Western  U.  S.),  slink.     The  adjective  for 

calf  is  vittine  {tech.). 

2.  See  clown. 
caliber,  n.  1.  diameter,  bore. 

2.  See  ability,  importance,  quality. 
calibrate,  v.  t.  measure,  graduate;  spec. 

rectify. 
call,  V.  t.  1.  See  name,  utter,  summon, 

PROCLAIM,  HAIL,  ELICIT,  INVOKE,  CON- 
SIDER, ENCORE,  EVOKE,  CONVOKE,  ROUSE. 

2.  In  a  legal  sense:  summon  {as  from  a 
lower  court),  evoke  {rare),  evocate  {rare). 

call,  V.  i.  cry  {contextual);  spec,  coo,  hoot, 
shout,  yell,  toot,  neigh,  whisper,  speak, 
cooee    or  cooey  {Australia). 

call,  n.  1.  Spec,  tally-ho,  fanfare,  ho,  re- 
cheat  {archaic),  coo,  coop,  cooee  or  cooey 
{Australia),  cluck,  whistle,  roll  call,  note, 
yell,  shout,  whisper,  trumpet,  taps,  re- 
veille, etc.;  see  hail,  cry. 

2.  Spec,  summons,  convocation,  appeal, 
demand,  duty,  need,  invitation,  visit. 

3.  Spec,  buzzer,  bell,  horn,  annunciator. 
callous,  a.  1.  hard,  hardened,  indurated; 

— all  three  contextual. 

2.    See  INSENSIBLE. 

callous,  V.  t.  harden,  indurate. 

calm,  a.  1.  I7i  a  physical  sense:  undis- 
turbed, tranquil,  reposeful,  smooth,  se- 
rene, imperturbed  {rare),  unperturbed 
{rare),  halcyon  {days,  etc.;  poetic  or  ele- 
vated), still,  quiet,  placid,  peaceful,  pa- 
cific {rare,  exc.  in  "Pacific  Ocean"),  un- 
ruffled, calmy  {archaic  and  poetic),  un- 
troubled. 
Antonyms:     see    boisterous,     rough, 

AGITATED,   STORMY,   CLAMOROUS. 

2.  In  a  mental  sense:    undisturbed,  un- 


tS^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
cabal,  r.  i.:   intrigue. 
cabal,  ii.:   intrigue,  set. 
cabala:   mysticism. 
cabalist:   mystic. 
cable:  rope,  conductor,  message. 
cablegram:    message. 
caboose:     cookroom,  car. 
cacbet:    brand,  seal. 
cacopbonous:  harsh, discordant. 


cadaverous:    pale. 

cadence:  rhythm,  fall, modulation. 

cadent:   rhythmical. 

caduceus:    staff. 

Caesar:    autocrat. 

cafe:    e/iting  house, 

cage,  V.  t.:  confine. 

cairn:   heap. 

caisson:     box. 

caitiff,  a.:    contemptible,  mean. 

caitiS,  n.:  wretch. 

calasb:    hood. 


calcify:    petrify. 

calculate:  compute,  discover, 
think,  expect,  intend. 

calculate,  v.  i.:  rely. 

caliginous:    dark. 

caliper,  v.  t.:  measure. 

calipers:    compasses. 

calisthenics:     gymnastics. 

called:    named. 

calligraphy :    handicriting. 

callow:  feaiherless,  inexperi- 
enced, immature. 


XW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

56 


CANTANKEROUS 


ruffled,  quiet,  tranquil,  phlegmatic,  sober, 
cool,  philosophical,  composed,  reposeful, 
pacific  (rare),  placid,  impassive,  unpas- 
sionate,  equanimous  (rare),  marble  (fig.), 
marbly  (^jg.),  imperturbable,  unperturbed, 
imperturbed,  sedate,  serene,  recollected 
(rare),  untroubled,  douce  (Scot.),  repose- 
ful, canny  (Scot.);  see  self-controlled, 

PEACEFUL,  UNIiMPASSIONED,  UNEXCITABLE. 

Antonyms:  see  uneasy,  agitated,  ex- 
cited, RAGING,  ECSTATIC,  IRASCIBLE, 
ANXIOUS,   CONFUSED,  CtC. 

calm,  n.  1.  In  a  physical  sense:  tranquillity, 
quiet,  quietness,  rest,  smoothness,  repose, 
serenity,  serene  (rare),  serenitude  (rare), 
calmness,  stillness,  placidity,  peace, 
peacefulness;  spec,  doldrums  (pi.). 
Antonyms:  see  activity,  outcry,  noise, 

AGITATION,  etc. 

2.  In  a  mental  sense:  composure,  repose, 
equanimity  (formal),  temper  (chiefly  in 
"to  lose  one's  temper,"  "to  keep  one's 
temper,"  or  the  like),  tranquillity,  quiet, 
calmness,  composure,  serenity,  serenitude 
(rare),  serene  (rare),  impassiveness,  so- 
briety, sedateness,  soberness,  placidity, 
reposedness  (rare),  poise,  quietude  (rare), 
quietism  (rare),  imperturbation  (rare); 
spec,  countenance,  indisturbance  (rare); 

see  SELF-CONTROL. 

Antonyms:     see    activity,    agitation, 

COMMOTION,  EXCITEMENT,  ECSTASY,  DIS- 
TURBANCE, etc. 
calm,  V.  t.  1.  See  still. 
2.  smooth,  settle,  still,  soothe,  sedate 
(rare),  quiet,  tranquilize,  compose,  pacify, 
(rare),  hush,  serene  (rare),  allay,  ease 
(mentally),  salve  (the  conscience);  spec,  dis- 
fever  (rare),  becalm,  lull,  lullaby;  see  cool. 
Antonyms:   see  rouse,  annoy,  agitate, 

EXCITE,   enliven,  DISTURB,   IRRITATE. 

calmative,  a.  calming,  quieting,  soothing, 

tranquilizing,   etc.,   quietive   (rare);  spec. 

dulcet,  balmy,  lulling.    "Calmative"  is  less 

usual  and  more  formal  than  "calming." 

Antonyms:    see  annoying,   agitating, 

disturbing,  EXCITING,  IRRITATING. 

calming,  n.  subsidence. 

camp,  n.  encampment,  cantonment  (mil.), 

leaguer    (rare    or    hist.);    spec,    bivouac, 

roundabout     (rare),     douar     or    do  war 

(Oriental),  laager  (So.  Africa). 
camp,  V.  i.  encamp;    spec,  bivouac,  tent, 

laager  (So.  Africa),  maroon  (So.  U.  S.), 

outspan  (So.  Africa). 


Antonyms:   see  decamp. 

camp,  a.  castrensian  (rare). 

campaign,  v.  i.  Spec,  crusade,  electioneer. 

can,  n.     Spec,  cup,  tin  (Eng.),  glass. 

cancel,  v.  t.  1.  deface  (contextual),  damask 
(ohs.  or  tech.,  Eng.);  spec,  obliterate, 
blot,  cross,  overscore  (rare);  see  delete. 
2.  See  abolish,  revoke,  counteract. 

cancellate,  a.  reticular,  reticulate,  reticu- 
lated, cancellous; — all  tech.  or  learned. 

candidacy,  n.  candidateship,  candidature. 

candidate,  n.  Spec,  (eccl.),  confirmand, 
probationer,  licentiate,  competent. 

candidate,  v.  i.  sit;   spec.  run. 

candle,  n.  Spec,  taper  (obsolesc),  planet 
(cant),  paschal,  bougie  (French),  cierge 
(French),  dip,  pastil. 

candlestick,  n.  ceroferary  (rare),  candel- 
abrum (antiq.  or  eccl.),  chandelier  (chiefly 
spec);  spec,  sconce,  tricerion,  dicerion, 
paschal,  torchere  (French),  standard, 
girondole. 

canine,  a.  doggy  (rare;  a  weak  term), 
canicular  (rare  or  phrasal);  spec,  houndy, 
currish,  houndish,  doggish. 

canine,  n.  1.  See  dog. 
2.  tooth  (contextual),  cuspid,  laniary  (rare). 

cannibal,  n.  man-eater,  anthropophagite 
(rare),  anthropophagist  (rare),  anthro- 
pophagi (pi.);   spec,  ogre,  ogress. 

cannibal,  a.  anthropophagous  (learned), 
anthropophagic  (rare),  anthropophagian 
(rare;  humorously  stilted),  hominivorous 
(rare);  spec,  ogreish,  ogrish,  Thyestean, 
(fig.),  necrophagous. 

cannonade,  v.  t.  cannon  (rare);  spec. 
bomb,  bombard,  shell. 

cannonading,  n.  cannonry;  spec,  bom- 
barding, drumfire. 

cannoneer,  n.  artilleryman,  gunner;  spec. 
mitrailleur  (FrencJi). 

cannonry,  7i.  1.  See  cannonading. 
2.  artillery,  guns  (pi.),  cannon  (a  collec- 
tive). 

canonize,  v.  t.  saint,  besaint  (contemptu- 
ous). 

canopy,  n.  cover  (contextual);  spec,  tester, 
tilt,  parasol,  dome,  heaven,  hood,  maj- 
esty (hist.),  pavilion,  cope,  ciel  (French), 
howdah,  coverture  (rare). 

cant,  n.  1.  pretense,  hypocisy;  spec,  and 
contemptuous  snivel,  whine. 
2.  See  JARGON. 

cant,  V.  i.  Spec,  snivel,  whine; — both  con- 
temptuous. 


IW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
calumniate:   defame. 
calumny:   defamation. 
campaign,  n.:   movement. 
campanular:    bell-shaped 
canal:    channel. 
canard:    report. 
candent:    glowing. 


candid:  frank. 
canker,  v.  t.:  corrupt. 
cankerous:    ulcerous,  consum- 
ing. 
cannon,  v.  i.:  carom,  cannonade. 
canny:    shrewd,  calm. 
canon:   valley. 
canon:   rule,  standard. 


canonical:   orthodox. 

cant,  V.  i.:  snivel,  whine. 

cant,  n.:  slope,  bevel,  inclina- 
tion. 

cant,  V.  t.:   incline. 

cant,  V.  i.:  slope. 

cantankerous:  ill-tempered, 
perverse. 


IW  Sec  Notes  ot  Explanation. 

57 


CANTER 


canter,  ;».  tittup  {chiefly  dial,  or  It u mor- 
ons^: t^CC  GAIT. 

oanter,  v.  i.  fjo  {contextual),  drive  {con- 
textual), tittup  (ehiefli/  dial,  or  humorous). 

canvas,  /;.  1.  fabric  {contextual),  cloth  {con- 
textual); spec,  scrim,  tarpaulin,  poldavy, 
burlap. 

2.    >\'t'  PAINTING,  SAIL,  TENT. 

canvass,  v.  t.   1.  See  examine,  discuss, 

PEDDLE. 

2.  solicit,  campaign,  electioneer. 

canvass,  v.  i.  solicit. 

cap,  /).  1.  hat  {contextual) ;  spec,  glengarry, 
fool's-cap,  chaco,  coif,  busby,  caul  {hist.), 
coxcomb,  biretta  or  beret  or  berret,  big- 
gin {Scot.),  calotte,  calpac  {Turkish),  tam- 
o'-shanter,  tuque,  fez,  pilaus  {antiq.), 
tarboosh,  kepi,  mortarboard,  zucchetto 
{Italian),  Phrygian  cap  {the  cap  of  liberty) . 
2.  See  TOP. 

capable,  a.  1.  See  able. 
2,  susceptible,  admitting. 

capacity,  n.  1.  See  ability,  qualifica- 
tion. 

2.  Referring  to  capacity  to  bear  or  hold: 
content,  burden  {naut),  retention  {rare). 

caparison,  v.  t.  trap,  accouter  {contextual). 

caparisoned,  a.  barbed  or  barded  {said  of 
a  horse). 

cape,  n.  Spec,  pelerine,  bertha,  Vandyke, 
talma,  tippet,  capa  {Italian),  fichu 
{French). 

caper,  n.  1.  jump  {contextual),  leap  {con- 
textual), prance,  skip,  gambol,  capriceio 
{Italian),  caracole,  gambade  or  gambado, 
romp,  frisk. 

2.  play,  jump,  antic,  jape,  prank,  dido 
{slang  or  colloq.,  U.  S.),  conceit,  trick, 
escapade;  see  frolic. 

caper,  v.  i.  1.  jump  {contextual),  leap  {con- 
textual), gambol,  frisk,   prance   {colloq.), 
gambado   {literary),   prank   {rare),  skip, 
skit  {rare),  caracol;  see  frolic. 
2.  See  prance. 

capital,  a.  1.  metropolitan. 

2.  -See  fatal,  chief,  important,  pine. 

3.  Referring  to  letters:  great  {chiefly  spec); 
spec,  initial. 

capital,  n.  1.  metropolis,  seat. 
2.  Spec,  stock,  principal. 

capitol,  n.  statehouse  {U.  S.). 

caprice,  n.  1.  whim,  freak,  notion,  conceit, 
fantasy,  phantasy,  fancy,  humor,  quip, 
quirk,  vagary,  crotchet,  fantasticality 
(rare),  whimsicality  (rare) .[whimsy,  crank. 


turn,    maggot    {now   rare),    kink,    frisk 
{rai-e). 
Antonyms:   see  opinion,  conviction. 

2.    See  CAPRICIOUSNESS. 

capricious,  a.  whimsical,  freakish,  freaky, 
humorsome,  fanciful,  fantastical,  fickle, 
crotchety,  variable,  arbitrary,  changeable, 
erratic,  fantastic,  fan  tasted  {rare),  whim- 
sy {rare),  whimmy  {colloq.),  vagarious 
{rare),  wayward,  notional,  puckish  {fig.  or 
spec),  moony  {colloq.). 
Antonyms:   see  constant. 

capriciousness,  n.  caprice,  fantasticality, 
fantasy,  phantasy,  fantasticalness,  whim- 
sicality,  whimsicalness,   humor,   notion- 
ality. 
Antonyms:   see  constancy. 

captain,  n.  1.  iSee  chief,  commander. 
2.  In  nautical  usage:  master,  commander 
{often  spec),  skipper  {chiefly  spec);  spec. 
nakhoda  {East  Indian),  reis  or  rais  {Ara- 
bic), ressaldar  {India),  rittmaster  {rare), 
patron  {rare),  patroon  {rare),  serang 
{Anglo-Indian),  coaster. 

captious,  a.    1.   catchy   {colloq.),   entan- 
gling, sophistic,  fallacious. 
2.  *See  CAVILING,  faultfinding. 

captivate,  v.  t.  captive  {archaic),  enthrall, 
enslave,  fascinate,  catch  {chiefly  colloq.), 
charm,  enchant,  bewitch,  fetch  {now 
colloq.),  infatuate;  spec  sirenize;  see 
please. 
Antonyms:  see  repel. 

captivated,  a.  infatuated,  fascinated, 
charmed,  etc.,  captive. 

captivating,  a.  pleasant  {contextual) ,  in- 
fatuating,    enchanting,     charming,     be- 
witching, witching. 
Antonyms:  see  repellent. 

captivation,?i.l.  captivity  (rare or  arc/iaic), 
enthrallment,  enslavement,  fascination, 
charm,  glamour,  enchantment,  witchery, 
bewitchment,  bewitching,  servitude. 

2.    See  SLAVERY. 

capture,  v.  t.  I.  seize  {contextual),  take, 
get  {chiefly  colloq.  or  contextual),  appre- 
hend {learned),  captivate  {archaic),  cap- 
tive {archaic),  catch;  spec  grab  {colloq.), 
arrest,  collar  {colloq.),  prize,  reduce  (a 
place),  recapture,  retake,  incaptivate 
{rare),  jump  {checkers),  castle  {chess),  bag 
{hunting). 

Antomjms:  see  free. 
2.  take  {as  a  fort);  spec,  rush,  force. 
Antonyms:  see  surrender. 


l^°  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
cantilever:    bracket. 
can  tie:    piece,  slice. 
canton,  v.  t.:  divide. 
canton,  71.:    district. 
cantonment,  n . :  camp,  quarters. 
cantrip:    frolic. 
canvasser:    solicitor. 


cap,  V.  t.:  cover,  overlie, 

surpass,  top. 
capacious:  roomy. 
caparison:    trapping. 
cape:    headland. 
capillary :    filamentous. 
capital,  n.:  top. 
capitalist:   financier. 


capitulate:    surrender. 

capitulation:  surrender,  sum- 
mary. 

capsize,  v.:   overturn. 

captive,  n.:   prisoner. 

captivity:  confinement,  cap- 
tivation. 

captor:    capturer. 


t^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

58 


CARGO 


capture,  n.  1.  seizure,  taking,  catching, 
apprehension  {learned);  spec,  arrest,  re- 
duction, prize. 
Antonyms:   see  freeing. 
2.  In  a  concrete  sense:  prize,  bag. 

capturer,  n.  captor,  taker,  apprehender 
(learned),  etc. 

car,  n.  1.  See  vehicle. 

2.  Referring  to  railroad  cars:  spec,  car- 
riage, pullman,  trolley,  tram  (Eng.), 
tramcar  (Eng.),  smoker  (U.  S.),  empty, 
gondola,  box,  van  (Eng.),  sleeper, 
coach,  flat,  goods  wagon  (Eng.),  caboose, 
cab. 

3.  Referring  to  a  balloon:  spec,  nacelle, 
basket,  gondola. 

4.  In  an  elevator:  spec.  cage. 
caravan,  n.  1.  company  (contextual),  cafila 

or  kafila  (Oriental). 
2.  See  VAN. 

carbonaceous,  a.  Spec,  coaly,  charry, 
plumbaginous. 

carbonize,  v.  t.  burn  (contextual);  spec. 
char,  coke. 

card,  n.  1.  Spec,  ticket,  carte-de-visite 
(French),  carte,  rose. 

2.  Referring  to  playing  cards:  pasteboard 
(colloq.  or  cant).  Devil's  picture  books 
(obs.  or  rare;  pi.);  spec,  court  card,  dis- 
card, tarot  (French). 

care,  n.  1.  cark  (archaic),  solicitude,  con- 
cern, concernment,  carefulness,  reck  (po- 
etic), distress;   see  trouble,  anxiety. 

Antonyms:  see  carelessness,  happi- 
ness. 

2.  charge,  guardianship,  ward  (literary  or 
formal),  custody,  keep,  keeping,  safe- 
keeping, protection,  trust  (rare),  guard- 
ship  (rare);  spec,  commendam;  see  over- 
sight. 

3.  heed,  thought,  heedfulness,  vigilance, 
attention,  caution,  gingerliness,  concern, 
consideration,  precaution,  guardedness, 
wariness,  regard,  reck  (poetic),  particu- 
larity, niceness,  notice,  pains  (pi.),  pains- 
taking;   see  PRUDENCE. 

Antonyms:  see  carelessness,  negli- 
gence, IMPRUDENCE,  RECKLESSNESS, 
RASHNESS. 

4.  Referring  to  that  which  causes  care: 
responsibility,    anxiety,    concern;       see 

TROUBLE. 

care,  v.  i.  1.  In  the  sense  of  "to  concern 
oneself":    cark  (archaic),  reck  (poetic). 
2.  heed,    notice,    consider,    think    (con- 
textual); see  ATTEND. 

careful,  a.  1.  carking  (archaic),  solicitoiLS, 
sohcitudinous    (rare),    concerned;    spec. 


meticulous;  see  anxious,  troubled. 
"Careful"  is  now  archaic  in  this  sense. 

2.  heedful,  attentive,  considerate,  con- 
scientious, regardful,  mindful,  respective 

(rare),  thoughtful,  close  (chiefly  spec), 
nice,  diligent,  painstaking,  painful,  curi- 
ous (archaic),  near  (chiefly  spec),  search- 
ing, particular,  precise. 

Aittonyms:  see  neglectful,  unobserv- 
ant. 

3.  cautious,  precautious  (rare),  cautelous 
(archaic),  prudent,  circumspect,  gingerly, 
leery  (slang),  vigilant,  watchful,  wary, 
chary  (chiefly  spec),  guarded,  safe,  shy, 
guardful  (rare),  canny  (Scot.;  archaic), 
circumspective  (rare);  spec,  noncommit- 
tal. 

Antonyms:    see  careless,  imprudent, 

NEGLIGENT,  UNRESTRAINED,  RECKLESS, 
RASH,  VENTURESOME. 

careless,  a.  1.  unanxious,  unconcerned, 
untroubled,  unapprehensive,  easy,  free, 
blithe  or  blithesome  (nearly  equal  to  "hap- 
py" in  sense;  literary),  easy  (rare),  secure 
(literary),  cavalier,  supine  (chiefly  spec), 
inconsiderate,  incurious  (archaic),  worri- 
less  (rare),  poco-curante  (Italian),  in- 
souciant (French),  nonchalant;  see  im- 
prudent, INDIFFERENT. 

Antonyms:  see  anxious. 
2.  heedless,  inattentive,  inconsiderate, 
disregardful,  harebrained,  regardless, 
thoughtless,  unthinking,  unmindful,  im- 
provident (chiefly  spec),  imprudent,  neg- 
lectful, negligent,  uncareful  (rare),  mind- 
less, incogitant  (rare),  unlieedful,  un- 
wary, slovenly,  unguarded,  cursory,  cas- 
ual, unheedy  (rare),  incurious  (archaic), 
unobservant,  inobservant,  incautious,  un- 
careful (rare),  unattentive  (rare);  spec. 
offhand,    rash,  slack;    see  reckless. 

Antonyms:     see    watchful,     careful, 

CONSCIENTIOUS,   PRUDENT,  VIGILANT. 

carelessness,  n.  unconcern,  ease,  security, 
nonchalance,  etc.     Cf.  careless. 
Antonyms:  see  care,  consideration. 

caress,  v.  t.  fondle,  cherish  (archaic),  daut 
(Scot.),  coddle  (chiefly  with  a  suggestion  of 
excess),  coax  (archaic),  pet;  spec,  touch, 
stroke,  lap,  pat,  kiss,  bill,  hug,  dandle, 
dander  (dial.  Eng.),  cuddle,  overfondle; 
see  KISS. 
Antonyms:   see  beat,  abuse,  ill-treat. 

caress,    n.    fondle    (rare);    spec,    touch, 
stroke,  pat,  kiss,  hug,  dandle. 
Antonyms:   see  blow. 

caressing,  n.  fondling,  dalliance  (literary), 
cherishment  (rare),  cherishing  (rare). 


f^^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
caracole:    turn,  caper. 
carcass:  body. 
cardboard:    pasteboard. 


cardiac:    stimulating. 
cardinal,  a.:  chief. 
cardinal,  n.:  prince. 
careen:    incline. 


career,  n.:   race,  course. 
career,  v.  i.:   rush. 
careworn:    iveary. 
cargo:    load. 


12^  Sec  Notes  of  Explanation. 
59 


CARICATURE 


caricature,  /;.  1.  "Scr  burlesque. 
2.  misrepresentation     (contextual),     mis- 
desorijition  {chitjln  spec),  burlesque,  trav- 
esty, parody;  spec,  cartoon. 

carniTal,  /(.  merrymaking,  festival,  revel- 
ry:   spec.  Mardipras. 

carnivorous,  a.  Hosh-eating,  sarcophagous 
{rare"*,  zoophagous  (rare);  spec,  equivor- 
ous  {rare),  ichthyophagous,  omophagous, 
necrophagous,  predaceous,  cannibal. 

carol,  «.  song,  lay;  spec.  noel. 

carom,  n.  shot  (cot^textual),  cannon  {chiefly 
Efig.),  carambole  {rare). 

carom,  v.  i.  rebound,  cannon  {chiefly 
Eng.);  spec,  glance. 

carom,  v.  f.   Spec.  bank. 

carouse,  ?!.  carousal,  orgy,  debauch,  rack- 
et (slarig),  jamboree  {slang,  U.  S.),  spree 
{colloq.),  bat  {slang),  bout,  bust  or  buster 
(slang),  rouse  (archaic),  fuddle  (slang  or 
colloq.),  rantan  (slang;  rare),  wassail  (ar- 
chaic) ,  toot  (slang,  U.S.),  bouse  or  boose  or 
(colloq.) ,  booze,  drunk  (slang) ,  soak  (slang) , 
tear  (slang,  U.  S.),  saturnalia  (pi.;  some- 
times used  as  a  sing.),  bacchanalia  (pi.). 

carouse,  v.  i.  rant  (rare),  debauch,  bum 
(vulgar  slang),  drink  (contextual),  spree 
(colloq.),  bouse  (rare),  or  boose  or  (coUoq.) 
booze. 

carriage,  n.  1.  See  transportation,  be- 
havior, VEHICLE. 

2.  bearing,  mien,  air,  poise,  port,  port- 
ance  (archaic),  behavior,  conduct,  de- 
meanor, presence,  front,  gest  (archaic), 
personage;  spec,  gait,  walk,  run,  step, 
tournure  (French),  elevation,  lift. 

carriage  house,  remise  (rare),  hangar 
(French;  chiefly  spec),  coach  house. 

carrion,  n.  flesh  (contextual);  see  offal. 

carry,  v.  t.  1.  See  transport,  extend,  pro- 
long, SUPPORT,  BEHAVE,  CONDUCT,  AF- 
FORD. 

2.  Referring  to  news,  messages,  informa- 
tion, etc.:  communicate,  transmit,  bear, 
take,  bring,  convey. 

3.  hold  (as  the  head,  oneself,  etc.),  bear 
(oneself);  spec  port  (mil.). 

4.  keep  (as  in  stock),  hold,  have. 
carry,  v.  i.  Referring  to  a  gun,  etc.:  reach, 

shoot. 
carry,  n.  Spec,  portage. 
cartilaginous,  a.  gristly,  chondric  (rare). 
carve,  v.  i.  1.  See  cut,  chisel,  engrave, 

SCULPTURE. 


2.  R(fcrri>ig  to  carving  at  the  table:  cut; 
spec,  (all  obs.  or  rare)  mince,  lift,  flush, 
display,  disfigure,  unjoint. 

case,  )i.  1.  Spec  (in  grammar)  genitive, 
accusative,  nominative,  dative,  ablative, 
objective,  vocative. 

2.  See  example,  state,  patient,  action, 
character. 

case,  n.  1.  receptacle  (contextual),  holder 
(contextual),  container  (contextual;  cant), 
casing;  spec  box,  chest,  cabinet,  drawer, 
bag,  valise,  sheath,  scabbard,  cartouche, 
canister,  shell,  cellaret,  burse,  chasse 
(French),  shrine,  pyx,  etui  (French),  quiv- 
er, holster,  housewife,  hackle,  hutch,  cof- 
fer, crate,  cartridge,  portfolio;  see  cab- 
inet, casket. 

2.  covering,  cover;  spec,  sheath,  skin,  hull, 
cocoon,  shell,  carpet,  etc. 

case,  V.  t.  cover  (contextual),  incase;  S'pec. 
bag,  sheathe,  crate;  see  box. 

cash,  n.  money;  spec,  coin,  chink  (slang), 
brass  (slang),  silver,  gold,  rowdy  (slang), 
dust  (slang),  paper. 

cash,  V.  t.  encash  (rare);  spec,  realize. 

cask,  n.  receptacle  (contextual),  barrel, 
container  (contextual;  cant),  stand  (chiefly 
obs.  and  spec);  spec,  cade,  caroteel,  butt, 
keg,  tierce,  hogshead,  firkin,  castrel, 
puncheon,  pipe,  tun,  kilderkin. 

casket,  n.  receptacle  (contextual),  box 
(contextual),  case,  pyx  or  pyxis  (rare  or 
spec);  spec,  reliquary,  reliquaire  (French), 
coffin. 

cast,  V.  t.  1.  See  throw,  project,  vomit, 
overturn,     abort,     reject,     remove, 
shed,  put,  add,  appoint,  predict. 
2.  run,  found;  spec  recast. 

castellan,  n.  governor  (contextual),  keeper 
(contextual),  chastelain. 

caster,  n.  1.  roller  (contextual),  trundle, 
truckle  (rare),  wheel  (contextual). 

2.  See  BOTTLE. 

casting,  n.  founding,  cast;  spec,  run, 
molding. 

castrate,  v.  t.  geld  (chiefly  tech.  referring 
to  the  male);  spec,  cut,  spay  (the  female), 
emasculate  (chiefly  fig.),  evirate  (referring 
to  the  male;  rare),  steer  (a  male  calf;  rare), 
unman  (a  man),  capon  or  caponize  (a 
cock),  eunuchize  (rare),  twitch  (a  beast). 

castrated,  a.  gelt,  gelded. 

casually,  adv.  happy-go-lucky,  haphazard, 
hitty-missy  (rare  or  dial.). 


X^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
caricature,  v.  t.:   burlesque. 
carina:    ridge. 
carious:  decomposed. 
cark,  n.:   care. 
cark,  V.  t.:  trouble. 
carnage:    slaughter. 
carnal:  bodily,  worldly,  sensual. 
carol,  v.:    sing. 


carousal:    carouse,  tournament. 

carp,  V.  i.:  cavil. 

carping,  a.:  faultfinding. 

carte:    card. 

carton:    pasteboard,  box,  buU's- 

eye,  shot. 
cartoon,  n.:  design,  caricature. 
cartoon,  v.  t.:    burlesque. 
cartouche:    box,  tablet,  scroll. 


carving:     engraving,  sculpture. 
cascade:    waterfall. 
casement:    sash,  window. 
cashier,  v.  t.:  discharge. 
casing:    cover,  case,  covering. 
cast,  n.:  exuvium. 
castaway:    abandoned. 
castigate:     punish,  reprove. 
castigatory:    punitive. 


IW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

60 


CAUTIOUS 


casualty,  n.  1.  See  chance. 
2.  In  pi.;  mil.:  losses. 

cat,  n.  feline  {tech.  or  learned),  Baudrons 
{Scottish;  a  proper  name,  like  "Reynard" 
for  the  fox),  puss  {chiefly  a  call  name), 
pussy  {chiefly  a  pet  name),  miauler  {fanci- 
ful), grimalkin  {chiefly  spec),  gib  (famil- 
iar; chiefly  spec);  spec  mouser,  rumpy 
{colloq.),  tortoiseshell,  tomcat  {male), 
tommy  {male;  colloq.),  tabby,  kit,  kitten, 
bobcat,  kitty  (a  pet  name),  kitling  {dial.), 
catling,  maltese.  Angora. 

catalogue,  n.  list;  spec  didascaly,  index, 
sanctilogy,  beadroU. 

catalogue,  v.  t.  Spec  list,  index. 

catastrophe,  n.  1.  cataclysm,  convulsion; 
spec,  debacle,  debacle  (i^renc/i),  upheaval, 
paroxysm. 

2.  ending,  denoAment  {French). 
Antonyms:  see  beginning. 

3.  See  CALAMITY. 

catastrophic,  a.  1.  convulsionary,  catar 
clysmal,  cataclysmic,  paroxysmal  {rare). 

2.    See  CALAMITOUS. 

catch,  V.  t.  1.  take,  seize,  nab  {slang  or  col- 
loq.); spec  nick  {slang),  entoil  {archaic), 
land,  net,  mesh,  dredge,  lime,  gill,  ginnle, 
hook,  illaqueate  {rare),  grin  {archaic), 
noose,  guddle,  entangle,  enmesh,  snap, 
snare  or  {emphatic)  ensnare,  trawl,  trap 
or   {emphatic)   entrap,   drag;    see  seize, 

CAPTURE,  TRAP. 

Antonyms:  see  free,  throw. 

2.  attract  {the  attention,  fancy,  etc),  en- 
gage, take,  arrest,  smite  {rhetorical.),  hit 
{colloq.);  see  captivate. 

3.  Referring  to  a  cold,  disease,  etc.:  con- 
tract, take,  get. 

4.  Referring  to  chastisement,  reproof,  etc: 
receive,  get. 

5.  get  {as  a  train),  make,  nick  {slang, 
Eng.). 

6.  trip  {in  a  fault),  nick  {sla7ig.,   Eng.). 

7.  See   OVERTAKE,    discover,    receive, 

FASTEN,  UNDERSTAND,  PERCEIVE,  HEAR, 
PHOTOGRAPH. 

catch,  V.  i.  1.  seize,  hold;  spec  hitch. 

2.    See  KINDLE,  GASP. 

catch,  n.  1.  seize,  seizure,  hold;  spec  grasp, 
grab,  snatch,  etc 
Antonyms:  see  miss. 

2.  Spec,  trigger,  trap,  detent,  click,  dog, 
latch,  barb,  buckle,  snap,  fence,  pallet, 
pawl. 

3.  Thing  or  amount  caught:  spec  take,  net, 
fare,  trip,  trap,  draft,  haul,  shot,  field,  fly. 

4.  See  ROUND. 


catching,  a.  inoculable,  contagious,  com- 
municable, taking  {chiefly  U.  S.),  infec- 
tious; spec  pestilential,  pestiferous, 
noxious. 

cathartic,  a.  laxative,  physic,  purgative, 
purging,  aperient,  evacuatory,  eccoproc- 
tic  {mild;  rare),  eccritic  {rare),  deobstru- 
ent  {tech.),  alviducous  {rare),  deoppilent 
{rare  or  obs.),  lapactic  {rare). 
Antonyms:  see  constipating. 

cathartic,  n.  laxative,  physic,  purgative, 
purge,  aperient,  dejector  {rare),  eccoproc- 
tic  {rare),  evacuant. 

cathedra,  n.  seat,  chair,  throne,  see  {ar- 
chaic). 

cathedral,  n.  duomo  {Italian);  spec,  sec- 
ondary. 

catholic,  a.  1.  See  general,  liberal. 
2.  [cap.\    Short  for    "Roman    Catholic": 
Roman,  Romish   {chiefly  in  derogation), 
Popish  {used  only  in  derogation) . 

Catholicize,  v.  t.  Romanize. 

cattle,  a.  1.  In  a  general  sense:  see  stock. 
2.  Referring  to  bovines:  beeves  {pi.),  neat 
{archaic;  a  collective);  spec  {pi.)  red-polls, 
shorthorns,  Lancashires,  Jerseys,  Hol- 
steins,  etc 

cattle  raising:  boviculture  {affected). 

causable,  a.  inducible,  producible 

causal,  a.  1.  Spec,  creational. 
2.  »See  CAUSATIVE. 

causative,  a.  inductive,  inducive  {rare), 
productive,  causal  {rare),  creative  {chiefly 
spec),  generative. 

cause,  V.  t.  produce,  effect,  effectuate 
{rare),  gar  {Scot.),  make,  have,  do  {obs.), 
germinate  {fig.  or  spec),  keep  {rare;  equiv. 
to  "keep  up"),  inchoate  {rare),  provoke, 
originate,  let  {archaic  or  phrasal),  create, 
generate,  occasion,  breed,  bring,  raise, 
work;  spec  necessitate,  bear,  will,  induce, 
superinduce;  see  excite,  form. 
Antonyms:  see  prevent. 

cause,  n.  1.  principle  {tech.  or  literary), 
origin,  producer  {rare),  wherefore  {col- 
loq.), inducement,  occasion;  see  motive, 

REASON. 

Antonyms:  see  result. 

2.    See  ACTION,  SIDE. 

caustic,  a.  1.  burning,  escharotic  {tech.); 
spec,  catheretic. 

2.  In  mathematics:  spec  catacaustic,  dia- 
caustic. 

3.  *See  ACRID,  ACRIMONIOUS. 

caustic,  n.   1.  escharotic   {tech.),  cauter, 
cautery;  spec,  catheretic,  moxa. 
2.  Spec  catacaustic,  diacaustic. 


f^W  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
casuistry:     prevarication. 
cataclysm:       catastrophe,    up- 
heaval. 
cataplasm:   poultice. 


cataract:    waterfall,  deluge. 
catchy:    attractive,  deceptive. 
catechize,  v.  t.:  teach,  question. 
categorical:    dogmatic. 
cater:    provide. 


causeless:    grotmdless. 
caution,  n.:   viarning,  care. 
caution,  v.  t.:    warn. 
cautionary:    warning. 
cautious:   careful. 


fW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

61 


CAVALIER 


cavalry,  n.  soldiery  (contexluol),  horse; 
spi'c.  uhlan;  in  the  British  Army:  Yeo- 
manry, Life  Guards,  Horse  Guards, 
Dragoon  Guards,  Dragoons,  Hussars, 
Lancers. 

cavalryman,  n.  soldier  (contextual),  horse- 
man, troop,  plunger  (mil.  slang);  spec. 
horse  guard,  heavy,  roughrider,  reiter 
(hist.),  dragoon,  silladar  (Anglo-Indian), 
cuirassier,  hussar,  matross  (hist.,  U.  S.), 
cossack. 

cave,  n.  recess,  cavern,  den  (chiefly  spec); 
spec,  grotto,  grot  (poetic),  nymphseum, 
Lupercal  (rare;  antiq.). 

cave-dweller,  /f.  caveman,  troglodyte 
(tech.). 

cave- dwelling,  a.  cavernicolous  (rare), 
troglodyte   (tech.),  speluncous   (rare). 

cavil,  n.  criticism  (contextual),  carping; 
spec,  wrangle. 

cavil,  V.  i.  e.xcept  (contextual),  carp,  nibble, 
haggle  (chiefly  spec),  higgle  (chiefly  spec), 
stickle;  spec  quarrel,  wrangle. 

caviling,  a.  critical  (contextual) ,  captious, 
hairsplitting,  carping,  exceptive  (rare), 
exceptious  (rare);  spec,  hypercritical. 

cavity,  n.  hole,  hollow;  spec  hold  (of  a 
ship),  sinus  (tech.),  ventriculus,  vacuole, 
bug,  well,  diverticulum  (tech.),  pocket, 
fossa  or  fosse,  pit,  depression,  fossette, 
druse,  lacuna  (tech.),  crypt,  cistern, 
atrium,  cup;    see  chamber. 

Antonyms:   see  projection,  protuber- 
ance. 

ceiling,  n.  ceil  (rare  and  poetic),  roof, 
plafond  (French);  spec  cupola. 

celebrate,  v.  t.  1.  See  observe,  praise. 
2.  proclaim,    extol,    emblazon,    emblaze 
(rare),    commemorate,    sing,    sound,    re- 

.  sound,  laud,  trumpet,  royalize  (rare),  re- 
nown (rare);  spec,  historicize,  fame  (rare), 
sonnet  (rare),  hymn,  concelebrate  (rare), 
tune,  lionize,  rime  or  rhyme,  berime  or 
berhyme  (emphatic;  often  contemptuous). 
Antonyms:    see  depreciate. 

celebrate,  v.  i.  jubilate,  jubilize  (rare); 
spec  triumph. 

celebration,     n.     1.     See     observance, 

PRAISE,  communion. 

2.  proclamation,  emblazonment,  com- 
memoration, laudation,  etc.  Cf.  cele- 
brate, V.  t. 

3.  Spec,  festivity,  festival,  triumph,  ova- 
tion, Eucaemia  (Oxford  Univ.),  anniver- 
sary, biennial,  triennial,  etc,  birthday. 

celebrity,  n.  1.  See  fame. 


2.  notable,  name,  light,  luminary,  lion, 
lioness. 

celibacy,  n.  singleness,  celibate  (archaic); 
spec,  virginity. 

celibate,  a.  single,  unmarried;  spec,  virgin. 

celibate,  n.  Spec  bachelor,  maid  or 
maiden  (obs.  or  legal,  exc  as  of  women), 
spinster,  old  maid  (fern.;  colloq.  or  con- 
temptuous). 

Antonyms:     see    benedict,    husband, 
wife. 

cell,  n.  1.  Spec  utricle,  vacuole,  theca, 
spore,  am(Kba,  corpuscle,  plastid,  locule, 
loculus,  loculament,  locellus,  eye,  cellule, 
hffimatid,  hsemad,  macrocyte. 

2.  room  (contextual) ;  spec  serdab,  vault, 
reclusory  (rare),  concameration  (rare), 
box  (slang). 

3.  See  compartment. 

celled,  a.  cellate,  cellated,  cellulate; — all 
these  tech. 

cell-like,  a.  cytoid  (tech.). 

cellular,  a.  Spec  loculose  (tech.),  locula- 
mentose  (tech.;  rare),  loculamentous 
(tech.;  rare),  favose  (tech.),  comby  (rare), 
honey-combed,  faveolate  (tech.). 

cement,  n.  Spec  glue,  lute,  lime,  putty, 
tar,  mortar,  paste,  solder.  "Cement"  is 
chiefly  spec. 

cement,   v.   i.   conglutinate    (rare),   glue 
(primarily  spec),  stick;  spec  solder,  lime, 
paste,  ferruminate  (archaic),  mortar,  be- 
lute  (rare),  lute,  putty,  grout,  plaster. 
Antonyms:   see  break. 

cemetery,  n.  burial  place,  graveyard,  gol- 
gotha  (literary),  necropolis  (rhetorical); 
spec  polyandrium,  catacomb,  churchyard 
(archaic  or  hist.). 

censer,  n.  thurible,  incensory;  spec,  casso- 
lette, incense  boat,  navicula,  nef  (French). 

censorious,  a.  critical  (contextual),  culpa- 
tory (rare),  condemnatory,  reprobative, 
disapprobatory  (rare),  reprehensive,  rep- 
rehensing  (rare),  reprehensory  (rare); 
spec,  vitriolic,  cynic;  see  faultfinding. 
Antonyms:  see  approving,  praising. 

censure,  n.  1.  blame,  condemnation, 
reproach  (rare),  reprehension,  reprobation 
(rare),  objurgation  (rare),  reproof,  hit 
(colloq.),  knock  (slang),  criticism,  stric- 
ture, nip,  animadversion  (literary);  spec 
attack,  diatribe,  backbite,  dy.slogy  (a 
nonce  word);  see  blame,  blaming,  re- 
proof. 
Antonyms:  see  applause,  approval, 
praise,  compliment. 


X^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
cavalier,  n.:   horseman,  knight, 

gentleman,  escort,  lover. 
cavalier,  a.:  careless,  proud. 
cavalierly:    proud. 
cave -in:   collapse. 


cavern:    cave. 

cease:   stop. 

ceaseless:    constant,  endless. 

cede,  V.  t.:   relinquish,  transfer. 

ceil:   line. 

celebrated:   famous. 


celerity:    rapidity. 

celestial,  a.:  heavenly,  divine, 
Chinese. 

celestial,  7i.:  angel. 

censurable:  blamable,  repre- 
hensible. 


IW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

62 


CHANCE 


2.  Referring  to  direct  criticism  of  a  person: 

see  REPROOF. 

censure,  v.  t.  1.  condemn,  reproach,  repre- 
hend, reprobate,  reprove  (rare),  hit  (col- 
loq.),  knock  (slang),  tax  (rare),  fault 
(rare),  scarify  (fig.),  perstringe  (rare), 
criticize;    spec,    backbite,    attack;       see 

BLAME. 

Antonyms:      see     applaud,     approve, 

PRAISE,    compliment. 

2.  Referring  to  direct  censure  of  a  person: 

see  REPROVE. 

census,  n.  lustrum  (Roman  antiq.;  rare). 
cent,  n.  copper  (colloq.),  penny   (a  loose 

usage) . 
centenary,   a.   secular;   spec,   centennial, 

hundredal. 
center,  n.  1.  In  a  physical  sense:  middle, 

omphalos  (rare;  fig.  or  spec),  hub  (fig.), 

navel  (fig.);  spec,  nucleus,  pivot,  radiant. 

metropolis,  coom  (Scot.)  bull's-eye. 
Antonyms:    see  circumference,  edge, 

VERGE,   RIM. 

2-  In  a  nonphysical  sense:  focus,  hub, 
heart,  core,  navel,  pivot,  hinge,  kernel, 
nucleus. 

center,  v.  t.  1.  centralize,  concenter  (rare 
or  spec);  spec,  focus. 
2.  See  UNITE. 

central,  a.  middle;  spec  focal,  nuclear, 
pivotal. 

century,  n.  1.  centennium  (rare),  cen- 
tenary (rare). 

2.    See   HUNDRED. 

ceramics,  n.  pottery. 

cereal,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  plant:  grain, 
corn    (chiefly  spec,    the   particular  sense 
varying  with  the  locality);  spec  oat,  pea, 
bean. 
2.  See  GRAIN. 

cerebrate,  v.  %.  mentalize  (rare). 

cerebration,  n.  mentalism,  mentation. 

ceremony,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  action  or 
procedure:  performance,  observance,  rite, 
function  (chiefly  spec),  office,  practise; 
spec  sacrament,  mummery  (contemptu- 
ous), ordinance  (eccL),  tenebrse  (pi.). 
2.  Referring  to  the  form:  see  form. 

certain,  a.  1.  See  fixed,  definite,  un- 
avoidable, UNQUESTIONABLE,  CONFI- 
DENT. 

2.  In  a  sense  implying  unfailing  correct- 
ness: sure,  assured  (rare),  infallible. 
Antonyms:    see  uncertain,  doubtful, 

HESITATING. 


3.  With   "to"   and   the   infinitive:     sure, 
bound,  destined. 
certainty,  n.  1.  Spec  fixity,  definiteness, 
unquestionableness,  etc 

2.  In  a  sense  implying  unfailing  correct- 
ness: sureness,  assurance  (rare),  surety, 
certitude;  spec  infallibility. 

Antonyms:   see  uncertainty,  doubt. 

3.  Meaning  a  thing  that  is  unquestionable 
or  inevitable:  surety,  cinch  (slang).  "Sure 
thing"  is  chiefly  slang. 

Ajitonyms:   see  chance. 

certificate,  n.  Spec,  policy,  scrip,  deben- 
ture. 

chafed,  a.  rubbed,  galled,  fretted,  eaten, 
foxed  (dial.),  worn. 

chaffy,  a.  paleaceous,  paleate; — both  tech. 

chain,  n.  1.  catena  (rare  or  tech.);  spec. 
painter,  fob. 

2.    See  ROW,    STRING,    SERIES,   MOUNTAIN. 

chair,  n.  Spec,  tumbrel,  rocker,  round- 
about (U.  S.),  throne,  Cromwell  chair, 
curule     chair,     faldstool,     exedra;     see 

CATHEDRA. 

chairman,  n.  president,  presider;  spec 
toastmaster,  moderator,  speaker,  proloc- 
utor, croupier. 

chalky,  a.  cretaceous  (literary  or  tech.), 
cretous  (rare). 

challenge,    v.    t.    1.    dare,    defy,    stump 
(colloq.,    U.   S.),  deraign   (hist,   or  obs.), 
brave  (rare). 
2.  See  QUESTION. 

challenge,  n.  1.  dare,  defy  (colloq.),  de- 
fiance, stump  (colloq.,  U.  S.). 
2.  See  objection. 

chamber,  n.  1.  See  room,  bedroom,  com- 
partment, ASSEMBLY. 

2.  Referring  to  a  room  for  official  business 
or  public  assembly:  camera  (rare,  tech.,  or 
spec);  spec,  bourse,  exchange,  curia,  hall. 

3.  cavity,  camera  (rare  or  tecli.);  spec 
coffer,  cofferdam,  kistvaen,  casemate,  lock, 
vault,  cist,  cell;  see  grave. 

chambered,  a.  concamerated,  camerate; 
spec,  septate,  locular; — all  tech.,  exc 
chambered. 

chambermaid,  n.  femme  de  chambre 
(French) . 

champagne,  n.  simkin  (Anglo-Indian) . 

champion,  n.  1.  protector,  defender;  spec 
knight,  knight-errant,  paladin  (fig.). 
2.  See  SUPPORTER,  victor. 

chance,  n.  1.  Referring  to  a  way  of  happen- 
ing of  events  or  to  a  fortuitous  state  of  af- 


tJ^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

cession: 

transfer,    relinquish- 

challenge,  v.  i.:   object. 

ceremonial,  a,:  formal. 

menl. 

challenging:    defiant. 

ceremonial,   n,:  form. 

chafe,  V. 

t.:   rub. 

champaign:    plain,  country. 

ceremonious:    formal. 

chafe,  V. 

i.:  rub,  fret. 

champion,  v.  t.:    protect,  sup- 

certify:  assure,  authenticate. 

chaff,  n. 

pleasantry,  refuse. 

port. 

certitude:  confidence,  certainty. 

chafi,  V. 

.:  banter. 

championship:          protection. 

cerulean:  azure. 

chain,  v 

t.:    bind,  fanten. 

support. 

cessation:     stop,  intermission. 

chalice: 

cup. 

chance,  )).  i.:   happen. 

JS^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

63 


CHANCE 


fairs:  outcome,  fortune,  cast  (obsolescent) , 
hazard  (rare),  ciisualty  (obsolescent),  per- 
adventuro    (littrari/),    venture    (archaic); 
spec,   toss-up   (colloq.),  gamble. 
Antonyms:    sec  certainty,  necessity. 

2.  Referring  to  a  particular  happening: 
occurrence,  accident,  casualty,  contin- 
gency, contingence,  fortuity,  fortune, 
hap  (rare),  perad venture  (literary);  spec. 
draw,  chance-medley;     see  misfortune. 

Antotiyms:   see  necessity. 

3.  Referring  to  chance  generically,  a  sense 
often  personified:  accident,  hazard,  hap- 
hazard, contingency  (rare),  contingence 
{rare),  hap;  spec,  luck;  see  fortune. 

Antonyms:   see  necessity. 

4.  See  opportunity,  contingency. 
cbance,  a.  accidental,  contingent,  casual, 

chanceable  (archaic),  chanceful  (archaic), 
stray  (fig.),  blind,  blindfold  (fig.),  hap- 
hazard, errabund  (rare),  harum-scarum 
(colloq.);  see  purposeless,  aimless. 
Antonyms:  see  consequential,  inten- 
tional. 

chancel,  ??.  sanctuary,  bema  (eccl.;  antiq.). 

chandelier,  n.  1.  candlestick. 
2.  pendant    (contextual);    spec,    gaselier, 
electrolier,  corona,  pendant  (rare),  crown. 

change,  Ji.   1.  See  exchange,  removal, 
substitution. 

2.  variation,  alteration,  transition,  mu- 
tation, variance,  turning,  turn  (chiefly 
colloq.),  transmutation,  passage,  passing, 
pass,  movement  (chiefly  spec),  shift 
(chiefly  spec),  go  (colloq.  or  slang),  revo- 
lution (rare),  novation  (rare);  spec,  start, 
bob,  break,  graduation,  risk,  vicissitude; 
see     transformation,     qualification, 

CONVERSION. 

Antonyms:    see  constancy,  continua- 
tion. 

3.  Referring  to  garments:  shift  (now  U.  S. 
or  dial.  Eng.). 

change,   v.   t.    1.  exchange   (often  spec), 
commute;  spec  shift  (one's  garments);  see 

EXCHANGE,   M0\T:,  REMOVE. 

2.  alter,  vary,  qualify,  variate  (rare), 
modify,  transform,  mutate  (chiefly  spec), 
convert,  turn;  spec  provect,  transmute, 
moderate,  diminish,  increase,  intensify, 
quahfy,  transform,  shade,  convert. 

Antonyms:  see  fix. 
change,  v.  i.  alter,  vary,  variate  (rare), 
shift  (chiefly  spec),  pass,  resolve  (literary 
or  spec),  go  (colloq.  or  spec),  mutate 
(chiefly  spec),  turn  (chiefly  spec);  spec. 
shape  (cs  in  "things  are  shaping  his  way;" 
colloq.),  glide,  sink,  jump,  break,  range, 
graduate,  grade. 

Antonyms:   see  continue. 


changeable,  a.  1.  movable,  variable,  mo- 
bile,  versatile   (rare  or  spec),   mutable; 
see  exchangeable,  movable. 
Antonyms:   see  immovable,  fixed. 

2.  Alterable,  varying,  variant,  variable, 
mutable,  modifiable,  inconstant,  fickle 
(fig.);  spec  changeful,  vicissitudinous, 
vicissitudinary,  chatoyant,  shot. 

Antonyms:   see  constant,  fixed. 

3.  fickle,  inconstant,  variable,  light- 
headed or  light,  moody  (obsolescent),  hare- 
brained, flighty,  mutable,  shifty  (chiefly 
spec),  skittish  (fig.),  volatile  (literary), 
feathery  (fig.;  rare),  versatile  (rare),  mer- 
curial (literary),  unstable,  changeful. 

Antonyms:    see  constant,   obstinate, 

FIXED. 

changeableness,  n.  1.  movableness,  vari- 
ableness, etc 

2.  alterableness,  variableness,  incon- 
stance,  etc 

Antonyms:  see  application. 
changeling,    n.    1.    Proteus  (fig.);   spec. 
waverer,  turncoat;  renegade. 
2-  oof. 

3.  See  IDIOT. 

changing,  a.  1,  changeful,  fluxile    (rare), 
various  (rare  or  archaic),  mobile,  dynamic 
or  dynamical  (tech.). 
2.  alterative,  modifying,  modificatory. 

channel,  n.  1.  conduit,  canal,  course,  duct, 
carrier  (contextual);  spec,  trough  (now 
U.S.),  gutter,  groove,  furrow,  cloaca,  cal- 
oriduct  (rare),  sewer,  main,  rabbet,  artery, 
aorta,  vein,  runway,  airway,  cesspipe, 
pipe,  lateral,  aqueduct,  drain,  flute,  shoot, 
intake,  leader,  canaliculus,  coulisse 
(French),  cullis,  flume,  riffle,  wadi,  ditch, 
dike,  downcomer,  dale,  lumen,  meatus, 
launder,  main,  neck,  katabothron  (rare), 
marigot  (French),  lead,  run,  rurmel, 
runner,  sulcation  (rare),  donga  (So. 
Af.),  gullet  (local  Eng.),  gully,  funnel,  cul- 
vert, sluice,  raceway  or  race  (chiefly  U.  S.) 

2.  Referring  to  the  deep  part  of  a  water- 
way: thalweg  (German;  tech.),  thread, 
runway  (rare),  ditch  (contemptuous) ;  spec. 
tideway,  gut,  sound,  strait,  swash,  race- 
way or  race  (chiefly  U.  S.),  neck,  lead, 
fairway. 

3.  Referring  to  a  long  depression:  spec. 
furrow,  groove,  sulcation  (rare),  trough, 
fluting,  dig,  scratch,  score,  gouge,  cut, 
gutter. 

Antonyms:  see  ridge. 
channel,  v.  t.  Spec  gutter,  canal  (rare), 

gully,   ravine,    chamfer,   ditch,    canalize, 

sweal  (obs.  or  Scot.). 
channeled,   a.    Spec,   guttered,   guttery, 

ditched. 


lew  Cross  references:  see  Note. 


clisiiigef 111.  changeable,  changing,    \    moving. 


t^^  See  Notes  of  Esplanation. 
64 


CHATTER 


chant,   n.    Spec,    hymn,    song,    canticle, 

requiem  {chiefly  poetic),  intonation. 
chaos,  n.  1.  abyss,  void;   spec.  Ginnunga- 

gap. 

2.  See  CONFUSION. 
chapel,  n.  Spec,  galilee,  vestry,  cubiculum, 

crypt,  chantry,  oratory,  pool,  Bethesda. 
chaperon,  n.  gouvernante  (French);  spec. 

duenna. 
chaperon,  v.  t.  matronize  (rare). 
chapter,  ?i.  1.  division  (contextual);  spec. 

sura  (in  the  Koran) ,  capitular. 

2.    See  ASSEMBLY,  BRANCH. 

char,  V.  t.  burn,  scorch,  carbonize  (tech.), 
sear. 

char,  n.  burn,  scorch,  scar;  spec,  charcoal, 
snuff. 

character,  n.  1.  See  figure,  mark,  na- 
ture, QUALITY,  HANDWRITING,  TYPE, 
STYLE,  PERSONALITY,  PERSONAGE,  REPU- 
TATION. 

2.  symbol,  emblem  (fig.  or  contextual), 
figure  (spec,  or  contextual);  spec,  letter, 
type,  hieroglyph^  hieroglyphic,  polyphone, 
ideograph,  pictograph,  descender,  hook. 

3.  personage,  eccentric,  crank  (coUoq.), 
original,  erratic  (rare),  vagarian  (rare), 
case  (colloq.  or  slang,  U.  S.),  oddity 
(colloq.).  "Character"  is  somewhat  collo- 
quial in  this  sense. 

characteristic,  n.  feature,  trait,  peculi- 
arity, physiognomic  (rare);  spec,  diagnos- 
tic (esp.  nied.);  see  quality,  distinction. 

charge,  n.  1.  See  price,  expense,  tax, 
accusation,  complaint,  bidding,  care, 
burden,  attack. 

2.  liability,  burden,  encumbrance,  tax 
(orig.  spec),  expense;  spec,  assessment, 
rate;  see  mortgage. 

3.  rate,  tax  (colloq.  or  slang,  U.  S.);  spec. 
average,  demurrage,  tariff,  terminals 
(pi.),  dockage,  storage,  etc.;  see  price. 

4.  debit  (tech.),  chalk  (spec,  or  fig.),  score 
(spec),  due. 

5.  Referring  to  firearms,  a  furnace,  etc.: 
load;  spec  round,  blast,  feed  (fig.). 

charge,  v.  t.  1.  See  fill,  bid,,  assess,  ac- 
cuse, attack,  prepare,  load. 

2.  burden,  commission,  intrust,  tax,  en- 
charge  (rare). 

3.  Referring  to  a  person:  tax  (colloq., 
U.S.). 

4.  Referring  to  the  amount:   debit  (tech.), 


score  (rare);  spec,  peg,  size  (Eng.  uni- 
versities) . 

5.  Referring  to  what  is  charged  with  a 
liability:    burden,  incumber;  see  mort- 
gage. 
charitable,  .a.  1.  See  benevolent. 

2.  eleemosynary  (literary,  tech.,  or  euphe- 
mistic) . 

3.  liberal,  considerate;  spec,  fair-minded, 
large-hearted. 

charity,  n.  I.  See  love,  kindness,  benev- 
olence, ALMS. 

2.  Spec,   foundation,    bequest,    hospital, 
college  (chiefiy  Eng.). 

charm,  n.  1.  See  bewitchery,  bewitch- 
ment, ATTRACTION,  ATTRACTIVENESS, 
CAPTIVATION. 

2.  Spec  talisman,  fetish  or  fetich,  medi- 
cine (anthropology),  saphie  (North  Africa), 
obi  or  obeah  (negro),  greegree  (Africa), 
amulet. 
Antonyms:  see  hoodoo. 

charmer,  n.  1.  See  magician. 
2.  Referring  to  a  charming  person,  esp.  a 
woman:   witch  (colloq.). 

chase,  n.  1.  In  the  generic  sense:  pursuit, 
hunting,  course,  hunt,  cynegetics  (rare); 
spec  venery. 

2.    See  HUNT,  GAME,  PURSUIT. 

chase,  v.  i.  pursue;  spec,  run; — with 
"after." 

chaste,  a.  I.  pure,  clean,  white  (fig.),  in- 
nocent, honest  (rare  or  archaic),  virtuous. 
Antonyms:  see  unchaste,  lewd,  im- 
moral, COARSE,  BEASTLY,  INDECENT,  COR- 
RUPT, LASCIVIOUS,  LICENTIOUS. 
2.    See  PURE,  PROPER. 

chastity,  n.  1.  purity,  pureness,  innocence, 
honor,  virtue,  virtuousness. 
2.  See  PURITY. 

chattel,  n.  chose  (tech.),  movable,  things 
(pi.;  chiefly  spec);  spec,  distress  (sing.); 
see  GOODS. 

chatter,  n.  1.  babble  (rare),  jargon,  jangle, 
patter  (colloq.),  gabble  (co7itemptuous) , 
clatter  (contemptuous),  patter  (colloq.), 
twaddle  or  twattle  (now  dial,  or  colloq.), 
claver  (cojitemptuous,  Scot.),  clack  (con- 
temptuous), mag  (colloq.),  cackle  (con- 
temptuous or  spec),  gibber,  gibberish, 
jabber,  jibber  (rare),  prattle,  prate  (rare), 
prating,  prittle-prattle  (rare);  spec.  talk. 
2.  See  babble,  rattle. 


X^W^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
chant,  V.  I.:    sing,  intone. 
chanticleer:    cock. 
chaotic:   formless,  confused. 
chap:  person. 
chap  fallen :    depressed. 
chaplet:    crown. 
chapped:    cracked. 
chaps:  jaw,  chops. 
charge,  v.  i.:   rush. 


charge:    diplomatic  agent. 

chargeable:    attributable. 

charger:   platter,  horse. 

charlatan:    quack. 

charm,  v.  t.:  bewitch,  captivate, 
attract. 

charming:  captivating,  pleas- 
ant, atlrarlive. 

charnel  house:   ossuary. 

chart,  n.:   table. 


chart,  V.  t.:  tabulate. 
charter,  n.:  deed,  privilege. 
charter,  v.  t.:  hire. 
chary:   careful,  prudent. 
chase,  v.  t.:   hunt,  pursue. 
chasm:   abyss,  cleft,  l>reak,  void. 
chasten:  purify,  punish, restrain. 
chastise:     punish. 
chat,  V.  i.:  converse. 
chat,  71.;    conversation. 


iW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

65 


CHATTER 


chatter,  v.  i.  1.  babble,  jargon,  jargonize 
irarc),  jabblc  (rare),  patter  (colloq.),  gab- 
ble (conteinptuous),  prattle,  jabber,  prate, 
blat  or  blate  {vulgar  or  contemptuous); 
spec.  talk. 

2.    .Sff  RATTLE. 

chatter,  r.  t.  1.  patter,  prate,  rattle  (fig.). 

2.    Ncr  HATTLE. 

cheap,  a.  1.  inexpensive;  spec,  easy  (col- 
loq.); see  ECONOMICAL. 
Antonyms:  see  costly. 

2.  See  low-priced. 

3.  vulgar,  meretricious;     spec,  popular; 

sec  BASE,  PALTRY,  GAUDY. 

cheat,  v.  i.  sharp,  shark  (rare),  swindle. 

cheat,  V.  t.  1.  defraud,  swindle,  beguile, 
cozen  (now  literary),  victimize  (context- 
ual), bilk  (colloq.),  gouge  (colloq.),  fob  or 
fub  (rare),  daddle  (colloq.),  bob  (obs.; 
slang),  bucket  (slang),  rogue  (rare), 
shave,  rook  (colloq.  or  slang),  gudgeon 
(colloq.),  mump  (colloq.;  obs.),  lurch  (ar- 
chaic), ramp  (slang),  Jew  (used  opprobri- 
ously  by  non-Jews;  vulgar),  cozen  (noiv  lit- 
erary), cony-catch  (obs.);  spec,  cog,  fleece, 
thimblerig,  bunco,  chouse  (colloq.  or  slang) . 
2.  See  deceive. 

cheat,  n.  1.  swindle,  beguilement  (esp.  the 
action),  do  (slang),  cross  (cant  or  slang), 
fraud. 

2.  defrauder,  swindler,  sharper,  sharker 
(rare),  cozener  (noiv  literary),  trickster, 
sharp,  Jew  (used  opprohriously  by  some 
non-Jeios;  vulgar),  blackleg  (colloq.), 
crook  (colloq.),  cony-catcher  (obs.),  snide 
(slang),  Greek  (chiefly  spec),  hawk  (fig.), 
bilk  (rare;  colloq.  or  slang),  kite  (rare), 
shaver  (rare),  rascal,  lurch  (rare),  rogue, 
rook  (fig.);  spec,  blackleg  (colloq.),  chouse 
(colloq.  or  slang). 

3.  See  DECEIVER,   DECEPTION. 

cheating,  n.  defrauding,  swindlery  (rare). 

check,  V.  t.  1.  See  stop,  restrain,  re- 
press, SUPPRESS,  reject,  BAR,  STUNT, 
CHOKE,  INTERRUPT. 

2.  mark;    spec,  tick,  prick,  tally. 

3.  repulse,  squelch,  rebuff;    spec.  snub. 

4.  countercheck;  spec,  block,  scotch,  cog, 
snub,  brake,  drag,  anchor,  damp,  rein. 

5.  withhold,  forbear,  spare,  refrain  (rare); 
.spec,  cease. 

check,  n.  1.  See  STOP,  STOPPAGE,  repres- 
sion, REVERSE,  BAR,  RESTRAINT,  INTER- 
RUPTION. 

2.  Referring  to  that  which  checks:  counter- 
check; spec,  drag,  drogue,  block,  snub, 
chock,  clog,  stop,  stopper,  damp,  damper, 
blanket,  rein,  bridle,  inhibition,  brake, 
let  (esp.  in  "without  let  or  hindrance"). 


3.  repulse,  rebuff,  setback  ([/.  5.),  back- 
set, thwart  (rare);  spec.  snub. 

4.  mark;  spec,  tick,  prick,  tally,  dash. 

5.  Referring  to  that  by  which  a  thing  is 
controlled,  measured,  etc.:  spec,  standard, 
control. 

checkered,  a.  cheeky,  chequce  or  chequ6 

(heraldry). 
cheek,  Ji.  1.  jowl  (rare  or  dial.);  spec,  gills 

(pi.;  slang). 

2.    See  IMPUDENCE. 

cheer,  v.  t.  1.  encourage,  inspirit,  cherish 
(rare),  comfort,  strengthen,  solace,  con- 
sole, hearten,  enliven,  brighten,  encheer 
(rare),  recreate  (rare),  rehearten  (rare), 
liven  (colloq.),  warm;  spec,  chirrup. 
Antonyms:     see    abash,     discourage, 

SADDEN,  grieve,  DEPRESS. 

2.  See  APPLAUD. 

cheer,  v.  i.  shout  (contextual),  jolly  (Eng.); 
spec,  hurrah,  hurray,  hurra,  huzza. 

cheer,  n.  1.  encouragement,  comfort,  sol- 
ace, consolation,  consolement  (rare),  en- 
livenment,  recreation  (rare). 
2.  shout  (contextual),  jolly  (Eng.);    spec. 
tiger,  huzza,  hurrah,  hurray,  hurra. 

cheerful,  a.  1.  light,  light-hearted,  bright, 
chipper  (slang  or  colloq.,  U.  S.),  chirrupy 
(colloq.),  lively,  merry,  jocund  (literary), 
debonair  (literarTj),  lightsome,  chirpy  (col- 
loq.), hilarious,  jolly,  gladsome,  heartsome 
(chiefly  Scot.),  canty  (dial.),  sunny,  sun- 
shiny (colloq.),  buxom  (archaic),  lusty 
(archaic),  riant  (rare),  cheery,  genial, 
blithe,  blithesome,  bonny  (obs.  or  rare), 
brisk  (chiefly  dial.);  spec,  smiling. 
Antonyms:     see    depressed,    sullen, 

GLOOMY. 

2.  See  cheering. 

cheerfulness,  n.  geniality,  hilarity,  sun- 
shine, gladsomeness,  etc. 
Antonyms:    see   depression,    discour- 
agement. 

cheering,  a.  cheerful,  genial,  enlivening, 
inspiriting,  strengthening,  consolatory, 
gladsome,  Igetificant  (rare),  heartsome 
(chiefly  Scot.),  chirping  (rare),  cheer\', 
blithesome,  comfortable,  cordial  (rare), 
solaceful  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  depressing,  gloomy. 

cheering,    n.    solacement,    enlivenment, 
heartening,  etc. 

cheerless,  a.  dull,  dismal,  gloomy,  dreary, 
dark,  joyless. 

cheerlessness,    n.    dullness,    dismalness, 
gloom. 

cheesy,  a.  caseous  (chiefly  tech.). 

chemical,  a.  Spec,  alchemical,  analytical, 
svnthetical. 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
chatty:  conversational,  communicative. 


checker:    plaid. 
checkmate:    defeat. 


cheep:   chirp. 

cheery:     cheerful,  cheering. 


XS'  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

66 


CHILLY 


chemise,  n.  shift,  smock,  slip;  spec. 
guimpe. 

cherish,  v.  t.  1.  protect,  foster,  nurse,  cod- 
dle, bosom  {rare),  brood;   spec,  enshrine, 
cosset,  pet;  see  foster. 
Antonyms:    see   abuse,   beat,    blight, 

ILL-TREAT. 

2.  See  CARESS,  love,  preserve,  enter- 
tain. 

chest,  71.  1.  case,  box,  coffer  {chiefly  spec), 
hutch  {archaic  or  spec);  spec,  cist  or  cyst 
{antiq.),  clothespress,  cabinet,  commode, 
chiffonier,  cofSn,  locker,  tallboy,  highboy, 
wangun  {cant),  bureau;  see  trunk. 
2.  thorax  {tech.);  spec  breast. 

chestnut,  a.  castaneous  {tech.). 

chevron,  n.  1.  Spec,  zigzag,  dancette. 

2.    See  BADGE. 

chew,  V.  t.  &  i.  1.  masticate  {formal),  chaw 
{now  vulgar  or  implying  vulgarity),  man- 
ducate  {rare);  spec,  crunch,  crump, 
munch,  mumble,  champ,  ruminate,  gnaw. 
2.  See  REND. 

chewing,  a.  masticatory,  manducatory 
{rare); — both  formal. 

chicane,  v.  i.  pettifog  {in  law). 

chicanery,  n.  deceit  {contextual),  trickery, 
sophistry,  chicane;  spec,  prevarication, 
pettifogging,  pettifoggery. 

chick,  n.  offspring  {contextual),  squab 
{chiefly  spec);  see  chicken. 

chicken,  n.  fowl  {contextual),  poult  {rare), 
biddy  {colloq.);  spec  broiler,  fry,  peeper, 
chick. 

chicken-breasted,  a.  gibbous  {rare  or 
tech.),  pigeon-breasted. 

chief,  a.  1.  first,  arch  {chiefly  literary  or 
used  in  combination),  principal,  foremost, 
master,  head,  high  {contextual),  preemi- 
nent, top,  supereminent  {rare),  premier. 

2.  In  importance,  interest,  etc.:  main, 
principal,  first,  capital  {literary  or  for- 
mal), premier,  cardinal,  pivotal,  great 
{used  with  "the"),  central,  top,  primary, 
supreme,  prime,  grand,  leading,  palmary 
{rare),  palmarian  {rare). 

Antonyms:    see  inferior,   secondary, 

SMALL. 

3.  In  proportion:  prevailing,  main. 
chief,  n.  1.  head;  spec,  chieftain,  head- 
man, headsman  {rare),  primate  {rare), 
cob  {dial.),  cock  {colloq.),  ruler,  leader, 
dux  {chiefly  Scot,  or  spec),  captain,  capi- 
tano  {Italian),  cacique  (West  Indies), 
condottiere  {Italian),  clicker,  cid,  general 
{mil.  or  eccl.),  foreman,  elder,  goodman 
{Scot,  or  archaic),  protopope  {eccl.),  jarl, 
caboceer   {Africa),  hierarch   {eccl.),   pro- 


vincial {eccl.),  ringleader,  reis  or  rais 
{Arabia),  sheik  {Arabia),  sagamore, 
sachem,  raja  or  rajah,  principal,  prince, 
cardinal  {R.  C.  Ch.),  primate  {eccl.), 
poligar,  prytanis  {fig.),  president,  pre- 
mier, phylarch,  matriarch  {chiefly  jocu- 
lar), malik  {Hindu),  abuna  {eccl.),  metran 
{eccl.),  lumberdar  {India),  judge  {Bib.), 
kehaya  {Turkish);  see  overseer,  supe- 
rior, commander. 
Antonyms:  see  subordinate. 

2.  principal,  don  {literary  or  cant). 

3.  In  heraldry:     spec,  soustenu  {French). 
chiefly,    adv.    principally,    mainly,    most, 

mostly,  capitally,  cardinally,  etc. 

chieftancy,  n.  chiefship,  headship,  su- 
premacy, masterdom. 

child,  n.  1.  See  offspring. 
2.  offspring  {contextual),  kid  {slang  or  col- 
loq.), bairn  {Scot.),  cub  {jocose  or  contempt- 
uous), whelp  (contemptuous),  papoose 
{Amer.  Ind.),  dandiprat  {obs.,  juvenile,  or 
archaic),  dab  {contemptuous),  joey  {Aus- 
tralia; colloq.),  imp  {chiefly  spec),  mop- 
pet {archaic;  a  term  of  endearment),  bud 
{a  term  of  endearment),  brat  {contemptu- 
ous), innocent  {as  being  pure),  cherub  {pi. 
cherubs;  spec  or  sarcastic),  lambkin  (a 
term  of  endearment);  spec,  boy,  girl, 
changeling,  nestling  {fig.),  elf,  tot,  elfin 
{literary;  rare),  chit  {colloq.),  trot  {colloq.), 
urchin;  see  son,  daughter. 
Antonyms:  see  parent,  father,  mother. 

childbirth,  n.  parturition  {tech.),  parturi- 
ence  {tech.;  rare),  travail  {archaic),  labor, 
pains  {pi.),  puerpery  {rare);  spec,  deliv- 
ery, eutocia,  dystocia. 

childhood,  n.  infancy  {chiefly  legal,  exc. 
spec),  youth,  puerility  {rare);  spec,  minor- 
ity, pupilage,  nonage. 
Antonyms:   see  age,  maturity. 

childish,  a.  childlike,  childly  {rare),  ju- 
venile, puerile  {usually  in  a  bad  sense), 
youthful,  brattish  {contemptuous),  kiddish 
{slang or  colloq.) ;  spec,  boyish,  boylike,  girl- 
ish, girl-like,  girly  {colloq.);  see  babyish. 
These  terms  when  applied  to  older  persons 
are  used  as  equivalent  to:  "foolish,  weak, 
silly,  trifling,  trusting,  unsuspecting,"  etc. 
"Childish"  is  seldom  used  except  of  older 
persons,  and  usually  in  a  derogatory  sense: 
"childlike"  usually  implies  approval. 
Antonyms:  see  manly,  womanly,  wom- 
anish, OLD. 

children,  n.  pi.  1.  offspring  {contextual). 
2.  childhood  {rare);  spec,  infantry  {jocu- 
lar), infancy;  see  youth. 

chilly,  a.  cold,  cool,  chill. 


tS'  Cross  references:  see  Note, 
cherished:    dear. 
cherub:    angel,  child. 
cherup:    chirp. 


chevalier:      hurseman,   knight, 

lover. 
chide:  scold,  reprove. 
childlike:    childixh. 


chill,  n.:    cold,  depression. 
chill,  a.:   cold,  chilly. 
chill,  )i.  i.:   cool,  restrain,  freeze- 
chilline::    depressing,  repellent. 


tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

67 


CHIME 


cliime,  ;'.  /.  iC*  /.  1.  ring  {archaic  or  spec), 

play  {coiitixtual). 

2.  Sec  a(.:ree,  harmonize. 
chimney,  /(.   1.  Spec,  flue,  shoot,  stack, 

pipe. 

2.    ^'t^•  CLEFT. 

chimney  corner,  fireside,  iiiglenook  {lit- 
er ary). 

chin,  n.  luentum  {tech.);  spec.  jowl. 

china,  n.  earthenware  {rare),  chinaware, 
porcelaiue;  spec,  crackle,  belleek,  ma- 
jolica, etc. 

Chinese,  a.  Celestial  {hu7norous),  Sinic 
{rare),  Sinaean  or  Sinaic  {rare);  spec. 
Serian  or  Seric. 

chip,  n.  Spec,  flake,  spall,  turnings  {pi.), 
cuttings   {pi.),    parings    {pi.),    flint;    see 

PIECE,  SPLINTER. 

chirp,  n.  A  v.  i.  cry  {contextual),  twitter, 
cheep,  cherup,  chipper,  peep,  pipe,  pip, 
chirk  {dial,  or  U.  S.),  chirrup  or  chirup; 
spec.  pule. 

chirping,  a.  cheepy. 

chisel,  V.  t.  cut  {contextual),  carve  {con- 
textual); spec,  boast  {inaso7iry),  gouge. 

chisel-shaped,  a.  scalpriform  {tech.). 

choice,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  act:  prefer- 
ence, preferment  {rare),  selection,  elec- 
tion {chiefly  spec),  option,  choose  {rare; 
humorous  or  illiterate),  optation  [rare), 
pick,  delectus  {rare,  exc.  spec);  spec  co- 
optation,  cooption. 
Antonyms:  see  rejection. 

2.  Referring  to  the  thing  chosen:  prefer- 
ence, selection,  option,  pick,  favorite; 
spec,  cull  {cant),  delectus;  see  alterna- 
tive, BEST. 

3.  Power  of  choosing:  option,  pick;  spec. 
discretion. 

choice,  a.  1.  select,  picked,  recherche 
{French),  exquisite. 

2.    See  FINE,  EXCELLENT. 

choke,  V.  t.  &  i.  1.  suffocate  {contextual), 
strangle,  strangulate  {chiefly  med.),  throt- 
tle; spec,  bowstring,  garrotte,  grin  {ar- 
chaic), gag. 

2.  See  REPRESS,  OBSTRUCT,  DEADEN,  EX- 
TINGUISH. 

3.  repress  {contextual),  check,  swallow, 
gulp  {used  chiefly  with  "down").  "Choke" 
is  used  chiefly  with  "down." 


choose,  V.  t.  select,  elect,  take,  opt  {rare),, 
pick,  optatc  {rare),  list  {only  as  a  v.  i.; 
archaic);  spec,  coopt  {learned  or  tech.), 
cooptatc,  cull,  draw,  prefer,  prick,  garble; 
see  ADOPT. 
Antonyms:  see  reject. 

choosing,  a.  optative,  selective;  spec,  ec- 
lectic, elective. 

chop,  n.  1.  See  jaw. 
2.  In  pi.  {chops):  chaps  {pi.;  a  variant), 
choke  {dial.);  spec  flews  {pi.). 

chop,  V.  t.  &  i.  cut  {contextual) ,  hew,  hack; 
spec,  mince,  hackle,  lop,  haggle. 

chop,  n.    1.  cut   {contextual),  slice   {con- 
textual), hew,  hack;  spec.  lop. 
2.  bobble,  lop,  overfall,  rip;  spec,  tiderip, 
ripple. 

chopping,  a.  wavy  {contextual),  rough 
{contextual),  hobbling,  cockling,  bobbly, 
loppy;  spec,  ripply. 

chosen,  a.  select,  elect  {chiefly  spec), 
picked,  predilective  {rare);  spec  conscript, 
preferential,  predestined,  preferred. 

chosen,  n.   Spec,  elect,  elite  {French) . 

Christ,  n.  Saver  {rare).  Savior  or  Saviour, 
Jesus,  Redeemer,  Messiah,  Messias,  Im- 
manuel,  Mediator,  Intercessor,  Advocate, 
Judge,  Word,  Son,  Son  of  Man,  Son  of 
God,  Lamb,  Lamb  of  God; — mostly  used 
with  "the"  or  "our." 

christen,  v.  t.  1.  See  baptize,  name. 
2.  In  the  sense  of  "to  use  for  the  first  time": 
auspicate    {learned  or  literary),  handsel; 
spec  wet  {slang),  blood.     "Christen"  is 
colloq. 

Christendom,  n.  The  Church,  Christian- 
ity, Zion  {fig.). 

Christian,  n.  Nazarene  {iised  esp.  by  Jews 
and  Mohammedans) ,  saint  {Bib.),  giaour 
{used  by  Turks),  gentile  {used  in  India); 
spec,  professor  {chiefly  Scot.  &  U.  S.), 
novice,  probationer.  Gnostic,  Baptist, 
Methodist,  etc. 
Antonyms:    see  heathen,  heretic. 

Christmas,  n.  Yuletide  {literary  or  local), 
Yule  {literary  or  local). 

chronic,  a.  inveterate,  confirmed,  seated, 
settled,  rooted,  continuing  {contextual); 
spec  inborn,  inbred. 

chronological,  a.  datal  {rare),  temporal 
{contextual). 


X^^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
chime,  n.:  hell,  melody,  harmony, 

agreement,  rhythm. 
chimera:  fancy. 
chimerical:  fanciful,  visionary. 
chink:   cleft,  crack. 
chink,  n.:  jingle,  coin. 
chink,  V.  i.:  gasp. 
chipper:    chirp. 
chirm:    noise. 
chirography:    handwriting. 
clurrup:     chirp. 
chit:   bud,  offspring,  child. 


chitchat:    conversation. 
chivalrous:   knightly,  generous, 

polite. 
choler:    anger. 
chopf alien:    depressed. 
choral:    hymn. 
chord,  n.:    string. 
chord,  V.  i.:  harmonize. 
chore:    task. 
chorus:    refrain. 
chose:   chattel. 
Christianity:    Christendom. 
chronicle,  n.:    account. 


chronicle,  v.  t.:  record,  yiarrate. 
chronicler:    historian. 
chubby:    plump. 
chuck,  7>.  &  v.:  cluck. 
chuck,  V.  t.:   throw,  stroke. 
chuck,  n.:   throw,  stroke,  clutch, 
chuckle:    laugh. 
chuckle:     blockhead. 
chum,  n.:    roommate,  intimate. 
chum,  V.  i.:   cohabit. 
chummy:    intimate. 
chump:    blockhead. 
chunk:    piece,  lump. 


tS^  See  Notes  of  Escplanation. 

68 


CIRCUMVOLUTION 


church,  n.  1.  temple,  house,  house  of  CJod, 
Lord's  house,  fane  {archaic  or  poetic), 
ecclesia  {hist.},  kirk  {Scot.  &  north  of  Eng.; 
chiefly  spec);  spec.  Ebenezer,  cathedral, 
chapel,  Caaba,  Kaaba,  Bethel,  meeting- 
house, basilica,  synagogue,  tabernacle, 
duomo  {Italian),  mosque,  kiack,  minster, 
mensal  {hist.),  martyry,  conventicle, 
samaj  {India),  delubrum,  dom  {German). 

2.    See  CONGREGATION,   CHUISTENDOM. 

chute,  n.  shoot,  hopper;    spec,  slide. 

cigar,  n.  weed  {slang). 

cimeter-shaped,    a.    acinaciform    {rare). 

cinder,  n.    Spec,  coal,  breeze;   see  slag. 

cinder,  v.  t.    Spec,  scorify. 

cindery,  a.  coaly;    spec,  slaggy. 

cipher,  ?i.  1.  nought,  naught  (a  less  usual 
form),  0,  nothing,  zero,  aught  {rare  and 
a  mistake  for  "naught"),  ought  {a  mistake 
for  "nought"). 

2.  cryptogram,  cryptology. 

3.  See  NUMERAL,  MONOGRAM. 

cipher,  v.  t.  1.  encipher  {more  formal  than 

"cipher"). 

2.  See  COMPUTE. 
circle,  n.  1.  disk,  radius,  round,  rondelle 

{rare  or  tech.  and  spec),  rondure  or  roun- 

dure  {rare),  rondel  {archaic),  orb  {rhet.  and 

chiefly  spec),  roundel  {chiefly  spec.) ;  spec. 

carton,  discus,  roundle  {tech.),  roundlet 

{dim.),  circlet  {dim.). 

2.  ring,  round,  roundabout  {rare),  gyra- 
tion {tech.),  gyre  {chiefly  poetic),  orb  {rare 
or  obs.),  roundel  {chiefly  dial.),  O  {fig.); 
spec,  cycle,  corona,  halo,  hoop,  meridian, 
epicycle,  ecliptic,  cordon,  equator,  colure, 
horizon,  circlet,  roundle,  roundlet,  spiral; 
see  RING. 

3.  See  CIRCUIT,  set. 

circle,  v.  i.  wheel,  ring,  gyrate;  see  re- 
volve, CIRCUIT. 

circuit,  n.  1.  See  circumference,  boun- 
dary,  AREA,   SPHERE,   JURISDICTION. 

2.  course,  round,  circling,  circle,  turn, 
revolution  {rare),  ambit,  compass,  orbit, 
tour,  circuition  {rare),  troll  {archaic),  cir- 
culation {rare),  perambulation  {literary 
and  fig.),  circumambience  {nonce  use); 
spec,  lap,  journey  {contextual),  trip,  bout; 

see    REVOLUTION. 

3.  Referring  to  the  way:  course,  round, 
compass,  ambit,  circuition  {rare);  spec. 
eyre  {obs.  or  hist.),  tour,  turn,  giro 
{Italian),  iter  {tech.),  beat,  detour,  round- 
about, lap,  ring,  cycle;  see  winding. 


circuit,  V.  t.  round,  circle,  encircle,  girdle 
{fig.),  surround  {rare);  spec,  circumam- 
bulate {rare),  circumnavigate,  perambu- 
late, tour. 

circuit,  V.  i.  course,  round,  circulate,  cir- 
cle;    spec,  tour,  detour;     see  revolve, 

WIND. 

circular,  a.  I.  round,  rounded,  orbicular 
{elevated  or  tech.),  orbed  {literary),  orby 
(rare),  rotund  {rare  or  tech.),  orbiculate 
{rare),  encircular  {rare);  spec  discoid, 
rotate  {rare),  disciform,  discoidal  {rare), 
cycloid. 

2.  round,  ringy  {rare),  ringlike,  orby 
{rare),  compass  (rare  or  tech.);  spec,  ro- 
tary, gyrant,  gyrate,  orbital,  roundabout. 

3.  Of  a  letter;  esp.  eccl.:  cyclic,  encyclical. 
circularly,   adv.  roundabout,   roundwise, 

round,  roundly  {rare). 
circulate,  v.  i.  1.  See  circuit,  revolve. 

2.  Referring  to  money,  goods,  etc:  pass,  go, 
run,  move. 

3.  Referring  to  rumors,  etc.:  run,  go;  spec. 
evulgate  {rare). 

circulate,  v.  i.  1.  See  diffuse,  report. 
2.  Referring  to  money,  etc.:  pass. 

circulating,  a.  current  {referring  to 
tnoney) . 

circulatory,  a.  circulative,  diffusive. 

circumference,  ?i.  periphery  {learned  or 
tech.),  circuit,  compass,  round,  perimeter 
{geom.),  perimetry  {rare);  spec  girth,  girt, 
perambulation  {literary  and  fig.);  see 
boundary. 
Antonyms:  see  center,  middle. 

circumlocution,  n.  periphrasis  {learned), 
periphrase  {rare),  roundabout  {rare),  in- 
direction, ambage  {rare),  circuition  {rare), 
circumambages  {pi.;  rare),  circumbendi- 
bus {jocular). 

circumlocutory,  a.  periphrastic,  round- 
about, indirect,  ambagious  {rare),  cir- 
cuitous. 

circumscribe,  v.  t.  1,  inclose,  surround; 
spec  bound. 
2.  See  bound,  restrict,  describe. 

circumstance,    n.    1.    See    OCCURRENCE, 

STATE,    FORMALITY,    AFFAIR. 

2.  fact,  matter;  see  particular. 
circumstanced,  a.  conditioned,  fixed  {col- 

loq.),  situated. 
circumstantial,  a.  minute,  detailed,  full, 

detaily    {colloq.;   rare);   spec,    fussy;    see 

particular. 
Antonyms:  see  general,  indefinite. 


t^^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
churclmiail :  ecclesiastic,  minister. 
churlish:     rustic,   boorish,   surly, 

rough,  ill-tempered,  stingy. 
cinch:    girth,  hold. 
circle,  v.  t.:    circuit. 
circlet:   circle,  ring,  crown. 
circling:    circuit. 


circuitous:     devious,    indirect, 

circumlocutory. 
circuitously:  about. 
circularize:    advertize. 
circumjacent:     surrounding. 
circumfusion:     poriring. 
circumnavigate:   circuit. 
circumscriptive:    restrictive. 


circumspect:   prudent,  careful. 

circumstantiate:  evidence, 
narrate. 

circumvent:  surround,  over- 
reach. 

circumvention:     overreaching. 

circumvolution:  rotation,  rev- 
olution, roil,  winding. 


\S^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

69 


CIRCUS 


circus,  n.  hippodrome  {rhetorical;  often 
uged  OS  (I  name  for  a  circus  building). 

cistern,  n.  reservoir,  tank; — both  context- 
ual. 

citify,  r.  t.  metropolitanize  (rare).  "Citify" 
US'  chiefly  used  in  the  p.  p.  "citified." 

citizen,  ?!.  cit  (contemptuous) ;  spec,  bur- 
gess, burgher,  comburgess,  cleruch,  eph- 
ebe,    cosmopolite,    commimer,    freeman, 
civihan,  denizen;    see  townsman. 
Antotty))>s:   see  foreigner. 

city,  n.  town,  burg  (colloq.,  U.  S.);  spec. 
metropolis,  metropolitan. 

civilian,  n.  mohair  (soldiers'  slang);  spec. 
gownsman,  scorpion  (slan^). 

civility,  n.  1.  See  politeness. 
2.  Referring  to  the  act:  attention,  courtesy, 
devoir    (literary  or  learned);  spec,   bow, 
greeting,  attentiveness. 

civilization,  n.  civihty  (archaic);  spec. 
reclamation  (the  act  only),  enlighteimient, 
cultivation,  kultur  (Ger.);  see  refine- 
ment. 

civilize,  v.  t.  Spec,  reclaim,  debarbaize, 
enhghten,  cultivate  (chiefly  in  p.  a.  "cul- 
tivated"); see  refine. 

civilized,  a.  civil  (archaic);  spec,  enlight- 
ened. 
Antonyms:  see  uncivilized. 

claim,  V.  t.   1.  demand,   challenge  (obso- 
lescent), vindicate  (rare);  spec,  coxmter- 
claim. 
Antonyms:  see  disclaim. 
2.  5ee  DEMAND,  need. 

claim,  n.  demand,  pretense,  pretension; 
spec,  plea,  counterclaim,  condiction  (Ro- 
man law),  location  (U.  S.),  revendication, 
plea. 

2.  demand,  lien;  spec.  hold. 
Antonyms:  see  disclaimer. 

3.  See  RIGHT. 

claimant,  n.  demandant  (now  rare);  spec. 
pleader,  pretender. 

clairvoyance,  n.  second  sight,  clear  sight 
(rare). 

clairvoyant,  a.  clear-sighted  (rare). 

clairvoyant,  n.  seer. 

clamorous,  n.  noisy  (contextual),  vocifer- 
ous, clamant  (literary  or  learned),  obstrep- 
erous,   uproarious,    blatant,    vociferant, 
strepitous  (rare);  see  boisterous. 
Antonyms:  see  calm,  silent. 

clamp,  n.  clam,  cramp,  grip,  vise  (chiefly 


spec);  spec,  crampiron,  horse,  dog,  yoke, 

clip. 
clan,  n.  1.  Spec,  tribe,  sept,  phratry  (Greek 

aniiq.    and   North   Am.    Indian),    phyle 

(Greek  antiq.),  race  (a  loose  usage). 

2.  See  set. 
clang,  V.  i.  clam;  see  ring. 
clang,  n.  1.  clangor,  clam;  see  ring,  reso- 
nance. 

2.  See  timbre. 
clap,  V.  i.  1.  strike,  slap,  bang,  clack,  slam, 

slat,  click. 

2.  See  applaud,  put,  impose,  set. 
clap,  n.  1.  stroke  (contextual),  blow,  slap, 

slam,  bang,  clack,  slat. 

2.  noise   (contextual);  spec,   slam,   bang, 
clack,  explosion,  peal. 

3.  See  APPLAUSE. 

clapper,  n.  1.  Spec,  tongue,  clack,  bones 

(pl.). 

2.  See  TONGUE. 

clapping,  a.  clackety,  clickety,  slapping, 
slamming,  slatting,  etc. 

clasp,  V.  t.  1.  seize,  embrace,  enclasp  (rare 
or  emphatic),  infold  or  enfold,  clip;  spec. 
twine,  clutch,  interlock,  entwine,  fold,  in- 
arm, hug,  hook,  clutch,  twine;  see  em- 
brace. 
Antonyms:  see  free. 

2.  fasten;    spec,  buckle,  brace,  hook,  in- 
fibulate  (rare). 

3.  See  HOLD. 

clasp,  n.  1.  seizure;  spec,  embrace,  fold, 
hug,  clutch;  sec  embrace. 

2.  fastening,   catch;     spec,  morse,  ouch 
(archaic),  fibula,  buckle,  fermail,  hasp. 

3.  See  HOLD. 

class,  n.  1.  division  (cmitextuxil) ,  category 
(tech.  or  learned),  predicament  (spec,  or 
learned),  denomination,  division,  sort, 
species,  group,  order,  rank,  range  (rare); 
spec,  estate,  order,  family,  genus,  species, 
breed,  race  (chiefly  poetic),  tribe  (chiefly 
colloq.  and  derogatory),  grade,  rate,  hier- 
archy, phylum  (tech.),  quality. 

2.  See  KIND,  SET,  RANK  (in  pl.),  NOBILITY, 
BRAND. 

3.  Spec,  form,  division,  seminar,  Phila- 
thea,  Baraca,  classis. 

class,  V.  t.  place  (contextual),  rank,  rate, 
number,  assort  {rare),  reckon;  posthabit 
(rare) . 

classic,  a.  Attic  (literary  or  learned). 


t^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

cist:    chamber,  tomb. 

citation:  summons,  quotation, 
mention. 

cite:    summons,  quote,  mention. 

civic:  public. 

civil:   public,  polite. 

clabber:    cmrd. 

clack:  clatter,  clap,  noise,  bab- 
ble, rattle. 

clam:    clamp. 


dam:   clang. 

clamant:    clamorous,  urgent. 

clamber:    scramble. 

clammy:    sticky. 

clamor,  n.:   outcry,  noise. 

clamor,  v.  i.:    cry,  shout,  din, 

ask. 
clamor,  v.  t:  shout. 
clamp:   step. 
clangorous:    resonant. 
clank:    ring. 


clanni sh :    exclusive. 

claptrap:  trickery,  nonsense, 
buncombe. 

clarification:    clearing. 

clarity :    dear. 

clarisslmo:    personage. 

clarity:    clearness. 

clasb,  V.  i.:  collide,  conflict,  dis- 
agree, dash. 

clash,  n.:  collision,  noise,  con- 
flict, disagreement. 


tS"  See  Notes  ef  Explanation. 

70 


CLEARING 


classical,  a.  Spec,  humanistic,  canonical 
or  canonic,  correct. 

classification,  n.  assortment. 

classified,  a.  assorted. 
Antonyms:  see  confused. 

classify,  v.  t.  group,  categorize  (tech.),  as- 
sort, sort  (literary),  order;  spec,  grade, 
distribute,  arrange,  tribe  (rare),  impost 
(U.  S.  customs),  graduate,  match,  size, 
pigeonhole,  range,  brack  (local),  garble 
(rare,  exc.  of  coins,  nuts,  etc.). 
Antonyms:  see  confuse,  mix. 

clatter,  n.  &.  v.  i.  1.  Spec,  clack,  clitter, 
clutter,  hurtle;  see  rattle,   babble. 

clause,  n.  1.  article,  particle  (rare);   spec. 
paragraph,  covenant,  proviso,  condition, 
stipulation,  reddendo  (Scots  law),  redden- 
dum. 
2.  See  PART. 

claw,  n.  griff  (rare),  ungula  (tech.),  talon 
(chiefly  spec),  hook  (slang);  spec,  single 
(archaic),  clutch  (chiefly  in  pi.),  chela, 
pounce,  pincers  (pi.),  manus,  nipper;  see 

NAIL. 

claw,  V.  t.  scratch,  dig  (colloq.  or  spec), 
clapperclaw  (archaic  or  dial.). 

clay,  n.  argil  (tech.),  cloam  (dial.  Eng.); 
spec,  clunch,  kaolin,  metal,  cledge  (local 
Eng.),  wacke,  slip,  till,  bole,  gault  (dial. 
Eng.). 

clayey,  a.  argillaceous  (tech.). 

clean,  a.  I.  unsoiled,  pure  (literary  or  fig.), 
unsullied  (literary);  spec,  immaculate,  un- 
stained, incontaminate  (rare),  undefiled, 
unsmirched,  dirtless,  spotless,  dustless, 
white,  unblemished. 

Antonyms:    see  dirty,  filthy,  soiled, 
FOUL,  smeary,  etc. 

2.  See  PURE,  skillful,  shapely,  clean- 
ly, chaste. 

clean,  adv.  1.  So  as  to  be  clean:  cleanly. 
2.  Spec,  absolutely,  completely,  skillfully. 

clean,  v.  t.  1.  cleanse,  mundify  (rare), 
clenge  (Scot.  &  dial.),  defecate  (rare; 
chiefly  spec),  purge  (chiefly  spec);  spec. 
purify,  wash,  deterge,  scald,  dust,  mop, 
rinse,  bream,  careen,  dress,  comb,  gill, 
dredge,  pick,  grave,  scavenge,  pure  (cant), 
swingle,  scour,  blow,  scrub,  elutriate, 
wipe,  defecate,  willow,  clarify,  ripple;  see 
dress,  wash,  fan. 
Antonyms:  see  dirty,  soil,  smear,  foul. 
2.  See  clear. 

cleaning,  a.  cleansing,  mundatory  (rare), 
purgative;  spec  purificatory,  wash,  wash- 
ing, detersive,  depurative,  detergent, 
scouring,  purging. 

cleaning,  n.  cleansing;  spec  purge,  purga- 
tion, scouring. 

cleanly,  a.  clean,  neat. 


clear,  a.   1.  transparent,    limpid    (chiefly 
spec),  lucid,   pellucid,  liquid,   pellucent 
(rare),     crystal,     crystalline;    spec    un- 
clouded, serene;  see  transparent. 
Antonyms:  see  turbid,  dreggy. 

2.  Referring  to  weather:  fair,  bright,  fine, 
serene  (rare  or  literary);  spec,  sunny,  sun- 
shiny, perfect,  unclouded,  cloudless. 

Antonyms:    see  foul,   cloudy,   rainy, 

SNOWY,   FOGGY,   HAZY. 

3.  Referring  to  tones:  liquid,  pure;  spec. 
mellifluous  or  mellifluent  (rhetorical) ,  crys- 
tal, musical,  singing,  euphonious,  fluty, 
silvery,  ringing,  sharp. 

Antonyms:  see  hoarse,  dull. 

4.  Referring  to  weights  or  amounts:  net, 
neat  (rare). 

5.  Referring  to  the  skin,  etc.:  spec,  bright, 
fresh,  healthy,  transparent,  peachy,  fair, 
blooming. 

Antonyms:   see  sallow. 

6.  Intelligible  (contextual),  plain,  lucid, 
pellucid  (literarij),  luminous  (rhetorical), 
luculent  (rare),  perspicuous,  sharp-cut, 
unambiguous,  naked  (rare);  spec  vivid, 
distinct. 

Antonyms:     see    unintelligible,     ob- 
scure, obtuse,  hidden. 

7.  See  definite,  evident,  confident, 
smooth  (in  sound),  absolute,  unob- 
structed, FREE,  pure. 

clear,  v.  t.  1.  clarify,  fine,  refine;  spec,  set- 
tle, defecate,  render. 
Antonyms:   see  muddy. 

2.  See  FREE,  disentangle,  acquit,  ab- 
solve, avoid,  purify,  remove,  jump. 

3.  make,  net,  clean  up  (colloq.),  profit, 
realize,  get  (contextual). 

Antonyms:  see  lose. 

4.  free,  rid,  sweep,  scour. 

5.  free  (from  obstructions,  rubbish,  weeds, 
or  what  not),  sweep  (spec,  or  fig.),  scour 
(spec  or  fig.),  clean;  spec  open,  room 
(rare),  drive,  serene  (rare),  deobstruct 
(rare),  deoppilate  (rare),  blow,  uncloud, 
evacuate. 

Antonyms:   see  obstruct. 

6.  Spec,  (referring  to  land)  deforest,  stub, 
grub,  denshire  (Eng.),  burnbeat  (Eng.), 
assart  (Eng.). 

7.  See  evacuate. 

clear,  v.  i.     Referring  to  the  face,  the  sky, 

etc.:     uncloud     (rare),    brighten;    spec 

gladden. 
Antonyms:   see  cloud. 
clearance,  n.  1.  freeing,  riddance,  clearing. 

2.  See  acquittal,  absolution,  license, 

clearing. 
clearing,  n.   1.  clear  (chiefly  in  "in  the 

clear"),  open  (chiefly  in  "in  the  open"), 


'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 


I    cleanness:  purity. 


I     cleanse:   clean,  purify. 


IW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

71 


CLEARNESS 


opening,  clearance  {literary);  spec,  assart. 

2.    Sec  ACQUITTAL. 

S.  clearance;  s/jec.  clarification,  riddance, 

evacuation,  scouring,  deforestation,  etc. 
clearness,  ;j.  1.  Spec,  clarity,  limpidness, 

limpidity. 

2.  serene  (rare),  serenity  (literary  or  rare); 

spec,  cloudlessness. 
cleavable,  a.  fissile    (chiefly   tech.);   spec. 

scissile,  fiagg>-,  laminable,  flaky,  i)laty. 
cleavage,  n.  1.  fissility,  cleavableness;  spec. 

laminableness,  lamination,  delamination. 

2.    See  SPLITTING. 

cleave,  v.  t.  &  i.  divide,  split,  shear,  dis- 
sever (rare);  spec,  plow,  delaminatc,  lam- 
inate, fissure,  rift,  flake,  rive,  furrow;  see 

SPLIT. 

cleft,  a.  split;  spec,  riven,  reft,  rent,  multi- 
fid,  fissured,  cracked,  fractured,  broken, 
cut,  rimose. 

cleft,  n.  split,  gap;  spec,  fissure,  rift,  reft 
(rare),  scissure  (rare),  interstice,  chasm, 
crack,  crevice,  chimney,  chink,  clof 
(Scot.),  rent,  flaw,  sht,  dike  (local,  Eng.), 
fault;  see  crevasse. 

clench,  v.  t.  1.  See  clinch,  seize,  grasp, 

STRENGTHEN. 

2.  grip;    spec,  close  (the  fist),  clutch  (the 
fist),  set  (the  teeth). 

clenched,  a.  closed;   spec,  clubbed,  set. 

clericalism,  n.  sacerdotalism,  ministeri- 
alism. 

clericality,  n.  clericate  (rare),  clergy  (obs., 
exc.  in  ''benefit  of  clergy"),  clergymanship, 
clerkhood  (archaic);  spec,  priesthood, 
chaplainship,  chaplaincy. 

clerk,  n.  1.  See  minister,  salesman. 
2.  Spec,  recorder,  registrar,  scribe,  scriv- 
ener,   protonotary,    conicopoly    (Anglo- 
Indian);  see  ACCOUNTANT,  secretary. 

clever,  a.  1.  smart  (now  chiefly  U.  S.),  cute 
(colloq.),  good,  pretty  (archaic  or  colloq.), 
solert  (obs.);  see  able,  intelligent, 
ready,  ingenious,  skillful. 

Antonyms:   see  dull,  stupid,  unintel- 
ligent, UNSKILLFUL. 
2.    See  OBLIGING. 

click,  n.  noise,  tick,  tap;  spec,  clap,  snap. 
click,  V.  i.  &  t.  sound,  tick,  tap;  spec,  clap, 

snap. 
clientele,  n.  1.  dependants  (pi.),  chentry 

(a  collective). 

2.  constituency  (colloq.),  following,  clien- 


try  (rare),  clientelage  (rare),  clientage; — 
all  collectives. 

cliff,  n.  precipice,  crag,  steep,  heugh  or 
heuch  (Scot.),  linn  (chiefly  Scot.),  scaur 
(chiefly  Scot.),  scar  (rare  or  Eng.);  spec. 
palisade  (usually  in  pi.),  perpendicular, 
krantz  or  kranz  (South  Africa). 

climate,  n.  clime  (literary  and  chiefly 
poetic) . 

climax,  n.  t.  In  rhetoric:  graduation  (con- 
textual). 

2.    See  HEIGHT,  CROWN. 

climb,  V.  i.  1.  ascend,  scale,  mount;  spec. 
clamber,   ramp    (of  vines,   etc.;    dial,   or 
rare),  swarm  (colloq.),  run  (of  plants;  con- 
textual), scramble,  scrabble. 
2.  See  ASCEND. 

climb,  V.  t.  ascend,  scale,  mount;  spec. 
clamber,  swarm  (colloq.),  shin  (colloq.), 
escalade,  scramble. 

climb,  71.  ascent,  mount;  spec,  clamber. 

climbing,  a.  scansorial  (tech.). 

clinch,  V.  t.  1.  fasten  (contextual),  clench, 
turn  (contextual),  clink  (dial.  Eng.  & 
Scot.);  spec,  rivet. 

2.    See  SEIZE,  GRASP,  STRENGTHEN. 

clip,  V.  t.  1.  cut  (contextual),  snip,  shear, 

retrench     (rare),     curtail     (rare);  spec. 

prune,  dock,  pare,  beshear  (rare),  shear, 
poll,  nip;  see  TRIM. 

2.    See  ABBREVIATE. 

clip,  n.   1.  cut  (contextual),  snip,  shear; 
spec,  nip;   see  trim. 
2.  See  SHEARS,  BLOW,  gait. 

cloak,  n.  1.  robe  (contextual),  pall  (ar- 
chaic); spec,  mantle,  manteau  (hist.), 
mantua  (hist.),  surcoat  (hist.),  cope,  mant- 
let (hist.),  domino,  mask,  burnouse,  car- 
dinal, capa  (Spa7iish),  capote,  capuchin, 
chlamys,  cardinal,  prince,  manto  (Italian 
or  Spanish),  manta  (Spanish),  cowl,  In- 
verness, Joseph  (hist.),  jelab  (Moroccan), 
poncho  (Spanish),  pluvial  (hist,  or  eccl.), 
pallium,  paletot,  palla  (Roman  antiq.), 
talma,  scapular  or  scapulary,  roquelaure 
(hist.),  sagum,  poncho. 

2.    »See   PRETEXT. 

cloak,  V.  t.  1.  clothe  (coniextiuil) ,  mantle. 

2.  See  HIDE. 
clog,  n.  1.  check,  weight,  drag,  trammel; 

spec,  log,  block. 

2.    See  HINDRANCE. 

cloggy,  a.  heavy,  trammeling. 


I^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
clear-sighted:     discerning. 
cleave,  r.  i.:  stick. 
clement:    merciful,  mUd. 
clergry:    ministry. 
clergyman:    minister. 
clerical:    ministerial. 
clew:    ball,  guide,  comer. 
click:    catch. 

client:  dependent,  principal. 
cliffy:    precipitous. 


climacteric,  a.:   critical. 

climacteric,   n.:    crisis. 

clime:    climate. 

clinch,  t.  i.:  dose. 

clincher:    settler. 

cling:    stick,  hold. 

clinging:    sticky. 

clink:    ring. 

clinker:   slag. 

clip,  V.  i.:  clasp,  hold,  surround. 

cUp,  72.:  damp. 


cUpping:    quotation. 
cUque:   set. 
cUquish:    exclusive. 
clock:  timepiece,  ornament,  beetle. 
clockmaker:    horologist. 
clockwork:   machinery. 
clod:    lump,  earth,  blockhead. 
cloddish:    rustic,  stupid. 
clodhopper:    rustic,  boor,  shoe. 
clog,   V.  t.:   check,  shackle,  ham- 
per, obstruct. 


KS^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

72 


CLOUDING 


close,  a.  1.  See  closed,  narrow,  accu- 
rate, PARTICULAR,  THICK,  COMPACT,  AP- 
PROXIMATE, CONFINED,  HIDDEN,  RETI- 
CENT, STINGY,  NEAR,  SHORT,  INTIMATE, 
STOCKY,  SEARCHING. 

2.  oppressive,  stale,  heavy,  stuffy,  fusty, 
stifling;  spec,  musty,  sultry,  sweltry. 

Antonyms:  see  fresh. 

3.  tight,  snug. 

close,  V.  t.  1.  shut,  stop,  estop  {archaic), 
cork  {spec,  or  fig.);  spec,  button,  lock,  oc- 
clude, seal,  douse,  lute,  stopper,  plug. 
Antonyms:  see  open,  unfold. 
2.  See  inclose,   shut,   obstruct,   end, 
clench. 

close,  V.  i.  1.  embrace,  clinch,  grapple,  grip. 

2.    See  AGREE. 

close,  n.  inclosure;  spec,  precinct,  curtilage, 
closed,  a.  close;  spec,  shut;  see  clenched, 

BLIND. 

Antonyms:  see  open. 

closet,  n.  1.  room  {contextual),  cabinet, 
cuddy. 

2.  *Spec.  recess,  cupboard,  cabinet,  buffet, 
wardrobe,  garderobe  {hist.),  cuddy, 
Ascham. 

closure,  n.  1.  closing,  shut  {rare);  spec. 
blockade,  occlusion. 

2.  Referring  to  debate:  cloture,  cloture 
{French),  stoppage  {rare). 

clot,  n.  mass,  lump,  clout,  clump;  spec. 
gout  {now  chiefly  in  allusion  to  Shake- 
speare's use),  gob  {710W  vulgar),  thrombus, 
crassamentum,  grume,  coagulum. 

cloth,  n.  1.  fabric  {contextual) ;  spec,  mun- 
go,  shoddy,  dab  {chiefly  dial.),  pall  {ar- 
chaic), corporal,  corporas. 

2.  With  "the":  see  ministry. 

3.  In  pi.  "clothes":  see  clothing. 
clothe,  V.  t.  1.  dress,  apparel  {rather  formal 

or  rhetorical),  attire  {dignified),  tire  {obs. 
or  archaic),  array  {dignified),  costume, 
robe  (.chiefiy  spec.) ,  accouter  {obs.  or  spec), 
habilitate  {rare),  vest  {chiefly  fig.),  garb 
{chiefly  spec),  beclothe  {rare),  invest 
{literary),  deck,  endue  {literary),  dizen  or 
bedizen  {now  usually  contemptuous;  chiefly 
spec),  vesture  {rare),  encase  or  incase 
{chiefly  humorous),  rig  {colloq.  or  slatig), 
dight  {archaic  or  dial.;  used  esp.  in  ro- 
mances), bedight  {archaic  and  poetic),  en- 
robe {literary),  garment  {rare),  guise  {ar- 
chaic), tog  {chiefly  with  "out";  slang); 
spec  jacket,  deck,  beclout  {rare),  breech, 
cassock,  fur,  gown,  coat,  scarf,  shroud 
{fi^.),  uniform,  frock,  tartan,  enclothe, 
empurple  {rare),  crape,  coif,  swathe,  re- 
clothe,  reinvest  {rare);  see  cloak. 
Antonyms:  see  strip,  undress. 
2.  See  invest,  disguise. 


clothed,  a.  clad  {now  chiefly  literary),  en- 
clad  {rare),  vested  {heraldry  or  fig.). 
Antonyms:  see  naked,  bare. 

clothier,  n.  costumer,  outfitter  {chiefly 
cant);  spec,  hosier,  haberdasher,  furnisher, 
hatter,  etc. 

clothing,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  act:  invest- 
ment {chiefly  literary),  investiture  {literary 
or  tech.). 

2.  dress,  clothes  {pi.),  garments  {pi.),  ap- 
parel {dignified),  habiliment  {chiefly  in  pi.; 
learned  or  literary),  array  {dignified),  at- 
tire {rather  formal;  often  spec),  garb,  rai- 
ment {rhetorical  or  poetic),  costume,  robes 
(pi.;  formal  or  spec),  vesture  {literary  or 
fig.),  vestments  {pi.;  chiefiy  tech.),  claes 
{Scot.),  investiture  {literary),  investment 
{literary),  costumery  {rare),  garmenture 
{rare),  rigging  (colloq.),  wear  (colloq.), 
toggery  (slang),  togs  (pi.;  slang),  duds 
(pi.;  slang),  gear  {archaic  or  literary), 
things  (pi.;  colloq.),  nulls  (pi.;  fig.); 
spec,  robing,  gala  (obs.,  exc  with  "in"), 
rags  {pi.),  tatters  (pi.),  coating,  livery, 
duck,  buff  {mil.),  overwear  (rare,  U.  S.), 
overclothes  (pi.),  underclothes  (pi.), 
slops  (pi.;  colloq.),  wardrobe,  washing; 
see  costume. 

cloud,  n.  1.  meteor  (tech.),  nebula  {rare  or 
spec),  thickness  (rare,  exc.  of  the  state  of 
fact);  spec,  cirrus,  cumulus,  stratus,  nim- 
bus, cirro-cumulus,  rack,  colt's-tail,  film, 
messenger,  woolpack,  mist,  fog,  fogginess, 
scud,  haze,  haziness,  mare's-tail,  whiff, 
goat's-hair;    see  fog. 

2.  thickening  (contextual);  spec,  nebula, 
smoke,  fog,  nubecula,  puff,  scud,  mist, 
fog,  film,  steam;  see  blur,  haze. 

3.  See  multitude,  imperfection,  fault, 
spot,  stain,  scarf. 

cloud,  V.  t.  1.  overcloud,  overcast,  over- 
shadow, becloud  (an  intensive),  adum- 
brate (rare),  obnubilate  (rare),  obnebu- 
late  (rare);  spec,  shade,  shadow,  befog, 
fog,  mist. 
Antonyms:     see  clear. 

2.  Referring  to  the  brow:  darken,  shade. 

3.  See  DULL,  blear,  sully,  water. 
cloud,  V.  i.  1.  thicken. 

Antonyms:  see  clear. 
2.  See  SULLY. 
cloud-bringing,  a.  nubiferous  {rare). 
cloudburst,  n.  rainfall  (contextual) ,  deluge. 
clouded,  a.  1.    See  cloudy. 

2.  cloudy;  spec,  moire  (French),  watered, 
mottled. 

3.  See  DARKENED,  HIDDEN. 

clouding,  n.  1.  obnubilation  {rare);  spec. 
moire  (French),  water. 
2.  See  obscuration. 


I^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
cloister:    convent,  arcade. 


closing:   closure. 

clot,  V.  t.:   coagulate. 


clothe,  V.  I.;   dress. 
clotiies:    clothiny. 


tS^  Sec  Notes  of  Esplanation. 

73 


CLOUDY 


cloudy,  a.  I.  nubilous  {learned  or  tech.), 
clouded,  nebulous  {chiefly  spec),  thick; 
spec,  overcast,  fogg.v,  misty,  fogged,  dull, 
black,  filmy,  hazy,  blurred,  overcast, 
murky,  lowering  or  louerine,  lowery  or 
loury,  lurid,  subnuvolar  {rare);  see  foggy. 

AutonyiHs:   see  clear. 
2.  Spec,  muddy,  nebulous,  smoky,  foggy, 
misty,  steamy;  ste  hazy,  turbid. 
S.  See   CLOUDED,   dark,   hidden,   dull, 

DEPRESSING    BLEARED. 

clown,  n.  1.  See  rustic,  boor,  simpleton, 

HrFFOON. 

2.  Meaning  a  "clumsy  fellow":  spec. 
slouch  {slang  or  colloq.),  swab  {riant. 
slang),  hobnail  {fig.),  lubber  {primarily 
naut.),  chuckle  {slang),  duffer  {slang), 
muff  {slang),  lout  {colloq.),  bumpkin, 
booby  {colloq.),  nincompoop  {slang), 
gawky  {colloq.),  gawk  {colloq.),  calf  {col- 
loq.), hawbuck  {slang,  Eng.). 

Antonyms:  see  expert. 
club,  n.  1.  stick  {contextual),  cudgel, 
truncheon  {archaic,  exc.  spec),  bat, 
bludgeon,  bourdon  {archaic);  spec  waddy, 
mace,  mere  or  meri,  nulla-nulla,  leeangle, 
keerie,  baton,  batoon  {archaic),  knob- 
kerrie,  lathee  {Anglo-Indian),  knobstick, 
billy,  shillalah,  staff,  hickory,  crab  or 
crabstick. 

2.  In  games:  spec,  hockey,  hurley,  driver, 
nibhck,  brassy,  cleek,  midiron,  loftie, 
mashie,  putter,  iron,  shinny,  hurl  {rare). 

3.  In  cards:  spec,  basto. 

4.  association  {contextual);  spec  combina- 
tion, Turnverein  {German),  Sangerbund 
(German),  tabagie  {French),  Rota  {Eng. 
hist.),  hetsery  {ancient  Greek  hist.);  see 
sorority,  fraternity. 

club,  V.  t.  strike  (contextual),  beat  (con- 
textual), cudgel,  truncheon  (rare),  blud- 
geon; spec,  bastinado,  paddle. 

clubfoot,  n.  1.    Referring  to  the  foot:  splay- 
foot, poltfoot  (archaic). 
2.  Referring    to    the    deformity:     tahpes 
(tech.),    clubfootedness,    splayfoot,    polt- 
foot (archaic);  spec,  varus. 

club-shaped,  a.  clavate,  claviform; — both 
tech. 

cluck,  n.  &  V.  call  (contextual),  cry  (con- 
textual); spec  chuck. 

clump,  n.  1.    See  lump. 
2.  group,  cluster,  bunch;    spec,  thicket, 
grove,  plump  (archaic),  tuft,  etc. 

clumpy,  a.  1.  clustery. 


2.   Sec  LUMPY. 

clumsy,  o.  1.   Referring  to  a  person:  awk- 
ward, unliandy,  ungraceful,  heavy,  lum- 
berly,  lumbering,  lumbersome,  lumbrous 
(rare),    graceless    (rare),    wooden,    left- 
handed,  lubberly  (naut.  or  fig.),  lubber- 
like (naut.  or  fig.),  booby,  boobyish,  in- 
elegant;     spec,    elephantine,    unskillful, 
draggy,  inapt,  lumpish,  bungling. 
Antonyms:   see  skillful,  graceful. 
2.  Referring  to  a  thing:    spec    unwieldy, 
cumbrous,    heavy,    unhandy,     bungling, 
botched,  rough,  crude,  lumberly,  lumber- 
ing, lumbersome. 
Antonyms:   see  airy. 

clustered,  a.  Spec,  conglomerate,  glomer- 
ate (tech.). 

clutch,  n.  1.  nest;  spec  sitting. 
2.  See  BROOD. 

clutch,  V.  t.  1.  hold  (contextual),  grip, 
grasp,  engrasp  (rare),  clasp,  clench,  gripe 
(rare);  see  embrace,  grapple,  squeeze. 
2.  See  seize,  clench,  grasp. 

clutch,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  act:  hold  (con- 
textual),  grip,    grasp,   clench,    clasp;   see 
embrace,  grapple. 
Antonyms:  see  release. 

2.  Referring  to  the  thiiig  that  holds:  hold 
(contextual),  grip;  spec  grab,  grabber, 
claw,  clasper,  grasper,  grapple,  clamp, 
crampon,  grappler,  comealong  (cant), 
grapnel,  lewis,  lewisson,  gland,  fist 
(chiefly  jocular),  finger,  nipper,  nip,  grip- 
per,  gripe,  dog,  clip,  pincers,  forceps,  chuck. 

Antonyms:    see  release. 

3.  See  seizure  (in  pi.),  grasp,  control. 
coach,  n.   1.  vehicle   (contextual),  rattler 

(slang);  spec,  rattletrap  (slang),  tally-ho, 

drag,  four-in-hand. 

2.  teacher    (contextual),    crammer    (cant 

or  slang),  grinder  (cant  or  slang),  coacher 

(cant),  tutor.    "Coach"  is  cant. 
coach,  V.  t.  teach  (contextual),  cram  (cant 

or  slang),  tutor.     "Coach"  is  cant. 
coagulate,  v.  i.  &  t.  thicken  (contextual), 

clot,  run  (dial.;  used  as  a  v.  i.  only),  set, 

curdle,  clod  (obs.  or  rare),  cruddle  (chiefly 

dial.),  clabber  (U.  S.);  spec.  soUdify,  lop- 

per,  caseate ;  see  jelly. 
Antonyms:  see  liquefy. 
coagulated,  a.  clotted,  loppered,  curdled. 
coagulum,   n.    mass,    coagulation,    curd 

(chiefly  spec);  see  clot. 
coal,  n.  1.    Referring  to  the  substance:  spec, 

charcoal,  cannel  coal,  anthracite,  cinder^ 


fW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
dough:    ravine. 
clout,  n.:   rag,  blow. 
clout,  V.  t.:   repair,  strike. 
clout,    n.:     lump,    clot,    rustic, 

boor. 
clownish:        rustic,    awkward, 

boorish. 


cloy:   surfeit. 
clump:    gather. 
cluster:   bunch,  clump. 
cluster:    gather. 
clustery:   bunchy,  clumpy. 
clutch,  V.  i.:  grasp,  hold. 
clutter,  V.  t.:    collect,  confuse. 
clutter,  I',  i.:    collect,  bustle. 


clutter,  7i.;  collection,  confu- 
sion, noise,  bustle. 

coachman:   driver. 

coadjutor:    aider. 

coalesce:    unite. 

coalition:  union,  combination, 
confederacy. 

coaly:  carbonaceous,  black,  dark. 


%^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
74 


COHORT 


slack,  lignite,  jet,  cobbles  {pl.;Eng.),  duff, 
clross,  culm,  coke,  carbocoal. 
2.  Referring  to  a  lump  or  piece  of  coal:  gleed 
{archaic;  chiefly  spec);  spec,  ember,  cinder. 
coarse,  a.  1.  large  {contextual),  crass 
{chiefly  literary),  gross  {literary  or  tech.), 
heavy  {chiefly  spec),  thick;  spec  rank, 
reedy,  gruff  {tech.  or  Scot.),  homespun, 
earthy. 
Antonyms:  see  delicate,  small,  slen- 
der. 

2.  low,  vulgar,  common,  unrefined,  crude, 
gross,  unideal  {rare),  crass  {literary),  in- 
elegant, unpolished,  rough,  plebeian  (spec 
or  literary),  woolen  {rare),  indelicate;  spec. 
rude,  ribald,  earthy  {rare),  rustic,  clown- 
ish, brutal,  brutish,  swinish,  scurrilous; 
see  BOORISH,  beastly,  lewd,  indecent. 

Antonyms:  see  refined,  spiritual,  in- 
tellectual, CHASTE. 

3.  See  ROUGH. 

coarsen,  v.  t.  1.  enlarge  (contextual),  thick- 
en {contextual). 
2.  See  roughen,  sensualize. 

coat,  n.  1.  Spec,  jacket,  sack,  jemmy 
{Eng.;  rare),  overcoat,  greatcoat  {chiefly 
Eng.),  jacket,  paletot  {French),  oiler 
{U.  S.;  colloq.),  cutaway,  cassock,  secret 
{antiq.),  frock,  habergeon,  buff,  tunic. 

2.  cover,  coating;  spec  set,  scumble, 
wash,  intonaco  {Italian),  glaze,  priming, 
fur,  buff;   see  smear,  crust. 

3.  pelage  {tech.  or  learned),  pilage  {rare), 
fell  {rare  or  literary);  spec  fleece. 

4.  See  ARMS,  skin. 
coat,  V.  t.  1.  See  clothe. 

2.  cover,  overlay;  spec,  lute,  fur,  gum, 
bark,  prime,  plaster,  render,  roughcast, 
wash,  silver,  glaze,  film;  see  crust,  smear. 

coax,  V.  t.  &  i.     Spec    persuade,   entice, 
cajole,  urge,  honey  {rare  or  obs.).     There 
is  no  general  synonym  of  ''coax." 
Antonjjms:  see  bluster,  bully,  compel, 
initimidate. 

coaxing,  a.  Spec,  bland,  gentle,  winning, 
persuasive. 

coaxing,  n.  suasion  {rare). 
Antonyms:   see  compulsion. 

cobbler,  n.  repairer  {contextual);  spec  {re- 


ferring to  shoes)  clobberer  {dial.  Eng.), 
sutor  {learned),  clouter. 

cobweblike,  a.  arachnoid  {tech.);  spec 
cortinate  {tech.). 

cock,  n.  1.  chanticleer  {poetic  and  usually 
used  as  a  proper  name),  rooster  {chiefly 
U.  S.  arid  dial.  Eng.);  spec,  capon,  cocka- 
lorum {dim.;  colloq.),  cockerel,  singer, 
heeler. 

2.  spout;  spec,  faucet,  tap,  valve,  plug. 

3.  See  WEATHERVANE,  CHIEF,  HEAP. 

cockade,  n.  device;  spec,  black  cockade 
{Hanover),  white  cockade  {Stuart),  ro- 
sette, knot. 

cocoon,  n.  case  {contextual),  covering  {con- 
textual); spec.  pod. 

code,  n.  1.  codex  {rare);  spec  system,  for- 
mulary, law,  rule,  religion. 
2.  iSee  DIGEST. 

codify,  V.  t.  systematize,  digest, 

coexistent,  a.  contemporaneous,  concomi- 
tant;   see  CONTEMPORANEOUS. 

coextensive,  a.  equal,  coequal;  spec  co- 
terminous;   see  CONTEMPORANEOUS. 

cofferdam,  n.  chamber  {contextual),  box, 
batardeau  {French),  coffer,  caisson. 

coffin,  n.  box  {contextual),  casket  {U.  S.), 
hearse  {archaic),  cist  {archoeol.),  kist 
{Scot.);  spec  sarcophagus,  shell. 

cogency,  n.  strength,  power,  force,  weight, 
etc. 

cogent,  a.  strong,  powerful,  good,  forcible, 
forceful,  constraining,  robustious  {rare), 
pregnant  {archaic  or  literary),  weighty, 
trenchant  {literary  or  rhetorical);  spec  con- 
vincing, urgent. 
Antonyms:   see  unconvincing. 

cogwiieel,  n.  wheel,  gearwheel,  gear;  spec 
lantern,  wormwheel. 

cohabit,  v.  i.  Spec,  chum  {colloq.).  "Co- 
habit" is  chiefly  spec 

coheir,  n.  heir,  coparcener,  parcener. 

cohere, t;.H. stick, adhere,  consist  {archaic). 

2.    *See  AGREE. 

coherent,  a.   1.  sticking,   adherent,   con- 
sistent {rare). 
2.  See  CONSISTENT. 

cohesion,  n.  sticking,  adherence,  adhesion, 
coherence,  cohesiveness,  consistence  {rare). 


1^°  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
coast,  71.;   shore. 
coast,  T.  i  :   sail,  slide,  glide. 
coast,  V.  t.:  sail. 
coastal:   littoral. 
coating:    coat,  crust. 
coat  of  arms:    arms. 
cobble,  n.:   stone. 
cobble,  V.  t.:  pate. 
cobble,  r.  t.:   repair. 
cobweb:   network,  filament. 
cock,  n.:  turn,  inclination. 
cock,  V.  t.:  turn,  incline. 
cockcrow:   daybreak. 
cocker:   indulge. 
cockerel:    cor.k. 


cock-eye:    cross-eye. 

cockscomb:    crest,  dandy. 

cocksure:    confi/ient. 

cocky:    self-important. 

coddle:  parboil,  caress,  cherish, 
indulge. 

codex:    code,  manuscript,  book. 

codger:  felloio. 

coenobite:     religious. 

coequal:  equal,  coordinate,  co- 
extensive. 

coerce:    compel. 

coercible:    compellable. 

coercive:    compulsory. 

coeval:    contemporaneous. 

coffer:  chest,  cofferdam,  treasury. 


cogitable:  thinkable. 

cogitate,  v.  i.:    think,  consider. 

cogitate,  v.  t.:   consider,  devise. 

cogitative:     thinking. 

cognate:    related,  analogous. 

cognition:  knowing,  knowl- 
edge,  intelligence. 

cognizable:  knowable,  jurisdic- 
tional. 

cognizance,  n.:  perception, 
awarerress,  intelligence,  notice, 
jurisdiction,  badge. 

cognizant:    aware,  conscious. 

cognomen:   name. 

cohesive:    sticky. 

cohort:    division,  band. 


t^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

75 


COIFFURE 


coil,  11  1.  Meaning  a  "scries  of  rings":  1 
s^HC.  iiuiuctorium,  hank. 
2.  wind,  turn,  ring,  convolution,  round, 
curl,  fold,  loop,  circumvolution,  volute 
{chiefly  spec),  volume  {rare),  twine,  twist, 
lap;  spec,  bight,  fake,  bolster,  baluster, 
roll;    sec  spiral. 

coil,  J'.  /.  A  i.  wind,  loop,  upeoil  {rare), 
twist,  fo'd,  lap,  convolute  {rare  or  learned), 
curl,  twine,  clue  {used  icith  "up";  rare); 
spec,  roll,  spire,  sjiiral  {rare),  wreath,  en- 
roll {rare),  belay,  fake. 
Antonyms:    see  unwind. 

coin,  n.  1.  Referring  to  money:  piece, 
chinker  {slatig);  spec,  copper  {colloq.), 
dump,  doit,  cart  wheel  {slang),  coach 
wheel  {slang,  Eng.),  mite,  nickel  {colloq., 
U.  S.),  dime,  shilling,  etc. 
2.  Referring  to  coins  collectively:  money, 
specie;  spec,  silver,  brass  {dial,  or  colloq.), 
chink  {slang),  gold,  tin  {slang),  change. 

coin,  V.  t.  1.  mint,  strike,  stamp,  money 
{rare);  spec,  contorniate,  counterfeit. 
2.  See  INVENT. 

coincide,  v.  i.  1.  concur. 

2.    See  AGREE. 

coincidence,  n.  1.  concurrence,  concomi- 
tance, concourse  {ohs.  or  rare),  conjunc- 
tion, junctiu-e,  conjuncture  {rare),  syn- 
drome {rare  or  obs.). 

2.  See  CONTEMPORANEOUSNESS,  AGREE- 
MENT. 

coincident,  a.  concurrent,  concomitant. 

coiner,  n.  minter,  moneyer  {hist.);  spec. 
counterfeiter. 

coin- shaped,  a.  nummular,  nummulated, 
nummiform; — all  tech.  or  learned. 

cold,  a.  1.  chill;  spec,  cool,  coolish,  crisp, 
heatless  {rare),  chilly,  coldjsh,  frigid,  icy, 
frozen,  glacial  {rare),  frosty,  rimy,  chilhng, 
freezing,  frore  {now  poetic  only),  gelid  {lit- 
erary), arctic,  polar,  bleak,  nipping, 
sharp,  raw,  wintry. 
Antonyms:  see  hot,  wakm,  heated. 

2.  Of  a  creature  or  person:  spec,  chilly, 
chill,  chilled,  frozen,  frostbitten. 

3.  unfeeling,  frigid;  spec,  unemotional, 
unsympathetic,  heartless,  unresponsive, 
indifferent,  unimpassioned,  stony;  see 
apathetic,  repellent,  cruel. 

Antonyms:  see  affectionate,  compas- 
sionate, KINDLY,  FOND. 
cold,  n.  1.  chill,  coldness ;  spec,  cool,  coolth 
{rare  or  dial.),  frost,  chilliness,  gelidity 
(rare  or  literary),  frigidity,  iciness,  cool- 
ness, gelidness  {rare),  frore  {now  only  po- 
etic), sharpness. 

Antonyms:   see  heat,  warmth. 


2.  Referring  to  the  sensation:  chill,  cold- 
ness, chiUiness. 

3.  catarrh;  spec,  coryza,  gravedo  {rare), 
cough. 

colic,  n.  bellyache  {notv  chiefly  vulgar), 
gripes  {pi.),  muUigrubs  {2)1.;  jocular),  tor- 
mina  {tech.). 

collapse,    n.   1.     Spec,    cave-in    (colloq.), 
breakdown,  downfall. 
2.  See  failure,  fall,  exhaustion. 

collar,  71.  1.  neckband,  neckpiece;  spec. 
carcanet,  bertha,  brechain  {Scot.),  collar- 
ette, fall,  rutT,  gorget,  tucker,  Vandyke, 
dicky  {New  Eng.),  torque  or  tore,  f raise, 
piccadill  (obs.). 
2.  See,  ring. 

collarbone,  n.  clavicle  (tech.),  jugulum 
{tech.  and  rare). 

collared,  a.  torquate,  ringed. 

collation,  n.  1.  See  comparison,  meal. 
2.  Spec,  harmony,  diatessaron. 

colleague,  n.  associate  {contextual),  con- 
frere {French);  spec,  duumvir,  triumvir, 
centumvir. 

collect,  V.  t.  1.  See  gather. 

2.  gather,  aggregate,  concentrate,  con- 
center {rare);  spec,  scramble  {esp.  with 
"up,"  "together,"  etc.),  constellate  {rare), 
congest,  dredge,  rake  {esp.  with  "together," 
"up,"  etc.),  muster,  bundle,  compile,  skim, 
scrape  (esp.  with  "up,"  "together,"  etc.), 
round  {with  "up"),  collate,  re-collect;  see 
accumulate. 

Antonyms:  see  separate,  scatter,  dis- 
tribute. 

3.  See  INFER,  compose. 
collect,  V.  i.  1.  See  gather. 

2.  gather,  mass;    spec,  concentrate,  con- 
glomerate,   cluster,    concenter,    congest, 
clutter,  bunch,  bundle;  see  lump. 
collection,  n.  1.    See  gathering,  meet- 
ing. 

2.  Referring  to  the  act  or  action:  gathering; 
spec,  massing,  recollection,  conglomera- 
tion, concentration,  compilation,  concre- 
tion, collation,  philately,  combination; 
see  accumulation. 

Antonyms:    see  scattering,  distribu- 
tion. 

3.  gathering,  aggregation,  aggregate,  as- 
semblage; spec,  clump,  cluster,  parcel,  as- 
sortment, lot,  budget,  mass,  congeries, 
colluvies  {literary),  heap,  pack  {deroga- 
tory), museum,  number,  conglomerate, 
conglomeration,  conglutination  (rare), 
combination  {literary),  codex  (Latin), 
code,  chapter,  crowd,  drove,  huddle, 
jumble,  bunch,  concentration,  body,  cor- 


f^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
coiffure:  head-dress. 
coign:    corner. 
coil,  n.:    noise,  confusion. 
coke,  n.:   coal. 


coke,  V.  t.:   carbonize. 
collaborate:    cooperate. 
collapse,  V.  i.:  fail.  fall. 
collateral,  a.. •parallel,  accessory, 
secondary,     acciilentnl,     sxihor- 


dinate,  related,  coordinate. 
collate:      collect,   compare,   ex- 

amiiie.  [accident. 

collateral,  n.:   pledge,  security, 
collected:    calm. 


tS^See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

76 


COMBINE 


pus,  round-up  (U.S.  &  Australia),  sylloge 
(rare),  cumulation,  harvest,  file,  list,  con- 
fluency,  chrestomathy,  quest,  compila- 
tion, clutter,  concresence;  see  accumula- 
tion, SET,  CONCRETION. 
4.    See  INFERENCE,   SELF-CONTROL. 

collective,  a.  I.  aggregate,  collected;  spec. 
concentrative,  congregative. 
Antonyms:     see  individual,  separate, 

SCATTERED. 

2.  See  COMMON. 

collector,  n.  Referring  to  a  collector  of 
taxes:  tax-gatherer,  toll-gatherer  (rare  or 
obs.),  publican  (chiefly  Scriptural),  toller 
(obs.  or  rare),  exactor  (archaic),  tollman 
(rare);  spec,  scavenger  (hist.),  gabeller 
(hist.),  exciseman,  procurator,  proctor. 

collide,  V.  i.   1.  strike   (usually  with  "to- 
gether"), meet  (contextual),  clash,  hurtle, 
intershock  (rare),  interfere,  knock,  shock, 
smash,  impinge;  spec,  cannon,  crash. 
2.  See  CONFLICT. 

collision,  7t.  1.  striking,  impact  (chiefly 
tech.),  impingement,  meeting  (contextual) , 
clash,  hurtle,  concussion,  shock,  smash 
(colloq.);  spec,  smash-up  (colloq.),  crash, 
jostle,  dash. 
2.  See  CONFLICT. 

colloquial,   a.    conversational;    spec,   in- 
formal. 
Antonyms:     see    literary,    pedantic, 

FORMAL. 

colloquial,  n.  conversationalism;  spec,  in- 
formality, familiarism. 

colonial,  a.  provincial  (obs.  or  hist.). 

colonist,  n.  settler,  planter  (hist.),  trans- 
migration (rare);  spec,  emigrant,  immi- 
grant, pilgrim. 

colonization,  n.  settling,  settlement, 
plantation  (rare). 

colonize,  v.  t.  1.  settle,  found,  people, 
plant. 

2.  Referring  to  the  sending  of  people  to 
colonize:  transport  (chiefly  spec),  settle; 
spec,  exile,  banish. 

colonnade,  n.  portico  (chiefly  spec);  spec 
gallery,  choultry  (Anglo-Indian),  peri- 
style, amphiprostyle,  prostyle,  octastyle, 
enneastyle,  decastyle,  dodecastyle,  arojo- 
style,  proaulion  (archceol.). 

colony,  n.  settlement,  plantation  (rare). 

color,  71.  1.  hue  (poetic  or  rhetorical),  tinc- 
ture (chiefly  spec);  spec,  discoloration, 
lear,  dye,  undertone,  yellow,  blue,  orange, 
green,  violet,  purple,  indigo,  lavender, 
pink,  mauve,   magenta,    cerise,    scarlet, 


crimson,  taupe,  azure,  vermilion,  olive, 
brown,  gray,  dun,  etc.;  see  tint. 

2.  See  PIGMENT,  APPEARANCE,  PRETEXT, 
COMPLEXION,  FLUSH,  BADGE,  FLAG,  SA- 
LUTE. 

color,  V.  t.  1.  encolor  (rare),  hue  (poetic  or 
rhetorical),  paint  (spec  or  fig.),  dye  (chiefly 
spec),  stain  (chiefly  spec),  tone  (chiefly 
spec);  spec,  discolor,  tinge,  tinct,  tint, 
bloom,  complexion  (rare),  sip,  distemper, 
wash,  crayon. 

2.    See  MISREPRESENT. 

coloration,  n.  colorature;  spec  pigmenta- 
tion, tonality,  chromatism  (tech.). 

color-blindness,  n.  daltonism. 

colored,  a.  1.  hued  (poetic  or  rhetorical), 
painted  (orig.  spec),  tinted,  etc. 
2.  Spec,  black,  red,  brown,  negro,  mulatto. 

coloring,  a.  tingent  (rare);  spec,  tinctorial, 
dyeing,  painting,  staining. 

colorless,  a.  achromatic  (tech.),  white, 
hueless  (rare),  tintless  (chiefly  spec);  spec. 
black. 

colt,  n.  offspring  (contextual),  horse  (con- 
textual), foal,  youngster  (cant),  patro 
(Sp.);  spec  filly  (female). 

column,  n.  pillar;  spec,  atlantes  (pi.),  at- 
las (sing.),  cippus,  telamon,  caryatid;  see 

OBELISK,   PILLAR. 

comb,  n.  I.  Spec,  card,  ripple,  ebauchoir 

(French),   heckle,    hackle,    hatchel,    gill 

(cant). 

2.  See  CREST. 
combative,   a.   contentious,    pugnacious, 

militant,  beUigerent;    see  quarrelsome. 
Antonyms:  see  peaceful,  pacific. 
combination,  n.  1.   See  union,  mixture, 

COOPERATION,    conspiracy. 

2.  In  commerce,  politics,  etc,  referring  to 
the  action:  union;  spec,  syndication,  pool- 
ing, coalition,  fusion,  merger. 

3.  aggregate,  union;  spec  (card  games) 
tenace,  pair,  full  house,  run,  flush,  etc.; 
see  composite,  series,  group. 

4.  association  (which  see),  ring,  set,  union, 
company,  party;  spec  conjunction,  com- 
bine (colloq.,  U.  S.),  syndicate,  cartel  or 
(German)  Kartel,  camarilla,  Camorra, 
cabinet,  trust,  ring  (chiefly  U.  S.),  cabal, 
faction,  clique,  coalition,  consolidation, 
fusion,  merger,  duumvirate,  triumvirate, 
junto,  junta  (rare),  cave  (slang). 

combinatory,  a.  combinational,  coaduna- 

tive  (rare). 
combine,  V.  t.  &  i.   1.     See  UNITE,  mix, 

ASSOCIATE. 


t^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
coUectlTism:    socialism. 
colleen:    girl. 
collegiate:    academic. 
coUimate:    align. 
collocate:    place. 
colloid:    gelatinous. 


colloquy:     conversation. 
collude:   conspire. 
collusive:    conspiraUyry. 
colossal:  gigantic. 
colossus:    giant. 
coma:    stupor,  sleep. 
comatose:    stupefied. 


comb,  V.  i.:  break. 
combat,  n.:  fight,  contest,  con- 
tention. 
combat,  v.:  fight,  co7itend. 
combatant,  <i.:  fighting. 
combatant,   «.;  fighter. 
comber:    breaker. 


Ik^'  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

77 


COMBUSTIBLE 


2.  In  comtiicrcc,  poUlics,  etc.:  unite;  spec. 
syndicate,  consolidtite,  merge,  pool,  fuse. 
combustible,  a.    Spec,  burnable,  tindery, 
intlammable. 
Antonyms:  sec  incombustible. 
come,  r.  i.  1.  approach,  hither  (rare),  at- 
tain (rare  or  archaic),  advene  {literary); 
spec,  immigrate. 
Antonyms:   see  depart. 

2.  See  ARRIVE,  ARISE,  APPEAR,  RESULT, 
EM.^JS'ATE,  HAPPEN,  FOLLOW,  BECOME, 
DESCEND,  DERIVE,  ACCRUE,  IMMIGRATE, 
RESULT,  REACH,  YIELD. 

3.  fall ; — as  a  disease,  calamity,  etc. 
comfort,  n.  1.   See  aid,  cheer. 

2.  comfortableness,  ease,  self -ease  (rare), 
lu.\ury;  spec,  peace,  satisfyingness  (rare), 
restfulness,  coziness,  content,  enjoyment; 

see  REST,  RELIEF,  CON\'ENIENCE. 

Antonyms:    see  discomfort,   distress, 

P.\IN. 

3.  Of  things  that  give  ease:  easement 
(rare),  luxury;  spec,  solace,  rest,  satisfac- 
tion, reUef,  convenience. 

Antonyms:  see  trouble,  annoyance. 
comfort,  V.  t.  1.   See  cheer. 
2.  ease,   recomfort   (archaic);  spec,  rest, 
satisfy,  quiet;   see  relieve. 
Antonyms:     see    harass,    discomfort, 

DISTRESS,  PAIN,  WORRY. 

comfortable,  a.  1.  cheering,  pleasant, 
self-satisfied. 

2.  easy,  easeful,  well,  luxurious;  spec. 
cozy,  satisfactory,  satisfying,  assuring, 
roomy,  snug,  convenient,  restful. 

Antonyms:  see  uncomfortable,  dis- 
tressing, ANNOYING. 

comforter, «.  1.  spec,  cheerer,  solacer,  aider, 
helper;  spec.  Holy  Spirit.  CJ.  aid,  cheer. 
2.  See  bedcover. 

comiic,  a.  comical;     spec,  burlesque,  far- 
cical;    see  FUNNY,  LAUGHABLE. 
Antonyms:  see  tragic. 

coming,  a.   1.  Cojuing  in  space:  nearing; 

•see    APPROACHING. 

2.  Coming  in  time:  ensuing,  nearing,  ap- 
proaching,   imminent,    forthcoming;    see 

FUTLTIE. 

coming,  n.  1.  See  arrival. 

2.  As  to  time:  approach,  appro pinquation 
(fig.;  archaic),  advent;  spec,  advance. 

3.  As  to  space:  accession  {now  rare);  see 
approach. 


Antonyms:  see  departure. 
command,  n.  1.  See  bidding,  authority, 

CONTROL,   DIRECTION,   VIEW,  FORCE. 

2.  Referring  to  the  faculty:  control,  au- 
thoritativeness. 

commander,  n.  controller  (rare),  chief, 
leader,  captain  (chiefly  spec);  spec,  com- 
mandant, chiliarch,  centurion,  tagus, 
horetoga,  hctman,  drungar,  hipparch, 
killadar,  lochage  or  lochagus,  sirdar,  pro- 
consul, decurion,  enomotarch,  commcn- 
dador,  shogun,  taxiarch,  commodore. 

commander-in-chief,  n.  generalissimo 
(rare  or  spec),  generalissima  (fern.);  spec 
tartan. 

commanding,  a.  bidding  (rare),  magis- 
terial (bookish  or  learned),  imperative, 
mandative,  mandatory,  jussive  (rare), 
peremptory,  preceptive. 

commemorative,  a.  memorial,  recorda- 
tive  (rare),  memorative  (rare),  celebrative 
(rare). 

commensal,  n.  Spec,  companion,  (context- 
ual), messmate,  guest,  inquiline  (tech.; 
rare),  trenchmate.     "Coynmensal"  is  rare. 

comment,  v.  i.  &  t.  remark,  observe,  com- 
mentate (rare),  animadvert  (literary; 
chiefly  spec),  descant  (literary),  opine 
(stilted  or  humorous);  spec,  discourse, 
touch,  gloss  (rare),  interpose,  interject. 

comment,  n.  remark,  observation,  reflec- 
tion, note,  animadversion  (rare  or  literary; 
chiefly  .spec),  commentary  (chiefly  spec), 
descant  (literary),  discour.se;  spec,  scholi- 
asm,  whisper,  nothing,  interjection,  gos- 
sip,   exegesis,    gloss;      see   annotation, 

CRITICISM,    EXPLANATION. 

commercial,  a.  mercantile,  mercurial  (lit- 
erary), mercatorial  (rare);  spec,  shoppy. 

commercial  traveler,  drummer,  bagman, 
traveler  (contextual),  rider  (obs.). 

comminute,   V.   t.   reduce,   fritter   (rare), 
fine  (rare);  spec,  grind,  grate,  bray,  tritu- 
rate,  pulverize,    crush,   crumb,   crumble, 
harrow,  buck  (mining),  mince,  hash. 
Antonyms:    see  unite. 

commission,  7i.  1.  warrant,  certificate 
(contextual);  spec,  brevet. 

2.  See    AGENCY. 

3.  authorization  (contextual);  spec  errand, 
mission,  message,  duty,  charge;  see  order. 

4.  allowance,  pay,  fee;  spec  dastoori  or 
dustoori  (East  India),  rake-off  (slang). 


tS^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
combustion:     burning. 
come-down:   fall. 
comedy:    drama. 
comely:    good-looking.  [er. 

come-outer:  dissenter,  reform- 
comfit:    sweetmeat 
comfortless:      disconsolate. 
comical:    laughable. 
somity:    politeness. 
commandant:    commander. 


commandment:    bidding. 

commemorate:    celebrate. 

commence:    begin. 

commencement:     beginning. 

commend:    praise,  commit. 

commendable:     praiseivorthy . 

commendation:  praise,  com- 
mitment, respect. 

commensurable:    adequate. 

commensurate:  adequate,  pro- 
portionate. 


commensuration:  proportion. 
commentary:    com.ment. 
commerce,  n.:  traffic,  intercourse. 
commerce,  r.  i.:   traffic. 
comminate:    threaten. 
commingle:    mix. 
comminuted:   fine. 
commiserate:     compassionate. 
commiseration:     compassion. 
commissary:   agent. 
commissioner:    representative. 


IS"  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

78 


COMMUNICATION 


S.  In  a  had  or  evil  sense:  doing  (often  with 
"of"),  perpetration,  commitment  (rare), 
committal  (obs.). 
commit,  v.  t.  1.  deliver,  consign,  intrust  or 
entrust,  trust,  confide,  commend,  recom- 
mend, refer  {rare);  spec,  resign,  transfer, 
recommit,  leave. 
Antonyms:  see  withdraw. 

2.  See  REFER,  DELEGATE,     COMPROMISE. 

3.  consign  {as  to  memory,  writing,  etc.), 
reduce. 

4.  send,  consign,  remit  {rare),  remand; 
spec,  condemn,  relegate;     see  condemn, 

IMPRISON. 

Ajitonyms:  see  free. 

5.  In  a  bad  or  evil  sense:  do,  perpetrate; 
spec,  sin  {a  sin),  cut  {as  in  "to  cut  up 
pranks"). 

commitment,  n.  1.  delivery,  consign- 
ment, consignation,  committal,  intrust- 
ment,  confiding,  commendation;  spec. 
resignation,  transfer. 

2.  See  reference,  delegation,  bind- 
ing, SENDING,  imprisonment. 

3.  warrant  {for  imprisonment),  mittimus, 
condemnation,  relegation. 

4.  Referring  to  the  document:  warrant, 
mittimus. 

5.  consignment  {as  to  memory,  writing, 
etc.),  reduction,  committal. 

commodity,  7i.   thing   {contextual);  spec. 

ware,  drug  (as  in  "a  druxj  on  the  market"). 
common,  a.  1.  general,  universal,  mutual 

{properly  only  of  two);  spec,  commutual, 

reciprocal,  joint,  collective. 

2.  popular,  exoteric  {learned),  vulgar  {ob- 
solescent); see  PUBLIC. 

Antonyms:   see  individual. 

3.  usual,  ordinary,  standard,  regular,  pre- 
vailing, vulgar  {obsolescent);  spec,  fre- 
quent, familiar;  see  habitual. 

Antonyyns:  see  unusual,  extraordi- 
nary, UNFAMILIAR,  ESPECIAL,  EXTREME. 

4.  inferior,  ordinary,  trivial  {rare  or  ar- 
chaic), vulgar;  spec,  popular,  low,  base, 
unrefined,    commonplace,    illiterate;    see 

PLEBEIAN,  COARSE. 

Antonyms:  see  aristocratic,  exclu- 
sive. 

5.  In  grammar:  epicene  (a  loose  and  im- 
proper use). 

commonplace,  n.  1.  banality,  triviality 
{noio  rare),  prosaism,  twaddle,  prosai- 
cism,  prose,  cabbage  {fig.  or  slang);  spec. 
platitude  {rare  or  spec),  fadaise  {French), 
truism. 
Antonyms:  see  oddity. 


2.  topic;  spec,  quotation;  see  saying. 

commonplace,  a.  everyday,  common,  or- 
dinary, hackneyed,  threadbare,  stale, 
tame,  trite,  trivial  (now  rare),  banal,  ple- 
beian {literary),  Philistine  {literary),  prose, 
prosy,  prosaic;  spec,  e.xoteric,  platitudi- 
nous, pedestrian,  dull,  monotonous,  sober. 
Antonytns:  see  odd,  unusual,  original. 

commonplace,  v.  i.  platitudinize  {rare  or 
learned),  twaddle. 

common- sense,  n.   understanding   {con- 
textual), mother  wit,  sense,  horse  sense 
{colloq.),  gumption  {colloq.,  U.  S.),  savey 
or  savy  {slang). 
Antonyms:  see  nonsense. 

commotion,  n.  1.  See  agitation. 

2.  disturbance  {contextual),  stir,  breeze 
{colloq.),  fuss,  ferment,  welter,  turmoil, 
hurly-burly  {now  undignified),  disorder, 
pother,  ado,  tempest  {fig.);  see  bustle. 

Antonyms:  see  calm. 

3.  Spec,  sea  {as  in  "there  was  a  sea  on"), 
rip,  bobble,  chop. 

communicable,  a.  1.  impartible,  convey- 
able;     spec,  teachable,  transferable;    see 
catching. 
2.  See  communicative. 

communicant,  n.  Eccl.:  communicator, 
communionist,  communer  {esp.  U.  S.), 
partaker;   spec,  kneeler. 

communicate,  v.  t.  1.  impart,  convey, 
give,  carry,  confide;  spec,  deliver,  tele- 
phone, tell,  say,  write,  narrate,  express, 
send,  telegraph,  cable,  signal,  wigwag, 
heliograph,  sing,  break,  shout,  transmit, 
etc.;  see  carry. 

2.  In  reference  to  disease,  emotions,  etc.: 
impart,  convey,  give,  transmit. 

3.  Eccl.:  housel  {hist.). 
communicate,  v.  i.  1.  Eccl.:  partake,  com- 
mune {esp.  U.  S.),  receive. 

2.  Referring  to  persons:  converse  {now 
chiefly  spec),  intercommunicate,  inter- 
commune  {rare);  spec,  intermessage  {rare), 
correspond,  deal,  cable,  talk,  write,  etc.; 
see  CONVERSE. 

3.  Referring  to  places  joined  by  passage- 
ways, etc.:  connect,  intercommunicate. 

communication,  n.  1.  impartation,  im- 
partment  {rare),  conveyance,  giving;  spec. 
transmittal,  transmission,  sending,  tell- 
ing, saying,  writing,  narration. 

2.  intelligence  {rare);  spec,  message,  tele- 
gram, cable  {colloq.),  wire  {colloq.),  cable- 
gram, confidence,  secret,  news,  informa- 
tion; see  letter,  message. 

3.  See  INTERCOURSE,  passage. 


tS^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

committal:  commitment,  refer- 
ence, delegation,  binding,  com- 
mission. 

committee:    trustee,  body. 


commix:    mix. 

commodious:  roomy, convenient. 

commodity:  convenience,  thing, 

goods. 
commonalty:    people. 


commonwealth:     community, 

state. 
communalism:    socialisjn. 
commune,  n.:   people. 
commune,  v.  i.:  converse. 


%^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

79 


COMMUNICATIVE 


4.  Referring  lo  the  relation  of  placot  joined 
by  iMssagewai/a,  ete.:  coniioctiou,  intor- 
lominunii-ation. 

5.  Referring  to  diseases,  ideas,  etc.:  im- 
partation,  giving,  conveyance,  transmis- 
sion; spec,  infection,  contagion. 

communicative,  o.  communicatory,  com- 
municable,    transmittive     (rare);     spec. 
chatty. 
Antontjins:   .^ee  reticent. 

communion,  /(.  1.    See  community,  syji- 

I'ATHY,    INTEKCOURSE,    ASSOCIATION. 

2.  Eccl.:  liturgy,  celebration,  concelebra- 
tion,  Eucharist,  Sacrament,  Lord's  Sup- 
]ier,  Eulogia  (hist.),  Mass. 

community,  n.  1.  communion,  solidarity 
{literary);  spec,  sharing,  partnership, 
society. 

2.  group,  body,  society,  commonwealth; 
spec,  body  pohtic  (tech.),  state,  neighbor- 
hood, preceptory,  phalanstery. 

compact,  a.  1.    See  composed,  concise. 

2.  dense,  consistent,  solid,  close,  cra^s 
(obsolescent),  massive  (chiefly  spec,  and 
tech.),  gross  (literary  and  fig.);  spec,  heavy, 
saggy,  woofy  (rare),  packed,  snug,  tight, 
thick. 

Antonyms:  see  porous,  scattered. 

3.  Referring  to  things  or  their  arrange- 
ment, as  rooms,  a  house,  etc.:  close,  tight, 
snug,  neat;  spec,  packed. 

compactness,  n.  1.  density,  body,  con- 
sistence, consistency,  denseness  (rare), 
solidity,  closeness,  consolidation,  thick- 
ness, compactedness,  heaviness,  conja- 
cency  (rare),  snugness,  etc. 
2.  neatness. 

companion,  n.  associate  (contextual), 
shadow  (fig.  or  spec),  company;  spec. 
match,  compeer  (rare),  commensal,  es- 
cort, chaperon,  accomplice,  symbiont, 
attendant,  mate;  see  spouse,  comrade. 

companionable,  a.  livable,  boon  (rare  or 
archaic);   spec,    clubable;    see   sociable, 

companionship,  n.  association,  fellow- 
ship, intercourse,  company,  mateship 
(rare),  society;  spec,  symbiosis. 

companionway,  n.  stairs,  passageway; — 
both  contextual. 

company,    n.    1.     See    companionship, 

COMPANION,  association,  GUEST,  FIRM, 
GANG. 

2.  assembly,  association,  party  (colloq.  or 
spec),  crowd  (colloq.,  U.  S.  and  British 
colonies),  boodle  (contemptuous),  sack  (col- 
loq.), lot  (contemptuous),  consort  (obs.  or 
archaic),  fellowship  (archaic  or  rare,  exc 


spec),  number  (contextual),  rout  (now 
chiefly  poetic);  spec,  bevy,  flock,  covey, 
kennel,  gang,  set,  mob,  herd,  brood,  crew, 
horde,  trooj),  troupe,  platoon,  squad,  co- 
hort, gaggle  (derisive),  circle,  suite,  con- 
course, vexillum,  turma,  team,  Hanse, 
watch,  table,  caravan,  faction,  taxis,  vex- 
illation  (rare),  mess,  cavalcade,  claque, 
command,  posse. 

comparative,  a.  relative  (contextual) ,  col- 
lativo  (tech.);  spec,  contrastive. 

compare,  v.  t.  1.  collate,  parallel,  balance, 
parallelize  (rare),  counterpoise,  paragon 
(archaic  or  poetic),  measure,  confront, 
confer  (obs.,  exc.  as  imperative,  and  usu- 
ally in  abbr.  "cf.");  spec,  equal  (rare), 
equate  (rare);  see  contrast,  liken. 
2.  hi  grammar:  inflect. 

compare,  y.  i.  match;  spec.  vie. 

comparison,  n.  1.   See  likening. 

2.  collation,  confrontation,  parallelism, 
dissimile  (rare),  simile,  contrast,  equating, 
balance,  compare  (mth  "past"  or  "be- 
yond"). 

3.  parable  (archaic),  similitude,  parabole 
(rare),  balance,  simile,  paralleUzation 
(rare);  spec,  dissimile. 

compartment,  ?i.  division,  chamber,  par- 
tition; spec,  pane,  pigeonhole,  cell,  coupe 
(French),  locker,  coffer,  bay,  severy,  em- 
bayment  (rare),  well;   see  panel. 

compass,  n.  1.  See  boundary,  circum- 
ference, AREA,  BOUND,  CIRCUIT. 

2.  sweep,  scope ;  see  reach. 

3.  extent,  range ;  in  music:  range,  scope, 
sweep,  gamut,  register  (of  the  voice), 
diapason 

4.  N^aut.:  needle  (fig.),  pyxis  (rare),  box 
(fig.;  colloq.);  spec.  dial. 

compassion,  n.  1.  sympathy,  kindness, 
bowels  (pi.;  obsolescent  or  literary),  com- 
miseration, pity,  rue  (archaic),  ruth  (liter- 
ary or  archaic),  heart,  tenderness,  pite- 
ousness  (archaic),  pitifulness,  mercy, 
pathos. 
Antonyms:  see  cruelty,  malevolence, 

HATE. 

2.    See  SYMPATHY. 

compassionate,    a.    sympathetic,    kind, 

tender,    pitiful,    commiserative,    ruthful 

(archaic),   piteous    (archaic),   compassive 

(rare) . 

Antonyms:    see  unfeeling,  uncompas- 

SIONATE,  APATHETIC,  MALEVOLENT,  HATE- 
FUL,  CRUEL,    COLD,  RELENTLESS. 

compassionate,   v.  t.  pity,  commiserate, 
bepity  (intensive). 
Antonyms:  see  congratulate. 


I^W  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
conununisin:    socialism. 
commutable:    exchangeable. 
commute:    exchange. 


commutual:    common. 
compact,  n.:    agreement,   con- 
federacy. \pose.  abridge. 
compact,  V.  t.:  consolidate,  com- 


companionless:  alone. 
compass:    curred. 
compatible:    consistent. 
compatriot:  countryman. 


XW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

80 


COMPLETION 


compel,  V.  t.  1.  force,  oblige,  necessitate, 
coerce,  make  {with  the  infin.  without  "to"), 
coact  (rare),  coarct  (rare),  drive,  enforce 
(archaic  or  literary),  constrain,  impel, 
move,  gar  (Scot.),  distress  (rare),  com- 
pulse (obsolescent);  spec,  conjure,  concuss 
(chiefly  Scot.),  drum,  distrain,  hunger 
(rare),  reduce. 
Antonyms:   see  coax,  cajole,  ask. 

2.   See   DEMAND. 

compellable,    a.    enforceable,    coercible, 
constrainable. 
Antonyms:  see  unyielding. 

compelled,  a.  forced,  obliged,  constrained, 
beholden  (archaic),  vain  (now  literary). 

compensate,  v.  t.  1.  offset,  counterbal- 
ance, balance,  redress  (rare),  counter- 
poise, countervail;  spec,  recoup,  redeem. 
2.  pay  (contextual),  requite,  repay,  rec- 
ompense, guerdon  (poetic  or  rhetorical), 
reward,  remunerate;  spec,  restitute  (rare), 
indemnify,  recoup;  see  retribute. 

compensation,  n.  1.  offset,  set-off,  bal- 
ance, counterbalance,  countervailing, 
counterpoise;  spec,  recoupment,  redemp- 
tion. 
Antonyms:  see  loss. 
2.  pay  (contextual),  payment  (contextual), 
recompense,  repayment,  requital;  spec. 
amends,  indemnity,  indemnification,  sat- 
isfaction, reward,  reparation,  justice, 
solatium,  honorarium,  recoupment,  res- 
titution;   see  RETRIBUTION. 

compensatory,  a.  paying  (contextual), 
compensative,  reparative,  amendatory, 
indemnificatory,  etc. 

compete,  v.  i.  contend,  strive;    spec.  race. 

competition,  n.  contest,  contention,  ri- 
valship,  rivalry,  rivalism  (rare),  rivality 
(rare),  concurrence  (now  used  as  French); 
spec,  trial,  handicap;  see  race,  emula- 
tion. 
Antonyms:  see  cooperation. 

competitor,  n.  contestant,  rival,  antag- 
onist, concurrent  (now  chiefly  used  as 
French);  spec,  field  (competitors  collec- 
tively; fig.  or  spec);  spec,  entrant;  see 
racer. 

compilation,  n.  composition  (contextual), 
recueil  (French);  spec,  customary  or  cus- 
tumal,  anthology. 

compile,  v.  t.  compose,  quilt  (rare;  fi^.). 

complain,  v.  i.  murmur,  grunt,  grumble, 
gruntle  (rare),  grutch  (archaic),  lament, 
repine  (chiefly  spec),  plain  (archaic); 
spec  moan,  groan,  growl,  grouse  (colloq.), 
scold,  mutter,  whine. 
Antonyms:   see  rejoice. 


complaining,  n.  faultfinding,  complain- 
tive  (rare),  murmuring;  spec  grumbling, 
growling,  grousing  (colloq.). 

complaining,  a.  1.   See  ailing. 
2.  grumbly  (colloq.),  querimonious  (liter- 
ary); spec  querulous,  peevish. 

complaint,  7i.  1.    See  ailment. 

2.  murmuring,  grumbling,  etc,  murmur, 
lament,  lamentation,  plaint  (literary), 
querimony  (rare),  plain  (archaic),  repining 
(chiefly  spec);  spec  growl,  grunt,  whine. 

3.  accusation,  charge,  plaint  (literary  or 
law);  spec,  information,  grievance. 

complaisant,  a.  complacent  (obsolesc), 
agreeable  (contextual),  pliant,  soft, 
smooth,  yielding,  supple,  facile  (literary), 
subservient,  buxom  (archaic),  easy,  weak, 
doughfaced  (colloq.),  courtly,  yielding; 
spec  gracious,  condescending,  exorable, 
submissive;  see  obliging,  obedient. 
Antonyms:  see  perverse,  obstinate, 
disputatious,  unyielding,  unaccommo- 
dating, disobedient,  controversial. 

complement,  n.  1.  *See  completion,  crown, 
2.  total,  tale;  spec  cadre  (French;  mil.). 

complete,  a.  1.  full,  entire,  perfect,  inte- 
grate (rare),  integral  (rare),  round 
(chiefly  spec);  spec  intact,  self-contained, 
dead,  orbed  (rare),  orbicular;  see  whole, 
absolute,  thorough. 
Antonyms:  see  incomplete,  partial, 
initial,  conditional,  imperfect. 
2.  See  finished,  accomplished. 

complete,  v.  t.  1.  consummate,  totalize, 
complement  (rare),  round  (used  chiefly 
with  "out"),  integrate;  spec,  mature, 
crown,  cap,  perfect,  perfectionate  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  begin. 
2.  See  finish,  accomplish. 

completed,  a.  perfected,  consummate; 
spec,  mature,  ripe. 

completely,  adv.  1.  fully,  entirely,  right 
(archaic  or  dial.),  quite;  spec,  integrally, 
perfectly,  consummately,  roundly,  cap-a- 
pie  (French),  out,  altogether. 

2.  See  ABSOLUTELY,  WHOLLY,  THOR- 
OUGHLY. 

completion,  n.  1.  consummation,  perfec- 
tion,    complement     (rare),    integration; 
spec,  maturement  (rare). 
Antonyms:   see  beginning. 

2.  Referring  to  the  state:  consummation, 
etc.  (as  in  sense  1,  above),  full,  integrity; 
spec  infinity,  maturity. 

3.  Referring  to  the  completing  thing:  com- 
plement, completory  (rare);  spec,  cope- 
stone,  coronation  (rare  or  literary),  crown, 
finish,  correlate. 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
compeer,  n.:  equal. 
compendious:  concise. 
compendium:   abridgement. 


compete:    contend. 
competence:  fortune. 
competency:     ability,    qualifi- 
cation. 


competent:  adequate,  qualified, 

able. 
complacent:     self-satisfied. 
complement,  v.  t.:  complete. 


t^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
81 


COMPLETIVE 


Antonyms:  sro  beginning. 

4.    See   FINISHING,   ACCOMPLISHMENT. 

completive,  a.  completory  (rare),  perfec- 
tive, consummative,  complementary. 

complex,  o.  1.  See  composite. 
2.  complicated,  complicate,  intricate, 
pcrjilexed,  involute  (rare),  involved;  spec. 
entangled,  knotty,  mazy,  inextricable,  de- 
complex, dajdal,  Daedalian,  Gordian, 
crabbed. 
Anlonyms:  see  simple. 

complex,  71.  1.  See  composite. 
2.  complexus  (rare),  complication,  com- 
pagcs  {rare),  complexity,  complexus;  spec. 
network,    web,    tangle,    snarl,    intangle- 
mcnt,  node,  maze,  labyrinth. 

complexion,  n.  1.    Of  the  skin:  hue  (now 
almost    eqiiiv.    to    "color"),    color,    blee 
(archaic). 
2.  See  appearance,  aspect. 

complexioned,  a.  complected  (dial,  or  col- 
Inq.,  U.  S.),  hued. 

complexity,  n.  1.  complexness  (rare),  per- 
plexity, complicatedness,  compUcation, 
complicacy,  complicity  (rare),  involution, 
intricateness,  intricacy,  involvedness ;  spec. 
confusion,  inextricability,  intricableness, 
maziness. 
2.  See  complex. 

compliant,    a.    conformable,  compilable 
(now  rare),  spec,  resigned;  see  complai- 
sant, obedient. 
Antonyms:  see  disobedient. 

complicate,  v.  t.  perplex,  intricate  (rare), 
involve,  complex,  compound;    spec,  em- 
barrass, entangle,  intertangle  (rare),  inter- 
lace, decompound. 
Antonyms:   see  simplify. 

complicity,  n.  association,  privity,  guilt. 
Antonyms:  see  innocence, 

compliment,  n.  1.  praise  (contextual), 
honor  (contextual);  spec,  encomium,  eu- 
logy, tribute,  panegyric,  flattery,  com- 
mendation, ovation. 
Antonyms:  see  disparagement,  cen- 
sure, REPROOF,  condemnation. 

2.  In  pi.:  see  respect. 

compliment,  v.  t.  1.  praise  (contextual), 
honor  (contextual);  spec,  commend,  con- 
gratulate, eulogize,  flatter,  favor. 

Antonyms:     see    disparage,    censure, 
reprove,  condemn. 
2.  See  present,  bestow. 

comply,  V.  t.  conform  (used  with  "to"), 
yield;   see  obey. 

component,  a.  constituent,  constitutive, 
compositional  (rare),  ingredient,  integral 
(chiefly  spec),  integrant  (chiefly  spec); 
spec  partial,  elemental. 


component,  n.  part,  constituent,  ingre- 
dient, principle,  element,  material;  spec. 
intermixture. 

compose,  v.  t.  1.  make  (contextual),  consti- 
tute,  form,    compound,    compact,   build 
(chiefly  spec);  spec,  synthesize,  construct, 
weave,  fabricate,  mix. 
Antomjms:  see  analyze,  disintegrate. 

2.  produce,  make,  do,  indite  (learned), 
frame,  build,  gignate  (rare  and  jocular), 
prepare;  spec,  write,  draw,  redact,  twist, 
address,  compile,  recompose,  collate,  con- 
flate (rare),  sonnetize  (rare),  dash  (used 
with  "off"),  scribble,  hexametrize,  score, 
precompose,  fable;  see  compile,  extem- 
porize. 

3.  In  printing:  set. 

4.  See  arrange. 

5.  calm  (contextual),  collect,  recover,  rec- 
ollect (pron.  rek-o-lekt'),  recall. 

compose,  v.  i.  Spec,  ■write,  sonnetize,  son- 
net, sonneteer,  pamphletize,  elegize,  epi- 
taph, epigrammatize,  epilogize  or  epilo- 
guize  (rare),  prose,  poetize. 

composed,  a.  1.  constituted,  formed,  com- 
pact or  compacted  (archaic),  compagi- 
nated (rare). 

2.  calm   (contextual),   collected,  self-pos- 
sessed, cool;  see  peaceful. 
Antonyms:   see  excited,  uneasy. 

composer,  n.  1.  maker,  doer,  poet  (rare  or 
archaic),  constructor,  constructer  (rare), 
framer,  former,  builder. 

2.  author  (which  see);  spec  melodist, 
melodramatist,  symphonist,  hymnist, 
hymnodist,  harmonist. 

3.  In  music:  author. 

composite,  a.  compound,  complex  (ar- 
chaic), concrete  (literary  or  spec),  decom- 
posite (tech.),  complicate  (archaic);  spec 
decompound,  colonial,  polyzoic,  polyge- 
nous,  conflate  (literary  criticism). 
Antonyms:  see  simple. 

composite,  n.  compound,  composition, 
complexus  (tech.),  compo  (cant  or  colloq.; 
chiefly  Eng.),  complex  (archaic),  confec- 
tion (rare  or  spec),  combination,  compost 
(literary);  spec,  breccia,  conglomerate, 
compositum,  motley,  conserve. 

composition,  n.  1.  preparation  (context- 
vxil),  constitution,  make-up,  making, 
formation,  confection  (rare),  compaction 
(rare),  synthesis  (learned),  framing,  com- 
pounding, building;  spec  dispensation; 
see  structure,  mixture. 
Antonyms:    see  analysis. 

2.  Referring  to  the  distinctive  character: 
constitution,  make,  make-up. 

3.  See  composite,  compromise. 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
complex,  V.  t.:  complicate. 
complexus:  complex,  composite. 


compUcation:   complexity. 
complimentary:   laudatory. 
complot,  n.:  conspiracy. 


oomplot,  V.  i.:  conspire. 
comport,  V.  t:  behave. 
comport,  V.  i.:  agree. 


(S^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

82 


CONCEIT 


4.  production,  authorship,  writing,  indit- 
ing or  inditement  {learned);  spec,  in- 
vention,    imagination,     conflation;     see 

COMPILATION. 

6.  In  rrnisic:  spec,  instrumentation,  hym- 
nology,  hymnody,  songcraft. 

6.  Referring  to  literary  productions:  pro- 
duction, preparation,  piece,  opus;  spec. 
work,  opuscule,  screed,  brochure,  paper, 
discourse,  disquisition,  effusion,  disserta- 
tion, tract,  disputation,  essay,  thesis, 
theme,  treatise,  tractate,  study,  fiction, 
poem,  novel,  sequence,  prose,  exercise, 
elucubration  (rare),  lucubration  {often  hu- 
morous), conflation  {archaic),  pastoral, 
scribble,  thing  {contemptuous),  morceau 
{French),  Balaam,  extravaganza,  niminy- 
piminy,  dithyramb,  descant,  diatribe. 

7.  Referring  to  musical  productions:  pro- 
duction, opus;  spec,  compilation,  drama, 
oratorio,  concertino,  concerto,  aria,  fugue, 
study,  sonata,  sonatina,  nocturne,  inter- 
mezzo, madrigal,  duet,  quartet,  sextet, 
morceau  {French),  melologue  {rare),  med- 
ley, melopceia. 

8.  In  art:  spec,  relief,  rehevo,  alto-re- 
hevo,  basso-relievo,  statue,  painting, 
etching,  etc. 

9.  typesetting,  typography. 
compositive,  a.  constitutive,  synthetical; 

spec,  retextive  {logic;  rare). 
Antonym.s:  see  analytical. 

compositor,  n.  composer,  typesetter;  spec. 
typothetse  (pZ.). 

composure,  n.  calm  {contextual),  collec- 
tion,   recollection,    self-possession;       see 

BALANCE,  PEACE. 

compotation,   n.    drinking     {contextual), 
symposium;  spec,  carouse. 

comprehensive,  a.  1.  See  inclusive,  un- 
derstanding. 

2.  large,  wide,  extensive,  broad,  general, 
sweeping,  expansive;  spec,  all-embracing. 
Antonyms:  see  narrow. 

compromise,  n.  1.  arrangement  {context- 
ual), composition. 
2.  See  arrangement,  concession. 

compromise,  v.  t.  1.  arrange  {contextual), 
compound. 

2.  See  ENDANGER. 

3.  prejudice,  commit. 
comptroller,  n.  controller;  spec,  steward, 

auditoi* 
compulsion,  n.  forcing,  obligation,  neces- 


sitation,  coercion,  coaction  {rare),  coarc- 
tation {rare),  constraint,  impulsion  {rare), 
force  {chiefly  spec),  reduction,  enforce- 
ment; spec,  necessity,  concession  {chiefly 
Scot.),  distraint. 
Antonyms:  see  coaxing,  cajolery. 

compulsory,  a.  1.  compellent  {rare),  ob- 
ligatory, necessitative,  coercive,  impera- 
tive, coercionary  {rare),  coactive  {rare), 
constraining,  impelling,  moving,  imperi- 
ous; spec,  violent. 
2.  forced,  enforced,  obligatory. 
Antonyms:   see  optional. 

computable,  a.  calculable,  countable, 
numerable,  reckonable,  etc. 

computation,  n.  1.  calculation,  reckon- 
ing, account  {noio  07ily  in  a  few  phrases,  as 
"money  of  account"),  computus  {hist.); 
spec,  estimation,  counting,  recount,  tell- 
ing {archaic),  numbering,  numeration, 
enumeration,  denumeration  {rare),  divi- 
sion, multiplication,  subtraction,  calcu- 
lus, indigitation  {rare),  supputation 
{rare),  ciphering,  rhabdology,  day  tale  or 
daytal  or  datal  (,local  Eng.),  expansion, 
capitation,  logistics;  see  addition. 
2.  Referring  to  the  result  arrived  at:  result, 
account,  calculation,  reckoning;  spec. 
score,  sum,  quotient,  multiple,  estimate. 

computative,  a.  calculative;  spec,  enu- 
merative,  numerative. 

compute,  V.  t.  &  i.  calculate,  reckon;  spec. 
count,  recount,  figure,  tell  {archaic),  nu- 
merate, enumerate,  cast,  number,  con- 
numerate  {rare),  divide,  multiply,  sub- 
tract, cipher  {colloq.,  U.  S.),  estimate, 
tally;   see  add. 

comrade,  n.  associate,  companion,  fellow, 
frater  {Latin);  spec,  contubernal,  mess- 
mate, roommate,  crony  {intimate),  coach- 
fellow,  playmate,  playfellow,  chum  {col- 
loq.);  see  intimate. 

concede,  v.  t.  1.  See  ACKNOVtXEDGE,  grant, 

RELINQUISH. 

2.  allow,  grant,  yield. 
conceit,  n.  1.  conception. 

2.  judgnaent,  opinion. 

3.  conceitedness,  self-esteem,  self-com- 
placency, self-conceit,  self-exaltation,  in- 
flation, self -pleasing  {rare),  self-glorifi- 
cation, self-sufficiency,  sufficiency,  self- 
satisfaction,  self  -  admiration,  megalo- 
mania, egotism,  vanity,  egoism  {rare), 
overweening,  overweeningness,  outrecui- 


|^°  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
compost:  fertilizer. 
compote:    preserve. 


compound,  n.: 
compound,  a.: 
compound,  n.: 

Tivative. 
compound. 


inclosure. 
composite, 
composite,  de- 

t.:      compose. 


complicate,  arrange,  pay. 


comprehend:  understand,  in- 
cliide,  imply.  [able. 

comprehensible:    understand- 

comprehension:  understand- 
ing, intelligence,  inclusion. 

compress,  v.  t.:  squeeze,  con- 
dense, crowd,  consolidate,  con- 
strict,  abridge. 

comprise:    include. 


compunction:  regret. 
compunctious:    regretful. 
concatenate:   connect. 
concatenation:        connection, 

series. 
concave:  hollow,  hole. 
conceal:  hide. 
concealed:   hidden,  secret. 
concealment:    hiding,  secrecy. 


fW  See  Notes  ot  Explanation. 

83 


CONCEITED 


dance  {Fre?ich;  rare),  priggory,  priggish- 
ness,  assurance,  puppyism. 
Antonyms:    sec  basufulness,  modesty, 

HUMBLENESS. 

4.  See  IMAGINATION. 

5.  notion,  caprice,  quip,  quirk,  fancy,  de- 
vice (archaic),  crochet,  maggot,  crank, 
trick;    .stf  caprice. 

conceited,  a.  self-complacent,  self-satis- 
fied, self-jileased,  self-conceited,  egotis- 
tical {rare),  egotistic,  vain,  overweening, 
priggish,  self-opinionated,  self-opinioned, 
self-sufficient,  inflated,  blown  {literary), 
conceity  {coUoq.,  chiefly  Scot.). 
Antonyms:   see  bashful,  modest, 

conceive,  v.  t.  1.  form  {in  the  womb). 

2.  form  {iti  the  vmid),  frame,  ideate  {rare), 
brain  {rare). 

3.  Sec  IMAGINE,  DE\^SE,  THINK,  UISTDER- 
STAND. 

concentrate,  v.  t.  1.  concenter  {rare), 
strengthen;  spec,  reconcentrate;  see  dis- 
till, INTENSIFY,  CONDENSE,  UNITE,  FOCUS. 

Antonyms:  see  separate,  scatter,  dis- 
perse, DIFFUSE. 

2.  Referring  to  the  mind,  attention,  ideas, 
etc.:  focus  (fig.),  consolidate  (fig.),  recol- 
lect;  spec,  rally,  localize;   see  apply. 

concentrated,  a.   Spec,  condensed,  intent 
{of  a  person ) ,  fLxed,  intensified,  etc. 
Antonyms:  see  diffuse. 

conception,  n.  1.  conceiving;  spec,  super- 
fetation  or  superfcetation. 

2.  Spec,  embryo,  fetus  or  fcetus. 

3.  See  IMAGINATION,  THINKING,  UNDER- 
STANDING,  IDEA,   PLAN. 

conceptual,  a.  conceptive,  concipient 
{rare). 

concert,  n.  1.  See  cooperation,  conspir- 
acy, AGREEMENT. 

2.  entertainment,  consort  {obs.  or  hist.); 
spec,  aubade  {French),  madrigal,  serenade, 
recital. 

concession,     n.      1.        See      accession, 

ACKNOWLEDGMENT,  RELINQUISHMENT, 

GRANT. 

2.  allowance,   granting,   grant,   yielding; 
spec,  compromise. 
conciliate,  v.  t.  1.  win  {favor,  a  person,  etc.), 
square    (a    person;    colloq.);    spec,    curry 
(favor). 


2.  reconcile  (as  theories,  differences). 

3.  See  PACIFY. 

concise,  a.  brief  (contextual),  terse,  con- 
densed, short  (contextual),  pithy,  com- 
pact, sententious,  compressed,  succinct, 
summary;  spec,  laconic,  holophrastic, 
curt,  epigrammatic,  compendious. 
Antonyms:  see  prolix,  wordy,  ver- 
bose, DISCURSIVE. 

conciseness,  a.  bre\-ity,  shortness  (con- 
textual), concision  (rare),  syntomy  (rare), 
shortness  (contextual),  terseness,  comma- 
tism  (learned),  succinctness,  compactness; 
spec,  laconism,  etc. 

conclude,  v.  t.  1.   See  end,  infer,  decide, 
2.  etTect,  make,  drive,  close;    spec,  com- 
pound. 
Antonyms:   see  abolish,  prevent. 

conclusion,  n.  1.   See  end,  event,  infer- 
ence, decision. 
2.  effectmg,  making,  closing,  effectuation. 

concoct,  V.  t.  devise  (contextual),  prepare, 
invent,  brew,  plan;   see  plan. 

concoction,  n.  1.  devising,  preparation 
(contextual),  planning,  invention,  brewing. 
2.  device,  preparation,  invention;  spec. 
lie,  mixture,  dose,  scheme,  plot. 

concomitant,  a.  accompanying,  concur- 
rent ;  spec,  simultaneous,  coincident,  coex- 
istent, accessory;  see  contemporaneous. 

concourse,  n.  1.  As  to  persons  or  animals: 
confluence,    conflux,    concurrence,    con- 
gress (rare);  see  gathering, 
2.  See  confluence,  junction. 

concrete,  a.  1.     See  composite,  actual, 

PARTICULAR,  SOLID. 

2.  In  reference  to  numbers:  material  (theol. 
and  philos.),  denominate  (rare). 

concrete,  n.  I.  composite,  compound,  con- 
cretion. 

2.  Spec,     conglomerate,    beton,    tabby, 
ferroconcrete,  asphalt. 

concretion,  n.  1.  See  solidification, 
ACCRETION. 

2.  The  thing  formed:  collection  (context- 
ual), concrement  (rare),  concrescence 
(rare),  concrete  (obsolesc);  spec,  calculus, 
knot,  congelation,  accretion,  crystalliza- 
tion, geode,  dacryolite,  dacryohth. 
concubinage,  n.  cohabitation;  spec. 
hetserism,  hetairism. 


J^=  Cross  references:  see  Note, 

conceitedness:    conceit. 

conceivable:  thinkable,  im- 
aginable. 

concent:   harmony. 

concentri  0 :   parallel. 

concept:   idea. 

concern,  n.:  affair,  thing,  in- 
terest, importance,  care,  rela- 
tion, firm. 

concern,  r.  t.:  affect. 

concerned:  affected,  careful, 
anxious. 


concernment:  interest,  im- 
portance, care. 

concerning:   about. 

concert,  v.  t.:   plan.        [operate. 

concert,    v.    i.:     conspire,    co- 

conclude:  end,  finish,  eventuate. 

conclusive:  final,  decisive,  con- 
vincing. 

concord,  n.:  agreement,  peace, 
harmony. 

concord,  v.  i.:   agree. 

concordant:  agreeable,  harmo- 


concordat:   agreement. 

concrete:    solidify. 

concupiscent:  desirous,  lasciv- 
i(jus.  [erate. 

concur:    coincide,  agree,    coOp- 

concurrence:  coincidence,  con- 
course, confluence,  agreement, 
cooperation,  correspondence, 
junction. 

concurrent:  coincident,  con- 
fluent, concomitant,  codpera- 
tii-e,  joint,  correspondent. 

concuss:    shock,  shake. 


IW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

84 


CONFESS 


condemn,  v.  t.  1.  disapprove  (contextual), 
discommend  (rare),  reprobate,  disallow 
(archaic),  disfavor,  reprehend,  discounte- 
nance, denounce,  deprecate;  spec,  anath- 
ematize, damn  (archaic;  very  strong,  or 
vulgar),  hoot,  hiss;  see  censure. 
Antonyms:  see  condemn,  applaud,  ap- 
prove, PRAISE,  compliment. 

2.  sentence,  doom,  judge  (obs.),  adjudge; 
spec,  damn  (archaic),  lag  (cant). 

3.  consign,  commit  (contextual),  devote, 
doom. 

4.  See    CONVICT,     confiscate,     appro- 
priate. 

condemnable,  a.  1.  disapprovable,  dis- 
allowable,  damnable  (archaic,  very  strong, 
or  vulgar);  see  blamable,  reprehensible. 

2.  convictable,  adjudgeable. 

3.  consignable,  committable,  devotable. 
condemnation,  n.  1.  disapprobation,  dis- 
commendation (rare),  reprehension,  dis- 
approval, frown,  reprobation,  deprecia- 
tion,  damnation  (very  strong  or  vulgar); 

see   CENSURE. 

Antonyms:  see  justification,  applause, 
approval,  praise,  admiration,  com- 
pliment. 

2.  conviction,    convictment    (rare),    sen- 
tence, doom,  judgment  (rare). 

3.  consignment,     commitment     (context- 
ual), committal,  doom  (rare). 

condemnatory,    a.     1.     disapprobatory, 
damnatory,     reprobative,     reprehensive, 
deprecatory;  see  censorious. 
Antonyms:   see  approving,  laudatory, 

PRAISING. 

2.  convictive. 

3.  consignatory,  devotive,  doomful. 
condensation,  n.  1.  thickening,  concen- 
tration, coercion  (tech.,  and  chiefly  spec); 
spec,  liquefaction  (of  a  gas),  distillation, 
inspissation,  solidification. 

2.  abridgment,    abbreviation,     compres- 
sion, concentration. 

Antonyms:  see  development,  enlarge- 
ment. 
condense,  v.  t.  &  i.  1.  thicken,  concentrate, 
densify    (rare),    coarct    (rare);   spec,    in- 
spissate, liquefy;  see  distill,  solidify. 

Antonyms:     see    dilute,     evaporate, 

VAPOR. 

2.  abridge  (contextual),  abbreviate,  com- 
press, concentrate;  spec,  epitomize. 


Antonyms:   see  develop,  enlarge. 

condescend,  v.  i.  stoop,  deign,  descend, 
vouchsafe. 

condescending,  a.  gracious  (of  very  ex- 
alted persons). 
Antonyms:   see  arrogant. 

condescension,   n.    1.      Referring  to  an 
action  or  to  an  act:  stoop. 
2.  condescendence,    graciousness,    grace; 
spec,  complaisance. 

condition,  ?i.  1.  provision,  proviso,  pre- 
requisite, postulate,  precondition;  spec. 
assumption,  contingency,  terms  (pi.),  de- 
feasance, stipulation. 

2.    See      QUALIFICATION,      STATE,      RANK, 

limitation. 

conditional,  a.  subject,  conditioned,  pro- 
visional,    provisory,     provisionary,     pre- 
requisite;  spec,  contingent,  dependent. 
Antonyms:   see  absolute,  complete. 

conduct,  V.  t.  1.  See  guide,  escort,  man- 
age, HOLD,  behave,  transport,  TRANS- 
MIT. 

2.  In  the  sense  of  "to  carry  on  as  an  enter- 
prise": run,  operate,  carry  (often  with 
"along,"  "on,"  etc.);  spec,  push,  drive, 
wage. 

conductor,  n.  1.  See  leader,  guide,  es- 
cort, MANAGER. 

2.  guard  (o7i  a  train;  Eng.);  spec,  tripper. 

3.  transmitter,  conveyor;  spec,  cable, 
lead,  bus,  buster. 

cone-shaped,  a.  conical,  conic,  coniform 
(rare) . 

confection,  v.  t.  prepare,  form,  mix. 

confederacy,  n.  1.  association,  league,  al- 
liance, compact  (the  agreement  only), 
union,-  coalition,  confederation,  federa- 
tion; spec.  Bund  (German),  pentapolis, 
Dreibund  (German),  Zollverein  (German). 
2.  conspiracy. 

confederate,  a.  leagued,  allied,  confeder- 
ated, federated,  federal. 

confer,  v.  i.  1.  See  converse,  CONSULT. 
2.  talk,  parley,  palaver,  povrwow  (fig.  or 
spec). 

conference,   n.    1.      See   conversation, 

CONSULTATION. 

2.  talk,  parley,  palaver,  powwow  (fig.  or 
spec). 
confess,  v.  t.  1.  See  acknowledge. 
2.  disclose  (contextual),  tell,  reveal,  un- 
bosom, disbosom  (rare);  spec,  unburden. 


tW  Cross  references  :  see  Note. 
condescendence:       condescen- 
sion. 
condign:     appropriate. 
condiment:    flavoring. 
condition,  v.  t.:  stipulate,  limit. 
conditioned:     circumstanced. 
condole:    sympathize. 
condolence:    sympathy. 
condonation:    excuse. 


condone:    exctise. 

conduce:    tend,  contribute. 

conducement:     contribution. 

conducive:    contributory. 

conduct,  n.:  management,  di- 
rection, procedure,  behavior, 
pursuit,   doing. 

conduction:    transmission. 

conduit:    channel. 

confab:    conversation. 


confabulate:    converse. 

confabulation:    conversation. 

confect:    preserve. 

confection:  preparation,  com- 
position, sweetmeat,  preservation. 

confectionery:  factory,  sweet- 
meat. 

confederate:   ally,  conspirator. 

confederation:   confederacy. 

confer:    bestow. 


XW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

85 


CONFESSION 


Antonyms:  sec  uide,  deny. 

S.  shrive,  shrift  {rare). 
ccnfession,  n.  1.    See  acknowledgment. 

3.  shrift  (chiefly  spec.). 

8.  Referring  to  a  body  of  believers  in  one 

faith:  communion. 
confessional,  n.  stall. 
confidant,  n.  confidante  (Jem.),  confidente 

(French;  Jan.),  confident  (French;  ynasc), 

intimate,  privado  (obs.). 
confidence,  n.  1.  See  assurance. 

2.  assurance,  certitude,  self-confidence, 
positiveness,  clearness,  cocksureness, 
surety  (rare);  spec,  insistency,  certainty. 

3.  communication,  privacy,  secret. 
confident,  a.  1.   See  assured,  bold. 

2.  assured,  sure,  certain,  positive,  clear, 
cocksure,  secure  (literary);  spec,  insistent. 
Antonyms:   see  anxious,  timid. 
confidential,  a.  1.  private,  secret,  fiducial, 
fiduciary,  trust. 

2.    iS'ee  INTIMATE,  TRUSTED. 

confinable,  a.  restrainable,  imprisonable. 

confine,  v.  t.  1.  imprison,  prison  (poetic 
or  rhet.),  mew  (literary),  incarcer- 
ate (learned),  carcerate  (rare),  restrain, 
immure;  spec,  mure  (orig.  spec),  pew 
(Jig.  or  spec),  circumscribe  (rare),  kennel 
(fig.  or  spec),  embound  (rare),  restrict, 
pen  (fig.  or  spec),  restringe  (rare),  close, 
inclose  (obs.,  exc  spec),  jail,  pinch, 
shop  (cant),  bail,  cauldron  (rare),  box, 
house,  closet,  chamber  (archaic),  cabin 
(rare),  crib  (rare),  pound,  impound,  cub 
(chiefly  dial.),  pin,  embar  (rare),  impark 
(rare),  shackle,  dam,  dungeon,  jug  (slang), 
lock  (used  chiefly  with  ^^up,"  "into,"  etc), 
endungeon  (rare),  bastille  or  bastile, 
cloister,  coop,  penfold,  gate  (Eng.  univ.), 
yard,  impale  (rare),  enchain,  incave,  en- 
cage, embank,  intern,  constrain,  enjail 
(rare),  labyrinth,  cage;  see  detain. 
Antonyms:   see  free. 

2.  fasten  (contextual),  hold,  secure,  de- 
tain, restrain;  spec,  tie,  jess,  braid,  brail, 
bind,  button,  chain,  constrict,  enchain, 
rope,  etc.;  see  bind. 

Antonyms:  see  loose. 

3.  bound,  limit,  restrict,  circumscribe, 
astrict  (rare),  restringe  (rare),  pinch 
(rare),  narrow,  cram;  see  restrict. 
Many  of  the  words  given  under  sense  1  may 
be  used  figuratively  in  this  sense. 

confined,  a.   1.  incarcerate  (archaic),  re- 
strained, pent,  imprisoned,  mewed,  etc.; 
see  BOUND. 
Antonyms:   see  free. 
2.  restricted,     hmited,     narrow,     close, 
cramp;  see  narrow. 


A  ntony)ns:  see  unlimited,  uninclosed, 

WIDE. 

3.  bedrid,  bedridden. 
confinement,  n.  1.  imprisonment,  incar- 
ceration (learned),  carceration  (rare),  im- 
murement (orig.  spec),  prisonment  (rare), 
restraint,  constraint,  durance  (chiefly  liter- 
ary and  in  the  phrase  "in  durance  vile"), 
ward  (obsolescent);  spec,  duress,  claustra^ 
tion,  captivity,  chains,  inclosure,  limbo, 
prison,  detainment  (rare),  custody. 
Antonyms:  see  freedom. 

2.  fastening  (contextual),  holding  (con- 
textual), securing  (contextual),  detention; 
spec,  chains,  restraint. 

3.  limitation,  hmiting,  restriction,  cir- 
cumscription, narrowness  (as  of  oppor- 
tunity), Hunt,  crampedness,  crampnesa 
(rare);  see  restriction. 

4.  childbed. 

confining,  a.  limitative,  hmiting,  restric- 
tive, circumscriptive,  binding,  limitary. 

confirm,  v.  t.  1.  establish,  fix,  strengthen; 
spec  bishop;  see  strengthen. 
Antonyms:   see  abolish,  weaken. 

2.  ratify,  sanction,  validate,  roborate 
(rare),  corroborate  (now  rare),  avouch, 
vouch  (rare  or  tech.),  approbate  or  ap- 
prove (chiefly  Scots  law);  spec,  homolo- 
gate (chiefly  Scots  law),  coimtersign,  in- 
dorse, seal,  reconfirm  (rare). 

Antonyms:   see  invalidate,  dispute. 

3.  estabhsh,  verify,  corroborate,  accredit, 
support,  substantiate,  sustain,  clinch 
(colloq.);  see  prove. 

Antonyms:     see    disprove,    discredit, 
confute. 

confirmable,  a.  verifiable;   see  provable, 

confirmation,  n.  seal,  support,  sanction, 
verification. 

confirmatory,  a.  1.  ratificatory,  sanction- 
ative,  corroborant  (rare),  roborative 
(rare),  corroborative  (obsolescent);  spec. 
signatory,  obsignatory  (rare). 
2.  corroboratory,  corroborative,  corrobo- 
rant, supportive. 

confiscate,  v.  t.  take  (contextual),  seize, 
appropriate,  forfeit  (rare  or  hist.);  spec. 
condemn,  sequestrate,  sequester. 

conflagrant,  a.    See  burning. 

conflict,  n.  1.    See  contention,  fight. 
2.  confliction      (rare),    encounter,     ren- 
counter  (rare),  collision,  clash;     see  in- 
terference, disagreement. 
Antonyms:    see  agreement. 

conflict,  V.  i.  1.   See  fight. 
2.  clash,    encounter,    rencounter    (rare), 
collide;  spec  interfere;   see  disagree. 
Antonyms:   see  agree,  conform. 


t^^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
confide,  v.  t.:   commit,  tell. 
confide,  v.  i.:  trust. 


confiding,  n.:   commitment. 
confiding,  a.:    trustful,  believ- 
ing. 


conflguration :  form,  co-nstructvm. 
confine,  n.:    boundary. 
conflagration:   fire. 


(W  See  Notes  of  E^lanation. 

86 


CONGRATULATE 


conflictory,     a.     conflicting,     conflictive 
(rare),   collisive    (rare),   clashing;      spec. 
discordant,  interfering,  disagreeing. 
Antonyms:  see  agreeing. 

confluence,  n.  1.  Meaning  "a  flowing  to- 
gether": junction,  conflux,  concourse, 
concurrence. 

Antonyms:   see  divergence. 
2.  See  CONCOURSE. 

confluent,  a.  joining,  meeting,  commin- 
gling, concurrent. 
Antonyms:   see  divergent. 

conform,  v.  t.  adjust,  accommodate, 
shape,  assimilate,  liken  (rare);  spec. 
serve;  see  adapt,  harmonize. 

conform,  v.  i.   1.  agree  (contextual;  used 
udth  "with"),  harmonize,  shape;  spec,  as- 
similate (used  with  "to"). 
Antonyms:   see  conflict. 
2.  See  COMPLY,  correspond. 

conformable,  a.  Spec,  agreeable,  adapt- 
able, consistent,  correspondent,  compliant. 

confront,  v.  t.  See  face,  oppose,  compare. 
2.  contrapose  (rare),  counterpose  (rare). 

confuse,  v.  t.  1.  See  abash. 

2.  perplex  (contextual),  confound,  dis- 
tract, disconcert,  flurry,  addle,  flutter, 
fluster,  flustrate,  bewilder,  flabbergast 
(colloq.),  wilder  (rare),  muddle,  bemud- 
dle  (intensive),  fuddle,  befuddle  (inten- 
sive), mist  (fijg.),  bemist  (intensive),  mess 
(colloq.),  clutter  (dial.),  muss  (colloq., 
U.  S.),  fuss  (colloq.,  U.  S.),  dizzy,  mix 
(colloq.),  bumbase  (rare),  maze  (rare),  en- 
tangle, bemaze  (rare),  bemuse  (rare), 
blank  (archaic  or  rare),  dazzle,  muddify 
(rare),  muddy  (f^.),  gravel,  bedevil  (rare), 
befog,  fog  (rare),  demorahze  (colloq.  or 
spec);  spec,  rattle,  dumfound,  dum- 
founder;  see  stupefy,  disconcert,  dis- 
comfit. 

3.  disorder  (contextual),  mix,  jumble,  rav- 
el (rare),  embroil,  embrangle  (rare),  en- 
tangle, mingle,  muddle,  commingle;  spec. 
blend,  confound,  mess,  derange;  see  dis- 
arrange. 

Antonyms:  see  arrange,  classify,  dis- 
tinguish, elucidate. 
confused,  a.  1.  abashed;  see  abash. 
2.  flabbergasted  (colloq.),  bemazed  (in- 
tensive), puzzleheaded,  faggy,  misty, 
flustery  (rare),  flustered,  turbid,  mixed 
(colloq.),  distracted,  distract  (archaic), 
muddy  (fig.),  addle  (literary),  muddle- 
headed;  spec,  blank,  dim,  capernoitit 
(Scot.),  thunderstruck,  thunderstricken ; 
see  stupefied. 


Antomjms:  see  calm,  methodical,  self- 
controlled. 

3.  mixed,  jumbled,  jumbly,  topsy-turvy, 
higgledy-piggledy  (contemptuous),  promis- 
cuous, messy  (colloq.),  macaronic  (liter- 
ary); spec,  chaotic,  troublous,  indiscrim- 
inate, mussy  (U.  S.). 
Antonyms:    see  orderly,  classified. 

confusedly,  adv.  helter-skelter,  higgledy- 
piggledy,  jumbly,  hurry-scurry. 

confusing,  a.  perplexing,  distracting, 
flustering,  etc. 

confusion,  n.  1.  See  ABASHMENT,  dis- 
comfiture, stupefaction. 

2.  Referring  to  the  state  of  Jiiind:  perplexity 
(contextual),  distraction,  disconcerted- 
ness,  flurry,  blankness,  flutter,  fluttera- 
tion,  muss  (U.  S.),  fluster,  flustration, 
bewilderment,  wilderment  (rare),  puzzle, 
muddle,  fuddle  (chiefly  spec),  disconcer- 
tion (rare),  disconcertment  (rare),  fluster, 
flusterment  (rare),  dazzle  (rare),  dazzle- 
ment  (rare),  puzzlement  (rare),  mist, 
muddiness  (fig.),  muddlement  (rare); 
spec  dumfounderment,  entanglement, 
dumfoundedness,  demorahzation ;  see 
stupefaction,  disarrangement. 

Antonyms:    see  calm,  self-control. 

3.  Referring  to  the  physical  condition:  dis- 
order (contextual),  ravelment  (rare),  jum- 
ble, chaos,  muss  (U.  S.),  higgledy-pig- 
gledy (contemptuous),  jumblement  (rare), 
babel  (rare;  fig.),  coil  (archaic),  imbroil- 
ment,  imbroglio  (chiefly  spec),  hugger- 
mugger  (colloq.),  moil  (archaic),  muddle, 
fuddle,  chitter  (dial,  or  colloq.);  spec,  tan- 
gle, tanglement,  entanglement,  promis- 
cuity; see  disarrangement. 

Antonyms:   see  arrangement,  method, 
system,  order. 

confute,  V.  t.  confound  (archaic),  convince 
(archaic),     convict     (archaic),     redargue 
(Scot.),  overthrow,   overturn,  overcome, 
refute;   spec,  disprove,  silence. 
Antonyms:   see  confirm,  prove. 

congeal,  v.  t.  &  i.  solidify  (contextual),  fix, 
set,   freeze    (chiefly  spec);  spec,   pectize 
(rare),    gelatinize,    jeUy,    coagulate,    ice 
(rare);  see  crystallize. 
Antonyms:   see  soften,  liquify. 

congealed,  a.  solidified,  set,  frozen  (chiefly 
spec);  spec,  pectous. 

congenital,  a.  connate  (chiefly  spec),  con- 
nascent  (rare),  innate  (chiefly  spec),  con- 
natural. 

congratulate,  v.  t.  felicitate,  gratulate 
(archaic),  macarize  (rare),  hug  (oneself). 


f^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
conflux:    confluence,  concourse. 
conform,  a.:    consistent,  corre- 
spondent. 
confrere:    colleague. 


congener:    aUy. 
congeneric:   allied. 
congenial:    agreeable. 
congeries:  collection,  accumulation. 
congest:  accumulate, collect, congest. 


conglomerate,  n.:  mass,  ac- 
cumulation, collection. 

conglomerate,  v.:  collect. 

conglomeration:  accumula- 
tion, collection. 


XS'  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

87 


CONGRATULATORY 


plume   (tmesclf),    pride    (oneself),    flatter 
(ojieselj):  see  compliment. 
Aiitonyvts:    see  compassionate. 

congratulatory,  a.  gratulatory  (rare). 

congregate,  a.  met  (r<)?!/fj7!/a/),  assembled. 

congregate,  V.  i.  assemble,  gather,  collect; 
spee.  throng,  flock,  swarm,  crowd,  herd 
(Jig.  of  victi),  shoal;  sec  meet,  crowd. 
Antonyms:   see  separ.\te,  scatter. 

congregation,  71.  1.  assemblage,  assembly, 
gathering,  collection;    see  meeting. 
2.  church;    spec,  parish  (U.  S.),  propa- 
ganda (R:C.Ch.). 

conical,  conic,  a.  cone-shaped,  coniform 
(rare). 

conjectural,   a.  suppositional,  suppositi- 
tious    (learned),    hypothetical    (learned), 
theoretical  (chiefly  tech.):  see  supposed. 
Antanyms:    see  unquestionable. 

conjure,  v.  i.  1.  juggle  (rare),  charm  (rare), 
incant  (obs.  or  rare). 
2.  See  JUGGLE. 

connect,  v.  t.    Spec,  concatenate,  link,  in- 
terlink,   interconnect,    associate,    relate, 
hyphen,  hyphenate,  hyphenize;  see  join, 
unite,  attach,  associate,  relate. 
Antony7ns:    see  detach,  disconnect. 

connect,  v.  i.  Spec,  lock,  interlock,  inter- 
digitate  (rare),  interosculate;  see  com- 
municate. 

connection,  n.  1.  Spec,  attachment,  junc- 
tion, union,   concatenation,  interoscula- 
tion, linking;  see  association,  relation, 
intercourse,  communication. 
Antonyms:  see  detachment. 
2.  See  relation,  bond,  denomination. 

connivance,  n.  winking;  cf.  collusion,  co- 
operation, consent. 

connive,  v.  i.  wink;  nearly  related  are: 
collude,  cooperate,  consent. 

connivent,  a.  Nearly  related  are:  collusive, 
cooperative;  see  accessory. 

connoisseur,  n.  expert,  virtuoso  (masc; 
Italian),  virtuosa  (fern.;  Italian);  spec. 
critic,  judge,  epicure,  lapidary. 

conquer,  v.  i.  prevail,  overcome,  over- 
throw, win;  spec,  triumph. 

conquerable,  a.  vincible  (rare),  vanquish- 
able,  overcomable  (rare). 


Antonyms:  see  unconquerable. 

conquering,  a.  victorious. 

conqueror,  n.  dcfcater,  conqucress  (Jem.), 
victor,  victress  (fern.),  victrix  (fern.; 
Latin),  winner,  subjugator,  subduer,  dis- 
comfiter,  master;  spec,  humbler,  reducer, 
prostrator. 

conquest,  n.  1.  See  ACQUISITION,  over- 
coming. 

2.  victory,   win   (colloq.),  winning,   mas- 
tery ;  spec,  triumph ;  see  defeat. 

conscientious,  a.  upright,  religious,  faith- 
ful, strict,  scrupulous,  exact,  particular; 
spec.careful,  honorable,  incorruptible,  just. 
Antonyms:    see  abandoned,  deceitful, 
dishonest,  careless,  unprincipled. 

conscious,  a.  1.  sensible,  cognizant,  per- 
cipient (tech.  or  learned),  awake  (fig.),  sen- 
tient;   see  AWARE. 
Antonyms:   see  unconscious. 

2.  self-conscious;  spec,  guilty. 
Antonyms:   see  innocent. 

3.  See  intentional. 
consciousness,  n.  sensibility,  sense,  mind, 

sentience    (rare  or  literary),  perception, 
sensation,  etc. 

conscribe,  v.  t.  enlist  (contextual),  draft, 
impress, 

conscription,  n.  enlistment  (contextual), 
drafting,  impressment. 

consecrate,  v.  t.  1.  To  pronounce  words  of 
consecration    over:    bless    (archaic),    seal 
(rare),  sacrament  (rare);  spec,  dedicate, 
taboo,  sanctify,  devote. 
Antonyms:  see  curse. 
2.  To  make  consecrate  (in  fact):  hallow, 
sanctify,    sacrament    (rare;   fig.),    bless 
(archaic) . 
Antonyms:  see  desecrate. 

consecration,    n.    1.    blessing    (archaic), 
sacring;   spec,  sanctification,  dedication, 
devotion. 
2.  hallowing,  sanctification,  devotion. 

consecrative,  a.  hallowing,  consecratory, 
sanctifying. 

consequence,  n.  1.     See  result,  infer- 
ence, importance,  self-importance. 
2.  succession  (contextual),  sequence,  con- 
secution, sequent. 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

congress:    meeting,  intercourse. 

congruence:  agreement,  con- 
sistency. 

congruent:  agreeing,  consist- 
ent. 

congTuity:  agreement,  consist- 
ency. 

congruous:  agreeing,  consi.-it- 
fni. 

conjoin:  join,  unite. 

conjoint:    joint,  united. 

conjugal:    matrimonial. 

conjugate,  a.:  joined,  united, 
married,  related. 

conjugate,  v.  t.:  inflect. 


conjugate,  r.  i.:  unite. 

conjunct:   joined,  united. 

conjunctive,  a.:  joining,  unit- 
ing, joint. 

conjuration:  magic,  invoca- 
tion. 

conjure,  v.  i.:  ask,  invoke, 
bring,  effect. 

conjurer:    magician,  juggler. 

conjury:   magic,  jugglery. 

connate:  congenital,  related, 
united. 

connected:  joined,  united,  ad- 
junct, constant,  related. 

connotation:   meaning. 

connote:    mean. 


connubial:    matrimonial. 

conquer,  r.  t.:  defeat,  overcome. 

consanguineous:    related. 

consanguinity:    relation. 

conscript:    drafted. 

consecrated:    holy. 

consecution:  succession,  con- 
sequence. 

consecutive:    successive. 

consensual:    agreeing. 

consensus:    agreement. 

consentaneous:  agreeing,  con- 
sistent, unanimous. 

consentience:    agreement. 

consentient:  agreeing,  unani- 
mous. 


tS^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 


CONSONANT 


consequential,    a.    1.    necessary,    conse- 
quent, sequential;  see  inferable. 
Antonyms:  see  accidental,  chance. 

2.  In  reference  to  results:  indirect,  second- 
ary; spec,  eventual  (rare). 

3.  See  SELF-IMPORTANT. 

conservative,  a.  1.  preservative.  Cf.  pre- 
serve. 

2.  unprogressive  {a  derogatory  term);  spec. 
misoneistic  (rare),  Tory  {Eng.},  blue  {Eng. 
politics). 

conservative,  n.  In  politics:  mossback 
{slang;  chiefly  U.  S.),  hunker  (local,  U.  S.), 
Tory  (Eng.). 

consider,  v.  t.  1.  deliberate,  cogitate,  pon- 
der, ponderate  (rare),  brood,  contemplate, 
meditate,  ruminate,  chew  (colloq.  or  fig.), 
study,  speculate  (obs.  or  rare),  turn,  re- 
volve, roll  (rare),  forethink  (rare),  per- 
pend (archaic),  treat;  spec,  weigh,  muse, 
design  (rare),  digest,  envisage  (literary), 
precontrive  (rare),  premeditate  (rare), 
preconsider  (rare);  see  reconsider,  en- 
tertain. 

2.  regard,  heed,  mark,  notice,  mind,  scan ; 
spec,  entertain,  review,  consult,  esteem. 

Antonyms:  see  disregard,  ignore. 

3.  think,  opine  (rare),  opinionate  (rare), 
regard,  believe,  view,  trow  (archaic), 
judge,  hold,  deem,  count,  account,  reckon, 
take,  call,  esteem,  make;  spec,  rate,  es- 
timate, value,  repute,  gauge,  misesteem; 
see  INFER. 

4.  respect,  regard. 
Antonyms:  see  insult,  ignore. 

consider,  v.  i.  1.  think,  reflect,  deliberate, 
meditate,  brood,  mull  (colloq.,  U.  S.), 
study  (colloq.),  ponder,  pore,  cogitate 
(learned),  muse  (chiefly  spec),  ruminate, 
speculate. 
2.  See  care. 

considerable,  a.  large,  sizable  (chiefly 
spec),  substantial,  substantive,  good, 
round,  important,  goodish,  goodly,  gey 
(Scot.),  tolerable,  pretty,  fair,  respectable; 
spec,  material,  noteworthy,  corofortable, 
decent  (chiefly  colloq.),  handsome,  tidy 
(colloq.). 
Antonyms:  see  small. 

consideration,  n.  1.  thinking,  thought, 
forethought,  deliberation,  cogitation 
(learned),  pondering,  ponderation  (rare), 
think  (dial,  or  colloq.),  speculation  (rare), 
contemplation,  meditation,  study,  pon- 
derment    (rare),    reflection,    rumination; 


spec  premeditation,  preconsideration 
(rare),  precogitation  (rare),  predelibera- 
tion  (rare),  muse,  musing,  counsel,  view, 
introversion,  envisagement  (literary);  see 
reconsideration. 
Antonyms:   see  thoughtlessness. 

2.  care,  regard,  heed,  mindfulness,  re- 
spect (rare);  spec  afterthought,  review, 
retrospect,  retrospection. 

Antonyms:     see   carelessness,    disre- 
gard, impudence. 

3.  importance,  respect,  esteem. 

4.  account,  opinion,  judgment,  esteem, 
estimation,  reckoning,  regard,  view;  spec. 
misestimation,  misestimate. 

5.  See  REASON,  compensation,  atten- 
tiveness,  attention. 

consign,  v.  t.  1.    See  deliver,  commit. 
2.  send,  remit,  remand,  resign;  spec,  con- 
demn, devote;    see  abandon. 

consignation,  n.  1.  See  delivery,  com- 
mitment. 

2.  sending,  consignment,  remission  (rare) , 
remand,  resignation;  spec  condemnation, 
devotion,  abandonment. 

consigner,  n.  consignor,  deliverer;  spec. 
vendor,  shipper,  freighter,  bailor,  prin- 
cipal. 

consignment,  n.  1.    See  delivery,  com- 
mitment, consignation. 
2.  goods  (contextual) ,  shipment. 

consist,  V.  i.  1.  subsist,  lie. 
2.  See  inhere,  agree. 

consistency,  n.  agreement  (contextual), 
congruence,  congruency,  congruity,  co- 
herency, coherence,  conformability,  con- 
formity, correspondence,  compatibility, 
harmony,  accordancy,  consonance,  con- 
sonancy;  spec  self-consistency,  conse- 
quence (logic),  reconcilability. 

consistent,  a.  1.  See  compact,  firm. 
2.  agreeable  (contextual),  accordant,  co- 
herent, consentaneous  (rare),  congruous, 
congruent,  conformable,  conform  (ar- 
chaic), correspondent,  compatible,  con- 
sonant, harmonious;  spec,  self-consistent, 
consequent  (logic),  symmetrical,  recon- 
cilable, cosmic  (flg.),  concordial  (rare). 
Antonyms:    see  inconsistent,  absurd. 

consolidate,  v.  t.  1.  compact,  firm,  com- 
press,   settle,    knit,    solidify;      see   con- 
centrate. 
2.  See  join,  unite,  combine,  unify. 

consonant,  n.  articulation;  spec  letter, 
sound,  explosive,  explodent,  sonant,  surd. 


IC^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

consequent:  resulting,  infer- 
able, consequential. 

consequentialness:  self -im- 
portance. 

consequently:    therefore. 

conservancy:    preservation. 

conservation:     preservation. 


conservator:  custodian,  guar- 
dian. 

conserve,  v.  t.:   preserve. 

conserve,  n.:   sweetmeat. 

considerate:  careful,  obliging, 
charitable,  attentive,  kindly. 

considerative:    thoughtful. 

considared:  deliberate. 


consistence:  firmness, compactness. 
consistory:   court. 
consolation:   cheer. 
consolatory:    cheering. 
console,  v.  t.:   cheer. 
console,  n.:   bracket. 
consonant:      agreeable,     agreeing, 
consistent,  harmonious. 


K^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

89 


CONSORT 


whisper,  breath,  subvocal,  subtonic,  con- 
tinuant, stop,  check,  mute,  liquid,  semi- 
liquid,  cerebral,  fricative,  trill,  sibilant, 
glottal,  lingual,  labial,  dental,  labioden- 
tal, interdental,  nasal,  guttural,  palatal, 
velar,  alveolar. 

conspicuous,  a.  notable  (contextual), 
prominent,  great  (contextual),  signal, 
striking,  noticeable,  marked,  staring, 
eminent,  glaring  (esp.  of  what  is  bad); 
spec,  notorious,  gaudy,  rampageous, 
brilliant,  celebrated,  distinguished,  re- 
markable. 
Antonyms:  see  obscure,  unnoticeable. 

conspiracy,  n.  confederacy,  concert,  com- 
bination, plot  (contextual),  plan  (context- 
ual), cooperation  (contextual),  complot 
(literary),  conspiration  (rare),  covin  (ob- 
solescent; laio),  synomosy  (literally,  a 
sworn  conspiracy;  rare),  practice  (archaic), 
machination  (literary;  contextual);  spec. 
intrigue  (contextual),  boycott,  collusion, 
cabal. 
Antonyms:  see  disagreement,  co>fTEN- 

TION. 

conspirator,  n.  conspiratress  (Jem.),  con- 
federate, complotter  (rare);  spec,  colluder, 
Cataline  (fig.),  caballer,  coconspirator, 
intrigant  (masc;  French),  intrigante 
(Jem.;  French). 

conspiratory,  a.  collusive,  covinous  (chiej- 
ly  legal). 

conspire,  v.  i.  combine  (contextvxd) ,  con- 
federate (rare),  concert,  plot  (contextual), 
complot  (literary),  machinate  (literary; 
contextual),  consult  (archaic),  practice 
(archaic),  coUogue  (dial.);  spec,  cabal,  in- 
trigue, coUude,  plan  (contextual),  trinket 
(obs.  or  rare),  cooperate  (contextual). 
Antonyms:    see  disagree,  contend. 

constancy,  n.  Spec,  faith,  faithfulness, 
endurance,  truth,  devotion,  honor,  per- 
petuity, continuousness,  trustiness,  con- 
tinuity, uniformity,  stability,  persistence, 
permanence,  eternity,  etc.  Cf.  constant. 
Antonyms:  see  change,  apostacy,  vac- 
illation. 

constant,  a.  1.  steadfast,  fast,  firm,  un- 
wavering, continued,  stanch,  imalterable, 
unswerving,  abiding,  enduring,  fixed,  set- 
tled, unmoved,  tenacious,  diligent,  assid- 
uous, sedulous,  unshaken,  steady,  staid 
(rare),  stable,  rocky  (rare);  spec,  persever- 
ing, persistent,  pertinacious,  Sisyphean 
(fig.);  see  determined. 
Antonyms:  see  changeable,  capricious. 
2.  true,  loyal,  leal  (literary  or  Scot.),  faith- 
ful, feal  (archaic),  -tried,  devoted,  trusty, 
trustworthy;  see  reliable. 
Antonyms:     see    treacherous,    incon- 


stant, treasonable,  unfaithful,  un- 
reliable, 

3.  In  a  sense  implying  absence  of  change  or 
variation:  invariable,  invariant  (rare,  exc. 
math.),  unchanging,  fixed,  uniform, 
steady,  stable,  invaried  (rare),  unvaried, 
unwavering,  undeviating,  regular,  per- 
sistent. 

Antonyms:   see  changeable,  vacillat- 
ing, capricious,  unstable. 

4.  In  a  sense  implying  continuation  in 
time:  continual,  continued,  persistent, 
sustained,  enduring;  spec,  permanent, 
abiding,  perpetual,  eternal,  unremitting, 
everlasting,  regular,  endless,  momentary 
(rare),  momently  (rare),  hourly. 

Antonyms:  see  transient. 

5.  In  a  sense  implying  unbroken  continu- 
ance: continuous,  continual,  unbroken, 
regular,  even,  uniform,  uninterrupted, 
steady,  sustained,  unremitting,  unre- 
mitted, unintermitted,  incessant,  inces- 
sable  (rare),  ceaseless,  unceasing,  con- 
nected, perennial,  pauseless,  running, 
endless. 

Antonyms:  see  intermittent. 
constantly,  adv.  steadfastly,  firmly,  un- 
changingly, imiformly,  continually,  per- 
petually, always,  regularly,  evenly,  etc. 

CJ.  CONSTANT,  a. 

constipate,   v.    t.    bind    (colloq.),   confine 
(rare),  astrict  (rare),  astringe  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  physic 

constipated,   o.   bound   (colloq.),   costive 
(tech.). 
Antonyms:  see  loose. 

constipating,  a.  binding  (colloq.),  COStive 
(tech.) 
Antonyms:  see  cathartic 

constituency,  n.  principal;  spec,  elec- 
torate. 

constituent,  a.  1.   See  component. 
2.  Spec,  elective,  appointive,  electoral. 

constituent,  n.  1.   See  component. 
2.  principal;  spec,  elector,  voter. 

constitute,  v.  i.  form,  be,  make,  spell; 
spec,  aggregate  (colloq.) ,  total; — with  a 
cognate  object,  as  in  "fifty-two  cards  coiv- 
stitute  a  pack." 

constitution,  n.  1.  See  appointment,  es- 
tablishment, structure,  texture, 
composition. 

2.  nature  (contextual),  make-up,  make; 
spec,  temperament,  physique;  see  dispo- 
sition. 

3.  decree  (contextual),  law,  edict;  spec. 
fundr^mental  law,  organic  law. 

constitutional,  a.  1.  natural,  organic, 
hectic  (obs.);  spec,  temperamental,  dia- 
thetic. 


l^°  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
consort,  n.;   spouse,  mate,  ship. 
consort,  v.  i.:   associate,  aqree. 


consortshlp:   association. 
conspectus:    outline. 
consternation:    fear. 


constitute,   v.  t.:    appoint,  es- 
tablish, Creole,  compose,  make. 
constituted:    being. 


1S^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
90 


CONTAMINATION 


2.   See  ESSENTIAL. 

S.  In  law:  organic,  politic  {rare);  see  law- 
Ftrii. 
constraint,  n.  1.    See  COMPULSION,  con- 
striction. 

2.  Referring  to  a  compelling  force:  pres- 
sure, press,  force,  stress,  duress  (chiefly 
spec),  distress,  pinch,  cramp  (rare). 

3.  restraint,  repression,  reserve;  see  em- 
barrassment, STIFFNESS,  self-control. 

Antonyms:  see  ease,  familiarity. 
constrict,  v.  t.  squeeze  {contextual),  com- 
press {contextixal) ,  bind,  contract,  cramp, 
astrict  {rare),  astringe  {rare),  constringe, 
constrain  {literary);  spec,  strangulate, 
choke;  see  confine,  narrow. 

Antonyms:  see  free,  enlarge,  distend, 
inflate. 
constriction,  n.  1.  compression,  squeez- 
ing, contraction,  constraint  {literary), 
narrowing,  astriction  {rare),  contingency 
{rare) . 

Antonyms:  see  inflation. 
2.  contraction,  stricture;  spec,  intake, 
neck,  choke;  spec,  narrowing. 
construct,  v.  t.  I.  In  reference  to  physical 
things:  make,  build,  form,  frame,  confect 
{rare),  configurate  {rare),  configure  {rare), 
compose,  join,  fabricate;  spec,  erect, 
draw,  forge,  contour. 

Antonyms:  see  destroy,  abate,  de- 
molish. 

2.  In  reference  to  ideas,  plans,  etc.:  create 
{contextual),  build,  fabricate,  contrive, 
weave,  frame. 

Antonyms:  see  destroy,  abolish. 
construction,  n.    1.      The  act:   making, 
building,    formation,    fabrication,    com- 
position;    spec,  malconstruction,  manu- 
facture. 

2.  The  thing:  form,  building,  structure, 
fabrication,  figure  {chiefly  spec),  contriv- 
ance, conformation  {chiefly  spec),  con- 
figuration {chiefly  spec),  frame;  spec 
formation,  drawing,  erection. 

3.  As  to  immaterial  things  or  qualities: 
composition,  contexture,  structure,  con- 
formation, configuration;  spec  frame-up. 

4.  See  explanation,  meaning. 
constructive,  a.  tectonic  {literarT/),  con- 
stitutive. 

consult,  V.  i.  talk  {contextual),  advise,  con- 
fer, counsel,  commune  {obs.  or  rare),  pow- 
wow {chiefly  U.  S.),  colloque  {colloq.), 
confabulate  {rare). 


consult,  V.  I.  1.  advise  with,  confer  with; — 

no  single-word  synomjms. 
2.  See  consider. 

consultant,  n.  conferrer,  counselor,  ad- 
viser, consulter. 

consultation,  n.  talk  {contextiuil) ,  con- 
ference, counsel,  advice  {obs.),  colloquy, 
parley  {chiefly  spec),  pourparler  {French), 
powwow  {spec  or  chiefly  U.  S.),  palaver 
{chiefly  spec);  spec,  indaba,  interview. 

consultative,  a.  advisory,  consultory 
(rare) . 

consume,  v.  t.  1.  destroy,  eat,  canker  {fig.); 
see  waste,  burn,  decompose,  corrode. 
Antonyms:  see  renew. 
2.  Meaning  "to  use  up" :  devour,  swallow 
{fig.;  chiefly  with  "up");  spec,  absorb,  take, 
eat,  drink,  use  (contextual),  v/ear,  kill,  out- 
wear (rare),  dissolve;  see  expend,  erode. 
Antonyms:    see  renew. 

consumer,  n.  1.  destroyer. 
2.  user  (contextual),  devourer,  cormorant 
(fig.),  eater,  barathrum  (fig.). 

consuming,  a.  destroying,  cankerous 
(fig.);  spec  depascent  (rare),  erodent. 

consumption,  n.  1.  destruction;  see  burn- 
ing, decay,  corrosion. 
2.  Meaning  "a  using  up":  use  (context- 
ual), devourment;  spec  absorption,  dis- 
solution, eating,  drinking;  see  expendi- 
ture, wear. 

consumptive,  n.  lunger  (slang  or  colloq.), 
hectic  (rare  or  tech.),  pulmonic  (rare). 

contact,  n.  1.  touch  (contextual),  touching, 
tangency  (tech.),  contingence  (rare),  tac- 
tion (rare). 

2.  In  elec:  meaning  "a  touching  piece": 
spec  contactor,  brush,  terminal. 

container,  n.  Spec,  wrapper,  package, 
bottle,  box,  bag,  case,  cask,  empty,  bar- 
rel, cash,  etc.;  see  receptacle. 

contaminate,  v.  t.  1.  corrupt  (contextual), 
infect,  taint,  attaint  (rare),  pollute,  soil, 
inquinate  (rare),  defile,  sully,  foul,  befoul 
(intensive),  file  (dial,  or  obs.),  vitiate, 
poison,  empoison  (intensive;  literary),  en- 
venom (intensive;  literary);  spec,  debauch, 
degrade,  deprave,  stain,  dirty. 
Antonyms:  see  purify,  elevate. 
2.  See  foul,  vitiate. 

contaminated,  a.  corrupt,  corrupted,  pol- 
luted, pollute  (rare),  maculate  or  macu- 
lated (rare),  cankered  (literarrj),  etc. 

contamination,  n.  1.  The  act:  corruption, 
attaint  (rare),  tainture  (rare),  infection, 


13^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
constltutlTe:   component,  crea- 
tive, [strict. 
constrain:    compel,  confine,  re- 
constralned:    stiff,  forced. 
constraining:    compulsory. 
constringe:    constrict. 
construe,  v.  t.:   explain,  trans- 


late, understand,  interpret. 

construe,  n.:   translation. 

consuetude:    custom,  habit. 

consul:  magistrate,  diplomatic 
agent. 

consummate,  a.:  absolute,  per- 
fect, accomplished,  completed, 
burning. 


consummate,    v.  t:    complete, 

perfect,  accomplish. 

consummation:  completion, 
perfection,  end,  accomplish- 
ment, death,  height. 

contagious:  catching,  infectious. 

contain:  include,  hold,  restrain 
(oneself). 


XW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
91 


CONTAMINATIVE 


maouktion  (rare),  defilement,  taintine;, 
stain,  soil  (rare),  filing  (dial,  or  obs?), 
sullying,  pollution,  inquination  (rare), 
vitiation,  fouling;  spec,  debauchment, 
degradation,  depravation,  stain. 

2.  That  which  corrupts:  corruption,  taint, 
stain,  infection,  pollution,  poison,  foul- 
ness, impurity;  spec,  depravity,  filth,  ob- 
scurity, filthiness,  immorality,  abomina- 
tion. 

3.  Spec,  fouling,  vitiation,  infection. 
contaminatlve,   a.    corruptive,   tainting, 

infectious  (rare),  poisonous,  depraving, 
defiling,  polluting,  infective,  etc. 

Antonyms:  see  elevating. 
contemn,  v.  t.  1.  Referring  to  the  mental  at- 
titude:   see  DESPISE,  ABHOR. 

2.  scorn,  flout;  see  ridicule.     This  sense 
refers  to  the  act,  which  may  not  agree  vnih 
the  inward  or  mental  attitude. 
Antonyms:  see  honor. 

contemporaneous,  a.  coexistent  (con- 
textual), contemporary,  monochronous 
(rare);  spec,  coetaneous  (rare),  coeval, 
concomitant,  coinstantaneous,  coinci- 
dent, simultaneous,  coterminous,  syn- 
chronous, collateral,  synchronical  (rare), 
synchronal;    see  coexistent. 

contemporaneousness,  n.  coexistence 
(contextual),  contemporariness,  etc. 

contempt,  n.  1.  disdain,  scorn,  despisal, 
contumely  (literary),  despite  (archaic), 
disesteem  (rare),  misprison  (literary),  mis- 
prise (rare),  misprisal  (rare);  spec,  pity 
(Jig.),  superciliousness,  despite  (literary). 
Antonyms:  see  respect,  a^ve,  polite- 
ness. 
2.  See  discredit. 

contemptible,  a.  despicable,  mean,  un- 
venerable  (rare),  base,  vile,  low,  abject, 
pitiful,  pitiable,  sorry,  vi^retched,  igno- 
minious, caitiff  (literary),  scald  (archaic), 
scurvy,  dirty  (vulgar  or  very  contemptu- 
ous); see  PALTRY. 
Antonyms:    see  admirable,  estimable, 

PRAISEWORTHY. 

contemptuous,  a.  disdainful,  ludibrious 
(rare),  scornful,  contumelious  (literary), 
despiteful  (archaic),  pitying  (Ji_g.),  super- 
cilious, insolent,  sneering,  cynic,  cavalier 
(learned),  cavalierly  (rare). 
Antonyms:   see  respectful,  polite. 

contend,  v.  i.  1.  cpntest  (rare),  engage, 


fight  (fig.),  battle  (fig.  or  spec),  struggle, 
strive,  conflict  (rare);  spec,  fight,  buffet, 
tussle,  combat,  vie,  rival,  cope,  wrestle 
(cant),  war,  spar,  scramble,  jostle  (fig.), 
tilt;  see  fight,  quarrel,  dispute. 

Antonyms:    see    agree,    conspire,    co- 
operate. 

2.  compete,  contest  (rare),  rival  (archaic), 
strive,  vie,   struggle,  rivalize  (rare). 

contention,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  action: 
contest,  fight  (fig.  or  spec),  colluctation 
(rare),  conflict;  spec,  combat,  strife,  strug- 
gle, wrestling  (cant),  scramble;  see  fight, 
dispute,  quarrel,  litigation. 
Antonyms:  see  agreement,  conspiracy, 
cooperation. 
2.  See  competition. 

contentious,  a.  strifeful  (rare),  gladia- 
torial (fig.),  litigious  (rare,  exc.  spec); 
spec,  stormy;  see  quarrelsome,  dispu- 
tatious, combative. 

contents,  n.  pi.  content  (obs.),  lining  (^^gr.); 
spec  furniture  (rare),  filling,  subject- 
matter. 

contest,  n.  1.  contention,  struggle,  en- 
gagement, encounter,  strife,  combat  (fig. 
or  spec),  fight  (fig.  or  spec),  battle  (fig.  or 
spec),  concurrence  (a  Gallicism),  ren- 
counter (literarrj);  spec  bout,  scrap  (col- 
loq.  or  slang),  tussle  (colloq.),  tilt  (often 
fig.),  set-to  (slang),  brush,  skirmish, 
scrimmage  (colloq.),  scrummage  (rare; 
colloq.),  bully,  tenson  (French),  duel, 
pool,  grapple,  match,  pentathlon,  dec- 
athlon, draw,  rubber,  passage,  rough- 
and-tumble  (colloq.),  scuffle,  tournament, 
handicap,  wrestle;  see  fight. 
Antonyms:  see  cooperation. 
2.  See  contention,  competition. 

contestant,  n.  contender;  spec,  rival, 
tilter,  juster;    see  fighter,  disputant. 

contingency,  n.  1.  possibility,  chance. 
2.  See  condition. 

contingent,  a.  1.  possible. 
2.  See  conditional. 

continuance,  n.  1.  continuation,  dura- 
tion, abidance  (rare),  currency,  course, 
lasting,  persistence,  endurance,  perdura- 
tion  (rare),  last  (rare),  run,  stay,  during 
(rare);  spec  pendency,  standing. 
Antonyms:  see  stop,  stoppage. 
2.  persistence,  persistency,  perseverance, 
continuation  (rare). 


XS°  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

contemplate,  v.  t.:  consider, 
intend,  respect,  see. 

contemplation:  considera- 
tion, intention,  sight. 

contemplative:  thoughtful, 
meditatiTe.  [neous. 

contemporary:       contempora- 

contender:  contestant,  fighter, 
disputant. 


content,  n.:  contents,  meaning, 
capacity,  substance. 

content,  a.:  satisfied,  happy. 

content,  n.:  satisfaction,  hap- 
piness. 

content,  v.  i.:  satisfy,  gladden, 
pact  f J. 

contentment:  satisfaction, 
happiness. 

contest,  V.  i.:    contend. 


context:  text. 

contexture:  texture. 

contiguity:  adjacency,  expan- 
sion. 

contiguous:    adjacent. 

continence:    self-control. 

continent,  a.:    self -controlled. 

continent,  n.:  receptacle,  main- 
land. 

continual:    constant. 


IW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

92 


CONTRAST 


3.  See  CONTINUATION,  PROLONGATION, 
EXTENSION,    STAY. 

continuation,  n.  1.  continuance,  mainte- 
nance,   sustenance,   support;   spec,   pur- 
suance, perpetuation;    see  renewal,  ex- 
tension,  PROLONGATION. 
Antonyms:  see  change,  stoppage. 

2.  Spec,  supplement,  sequel. 

3.  See  continuance. 
continue,  v.  i.  1.  See  extend. 

2.  be  {contextual),  last,  endure,  persist, 
remain,  subsist,  abide,  stand,  run,  rest, 
perdure  {rare),  dure  {archaic),  stay;  spec. 
hold,  drag  {esp.  with  "on,"  "along,"  etc.), 
linger  (esp.  with  "on"),  stick  {colloq.), 
dwell,  keep,  live,  perennate  {rare). 

Antonyms:  see  change,  stop. 

3.  persevere,  persist,  proceed,  pursue, 
insist  {archaic),  carry  on  {chiefly  Eng.), 
keep  {chiefly  spec);  spec,  flow,  plug 
{colloq.  or  slang) . 

Antonyms:   see  stop,  hesitate,  desist, 

VACILLATE. 

continue,  v.  t.  1.  See  extend,  prolong, 
keep,  maintain,  sustain. 

2.  Spec,  perpetuate,  spin,  perennate 
{rare);  see  renew. 

Antonyms:  see  alter. 

3.  pursue,  carry,  run. 

Antonyms:  see  abandon,  intermit,  stop. 

continued,   a.    1.   sustained,   protracted, 
continuous,  prolonged;     spec,  sostenuto 
{Italian) . 
2.  See  constant. 

continuing,  a.  enduring,  durable,  during 
{rare),  lasting,  persevering,  persistent; 
spec,  chronic. 

continuity,  1.   See  constancy. 
2.  Spec,   continuum,    contiguity,   imbro- 
kenness. 

continuous,  a.  1.   See  constant. 
2.  unbroken. 

contort,  V.  t.  twist,  writhe,  wreathe;  see 
distort. 

contraband,  a.  forbidden. 
Antonyms:   see  innocent. 

contract,  v.  i.  1.  agree  {contextual),  bar- 
gain, covenant  {spec,  or  rhetorical),  stip- 
ulate, engage. 

2.  shrink,  shrivel  {spec,  or  fig.);  spec. 
pucker,  pinch;   see  narrow. 

Antonyms:   see  swell,  dilate. 

3.  See  DIMINISH. 

contract,  v.  t.  1.  stipulate,  bargain,  prom- 
ise, covenant  {spec,  or  rhetorical);  spec. 
undertake,  indenture;    see  betroth. 

2.  See  INCUR,  EFFECT,  MAKE,  CATCH, 
FORM. 


3.  reduce,  diminish,  shorten;  spec,  syn- 
copate, shrink,  pucker,  pinch;  see  con- 
strict, NARROW,  DIMINISH,  ABBREVIATE, 
ABRIDGE. 

Antonyms:  see  stretch,  bloat,  en- 
large, DISTEND,  INFLATE. 
contract,  n.  agreement  {contextual),  prom- 
ise {contextual),  bargain,  pact  {chiefly 
spec),  cheap  {archaic),  covenant,  stipula- 
tion {chiefly  spec),  convention  {chiefly 
international  law),  obligement  {civil  law); 
spec,  undertaking,  condition,  suretyship, 
lease,  bond,  barter,  exchange,  coup  or 
cowp  {Scot.),  option,  debenture,  inden- 
ture, cowle  {Anglo'lndian) ,  trade  {U.  S.); 

see  BETROTHAL. 

contracted,  a.  shrunken,  diminished; 
spec,  shriveled,  puckered,  pinched,  con- 
stricted, corky,  clung,  cramp. 

contraction,  n.  1.  agreement,  stipulation 
{chiefly  spec),  bargaining,  covenanting; 
spec,  undertaking. 

2.  shrink,  shrinking,  shrinkage,  shrivel- 
ing {spec  or  fig.),  reduction,  diminution, 
abbreviation,  abridgment;  spec,  pucker, 
cramp,  pinching,  syncope,  syncopation, 
systole,  narrowing;  see  constriction. 

Antonyms:  see  dilation. 

3.  See  SHRINK,  abridgment. 
contractor,  n.  undertaker  {chiefly  spec), 

bargainer  or  bargainor,  covenanter  or 
covenantor  {spec  or  rhet.),  stipulation 
{chiefly  spec);  spec,  sweater,  padrone 
{Italian),  lumper. 

contradict,  v.  t.  1.  gainsay  {literary  or 
formal),  contravene  {rare),  deny,  belie, 
counter,  controvert,  dispute,  negative, 
traverse  {chiefly  law),  denegate  {rare), 
disallow  {rare);  spec  counterargue  {rare), 
contrapose  {logic). 
Antonyms:  see  acknowledge. 
2.  See  oppose. 

contradiction,  n.  1.  gainsay  {rare),  coun- 
tering, gainsaying  {literary  or  formal),  de- 
nial, controversion,  dispute,  negation, 
traverse  {law),  denegation  {rare),  disal- 
lowance {rare);  spec,  contraposition, 
antinomy. 
2.  See  opposition,  inconsistency. 

contradictory,  a.  contradictive,  negatory, 
contrary. 
Antonyms:   see  agreeable. 

contrast,  v.  t.  compare,  oppose,  antithe- 
size  {rare). 

contrast,  n.  comparison  {contextual),  dif- 
ference, opposition,  antithesis;  spec,  foil; 
see  OPPOSITE. 
Antonyms:    see  analogue,  analogy. 


f^^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
continuous:  continued,  constant. 
continuum:    continuity. 
contortionist:   gymnast. 


contour:   outline. 
contrapose,  v.  t.:  confront. 
contrarious:  perverse,  opposing. 
contrary,    a.:    opposite,  oppos- 


ing, contradictor;/,  perverse,  in- 

consistent,   unfavorable. 
contrary,  7! . ;  reverse. 
contrast,  v.  t.:  compare. 


See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

93 


CONTRASTING 


contrasting,  a.  didcrcnt,  contrastivc,  ;in- 
tithptio,  coutnisty  (colhq.),  contrastful. 
Anloni/ms:    see  analogous. 
contravene,  v.  t.  oppose,  thwart,  counter; 

.<t't'  VIOLATE,  DEFEAT. 

contribute,  v.  t.  I.  give  (coniextual);  spec. 
subscribe. 

2.  help,  aid,  assist,  subserve  (rare),  ad- 
minister {literary),  minister  (literary), 
conduce,  go  {an  idiojttatic  use). 

contribute,  v.  i.  tend,  conduce,  serve,  re- 
dound, go;   spec,  minister. 

contributing,  a.  Spec,  contributory,  ac- 
cessory. 

contribution,  77.  1.  gift  {contextual);  spec. 
subscription;  see  subsidy. 

2.  conducement  {rare),  help,  subservience 
{rare),  administration  {literary),  minis- 
tration {literary). 

Antonyms:  see  hindrance,  preven- 
tion. 

3.  help,  aid,  assistance;  spec,  instru- 
mentality. 

Antonyms:  see  hin"dr.\nce. 

4.  tax,  tribute,  scot,  gavel  {obs.  or  hist.); 
spec,  quarterage. 

5.  See  ARTICLE. 

contributor,  n.  1.  giver  {contextual);  spec. 
subscriber. 

2.  author  {contextual);  spec,  correspond- 
ent, editor. 

3.  conducer,  helper,  aider,  ministrant 
{literary). 

contributory,  a.  contributing,  helpful, 
conducive,  contributary  (rare),  contribu- 
tive,  subservient,  serviceable,  instru- 
mental, dispositive  (literary),  ministrant 
(literary);  see  accessory. 
Antonyms:  see  hindering,  preventive. 

contrivance,  n.  See  devising,  invention, 
artifice,  plan,  formation,  construc- 
tion, INGENIOUSNESS. 
2.  thing  (contextual),  device,  contraption 
(colloq.),  fangle  (rare),  fanglement  (rare), 
fake  (slang),  fakement  (slang),  jiggumbob 
(colloq.;  humorovis);  spec,  invention,  con- 
struction, machine,  gimcrack  (colloq.), 
whigmaleerie  (Scot.). 

contrive,  v.  t.  1.    See  DEVISE,  construct, 

IN\TENT,   plan. 

2.  effect,  manage,  do  (contextual);  see 
accomplish. 

contrive,  v.  i.  plan,  plot,  shift;  spec,  con- 
spire. 

control,  V.  t.  command,  dominate,  sway, 
govern,  rule,  regulate,  order,  rein  (Jig.), 


predominate  (rare);  spec,  ride,  direct, 
carry,  hold,  grip,  gripe,  obsess,  caucus 
(Eng.),  ollicer,  prevail,  master,  prepon- 
derate; see  RESTRAIN,  RULE,  DIRECT, 
M.VNAGE. 

control,  V.  i.  prevail,  reign. 

control,  n.  1.  controlment  (archaic),  com- 
mand, mastery,  mastership,  domination, 
power,  dominion,  paramountcy  (literary 
or  spec),  regulation,  regiment  (rare),  dis- 
position, disposal,  reign  (fig.),  governance 
(archaic),  government  (chiefly  spec),  reins 
(pi.;  fig.),  sovereignty,  prepotence  or  pre- 
potency (rare),  predomination  (rare), 
curb,  restraint,  predominance  (rare), 
prevalence  (rare),  prepollence  or  pre- 
poUency  (rare),  preponderance,  prepon- 
derancy,  preponderation  (rare);  spec. 
empire,  clutches  (pi.;  fig.),  hand,  jussion 
(rare),  grip,  gripe;  see  rule,  ascendancy, 

RESTRAINT,  DIRECTION,  MANAGEMENT, 
COMMAND  (the  facultlj),  SELF-CONTROL. 

Anto7iyms:  see  uncontrol. 
2.  »S'ee  domain. 

controller,  n.  1.  control  (rare),  dominator, 
rector  (rare),  swayer,  governor,  ruler, 
manager,  regulator;  spec  commander, 
arbitrator,  master,  mistress,  disposer,  di- 
rector, boss  (chiefly  spec;  cant  or  slang), 
regent  (rare);  see  ruler. 
2.  See  accountant,  comptroller. 

controlling,  a.  commanding,  governing, 
predominant,  uppermost,  sovereign,  mas- 
ter, prepollent  (rare),  prepotent  (learned), 
paramount,  dominant,  dominative,  as- 
cendant, preeminent,  preponderant,  reg- 
nant (spec,  or  fig.),  regent  (rare),  gu- 
bernative  (rare  or  learned),  regulative, 
governmental;  spec  hegemonic  (rare), 
prevalent;   see  ruling. 

controversial,  a.   1.  disputatious,  eristic 
(literary),  polemic  or  polemical   (learned 
or  tech.);   see  forensic. 
2.  See  questionable,  complaisant. 

controversialist,  7i.  disputant,  disputer, 
polemic  (learned  or  tech.),  arguer,  eristic 
(literary;  rare),  polemist  (rare),  polemicist 
(rare) . 

convalesce,  v.  i.  recover  (contextual),  re- 
cuperate (contextual). 

convene,  v.  i.  gather,  assemble,   collect, 
congregate  (rare),  muster  (chiefly  spec); 
spec,  reconvene;    see  meet. 
Antonyms:      see    separate,     scatter, 
stray. 

convene,  v.  t.  gather,  assemble,  collect, 


J^"  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
contretemps:  misfortune. 
contrite:   regretful. 
contrition:  regret. 
controversy,  n.:  dispute,  quar- 
rel. 
controvert:  dispute,  contradict. 


controvertible:    questionable. 
contumacious:       disobedient, 

obstinate. 

contumacy:  disobedience,  ob- 
stinacy, 

contumelious:  abusive,  im- 
pudent, contemptuous. 


contumely:  abuse,  impudence, 

contempt. 
contuse:   bruise. 
contusion:   bruise. 
conundrum:   riddle,  question. 
convalesce:    recover. 
convection:    transfer. 


fW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
94 


CONVICT 


muster   {chiefly  spec);  spec,  reconvene; 
see  CONVOKE. 
Antonyms:  see  separate,  scatter,  dis- 
solve. 

convenience,  n.  1.  Spec,  adaptability, 
accessibility,  handiness,  availability,  ser- 
viceableness;  see  instrument. 
2.  advantage,  commodity  {archaic),  ac- 
commodation ;  spec,  easement,  ease,  com- 
modiousness  {archaic),  comfort. 
Antonyms:   see  inconvenience. 

convenient,  a.  1.   See  adaptable,  acces- 
sible, available,  serviceable. 
2.  advantageous,  commodious  {archaic), 
comfortable,  easy. 
Antonyms:    see  inconvenient. 

convent,  n.  association  {contextual),  clois- 
ter {chiefly  literary  or  tech.),  monastery 
{chiefly  spec),  convent  {chiefly  spec), 
cenoby  {rare);  spec,  abbey,  priory,  nun- 
nery, fratry  {obs.  or  hist.),  math  {Hindu), 
friary,  friars  {pi.),  commandery. 

convention,  ?i.  1.  assembly,  gathering, 
congregation,  congress  {chiefly  spec);  see 

MEETING,  assembly. 

Antonyms:   see  scattering. 

2.  See  CONVOCATION,  gathering,  agree- 
ment, contract,  custom,  convention- 
ality, RULE. 

3.  custom,  usage,  formality,  convention- 
alism, conventionality  {chiefly  spec),  con- 
venance  {French);  see  formality; — used 
with  "a"  or  in  the  pi. 

conventional,  a.  customary,  agreed,  stip- 
ulated, accepted,  cut-and-dried  {colloq.), 
artificial,  right,  orthodox  {chiefly  spec), 
correct,  positive,  approved;  spec  stiff, 
contractual,  academic;  see  formal. 
Antonyms:  see  unconventional,  home- 
like. 

conventionality,  n.   1.  conventionalism, 
convention,  rightness,  correctness,  ortho- 
doxy {chiefly  spec),  positiveness;     spec. 
stiffness;  see  formality. 
2.  See  convention,  custom. 

converge,?;.^.  &i.  Spec  center  {contextual). 
Antonyms:  see  scatter. 

conversation,  n.  discourse  {literary  or 
dial.),  confabulation  {literary  or  stilted), 
talk,  converse  {learned),  speech,  confab 
{colloq.),  colloquy  {esp.  spec),  tell  {dial.), 
coUocution  {rare),  interlocution  {rare); 
spec,  palaver,  chat,  chatter,  chit-chat, 
gossiping,  gossipry,  indignation  {rare), 
parley,  conference,  interlocutory,  coze 
{rare),  word  {with  "a"),  episode;  see 
dialogue. 


conversational,  a.  confabulatory  {literary 
or  stilted),  confabular  {rare),  colloquial 
{chiefly  spec),  interlocutory  (rare);  spec. 
chatty,  dialogic,  cosy  {Eng.). 

conversationalist,  n.  conversationist  {less 
common  than  ^'conversationalist") ,  talker, 
converser,  confabulator  {rare);  spec. 
dialogist. 

converse,  v.  i.  1.  deal  {rare  or  archaic,  exc. 
spec),  commerce  {obsolescent),  commune 
{archaic  or  spec),  common  {obs.),  inter- 
course {rare),  traffic;  spec,  associate. 
"Converse"  is  now  chiefly  spec;  but  is 
broader  than  "commune." 
2.  speak,  discourse  {literary  or  dial.),  con- 
fabulate {literary  or  stilted),  talk,  confab 
{colloq.),  collogue  {colloq.  or  humorous), 
colloque  {rare);  spec,  chat,  gossip,  confer, 
coze  {literary;  rare),  dialogue,  dialogize 
{rare),  parley. 

converser,  n.  1.  confabulator  {rare);  spec. 
interlocutor,      dialogist,      interlocutress 
{fern.),  interlocutrix  {Jem.). 
2.  See  conversationalist. 

conversion,  n.  1.  change  {contextual),  re- 
duction, resolution;  see  transformation. 

2.  regeneration;       spec,    proselytization, 
proselyting,  Protestantization. 

3.  appropriation   {contextual);  spec,   em- 
bezzlement; see  theft. 

4.  See  exchange.  ^ 
convert,  v.  t.  1.  change,  turn,  regenerate; 

spec  disciple  {rare  or  archaic),  proselyte, 
proselytize.  Protestantize 

2.  change,    resolve,    reduce,    turn;       see 
transform 

Antonyms:  see  fix. 

3.  appropriate    {contextual);    see    steal, 

EMBEZZLE. 

convert,  n.  neophyte  {chiefly  spec),  con- 
vertite  {archaic;  often  spec);  spec,  vert 
{colloq.),  catechumen,  marrano  {hist.), 
proselyte,  proselytess  (fem.;  rare). 

convertible,    a.    conversible    {rare),    ex- 
changeable;   spec    interchangeable,    liq- 
uid, equivalent. 
Antonyms:  see  fixed. 

convex,  a.  protuberant,  swelling;     spec 
embowed  (literary),  gibbous  or  gibbose, 
hog-backed. 
Antonyms:  see  hollow. 

convict,  a.  condemned; — not  a  good  syn- 
onym. 

convict,  V.  t.  1.  condemn  {not  a  good  syn- 
onym), convince  {archaic). 
Antonyms:  see  absolve,  acquit. 
2.  convince  {of  sin,  etc.;  rare). 


t^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
convenience:  oblige. 
conventicle:   meeting,  church. 
conventual:  ecclesiastic,  monk, 
nun. 


conversable:   sociable. 
conversant:    aware. 
converse,  n.:    intercourse,  con- 
versation. 
converse,  a.  &  n.:   opposite. 


convey:  transport,  transfer, 
transmit,    co7nmunicate,    carry. 

conveyance:  transportation, 
transfer,  transmission,  commu- 
nication, vehicle. 


i^  Sec  Notes  of  Explanation. 

95 


CONVICT 


convict,  n.  criminal  (contextual);  spec. 
felon,  expiree,  emancipist.  {Australia), 
bushranger,  Dorwenter  {Australia),  lag- 
ger  {cant),  termer  {cant),  trusty  {cant), 
Ufer  {cant). 

conviction,   n.    I.   condemnation; — 7wt  a 
good  synonym. 
Antonyms:  see  acquittal. 

2.  Referring  to  the  act  of  convincing:  con- 
vincement,  convictment  {rare),  satisfac- 
tion {rare). 

3.  Referring  to  tlie  stale  or  belief:  belief 
{contextual),  convincement  (rare),  con- 
victment {rare),  satisfaction  {rare),  per- 
suasion;   spec,  possession,  obsession. 

Antonyms:     see    changeableness,    ca- 
price,  CAPRICIOTJSNESS,   UNCERTAINTY. 

convince,  v.  t.  assure  {contextual),  sat^ 
isfy,  persuade;    spec,  possess,  obsess. 

convincing,    a.    satisfactory,    satisfying, 
conclusive,    persuasive    (now   archaic   or 
rare);  see  cogent. 
Antonyms:   see  unconvincing. 

convivial,   a.   sociable   {contextual),   com- 
panionable    {contextual),     festive,     gay, 
jolly,  jovial,  good  {contextual). 
Antonyms:    see  apathetic,  ascetic. 

convocation,  n.  I.  gathering,  assembhng, 
convention,  call  (contextual),  calling  (used 
esp.  with  "together"),  summons. 

2.    See  ASSEMBLY. 

convoke,  v.  I.  convene,  assemble,  summon, 
call  (esp.  with  "together"),  convocate  (ar- 
chaic); spec,  resummon,  reconvene. 
Antonyms:  see  dissolve. 

convolution,  n.  twist,  volume  or  volute 
(literary  or  technical);  see  coil,  curl. 

cook,  V.  t.  1.  prepare  (contextual),  do 
(chiefly  in  the  p.  p.);  spec,  overdo,  boil,  fry, 
bake,  roast,  braise,  barbecue,  buccan,  grid- 
dle, pan,  jug,  coddle,  devil,  frizzle,  steam; 

see  ROAST,  BROIL,   STEW,  PARBOIL,  FRY. 
2.    See  DEVaSE,   FALSIFY,   FAKE,  RUIN. 

cook,  71.  1.  cooky  (colloq.),  doctor  (chiefly 

naut.;  slang  or  cant);  spec,  magirologist 

(rare),  magirist  (rare). 

2.  Spec,  boil,  fry,  fricassee,  broil,  etc. 
cookery,  n.  cuisine  (tech.  or  learned);  spec. 

magirology    (rare),    magiric    (rare),    gas- 

trology. 
cooking,  n.  preparation  (contextual),  coc- 

tion  (literary  or  affected). 
cookroom,  n.     Spec,  (naut.)   cab,   galley, 

caboose;   see  kitchen. 


cookshop,  n.  trattoria  (Italian). 

cool,  r.  /.  1.  chill,  colden  (rare),  refrigerate 
(chiefly  spec.),  frigorify  (rare),  iufrigidate 
(rare);  spec,   ice,   freeze,    quench,  defer- 
vesce. 
Antonyms:   see  heat,  warm. 

2.  calm;  spec,  freeze,  quench,  ice  (fig.); 
spec,  disfever  (rare).  "Cool"  is  cfdefly 
used  with  "off"  or  "down." 

3.  See  depress. 

cool,  ;'.  i.  1.  refrigerate,  colden  (rare);  spec. 
shiver,  freeze,  defervesce  (rare). 

cooling,  a.  refrigerative,  refrigerating,  re- 
frigeratory, refrigerant,  frigorific  (cfdefly 
tech.);  spec,  freezing,  defervescent  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  heating. 

cooperate,  v.  i.  combine,  concur,  concert, 
cowork  (rare),  coact  (rare);  spec,  collab- 
orate, colleague  (rare),  conspire,  concur; 
see  connive. 
Antonyms:  see  contend. 

cooperation,  n.  combination,  concurrence 
(contextual),  concert,  concourse  (rare),  co- 
working  (rare),  coaction  (rare),  synergy 
(rare);  spec,  collaboration,  conspiracy;  see 
connivance,  aid. 

Antonyjus:    see  competition,   conten- 
tion, contest. 

cooperative,  a.  cooperant  (rare),  coactive 
{rare),  concurrent;  spec,  coefficient,  syna- 
delphic  (rare),  conspiratory ;  see  helpful, 
connivent. 

coordinate,  a.  equal,  coequal,  collateral 
(rare  or  spec). 

coordinative,  a.  1.  Spec,  equalizing,  para- 
tactic,  organizing. 

copper,  a.  cupreous  (rare),  cuprous  (chiefly 
tech.);  spec,  cupric. 

copper- colored,  a.  cupreous  (tech.  or 
learned). 

coppice,  a.  underwood,  copse,  hay  (dial. 
Eng.). 

copulate,  V.  i.  unite  (contextual),  couple 
(chiefly  spec).  "Copulate"  is  chiefly  used 
in  zoology. 

copy,  n.  1.  reproduction,  representation; 
spec  transcript,  counterscript,  duplicate, 
counterpart,  facsimile,  transfer,  offprint, 
rewriting,  electrotype,  ectype,  replica, 
reflex. 
Antonyms:   see  original. 

2.  See  IMITATION,  PATTERN. 

3.  matter;  spec  flimsy  (slang),  manu- 
script, typescript  or  typescript. 


E^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
convlnceineiit:    conviction. 
convocate:    convoke. 
convolute:    curled. 
convoy,  r.  t.:    accompany. 
convoy,  71.;  accompaniment,  escort. 
convulse:    agitate,  shake. 
convulsion,      n.:       agitation, 
spasm,  fit,  catastrophe. 


convulsive:    spasmodic. 

coo,  V.  i.:   cry,  woo. 

coo,  n.:   cry. 

cool,  a.:  cold,  chilly,  calm,  delib- 
erate, composed,  indifferent,  un- 
emotional, bold,  impudent,  un- 
exapgerated,  self-controlled. 

coolish:    cold. 

coolness:    cold,  assurance,  self- 


control,  boldness,  deliberation. 
coop:    pen. 
coordinate:       equalize,    adapt, 

organize. 
copartner:     associate,  partner. 
cope,  V.  i.:    contend. 
cope,  n.:   vault. 
copious:      adequate,   abundant, 

diffuse,  prolix. 


tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
96 


CORRESPOND 


copy,  V.  t.  1.  reproduce;    spec,  transcribe, 
take,     duplicate,     electrotype,     rewrite, 
transfer,    trace,    pounce,    offprint,    etch, 
engross,  rewrite;   see  manifold. 
Antonyms:   see  originate. 
2.  adopt,  borrow,  follow;  spec,  echo  (fig.); 

see  IMITATE,    RESEMBLE. 

copyist,  n.  1.  reproducer  (rare);  spec. 
transcriber,  writer,  scrivener,  duplicator, 
typist  (chiefly  cant),  typewriter  (now 
being  replaced  by  "typist"). 

2.    See  IMITATOR. 

cord,  n.  Spec,  braid,  funicle,  cordon,  gimp 
or  guimp,  twist;   see  string,  rope,  band, 

BOND,  RIB,  BOWSTRING. 

cordage,  7i.  cording;     spec,  roping,  rope- 
work,  tackle,  service,  sennit,  sinnet. 
cordial,  a.  1.  See  stimulating. 

2.  sincere,  hearty,  heartfelt,  heartwhole, 
heartful  (rare),  warmth,  ardent,  vigorous, 
earnest. 

Antonyms:   see  distant. 

3.  See  FRIENDLY. 

cordiality,  n.  good  will,  sincerity,  heart- 
iness,  heartfulness    (rare),   empressment 
(French),  warmth,  ardency,  vigor,  depth, 
earnestness. 
Antonyms:   see  distance. 

cordlike,  a.  restiform  (tech.  or  learned). 

core,  n.  1.  carpel  (tech.). 

2.  center,  interior,  inside;  spec,  draw- 
back, mandrel,  mandril. 

3.  See  pith,  substance. 

corky,  a.  suberic,  subereous  (rare),  su- 
berose; — all  three  tech.  or  learned. 

corner,  n.  1.  Spec,  angle,  predicament. 
2.  angle,  coign  (chiefly  in  "coign  of 
vantage"),  coin  (obs.  or  archaic),  quoin 
(chiefly  spec),  cantle  (chiefly  spec),  nook 
(chiefly  spec);  spec,  horn,  crook,  dog's- 
ear,  shot,  clew. 

corner  stone,  coin  or  (usually)  quoin 
(both  obsolescent),  headstone  (archaic). 

cornerwise,  adv.  diagonally,  cater  (dial.); 
spec  bendwise. 

coronet,  n.  1.  crown;  spec,  tiara. 

2.  See  WREATH. 

3.  cushion  (of  a  horse' s  foot) . 
corporal,    n.    pall    (archaic),    mortcloth 

(Scot.). 
corporation,  n.  1.  association,  company. 


incorporation,  society;  spec,  city,  bor- 
ough. 

2.  Referring  to  the  abdomen:  potbelly 
(vulgar);  see  abdomen. 

corpselike,  a.  cadaverous  (lit.  or  tech.), 
deathlike;   spec,  ghastly. 

corpulent,  a.  fat,  big-bellied  (now  chiefly 
vulgar),  bellied  (vidgar). 

correct,  a.  1.  right,  rightful  (rare),  regular, 
true,  perfect,  strict;  spec  faultless, 
straight   (fig.),   pure,   grammatical;     see 

LOGICAL,    ACCURATE,    PROPER,    TRUE,    EX- 
ACT, conventional. 
Antonyms:    see   incorrect,   illogical, 
inaccurate,     improper,     untrue,     in- 
exact,   UNCONVENTIONAL,    UNTIMELY. 

2.  Referring  to  artistic  style,  taste,  etc.: 
pure,  Attic;  spec,  classical,  academical, 
faultless,  neat. 

correct,  v.  t.  1.  rectify,  right,  repair,  rem- 
edy, righten  (rare),  amend,  mend,  emend 
(rare);  spec,  emendate,  castigate  (a  text), 
reform;    see  redress. 

Antonyms:    see  falsify. 
2.  See  PUNISH,  reprove,  counteract. 

correction,  n.  rectification,  repair,  rem- 
edy, amend,  reparation,  etc. 

corrective,  a.  1.  correctory  (rare),  correc- 
tional, amendatory  (rare),  rectificatory ; 
spec  emendatory,  reformative. 

2.  See  PUNITIVE. 

3.  counteractive,  neutralizing. 
correctness,  n.  1.  rightness,  right,  truth, 

strictness,  trueness,  perfection,  rectitude; 
spec,  accuracy,  propriety,  logicality,  ex- 
actness, conventionality,  faultlessness, 
grammaticalness. 

2.  As  to  artistic  taste,  style,  etc.:  purity, 
pureness,  purism  (rare,  exc  as  concrete); 
spec  faultlessness,  sumpsimus  (literary). 

correlate,  n.  correlative;  spec,  reciprocal, 
complement,  counterpart,  correspondent. 

correspond,  V.  i.  1.  agree,  concur  (used 
with  "with"),  conform  (used  esp.  with 
"to"),  answer  (used  with  "to"),  suit  (used 
ivith  "with"),  square  (used  with  "to"), 
quadrate  (rare),  tally  (used  with  "with"), 
respond  (rare),  match  (used  with  "with"); 
spec  harmonize,  homologize  (chiefly 
tech.),  correlate;  see  reciprocate. 
Antonyms:  see  disagree. 


t^^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

coquet,  n.:  flirt. 

coquetry:   flirtation. 

coquette:  flirt. 

coquettish:  flirtation.',. 

cord,  V.  t.:  siring. 

cordial,  n.:    .•stimulant,  liqueur. 

cordon:   line,  guard. 

cork,  n.:   hark,  float,  stopper. 

cork,  V.  t.:    stopple,  blacken. 

corker:   settler. 

corn,  n.:    grain. 

corn,  V.  t.:  granulate,  feed. 


corneous:    horny. 
corner,  v.  t.:    perplex,  monopo- 
lize. 
cornered :    angular. 
corollary:    inference,  result. 
corona:  circle,  crown,  chandelier. 
coronal:    crown. 
coronary:    crown. 
coronate:    crown. 
coronet,  v.  t.:   crown. 
corporal:   bodily. 
corporate:    united,  material. 
corporeal:   bodily,  material. 


corps:    body. 
corpse:   body. 
corpus:    body. 
corpuscle:   particle,  cell. 
correctional:  corrective. 
corpuscule:    particle. 
correlate,  v.  t.:    relate. 
correlate,    i).    i.:       correspond, 

reciprocate. 
correlation:    relation,  analogy, 

reciprocation. 
correlative:    related,  reciprocal, 

analogous. 


f^'  Sea  Notes  of  Explanation. 

97 


CORRESPONDENCE 


2.  communicate  {contextual),  write  {col- 
loq.). 

correspondence,  «.  1.  agreement,  con- 
formity, conformableness,  accord,  re- 
spondence  {rare),  rcspondency  (rare), 
tally,  concurrence;  spec,  correlation,  pro- 
portion, equivalence,  parallelism,  homol- 
og:\'  {chiejly  tech.),  uniformity;  see  con- 
sistency, RECIPROCITY. 

2.  communication  {contexuat) ,  intercouTse 
(contextual),  communion  {rare),  rapport 
{French). 

3.  Collectively:  letters  {pi.),  UTiting,  writ- 
ings {pi). 

correspondent,  a.  agreeable,  responsive 
(rare),  conformable,  conform  {obsolesccyit), 
concurrent,  corresponsivc  {rare),  corre- 
sponding; spec,  uniform,  proportional,  rat- 
able, correlative,  complemental,  relative, 
equivalent,  homologous  {chiefly  tech.);  see 

CONSISTENT,    RECIPROCAL,  ANALOGOUS. 

Antonyms:    see  incongruous,  absurd, 

INCONSISTENT. 

correspondent,  n.  1.  Spec,  correlate, 
homologue  {chiefly  tech.). 

2.  communicator  {contextual;  rare), 
^^Titer. 

3.  See  CONTRIBUTOR. 

corrigible,  a.  amendable,  rectifiable;  spec. 
emendable. 

corrode,  v.  t.  consume,  gnaw,  bite,  canker 
{rare),  rust,  cancer. 
{fig.),  eat  {esp.  loith  "away");  spec,  etch 

corrosion,  n.  consumption,  gnawing;  spec. 
etching,  rust. 

corrosive,    a.    1.    corroding,    consuming, 
gnawing,  eating,  mordant;  spec,  caustic, 
cankerous,  burning. 
Antonyms:  see  bland. 
2.  See  acrid,  acrimonious. 

corrugate,  v.  t.  furrow,  wrinkle;     spec. 
pucker. 
Antonyms:  smooth. 

corrugated,  a.  wrinkled,  furrowed. 

corrupt,  a.  1.  See  decomposed,  adul- 
terated. 

2.  corrupted,  wicked,  demorahzed,  im- 
moral, impure,  dissolute,  depraved,  vi- 
cious, rotten  {vulgar  or  strongly  denuncia- 
tive), putrid  (a  very  strong  term),  rantipole 
{rare),  Neronian  {fig.);  see  graceless,  de- 
bauched, contaminated,  ABANDONED,  LI- 
CENTIOUS, DISSIPATED,  DISHONEST,  SIN- 
FUL. 


Antonyms:     see    uncorrupted.    inno- 
cent, PURE,  sinless.  CHASTE. 

corrupt,  V.  t.  demoralize,  vitiate,  deprave, 
defile,  canker,  degrade,  debase,  debauch; 

see  BRIBE,  CONTAMINATE,  PERVERT. 

Antonyms:  see  purify,  reform. 
corruption,  n.  1.  The  act:  demoralization, 
vitiation,  depravation,  debauchery,  deg- 
radation. 

2.  The  state  or  quality:  wickedness,  con- 
tamination, perversion,  defilement,  poison 
{fig.),  immorality,  impurity,  corruptness, 
rust  {fig.),  demoralization,  vice,  vitiation, 
depravity,  depravation  {rare),  depraved- 
ness  {rare),  depravement  {rare),  vicious- 
ness,  filth,  vitiosity,  rottenness,  putridity, 
putrefaction  {rare),  debauchery,  degrada- 
tion; see  CONTAMINATION,  DISHONESTY, 
DISSIPATION,   BRIBERY. 

Ayitonyms:   see  purity. 

corruptive,  a.  demoralizing,  depravatory, 
vitiatory   {rare),  perversive,  debauching, 
degrading;   spec,  contaminative. 
Antonyms:  see  purificatory,  reforma- 
tive. 

corset,  n.  bodice  {ohs.),  stays  {pi.). 

cortical,  a.  corticate,  corticose; — all  tech. 

corybant,  n.  devotee  {contextual),  priest 
{contextual),  orgiast. 

cosmetic,  n.  Spec,  powder,  paint,  paste, 
rouge,  cream,  make-up  (a  collective;  theat- 
rical cant),  whitewash. 

cosmic,  a.  1.  universal;  spec,  pancosmic 
{rare),  extraterrestrial  {rare). 

2.    »See  VAST,  GRAND. 

cost,  n.  1.  charge  {obsolescent),  price. 
2.  See  EXPENSE,  expenditure,  loss. 

cost,  V.  t.  require; — only  approximate;  there 
are  no  close  synonyms. 

costly,  a.  1.  expensive,  high-priced,  high, 
chargeful  {obs.),  dear,  precious  {very 
costly);  spec,  valuable.  Orient,  Oriental, 
noble,  golden  {fig.),  overcostly,  overdear, 
dispendious  {rare). 
Antonyms:  see  cheap. 

2.  Pyrrhic  {fig.;  esp.  in  "Pyrrhic  victory"). 

3.  Spec,  rich,  sumptuous,  gorgeous. 
costume,  n.  clotliing,  clothes  Xpl-)y  dress, 

garb,  outfit  {colloq.),  guise,  rig  {colloq.), 

rigout  {colloq.);  spec,  bloomers  {pi.;  fig.), 

uniform. 
costumer,  n.   clothier,   outfitter   {chiefly 

cant);  spec,  haberdasher. 
cot,  n.  1.  See  cottage,  shed. 


t^°  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

corresponding:  correspondent, 
analogous,  reciprocal.  ' 

corridor:    gallery,  hall. 

corroborate:    confirm. 

corrupt,  V.  i.  •    decompose. 

corrupted:  corrupt,  contami- 
nated. 

corruptness;    corruption. 

corsage:  waist. 


corsair:   pirate. 
corse:  body. 
cortege:  retinue. 
coruscate:  flash. 
corvine:  crcwlike. 
corybantic:  orgiastic. 
corjrphee:  dancer. 
cosmogony:   creation. 
cosmopolitan:  world-wide. 
cosset:    cherish,  foster,  indulge. 


costate:   ribbed. 

costive:  constipated. 

costless:   free. 

costume,  v.  t.:  clothe. 

cosy:       sheltering,    comfortable, 

sheltered; — o  variant  of  cozy. 
cot:  bed. 
cote:  shed. 
coterie:   set. 
cothurnus:   huskin. 


^[W  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
98 


COUNTRYMAN 


2.  cover,  sheath,  stall;   spec,  fingerstall, 
thumbstall. 

cottage,  71.  house,  room  {poetic  or  archaic); 
spec,  bower,  chalet,  casino,  lodge,  cot 
{poetic  or  literary). 

cottager,  n.  cotter,  cottar,  cottier. 

couch,  n.  1.   See  bed,  litter. 
2.  Spec,  lounge,  dormouse,  settee,  divan, 
pulvina  {French),  chaise-longue  {French), 
pouf  {French),  vis-^-vis  {French),  daven- 
port; see  SOFA. 

couch,  V.  t.  1.  lower  {as  a  spear;  contextual); 
spec,  level. 

2.    See     LOWER,     REST,     EMBROIDER,     EX- 
PRESS. 

cough,  V.  i.  &  t.  Spec,  expectorate 
{tech.  or  learned),  hem,  hack. 

cough,  n.  tussis  {med.);  spec,  hem,  hack, 
expectoration  {learned  or  tech.). 

cough,  a.  Tech.:  bechic,  tussal,  tussicular, 
tussive.  "Cotigh"  is  the  noun  u^ed  at- 
tributively. 

council,  n.  assembly  {contextual);  spec. 
congregation,  senate,  synod,  junta  {Span- 
ish and  Italian),  divan  {Oriental),  cabinet, 
duma,  ministry,  diet,  convocation,  bust- 
ing {hist.),  decurion  {Roman  or  Italian 
hist.),  rada,  soviet. 

councilor,  to.  Spec,  senator,  minister, 
decurion  {Roman  and  Italian  hist.),  elder, 
Nestor  {Jig.). 

count,  71.  nobleman ;  spec,  earl  {Eng.),  land- 
grave,graf  {Ger.),  palatine. palgrave(/iisi.). 

count,  V.  t.  1.  compute  {contextual),  enu- 
merate, tell  {chiefly  spec),  score  {fig.  or 
spec),  notch  {spec,  or  fig.). 

2.  See     NAME,     INCLUDE,     MAKE,      ATTRI- 
BUTE, CONSIDER. 

count,  V.  i.  1.  compute,  number;  spec. 
muster. 

2.    See  RELY,  TELL,  MATTER. 

counter,  n.  1.  computer. 
2.  Spec,  chip,  dib,  fish,  dump,  lot. 

counter,  71.  table  {rare  or  contextual), 
board  {rare);  spec.  bar. 

counteract,  v.  t.  destroy  {contextuxil) ,  op- 
pose; spec  nullify,  cancel,  neutralize,  cor- 
rect, frustrate,  hinder,  impede;  see  coun- 
terpoise. 

counterbalance,  v.  t.  compensate  (coTi- 
textual),  balance,  equate. 

countercharge,  v.  i.  &  t.  answer,  recrimi- 
nate. 

counterclaim,  n.  set-off;  spec  recoup- 
ment. 


counterfeit,  a.  false,  sham,  flash  {cant); 
spec,  forged,  make-beheve;  see  pre- 
tended, ARTIFICIAL. 

counterfeit,  v.  t.  1.  imitate,  forge;  spec. 
personate,  copy,  fake;  see  preteio),  act. 

2.    See  RESEMBLE. 

counterfeit,  n.  imitation,  forgery  {chiefly 
spec),  sham;  spec,  duffer  {slang),  doublet, 
Brummagem,  pinchbeck,  dummy. 

counterfeiter,  to.  imitator  {contextual); 
spec  forger,  coiner,  pretender,  dissembler, 
impostor. 

countermine,  v.  t.  &  i.  counterwork. 

counterpart,  to.  1.  copy,  duplicate,  double. 

2.  likeness,  similitude;  spec,  picture, 
image,  like,  match,  parallel,  pendant, 
twin. 

3.  Spec  opposite,  obverse,  correlate, 
twin,  tally,  reciprocal,  complement,  sup- 
plement, parallel;   see  reverse. 

counterpoise,  to.  1.  balance,  counterbal- 
ance, counterweight,  equipoise;  spec. 
makeweight,  offset. 

2.    See  COMPENSATION. 

counterpoise,  v.  t.  1.  counteract,  balance, 
counterbalance,  equiponderate  {literary 
and  fig.),  equilibrate  {chiefly  flg.),  equili- 
brize  {rare),  equipoise  {rare),  counteract 
{chiefly  in  reference  to  immaterial  things); 
spec,  offset. 

2.   See  COMPENSATE. 

countersign,  v.  t.  sign  {contextual);  spec. 
indorse,  attest. 

countersign,  to.  signal,  sign;  spec,  pass- 
word, shibboleth  {hist,  or  fig.),  watch- 
word. 

counting,  n.  computation  {contextual), 
account. 

countless,  a.  innumerable,  innumerous 
{rare),  myriad  {chiefly  poetic),  infinite 
{archaic  or  rare),  numberless,  uncount- 
able, uncounted,  unnumbered;  cf.  in- 
calculable. 

countrify,  v.  t.  rurahze,  rusticate. 

country,  to.  1.  land,  region. 

2.  See  STATE,  PEOPLE. 

3.  Spec,  countryside,  champaign  {liter- 
ary), field  {archaic),  plain,  waste,  wild, 
heath,  fields  {pi.),  forest,  meadows  {pi.), 
valley,  mountain,  uplands  {pi-),  lowlands 
{pi),  etc. 

country    house,   garden    house    {Eng.); 

spec,  countryseat,  seat,  villa. 
countryman,  to.  1.  compatriot  {learned  or 

literary),  landsman  {rare). 


tS^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
cotter:    key. 

cotter, cottar:  cottager,  peasant. 
cottier:  cottager,  peasant. 
couch,  V.  «'.;  lie,  lurk. 
counsel,  n.:    consultation,  con- 
sideration, advice,  lawyer. 
counsel,  v.  i.:  consult. 


counsel,  v.  t.:  advise. 
counselor:    adviser,  lawyer. 
countable:    computable. 
countenance,    n.:      face,    ap- 
proval. 
countenance,  v.  t.:  approve. 
counter,  a.:  opposing,  opposed. 
counter,  n.:  stem. 


counter,  r.t.;  oppose,  contradict. 
counter,  n.:  parry. 
countermand,  v.  I.:   revoke. 
counterpane:  bedcover. 
countervail:    compensate. 
counterwork:   countermine. 
countrified:  rustic. 
country,  a.:  rustic,  rural. 


tW  See  Notes  ot  Explanation. 

99 


COUNTY 


2.    >JtT  RUSTIC,  PEASANT. 

county,  /(.  shire  {not  an  exact  synonym, 
though  the  district  is  usually  cnniernnnous; 
Brit.);  spec,  hmdgraviate  (Ger.),  palati- 
nate. 

coup-de-grace,  n.  death-blow,  finisher 
[colloq.).     "Coup-ih'-grdce"  is  French. 

couple,  I',  t.  1.  join,  tie,  link,  yoke  (chiefly 
spec,  or  fig.),  shackle  {fig.  or  spec);  spec. 
double;   see  leasii. 
Antonyms:  see  uncouple. 

2.    iStr  JOIN,  UNITE,  ASSOCIATE. 

coupling,  n.  tie,  link,  couple,  shackle 
{chiefly  fig.  or  spec);  spec,  turnbuckle, 
union. 

courage,  n.  boldness,  bravery,  valor, 
spirit,  breast  {literary),  pluck,  pluckiness, 
sand  {slang,  U.  S.),  grit  {slang,  U.  S.), 
heart,  fortitude,  mettle,  nerve,  spunk 
(colloq.),  stout-heartedness,  high-hearted- 
ness  {literary),  stoutness,  prowess,  cour- 
ageousness,  daring,  derring-do  (pseudo- 
archaic),  hardihood;  spec  heroism, 
dauntlessness,  firmness,  resolution,  man- 
hood, pot-valiance,  Dutch  courage. 
Antonyms:  see  cowardice. 

courageous,  a.  bold,  brave,  valorous,  val- 
iant, nervy  (slang),  game  (colloq.),  high- 
hearted (literary),  fortitudinous  (rare),  un- 
f earful,  undismayed,  heart-whole  (rare), 
stout,  stanch  or  staunch,  stalwart,  mettle- 
some, plucky,  spunky  (colloq.),  hardy 
(literary),  lion-hearted  (fig.),_  gingerous 
or  gingery  (rare);  spec  heroic,  resolute 
chivalrous,' firm ;  see  brave. 
Antonyms:  see  cowardly. 

courier,  n.  runner,  messenger,  express, 
post  rider  or  post  (chiefly  hist,  and  spec), 
poster  (rare);  spec,  postman  (hist.),  esta- 
fette  (French),  kavass  (Turkey). 

course,  n.  1.  motion  (contextual),  currency 
(rare),  passage,  career  (literary);  see 
progress. 

2.  way,  track,  route,  line,  tack  (fig.  or 
spec),  path,  road;  spec,  thread,  lane,  or- 
bit, meander,  circuit,  circle,  ambit,  ran- 
dom (rare),  traverse,  march,  stadium, 
diaulos,  walk,  trajectory,  traject  (rare), 
itinerary,  racecourse. 

3.  progress,  happening,  sequence,  cur- 
rent, run,  tenor;  spec,  drift,  trend,  con- 
duct, process,  lapse;  see  routine. 

4.  See  action,  series,  continuance, 
chann:el,  chase. 

5.  Referring  to  action,  work,  etc.:  round, 
bout,  turn,  run,  spell;  spec,  heat,  pull. 

6.  curriculum  (chiefly  spec),  cursus  (tech.), 
college  (rare  or  local) . 


7.  set  (of  dishes  at  table),  service  (archaic); 
spec  dessert. 

court,  n.  1.  inclosure;  spec  curtilage 
(chiefly  legal  and  tech.),  peristyle,  court- 
yard, quadrangle,  cortile  (Italian),  par- 
vis,  patio  (Italian). 

2.  tribunal,  bench  (chiefly  tech.),  judica- 
tory (chiefly  Scot.),  bar  (flg.),  curia 
(chiefly  spec),  judicature  (rare),  jurisdic- 
tion (fig.);  spec  dicastery,  shiremote  or 
shiremoot  (hist.),  hasting  (Eng.),  ex- 
chequer (Eng.),  hallmote  (hist.),  rota, 
divan  (Turkish),  court-martial,  leet, 
Marshalsea  (Eng.),  sanhedrin,  mallum 
(hist.),  consistory,  brotherhood  (Eng.), 
Inquisition,  conservancy,  presbytery. 

3.  attention,  addresses  (pi.);  spec  homage. 

4.  See  house,  retinue,  assembly. 
court,    a.    curial,    aulic    (rare   or   spec). 

"Court"  is  the  noun  used  attributively. 
court,  V.  t.  1.  cultivate,  haunt. 

2.  woo,  spark  (colloq.),  sue,  gallant  (rare), 
gallantize  (rare). 

3.  invite,  solicit;  see  seek. 
Antonyms:  see  avoid. 

court,  V.  i.  woo,  spark  (colloq.),  philander 
(chiefly  spec),  spoon  (slang),  bill  (chiefly 
in  "bill  and  coo"),  sue. 

courtly,  a.  1.  aulic  (rare). 
2.  See  polite,  dignified,  refined. 

courtship,  n.  amour,  wooing,  courting, 
love-making,  suit,  love  (chiefly  in  "make 
love"),  service  (rare  or  archaic). 

cousin,  n.  relative  (contextual),  coz  (for 
"cousin";  chiefly  used  in  fond  or  familiar 
address),  cousiness  (fern.;  rare);  spec. 
catercousin,  cousin  (German). 
cover,  V.  t.  1.  encover  (rare),  overcover 
(rare);  spec,  overwhelm,  drown  (fig.),  pro- 
tect, invest,  clothe,  cloak,  overspread,  veil, 
envelop,  sheathe,  roof,  deck,  skim,  jacket, 
shadow,  bury,  mantle,  leather,  keckle, 
hoodwink  (fig.;  rare),  case,  cap,  over- 
build, overlay,  pave,  bury,  cope,  crumb, 
cushion,  copper,  coif,  clapboard  (U.  S.), 
canopy,  carpet,  drape,  tent,  lay,  mulch, 
shoe,  jacket,  overcanopy  (rare),  shingle, 
lag,  infilm  (rare),  flake,  face,  front,  lori- 
cate (rare),  net,  muffle,  dome,  house  or 
housel,  mat,  fledge,  gravel,  crape,  drift, 
cowl,  helmet,  curtain,  armor,  lead,  lath; 

see  TOP,  OVERSPREAD. 

Antonyms:   see  bare,  uncover,  strip. 

2.  See  HIDE,  DISGUISE,  incubate,  shel- 
ter, INCLUDE. 

3.  Tech.  or  cant:  serve,  line;  spec,  top,  tup, 
horse. 

cover,  n.  1.  covering;    covert  (rare  or  liter 


X^W  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
coup:    master-stroke. 
couple,  n.:    leash,  pair,  two. 
couple,  V.  i.:  unite. 


couple,  V.  t.:   associate. 
course,  v.  t.:  pursue,  drive, 
courteous:  polite. 
courtesan:  harlot. 


cove,  n.:    recess,  inlet,  retreat. 
cove,  21.  t.:   arch.  [tract. 

covenant,  n.;     agreement,  con- 
covenant,  v.  i.:  contract. 


(W  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
100 


CRANIUM 


ury);  fig.  or  spec,  coverlet  (fig.),  coverlid 
(fig.),  drape,  casing,  case,  coat,  vesture, 
curtain,  cot,  lid,  cap,  helmet,  ferrule,  fer- 
rel,  jacket,  face,  facing,  blanket,  table- 
cloth, board,  bhnd,  boot,  tick,  bedtick, 
tilt,  canopy,  shoe,  down  (rare),  dome, 
capping,  skin,  screen,  envelope,  house  or 
housing,  frontal,  lorication  (rare),  robe, 
vesture,  tarpaulin,  volva,  baldachin, 
baldaquin,  husk,  screen,  muffle,  mulch, 
panoply,  pall,  mantle,  cloak,  film,  leather- 
ing, overcast,  coating,  overlay,  veil, 
sheathing,  mantling,  blanket,  shed,  shel- 
ter, cot.  The  word  "covering"  is  generic  or 
less  individual  than  "cover"  and  often  ap- 
plies to  an  inseparable  layer  or  envelope  to 
which  cover  would  seldom  apply. 

2.  Referring  to  a  book:  binding,  case,  lid 
(chiefly  U.  S.  and  dial.  Eng.). 

3.  blind,  cloak;    see  pretext,  disguise. 
covered,  a.  covert  [now  rare);  spec,  cased, 

blanketed,    cuculate,    hooded,    crusted, 
crustate,  crustaceous,  obtected,  etc. 
Antonyms:  see  bare. 

covering,  7i.  cover,  coverture  {literanj); 
fig.  or  spec,  casing,  casement  {rare), 
weather-boarding,  clapboarding,  coat- 
ing, sheathing,  tegument,  headgear,  en- 
velope, crust,  panoply;  see  cot,  skin. 
Many  words  under  "cover"  are  used  also 
in  a  generic  sense  (in  which  they  do  not 
take  the  article  "a"  or  "an")  as  specific 
synonyms  of  "covering." 

cow,  n.  bovine  (contextual);  spec,  heifer, 
humlie  or  humblie  (Scot.),  dairy  (a  collec- 
tive; chiefly  Eng.). 

coward,  n.  recreant  (rare),  caitiff  (liter- 
ary), nithing  or  niddering  (archaic  or 
hist.),  wheyface  (colloq.  or  contemptuous), 
Scaramouch  (fig.),  milksop  (colloq.  or 
contemptuous),  hare  (fig.),  chicken  (fig.); 
spec,  dastard,  craven,  poltroon,  cur  (con- 
temptuous). 

cowardice,  n.  recreancy  (rare),  faint-heart- 
edness;     spec,    dastardliness,    dastardice, 
(obs.),  poltroonery. 
Antonyjus:     see     boldness,     bravery, 

COURAGE. 

cowardly,  a.  recreant  (rare),  faint-hearted, 
niddering  (archaic);  spec,  dastardly,  pusil- 
lanimous,   craven,    dastard,    poltroonish 


(rare),  white-livered,  unmanly,  unwoman- 
ly.     Cf.  TIMID. 

cowherd,  n.  herder,  neatherd  (archaic); 
spec,  oxherd,  cowboy. 

cowhouse,  n.  byre  (Eng.  or  literary),  cow- 
shed, shippon  or  shippen  (Scot.  &  dial. 
Eng.). 

coy,  a.  bashful  (contextual),  reserved, 
chary;  see  distant. 

crabbed,  a.  1.  See  ill-tempered,  irasci- 
ble, difficult,  complex. 
2.  irregular,  cramped,  cramp. 
Antonyms:   see  smooth. 

crab-shaped,  a.  cancriform  (tech.). 

crack,  v.  i.  1.  snap;  spec,  pistol  (rare),  pop, 
explode;  see  crackle. 
2.  break  (contextual),  fracture  (contextual); 
spec,  chap,  flaw,  split,  chink,  craze,  fissure. 

crack,  n.  1.  break  (contextual),  fracture 
(contextual);  spec,  crevice,  crackle,  craze, 
chink,  flaw,  star,  cleft,  spring,  brack, 
split,  chop,  fissure,  cranny,  rift,  rent,  chap. 

2.  See  BLOW,  SHOT,  moment,  expert. 

3.  snap;       spec,     pop,     explosion;       see 

CRACKLE. 

cracked,  a.  broken,  fractured;  spec. 
crazed,  crazy,  crackled,  crannied,  starred, 
chapped,  split,  chappy. 

cracker,  7i.  1.  snapper;  spec,  popper,  fire- 
cracker, cosaque  (French). 

2.  See  BOASTER,  biscuit. 

3.  poor  white,  tacky  (Southern  U.  S.). 
crackle,   v.   i.   break    (contextvxil) ,    crack 

(contextual),   crepitate    (literary  or  tech.), 

decrepitate  (literary  or  tech.). 
crackle,  n.  break  (contextual),  crack  (ccm- 

textual),    crepitation    (literary    or    tech.), 

crackUng,  decrepitation  (literary  or  tech.). 
crackling,  a.  crepitant  (tech.  or  literary). 
crackling,  n.  1.  See  crackle. 

2.  Chiefiy  in  pi.:  greaves  or  graves  (pi.; 

Eng.),  scraps  (pi.). 
cradle,  n.    1.   bed  (contextual),  cunabula 

(pi.;  rare). 

2.  See  source. 
crane,  n.  1.  derrick;    spec,  jenny,  davit. 

2.  See  boom. 
cranelike,  n.  gruiform  (tech.). 
cranium,  n.  1.  See  skull. 

2.  brainpan,  pericranium  (affected  or  hu- 
morous). 


(W  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

covert,  a.:  covered,  secret,  shel- 
tered, hidden,  secluded. 

covert,  71.:  thicket,  shelter,  pro- 
tection, feather. 

covertness:    secrecy. 

coverture:  covering,  hiding, 
protection. 

covet:    desire. 

covetous:   desirous,  greedy. 

covetousness:    desire,  greed. 

covey:    brood,  flock,  company. 

covin:    deception. 

covinous:    deceitful. 


cow,  V.  t.:  intimidate. 

cow,  V.  i.:   shrink. 

cowboy:   cowherd. 

cower:    stoop,  cringe. 

cowhide:  leather,  whip. 

cowl:    hood,  tub. 

cowork:   cooperate. 

coxcomb:  cap,  dandy,  jacka- 
napes. 

coxswain:  steersman. 

cozen:   deceive,  cheat. 

cozy:  sheltering,  comforting, 
sheltered. 

craft:     art,  skill,  trade,  vessel. 


craftiness:   art. 

craftsman:   artificer. 

crafty:   artful. 

crag:   cliff. 

craggy:    precipitous. 

cram,  v.  t.:    crowd,    stuff,   press, 

surfeit,  teach,  study. 
cram,  v.  i.:  gormandize. 
cramp, 71.;  clamp, restraiJi,  spasm. 
cramp,  a.:   narrow,  crabbed. 
cramp,   v.  t.:   constrict,  restrain, 

fasten. 

cramped:   stiff,  crabbed. 
crane,  v.  t.:  stretch. 


XW  Sec  Notes  of  Explanation. 

101 


CRANK 


crank,  /!.  1.  See  handle,  conceit,  ca- 
price. 

2,  erratic  (rare),  vagarian  (colloq.  or  rare); 
spec,  monomaniac.  "Crank"  is  more  or 
kss  coUoquiul. 

crape,  n.  crepe  (French);  spec,  mourning 
{which  iCf),  weeds  {slang). 

crash,  v.  i.  1.  break,  shatter,  smash,  shiver. 

2.    Sec  COLLIDE. 

crash,  n.  1,  See  noise,  failxtre. 

2.  collision,  shock,  smash. 
crayon,  n.  pencil,  pastel,  chalk. 
creak,  v.   i.   spec,   squeak,   grind,  scroop, 

grate,  rasp,  screak,  crank  {rare),  screech, 

stridulate. 
creak,  n.   spec,   squeak,   grind,   grinding, 

scroop,  stridor,  creaking,  rasp,  grating, 

grate  (rare),  scream,  screak,  screech. 
creaking,    a.    creaky;      spec,    squeaking, 

strident,  stridulous,  scrooping,  grinding, 

screaky,  squeaky,  raspy,  rasping. 
cream,  n.  1.  head  (as  risen  on  milk;  Brit.), 

cr&me  (French),  scum  (rare);  spec,  froth. 

2.  Spec,  emulsion,  creme  (French),  cos- 
metic, cordial. 

3.  See  BEST. 

creamy,  a.  creamlike;  spec,  luscious,  soft. 

create,  v.  t.  1,  make,  form,  fashion,  origi- 
nate, constitute,  produce,  raise,  rear;  spec. 
concreate  (rare),  co-create  (rare),  erect, 
procreate;  see  design,  inv'ent,  imagine, 
cause,  recreate. 
Antonyms:     see   annihilate,   nullify, 

UNMAKE,  ABOLISH,  EXTINGUISH. 
2.    See  ESTABLISH,   CONSTRUCT. 

creation,  n.  1.  formation,  production, 
origination,  constitution,  doing  (rare), 
facture  (rare);  spec,  erection,  cosmogony, 
procreation,  concreation;  see  invention, 

DESIGN,  imagination,  CAUSATION. 

2.  Referring  to  the  thing  created:  creature 
(now  literary),  formation,  facture  (rare), 
production,   origination;      spec,   cosmos; 

see  INVENTION,   DESIGN,   IMAGINATION. 

Antonyms:  see  creator. 

3.  See  ESTABLISHMENT. 

creative,  a.  1.  creant  (rare),  formative, 
originative,  productive,  constituent,  con- 
stitutive, poetic  (rare);  spec,  plastic,  pro- 
creative,  generative,  demiurgic;  see  caus- 
ative,   IMAGINATIVE,   INVENTIVE. 


Antonyms:    see   annihilative,    nulli- 

FACATORY. 

2.  See   CONSTITUTIVE. 

creator,    n.    author    (contextual),   maker, 
fashioner,    poet    (rare),    originator,    pro- 
ducer; spec.  Demiurge  (philos.),  Brahma, 
inventor,  designer,  imaginer. 
Antonyms:   see  creature,  creation. 

creature,  n.  1.  creation,  being,  thing  (con- 
textual); spec,  breather  (literary),  animal, 
creation  (collective);  see  person. 
Antonyms:  see  creator,  author. 
2.  minion;  spec,  dependent,  tool. 

credential,  n.  Spec,  testimonial,  introduc- 
tion, passport,  certificate,  exequatur. 
"Credential"  is  used  chiefly  in  the  pi. 

credible,  a.  believable,  hkely,  swallowable 
(rare;  colloq.),  trustworthy ;  spec,  probable. 
Antonyms:   see  incredible. 

credit,  n.  1.  Spec,  credibility;  see  belief, 
reputation,  honor. 

2.  trust,  tick  (colloq.),  score  (archaic  or 
dial.);  spec,  chalk. 

Antonyms:  see  cash. 

3.  Spec,  paj-ment,  set-off. 
credit,  v.  t.  1.  See  believe,  honor. 

2.  accredit. 

3.  trust. 

creditable,  a.  honorable;   see  reputable. 
creed,    n.    belief,    symbol    (theol.);    spec. 

tenet,  doctrine,  persuasion,  credo  (chiefly 

tech.),  views  (pL). 
creep,   v.   i.    1.    crawl;      spec,   forficulate 

(nonce  word),   formicate  (rare  or  med.), 

worm,  swarm,  grovel. 

2.  Referring  to  plants:  run,  trail,  advance 
(contextual). 

3.  Meaning  "to  go  stealthily":  steal. 

4.  Referring  to  the  sensation:  crawl;  spec. 
formicate  (rare),  forficulate  (nonce  word), 
swarm. 

creeper,  n.  1.  crawler;  spec,  reptile. 

2.  *S'7:>ec.  runner,  flagellum  (tech.). 

3.  crampon,  crampet. 

creeping,  a.  1.  crawling,  reptant  (rare),  re- 
pent (rare),  reptile  (chiefly  spec);  spec. 
formicant  (med.),  serpent  (rare). 
2.  Referring  to  a  plant:  running. 

creepy,  a.  crawly. 

crenate,  a.  scalloped,  notched,  indented; 
spec,  knurled. 


(^^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
crank,  r.  t.:    beTid,  turn. 
crank,    a.:       rickety,    unstable, 

spirited. 
crankle:  bend. 
cranky:    irascible,  odd,  rickety, 

winding,  zigzag. 
crannied:  cracked. 
cranny:    crack. 
crape,  v.  t.:   pucker. 
crapulence:    excess. 
crapulent:    dissipated. 
crapulous:    dissipated. 
crass:  coarse,  crude,  dense, stupid. 


crate,  n.:   basket,  case. 
crater:    bowl,  mouth. 
craunch:    crunch. 
cravat:    neckcloth. 
crave:    ask,  desire,  need. 
craven,  a.:    cowardly. 
craven,  n.:   coward,  quitter. 
craving :    desire. 
craw:    crop,  stomach. 
crawl,  V.  i.:    creep,  cringe, 

sert. 
crawling:  creeping. 
crawly:    creepy. 
craze,  v.  t.:  derange. 


craze,^..'  derangement, fad, crack, 
crazy:        cracked,     rickety,     de- 
ranged, frantic,  unwise. 
crease,  n.:  wrinkle,  pucker. 
credence:    belief. 
credent :   believing. 
credulity:     believinffness. 
credulous:    believing. 
cremate:    burn. 
crenel:   embattle. 
crepitant:    crackling. 
crepitate:   crackle. 
crepuscle:    twilight. 
crepuscular:    twilight. 


t^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

102 


CRONY 


crescent,  n.  1.  meniscus  (math.),  lunule 
(tech.),  lune  (chiefly  tech.),  half-moon  (a 
loose  usage),  semilune  (a  loose  usage), 
demilune  (chiefly  spec),  lunette,  lunula, 
lunulet. 
2.  Islam  (fig.). 

crescent  -  shaped,  a.  convexo-concave 
(contextual;  tech.),  crescent,  crescentic, 
crescentiform  (/orwmZ),  semilunar  (/orvmO, 
semilunary  (a  loose  usage),  meniscal 
(rare  or  tech.),  sigmoid  (tech.),  horned, 
lunulate,  moony  (rare),  lunular,  lunar, 
lunary,  lunate. 

crest,  n.  1.  crown;  spec,  tuft,  comb,  cop- 
plecrown  (obs.  or  dial.),  topknot,  horn, 
plumicorn  (rare),  cockscomb. 

2.  See     DECORATION,      PLUME,      HELMET, 
RIDGE. 

3.  The  top  of  a  wave:  spec,  comb,  curl. 
crested,  a.  Spec,  muffed,  tufted,  copple- 

crowned  (obs.  or  dial.). 

crevasse,  n.  cleft  (contextual);  spec. 
schrund  (Ger.),  chimney. 

crib,  n.    See  manger,  bedstead,  frame. 
2.  Spec,  translation,  key,  cab,  horse,  pony, 
trot; — all   hut    "translation"    and    "key" 
slang. 

crier,  n.  Spec,  croaker,  crower,  bellman, 
muezzin,  herald,  proclaimer. 

crime,  7i.  offense  (contextual),  felony, 
arson,  robbery,  murder,  rape,  burglary, 
theft,  manslaughter,  perjury,  treason, 
embezzlement;  see  wrong,  transgres- 
sion, SIN. 

criminal,  a.  1.  unlawful,  criminous  (rare); 
spec,  felonious,  burglarious,  murderous, 
treasonous. 
Antonyms:  see  lawful. 

2.  guilty  (contextual),  criminous  (chiefly 
spec),  crimeful  (rare). 

Antonyms:   see  innocent. 

3.  wicked  (contextual),  wrong,  crimeful 
(rare),  villainous. 

criminal,  n.  offender  (contextual),  male- 
factor (literary);  spec  felon,  burglar, 
murderer,  thief,  robber,  perjurer,  incendi- 
ary, traitor,  embezzler,  defaulter,  gaUow- 
bird. 

crimson,  n.  red  (contextual),  cramoisy  (ar- 
chaic); spec,  magenta. 

cringe,  v.  i.  cower,  stoop,  crouch  (fig.  or 
spec),  spaniel  (fig.;  rare),  crinkle  (obs.  or 


dial.),  fawn,  truckle;    spec,  crawl,  grovel, 

sneak;  see  shrink. 

Antonyms:  see  bluster,  bully,  swagger. 
cringe,  n.  crouch,  stoop;  see  shrink. 

Antonyms:  see  swagger. 
cringing,  a.  abject,  servile,  spaniel  (fig.), 

fawning;  see  obsequious. 
cripple,  n.  lameter  or  lamiter  (Scot.);  spec 

paralytic. 
cripple,  V.   t.   disable   (contextual),  lame; 

spec,  paralyze,  maim. 
crippled,   a.   lame,    lamish    (rare);   spec. 

paralyzed,  maimed. 
crisis,   n.    1.    turn,    turning-point,    hinge 

(fig.),    cUmacteric    (learned),   rub    (fi^.), 

pinch  (fig.). 

2.  See  juncture. 
crisscross,  v.  t.  cross,  gridiron, 
critic,  n.  judge;    spec  connoisseur,   dia- 

tribist  (rare),  reviewer,  verbalist,  verba- 

rian  (rare),  censurer,  zoiUst  (fig.). 
critical,  a.  1.  critic  (rare);  spec,  dissective, 

exacting,  hypercritical,  supercritical;  see 

cavihng. 

2.  Spec,  judicious,  accurate. 

3.  decisive;    spec,  chmacteric,  cUmacter- 
ical,  exigent,  dangerous,  etc 

criticism,  n.  1.  judgment  (contextual), 
critique;  spec  dissection,  comment,  epi- 
crisis  (tech.),  appreciation,  review,  re- 
viewal  (rare),  animadversion,  hyper- 
criticism,  nip,  zoilism  (fig.),  diatribe; 
see  censure,  cavil,  reproof. 
2.  critique;   spec  dialectic,  dialectics. 

criticize,  v.  t.  judge,  do  (contextual);  spec. 
dissect,  review,  flay,  hypercriticize;  see 
censure,  blame,  reprove. 

croak,  v.  i.  &  t.  1.  cry  (contextual),  quark 
(rare) . 

2.  forbode  (contextual). 
GF=  "Croak"  is  not  a  synonym  of  "com- 
plain";  "croak"  refers  to  the  future;  "com- 
plain" to  the  past  or  to  what  is  fixed  upon. 

croaking,  n.  1.  crying  (contextual),  coaxa- 
tion  (rare). 
2.  foreboding  (contextual). 

crock,  n.  Spec,  dish,  jar,  pot,  pitcher,  pig 
(Scot.),  plate,  etc 

crocket,  n.  ornament,  crotchet. 

crocodilian,  n.  reptile  (contextual);  spec. 
gavial,  alligator,  crocodile,  cayman. 

Croesus,  n.  Dives  (fig.);  spec,  nabob,  mill- 


its^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
crescent,  a.:    wa.ting,  crescent- 
shaped. 
crest,  V.  t.:    crown   top. 
crest,  V.  i.:   break. 
crestfallen:    depressed. 
cretaceous:    chalky. 
crevice:  clefl. 

crew:   force,  company,  gang. 
crib:  steal,  plagiarize. 
crick:    spasm. 
cricket:   stool. 


criminate:    accuse,  involve. 

crimp,  V.  t.:  gash,  impress, 
wrinkle. 

crimp,  n.:  flute,  wrinkle. 

crimpy:  wrinkly,  curly. 

crinkle,  v.  i.:    wrinkle,  ripple. 

crinkle,  v.  t.:   wrinkle,  curl. 

crinkle,  n.:  twist,  wrinkle,  rip- 
ple. 

crinkly:   ripply,  wrinkly. 

crisp,  a.:  curly,  brittle,  blunt, 
sharp,  definite,  lively,  cold,  stiff. 


crisp,  V.  t.:  curl,  ripple,  harden, 

wave. 
crisscross,  n.:   cross. 
crisscross,  v.  t.:  cross. 
crisscross,  adv.:  crosswise. 
crisscross,  a.:  cross. 
criterion:    standard. 
critique:    criticism. 
crock,  n.;   soot,  smut. 
crockery:    earthenware. 
crone:   woman. 
crony:    comrade. 


tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
103 


CROOK 


ionaire,  billionaire; — applied  to  a  very  rich 

man  {what  conslitutes  great  riches  varying 

u'iih  the  titnc  and  place).,  'Croesus"  is  fig. 

crook,  n.  1.    See  curve,  bend,  sinuosity. 

2.  hook,  cammock  (Scot.;  chiefly  spec.); 
spec,  staff;  see  crosier. 

3.  evildoer  (contextual);  spec,  malefactor, 
cheat,  swindler. 

crooked,  a.  1.  cranky  (rare),  crank  (Scot.); 

see  BENT,  CURVED,  ANGULAR,  SINUOUS, 
WINDING,  ASKEW,  ZIGZAG,  TWISTED. 

Antonyms:  see  straight. 

2.  See  DISHONEST,  INDIRECT,  DEVIOUS, 
DECEITFUL,  TRICKY,  .\RTFUL,  INTRIGUING. 

crop,  n.  1.  craw,  ingluvies  (tech.);  spec,  geb- 
bie  (Scot.),  gorge. 

2.    See  HANDLE,  WHIP,  HARVEST. 

cropper,  n.  fall  (coyitextual) ,  plumper. 

crosier,  n.  crozier,  crook,  pastoral. 

cross,  n.  1.  gibbet,  crucifix  (an  erroneous 
use),  crux  (tech.);  spec,  christcross  or 
crisscross  (archaic),  crosslet,  rood  (ar- 
chaic), tau. 

2.  mark  (contextual),  signature  (context- 
mil),  christcross  (rare),  crisscross. 

S.  See  TRIAL,  TROUBLE,  CROSSING,  CROSS- 
WAY,  CROSSBREEDING,  HYBRID. 

cross,  V.  t.  &  i.  1.  Meaning  "to  make  the 
sign  of  the  cross  on  or  over":  sign  (archaic), 
sain  (archaic),  bless  (archaic). 

2.  intersect,  decussate  (literary  or  tech.), 
intercross  (rare),  cut  (,fig.;  contextual), 
transit  (rare);    spec,  crisscross,  gridiron. 

3.  traverse,  thwart  (rare),  cut  (chiefly 
spec,  and  used  loith  "over");  spec,  be- 
stride, overstride,  overstep,  stride. 

Antonyms:   see  adjoin,  parallel. 

4.  traverse,  overpass  (rare),  pass,  trans- 
verse (rare),  transpass  (rare),  thwart  (ar- 
chaic), overthwart  (rare);  spec,  swim, 
overswim  (rare),  raft,  overstep,  repass, 
recross,  leap,  jump,  etc. 

5.  interbreed,  mix,  crossbreed,  inter- 
cross (rare),  hybridize;  spec,  cross-fertil- 
ize. "Interbreed"  and  "cross"  or  "cross- 
breed" are  often  distinguished. 

6.  See  CANCEL,  oppose. 

cross,  a.  1.  transverse,  thwart  (archaic  or 
rare),  traverse  (rare),  overthwart  (rare). 
2.  See  opposing,  ill-tempered,  recip- 
rocal. 

crossbreeding,  n.  cross,  crossing,  inter- 
breeding, hybridization;  see  cross-fer- 
tilization. 

crossed,  a.  1.  crutched  (ecd.). 
2.  .See  irvBRiD. 

cross-eye,  n.  strabismus  (tech.),  cock-eye. 


cross -fertilization,  n.  crossbreeding,  al- 
logamy (tech.). 

crossing,  n.  1.  cross,  overpassing,  travers- 
ing, traverse  (archaic). 

2.  intersection,  decussation  (literary  or 
tech.);  spec,  lease  (weaving). 

3.  See  opposition,  crossway. 

4.  Spec,  miscegenation;  see  crossbreed- 
ing. 

crossroad,  n.  crossway,  cross  (rare),  con- 
course (a  collective;  literary). 

cross- shaped,  a.  decussate  (chiefly  bot.), 
crucial  (chiefly  anat.),  cruciform,  cruciate, 
cruciferous  (bot.). 

crosstie,  n.  tie,  sleeper  (chiefly  British). 

crossway,  7i.  cross;  spec,  crossing,  cross- 
walk; see  crossroad. 

crosswires,  n.  pi.  reticule,  reticle; — both 
tech . 

crosswise,    adv.    across,    traverse    (rare), 
thwart  wise  (rare  or  archaic),  transversely, 
transverse  (rare);  spec,  crisscross,  thwart- 
ship,  askew,  awry,  sidewise,  sideways. 
Antonyms:  see  lengthwise. 

crouch,  V.  i.  bend  (contextual),  squat, 
drop;  spec,  cower,  stoop;  see  cringe. 

crouch,  n.  bend  (contextual),  squat, 
droop;   see  cringe,  stoop. 

crow,  n.  1.  crake  (dial.  Eng.);  spec,  black- 
neb  (Scot.),  scaldcrow  (local),  chough 
(Cornish),  jay  (Cornish),  hoodie  or  hoody 
(Scot.),  corbie  (Scot.),  grayback,  gor- 
crow,  daw,  jackdaw. 

2.  cry  (contextual),  song  (contextual;  liter- 
ary or  tech.),  cock-a-doodle-doo  (colloq.). 

crow,  V.  i.  1.  cry  (contextual),  sing  (^context- 
ual; literary  or  tech.),  chanticleer  (rare). 
2.  See  EXULT. 

crow,  a.  corvine  (literary  or  tech.). 

crowbar,  ?i.  gravelock  (obs.  or  dial.  Eng.), 
crow;  spec,  pinch,  pinchbar,  jemmy, 
betty. 

crowd,  n.  1.  gathering,  concourse  (liter- 
ary),  horde,  press,  drove  (disparaging), 
mass,  mob  (chiefly  disparaging),  host, 
herd  (disparaging),  swarm,  ruck  (dis- 
paraging), rout,  pack,  cram,  jam,  crush, 
huddle,  throng. 

2.    See  MULTITUDE,  POPULACE,  PRESSURE. 

crowd,  V.  t.  1.  See  hasten,  push. 

2.  Referring  to  persons  brought  uncomfort- 
ably close  together:  gather,  huddle,  over- 
crowd, crush",  press,  scrouge  (colloq.), 
cram,  wedge,  shoulder  (chiefly  spec.), 
serry  (rare),  hustle,  pack. 

3.  Referring  to  things  put  together  very  or 
too  closely:  spec,  pack,  jam,  swarm,  hud- 


EP"  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
crcKtk,  v.t.&  i. :  bend,  curve,  zigzag. 
crop,  r.  t.:  top. 
crossbar:    whippletree. 
crossbred:  hybrid. 
crossbreed:    cross. 


cross-examination:    question. 
cross-fertilize:   cross. 
cross-grained:    perverse. 
Crosshatch:   engrave. 
crossness:    ill-temper. 
cross-question:    question. 


crossruS:    seesaw. 
crotoh:   fork,  angle. 
crotched:    forked. 
crotchet:  hook,  note,  caprice,  fad. 
crotchety:  capricious,  fanciful. 
croup:    rump. 


IS^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
104 


CRUST 


die,  cram,  overcrowd,  tuck,  ram,  com- 
press; wedge. 

4.  Referring  to  the  place  in  which  things  or 
persons  are  brought  or  placed  too  close  to- 
gether: spec,  pack,  jam,  cram,  wedge,  oveJ- 
crowd,  overcharge,  throng,  gorge,  congest. 

crowd,  V.  i.  1.  See  hasten. 
2.  gather,    collect,    congregate,    huddle; 
spec,    throng,    mob,    press,    crush,    herd, 
serry    {literary),    swarm,    cram,    wedge, 
huddle,  nestle,  jug,  shoal;  see  snuggle. 
Antonyms:   see  scatter,  straggle. 

crowded,  a.  1.  full,  packed,  jammed,  etc. 
2.  thick,  serried  {literary),  thronged,  etc. 
Anto7iyins:  see  thin. 

crowding,  n.  1.  press,  throng;   spec,  hud- 
dlement. 
2.  See  PRESSURE. 

crowlike, a.  corvine, corvoid  {chiefly spec.)', 
— both  tech. 

crown,  n.  1.  chaplet,  coronal,  corona 
{Latin),  ring  {contextual),  crownal  {obs.  or 
archaic),  circlet,  diadem  {now  chiefly  po- 
litical or  rhetorical);  spec,  crownlet,  coro- 
net, aureola,  aureole,  bays  {pi.  used  with 
"the"),  festoon,  laurel,  wreath. 

2.  head-dress;  spec,  pschent  {Egyptian) . 

3.  top,  crest;  spec,  copplecrown,  top- 
knot, cockscomb. 

4.  top,  climax,  complement. 

5.  top  {contextual),  sinciput,  poll,  vertex. 

6.  See  sovereignty,  sovereign,  height, 

PERFECTION,  REWARD,  CREST. 

crown,  a.  coronary,     "Crown"  is  the  noun 

used  attributively. 
crown,  V.   t.    1.   coronate   {rare),  diadem 

{rare,  exc.  in  p.  p.  diademed);  spec,  coro- 
net, laurel;  see  wreathe. 

2.  top;  spec,  culminate  {rare),  cap,  head, 

pinnacle  {rare),  crest. 
crowned,  a.  in  coronate  {rare),  diademed; 

spec,      garlanded,     wreathed,     laureled, 

laureate. 
crowning,  n.  coronation  {the  formal  word 

for  the  ceremony). 

crownlike,  a.  Spec,  garlandish,  garlandy. 
crucifixion,  n.  1.  Spec.  Calvary. 

2.    See  REPRESSION. 

crucify,  v.  t.  1.  execute  {contextual),  hang 
{obs.). 
2.  See  REPRESS. 

crude,  a.  1.  raw,  unfinished,  unprepared; 
spec,  rough,  unwrought,  unmanufactured, 
half-baked,  unbaked,  green,  undiluted, 
unfuUed,  unburnt,  unrefined,  undressed, 
unmalted,  undigested,  untamed,  rawish, 
uncut,  etc. 


2.  raw,  unfinished,  crass,  imperfect;  spec. 
plain,  rude,  tasteless,  rough,  gross,  artless, 
incondite  {rare),  harsh,  inartistic,  half- 
baked,  immature,  ineloquent,  sketchy, 
rough,  bold,  bare,  etc.;  see  clumsy. 

Antonyms:,     see    accomplished,    nice, 

SUBTLE,   REFINED,   SKILLFUL,   ELEGANT. 

3.  See  UNRIPE,  ROUGH,  COARSE. 

cruel,  a.  1.  cold-blooded,  cold,  unfeeling, 
hard-hearted,  hard,  harsh,  unkind  (a 
euphemism),  heartless,  fell  {rhetorical  or 
poetic),  severe,  felon  {poetic);  spec,  dev- 
ilish, atrocious,  savage,  barbarous,  Dra- 
conian, swinish,  boarish,  brutal,  butch- 
erly, brute,  inhuman,  brutish,  sanguinary, 
tigerish,  wolfish,  fiendish,  iron,  merciless, 
ruthless,  pitiless,  ferocious,  truculent,  in- 
compassionate. 
Antonyms:  see  gentle,  compassionate, 

KINDLY,  KIND,  MERCIFUL. 

2.  Figuratively:  spec,  severe,  sharp,  hard, 
unfavorable,  etc. 

cruelty,  n.  cold-bloodedness,  coldness, 
harshness,  unkindness  {euphemistic),  fell- 
ness  {poetic  or  rhetorical);  spec,  deviltry, 
devilry,  atrocity,  truculence,  barbarity, 
savagery,  etc. 

Antonyms:  see  compassion,  gentle- 
ness, MERCY. 

cruise,  v.  i.  range;   see  voyage,  sail. 

cruise,  v.  t.  navigate,  range. 

cruiser,  n.  man-of-war;  spec,  corvette, 
battle  cruiser. 

crumbly,  a.  breakable  {contextual),  friable, 
crump  {Scot.  &  dial.  Eng.),  soft  {context- 
ual), crummable  {rare);  spec,  rotten, 
short,  brittle,  pulverizable  {contextual), 
slack,  moldery  {rare),  brashy. 
Antonyms:  see  strong. 

crunch,  v.  t.  chew  {contextual),  cranch  or 
craunch  {obsolescent),  grind,  crush,  press, 
scrunch. 

crupper,  n.  1.  Referring  to  part  of  a  harness 
or  saddle:  loop  {contextual),  dock. 
2.  See  rump. 

crush,  V.  t.  1.  bruise  {rare),  press  {context- 
ual), pash  {archaic);  spec,  mash,  smash, 
squash,  grind,   jam,   cranch  or  craunch 
{obsolescent),  crunch,  scrunch. 
2.  See     PRESS,      overcome,      oppress, 

CROWD,  destroy. 

crush,  n.  1.  pressure  {contextual),  pash  {ar- 
chaic); spec,  mash,  grind,  crunch,  squash. 
2.  See  pressure. 

crust,  n.  1.  coat  {contextual),  skin  {co7i- 
textual),  incrustation,  cake,  coating 
{chiefly    spec),    crustation    {rare),    rind 


t^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
crucial:    decisive. 
crucifix:    cross. 
CTUcif orm :    cross-shaped. 
cruet:    bottle. 


cruise:   sail,  voyage. 
crumb,  v.  t.:   comminute. 
crumble:    disintegrate. 
crump:    chew. 
crumple:    wrinkle. 


crunching:    pressure. 
crusade,  n.:  war,  movement. 
crusade,  v.  i.:    war,  campaign. 
cruse:    bottle,  jiio,  jar. 
crusiling:    pressure. 


tS^  Sec  Notes  of  Explanation. 
105 


CRUST 


{chkfly  spec),  cncrustmcnt;    spec,  shell, 
efflorescence,  druse,  pie  crust,  case,  scurf 
{rare),  sinter,  scale. 
8.  See  SCAB. 

OTust,  I',  i.  cake;  spec,  effloresce,  over- 
crust. 

crust,  V.  t.  incrust  or  encrust,  cake,  in- 
crustatc  {rare);  spec,  bark,  enamel. 

cry,  V.  i.  1.  Referring  to  persons:  spec. 
shout,  exclaim,  clamor,  call,  blare,  bray 
(spec,  or  humorous),  chuckle,  cluck,  coo, 
croak,  crool,  croon,  croup,  crow,  chirp, 
chirrup,  holla,  hollo,  holloa,  hoop,  hoot, 
howl,  lulUloo,  peep,  pule,  screak,  screech, 
shrill,  squall,  squeak,  squeal,  whimper, 
yang  {rare),  whoop,  yell,  yoop  (rare);  see 

SHOUT,  SCREAM,  BELLOW,  ROAK. 

Antonyms:   see  laugh,  smile. 

2.  Referring  to  animals:  spec,  call,  note, 
baa,  bay,  bell,  howl,  sing,  blare,  blat, 
bleat,  boo,  bow-wow,  bray,  cackle,  cauk 
{dial.),  caterwaul,  caw,  cawk,  cheep, 
chirm,  chirp,  chirr,  clutter,  cluck,  clock 
{rare),  coo,  crake,  croak,  cronk  {dial.), 
cuckoo,  drum,  gabble,  gaggle,  hee-haw 
{colloq.),  honk  (17.  S.  &  Can^,  hoot,  juck, 
juke,  jug,  keckle,  low,  mew,  miaow, 
mewl,  miaul,  moo,  neigh,  open,  peep, 
pew,  potrack  {rare),  purr,  quack,  scape, 
screak,  scream,  screech,  shriek,  shrill, 
squeak,  squawk,  trumpet,  twitter,  weet, 
wepe  (a  nonce  word),  whimper,  yelp,  yowl; 

see  BARK,  BELLOW,  CHIRP,  CROW,  ROAR. 

3.  lament,  weep;  spec,  squall,  wail,  whim- 
per, sob,  bawl,  snivel,  blubber. 

Antonyms:   see  rejoice,  laugh. 

4.  See  APPEAL,  MOURN. 

cry,  V.  t.  1.  utter  {contextual) ;  spec,  shout, 
exclaim,  proclaim. 
2.  See  hawk. 

cry,  n.  1.  Referring  to  persons:  utterance 
{contextual);  spec,  shout,  exclamation, 
scream,  clamor,  call,  blare,  boo,  boohoo, 
bray  {obs.  or  humorous),  cackle,  chirm, 
chirk,  chirrup,  chuckle,  check,  coo, 
croak,  crool,  croup,  crow,  gabble,  hollo, 
holloa,  hoot,  hosanna,  howl,  luUiloo,  lure, 
peep,  quaver,  roar,  screak,  screech, 
shriek,  shrilling,  snivel,  sob,  squall, 
squawk,  squeal,  wail,  whimper,  whoop, 
yang  {rare),  yoop  {rare),  yell;  see  bellow, 

SHOUT,  SCREAM. 

2.  Referring  to  animals:  spec,  note,  call, 
baa,  bark,  bay,  bell,  blare,  blat,  bleat, 
boation  (rare),  boo,  boom,  bow-wow,  bray, 
buller  {Scot.),  bumble  {cant,  dial.),  cackle, 
caterwaul,    caw,    cawk,    cheep,    chirm. 


chirp,  chirr,  clock  {rare),  chuckle,  cluck, 
coo,  crake,  croak,  cronk  {dial.),  gabble, 
gaggle,  gobble,  gobblement  {rare),  growl, 
hee-haw  {colloql),  honk  {U.  S.  &  Can.), 
hoot,  howl,  juck  or  juke,  jug,  keckle,  low, 
mew,  mewl,  miaow,  maul,  moo,  neigh, 
pheal  {rare),  purr,  quack,  scape,  screak, 
scream,  screech,  shriek,  shrill,  song, 
squall,  squawk,  squeak,  squeal,  trumpet, 
twitter,  wail,  weet,  weke,  whimper, 
whoop,  yelp,  yowl;    see  chirp,  bellow, 

ROAR,  CROW. 

3.  See  APPEAL,  WATCHWORD. 

4.  weep  {rare);  spec,  boohoo,  wail,  whim- 
per, squall,  sob,  bawl. 

Antonyms:   see  laugh. 

crystal,  a.  1.  crystalline  (esp.  as  opposed 
to   "amorphous"),   crystalloid    {tech.   and 
esp.   as  opposed  to   "colloid"),   crystalli- 
form  (tech.);  spec,  drusiform,  glacial. 
2.  See  CLEAR. 

crystal,  v.  i.  crystallize. 

crystal-gaze,  i'.  i.  scry.  "Crystal-gaze"  is 
rare,  exc.  in  the  form  "crystal-gazing." 

crystal-gazer,  n.  seer  {contextual),  scryer. 

crystallize,  v.  i.  solidify  {contextual),  con- 
geal (contextual),  crystal  (rare  and  liter- 
ary); spec,  candy,  shoot. 

cub,  n.  offspring  (contextual),  whelp. 

cube,  n.  1.  solid  (contextual),  die  (chiefly 
architectural),  hexahedron  (geom.). 
2.  product  (contextual),  power  {contextual) . 

cuckold,  n.  cornute  (archaic),  cornuto  (ar- 
chaic); spec,  wittol. 

cuckold,  V.  t.  horn  (obs.),  cornute  (ar- 
chaic) . 

cuckolded,  a.  horned,  cornuted  (archaic), 
forked  (obs.  or  archaic). 

cudgel,  n.  &  v.  club;  spec,  bastinado, 
crab,  bludgeon,  baton,  batoon  (archaic). 

cue,  71.  1.  queue,  pigtail  or  (for  short)  tail 
(colloq.  or  humorous);  spec,  braid,  plait, 
roll,  etc. 
2.  See  FILE. 

cuflf,  n.  blow  (contextual). 

cuff,  V.  t.  strike  (contextual),  slap,  box,  buf- 
fet, handicuff  (colloq.). 

cul-de-sac,  n.  pocket,  impasse  (French), 
no-thoroughfare.   "Cxd-de-sac"  is  French. 

culminate,  v.  i.  top  (colloq.). 

cult,  n.  I.  cultus;  spec,  worship. 
2.  See  DEVOTION,  rite,  homage. 

cultivate,  v.  t.   1.  farm,  till  (now  chiefly 
spec),  work,  culture  (rare),  labor  (rare); 
spec,  garden,  hoe,  rake. 
2.  Referring  to  working  on  plants:  grow, 
husband  (rare);  spec,  hoe,  earth. 


t^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
crutch:    staff,  fork. 
cpypt:   vault 
cryptic:    hidden. 
cuddle,  V.  t.:  embrace. 


cuddle,  v.  i.:   snuggle. 
cuddy:     donkey,  closet. 
cue:    suggestion,  part,  humor. 
cuisine:    kitchen,  cookery. 
culet:    facet. 


cull,  71.  t.:   choose. 
cully:   dupe. 
culm:    stalk. 
culmination:  top,  height. 
culprit:    transgressor. 


IW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

106 


CURMUDGEON 


3.  See  CIVILIZE,  eefine,  pursue,  court, 

FOSTER. 

cultivation,  n.  1.  farming,  tillage  {now 
chiefly  spec.),  husbandry,  culture,  tilth 
(rare  or  literary) . 

2.  Referring  to  work  on  -plants:  growth, 
culture. 

3.  See  CIVILIZATION,  refinement,  pur- 
suit, FOSTERAGE. 

culture,  n.  1,     See  cultivation.  . 
2.  Spec,    education,     development,    en- 
lightenment, civilization,  humanism,  hu- 
manity   {archaic),    hterature    {rare);   see 
refinement. 
Antonyms:  see  barbarism. 

cuneiform,  n.  writing  (contextual),  print 
(contextual);  spec,  sphenogram. 

cunning,   a.   1.   See   skillful,    artful, 
pretty. 
2.  interesting  (contextual),  cute  (colloq.). 

cup,  n.  I.  Spec,  chahce  (poetic,  elevated, 
or  eccl.),  mazer  (obs.  or  hist.),  goblet  (ar- 
chaic, exc.  spec),  noggin,  mug,  pannikin, 
porringer,  jorum  (coUoq.),  stein  (German), 
cannikin,  cyathus,  tazza  (Italian),  cyUx, 
calix,  can,  bumper,  chark  (Russian), 
beaker,  rhyton,  standard,  taster,  bucket, 
gourd,  goddard  (obs.  or  dial.). 
2.  See  SHARE. 

cupbearer,  n.  Ganymede  (hist,  or  fig.), 
Hebe  (hist,  or  fig.). 

cupboard,  n.  closet;  spec,  buffet,  locker, 
press. 

cupid,  n.  love,  Eros  (Greek).  "Cupid"  is 
the  Latin  god. 

oup- shaped,  a.  calciform  (rare),  poculi- 
form  (tech.),  cupped,  cuppy  (rare);  spec. 
cupular,  cupulate,  cotyliform,  cotyloid, 
calathiform,  cyathiform. 

curable,  a  healable,  remediable,  mendable 
(obs.  or  dial.),  recoverable,  medicable. 
Antonyms:  see  incurable. 

curate,  n.  minister  (contextual),  rector, 
vicar. 

curative,  a.  beneficial,  restorative,  cura- 
tory, healing,  remedial,  medical  (rare), 
consolidant  (rare),  salutary,  sanative 
(rare),  sanatative,  sanatory;  spec,  medic- 
able (rare),  medicinal,  incarnative  (rare), 
recuperative,  recuperatory,  vulnerary. 

curb,   n.    1.      See   control,   restraint, 
market. 
2.  inclosure;  spec,  collar,  puteal. 


curd,  n.  coagulum;   spec,  clabber,  bonny- 
clabber. 

curdle,  v.  t.  &  i.  coagulate. 

cure,  n.  1.    See  ministry,  remedy,  rb^ 
covery. 

2.  preservation  (rare  or  affected);  spec,  en- 
silage, corning,  smoking,  jerking,  etc. 

cure,  V.  t.  1.  heal,  remedy  (rare),  recover, 
sanitate  (rare),  sanitize  (rare),  restore, 
mend  (archaic),  leech  (archaic);  spec. 
cicatrize,  incarn  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  disease. 
2.  preserve;  spec,  ripen,  ensilate,  ensile 
or  ensilage,  kipper,  season,  jerk,  dry, 
smoke,  pickle. 

curiosity,  n.  1.  curiousness,  inquiringness, 
inquisitiveness  (chiefly  used  in  a  bad 
sense);  spec,  pryingness,  prying,  question- 
ing, interrogation. 
Antonyms:  see  indifference. 
2.  article  (contextual),  curio,  bric-^-brac 
(a  collective). 

curious,  a.  1.  See  nice,  odd,  elaborate. 
2.  inquiring,  inquisitive  (chiefly  used  in  a 
bad  sense);  spec,  seeking,  inquisitorial,  in- 
quisitional, zetetic,  interrogative,  prying, 
questioning,  scrutinizing,  mousing,  per- 
contatorial  (rare),  supercurious. 
Antonyms:  see  indifferent. 

curl,  n.  1.  roll  (contextual),  convolution 
(tech.  or  learned),  volute  (tech.  or  learned); 
see  twist,  coil,  spiral. 
2.  Referring  to  the  hair:  buckle  (archaic), 
ringlet,  feak  (rare);  spec,  cannon,  curlicue, 
frizz,  frounce,  frizzle,  kink,  lovelock,  kin- 
kle,  favorite,  toupee. 

curl,  V.  t.  1.  roll  (contextuxd) ;  see  twist, 
COIL,  spiral. 

2.  Referring  to  the  hair:  spec,  kink,  frizz, 
frounce,  frizzle,  crinkle,  crimp,  crisp, 
Phrygianize  (nonce  word). 

3.  Referring  to  the  state:  buckle;  spec. 
cri  spat  ion  (rare),  crispature  (rare). 

4.  See  CREST. 

curl,  V.  i.  roU  (contextual);  see  wave,  ripple. 
curled,  a.  rolled   (contextual),   convolute 

(learned  or  tech.),  volute  (learned  or  tech.); 

spec,  coiled,  cyclical,  involute;  see  curly. 
curly,   a.      Spec,   curled,   kinky,   frizzly, 

frizzy,    crimpy,    kinkled,    spiry     (rare), 

fuzzy,  crisp,  wreathy. 
curly- haired,  a.    Referring  to  a  dog:  spec. 

feathery. 


lE^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
cultivated:     artificial,  refined. 
cultured:    refined. 
cultus:    cidt. 
culvert :    drain. 
cumber,  v.  t.:   hamper,  burden. 
cumber,  71.:   burden. 
cumbersome:    hindering,  bur- 
densome, unwieldy. 
cumbrous:    unwieldy,    clumsy. 
cumulate:    accumulate. 


cumulus:    heap,  cloud. 
cuneiform:     wedge-shaped. 
cunning,  n.:   skill,  art. 
cupidity:   greed. 
cupidous:    greedy. 
cupped:     c^ip-shapcd. 
cuppy:   cup-shaped,  pitted. 
cupreous:     copper,  copper-col- 
ored. 
cur:   dog,  coward,  wretch. 
curacy:    ministry. 


curator:    custodian. 
curatory:   curative. 
curb,  V.  t.:   restrain,  subdue. 
curd:    coagulum. 
curdle:    coagulate. 
cur6,  n.:   m,inister. 
curfew:   ringing. 
curio :    curio.iity. 
curiousness:    curiosity. 
curlicue:    curl. 
curmudgeon:    niggard. 


TW  Sec  Notes  of  Explanation. 

107 


CURRENT 


current,  a.    1.  Sec  PREVALENT,  passing, 

TRKSKNT. 

2.  Rffarring   to    money,    etc.:    circulative 

(rart),  circulating. 

8.  accepted,     received,    abroad,     afloat; 

spec  general,  rife. 

4.  Referring   to   expense,   etc.:   occurrent 

{rare),  incidental. 

current,  ri.  1.   <Sce  COURSE. 
2.  stream;    spec,  tide,  race,  rip,  draught, 
underset,  undertow,  roost  {local;  British). 

curry,  r.  t.  1.  comb  {contextual),  curry- 
comb, groom. 

2.  Figuratircbj:  spec,  tickle,  scrape,  beat, 
blight,  plague;    see  thr.\sh. 

curse,  V.  t.  1.  maledict  {rare),  devote,  exe- 
crate {learned),  anathematize  {learned  and, 
properly,  formal),  bless  {euphemistic  or 
ironical),  damn  {now  chiefly  used  vulgarly), 
ban  {archaic),  blank  {euphemistic),  cuss 
{vidgar  or  colloq.,  and  euphemistic;  U.  S.), 
shrew  or  beshrew  {archaic),  pest  {rare); 
spec,  hoodoo. 
Antonyms:  see  bless,  beatify,  conse- 
crate. 

2.        See       ABUSE,       BLASPHEME,       ANNOY, 
TROUBLE. 

curse,  V.  i.  blaspheme,  profane  {rare),  pest 
{rare),  anathematize  {learned  and,  prop- 
erly, formal),  execrate  {learned),  fulminate 
{fig.  or  tech.). 

curse,  n.  1.  malediction,  execration  {learn- 
ed), imprecation,  anathema  {properly,  for- 
mal), ban  {archaic),  blessing  {euphemistic 
or  ironical),  mali.son  {archaic);  spec,  ma- 
ranatha,  excommunciation,  hoodoo,  damn 
or  damme  {obs.  or  archaic;  orig.  a  vulgar 
ejaculation).  "Curse"  is  the  vernacular 
word. 

Antonyms:   see  blessing,  beatitude. 
2.  Spec,  trouble,  calamity,  pest. 

cursed,  a.  1.  damnable  {now  chiefly  vulgar 
and  profane),  execrable  {now  weakened  in 
force),  infernal  {colloq.  and  euphemistic), 
confounded    {now   euphemistic);  see   ac- 

CUR.SED. 

2.    See  HATEFUL. 

cursing,  n.  malediction,  execration. 
Antonyms:    see  blessing,  prayer. 

cursing,  a.  execratory,  execrative. 

cursory,  a.  passing,  transient,  running; 
spec,  hasty,  hurried;  see  careless,  super- 
ficial, DISCURSIVE. 

curt,  a.  1.  See  short,  brief. 
2.  brief     (contextual),    short,    snappish, 
snappy;  spec,  tart,  brusque. 
Antonyms:   see  gracious. 

curtain,  n.  screen,  ridel  or  riddel  {archaic). 


veil  {chiefly  fig.);  spec,  drop,  purdah  {FUctst 
Iiulia),  portiere  {French),  arras,  lambre- 
quin {U .  S.),  valance,  shade. 

curtain,  v.  t.  screen  {contextual),  veil 
{chiefly  fig.);  spec,  shade. 

curtsy,  curtsey,  n.  civility  (contextual), 
bow;  ,sTC  leg. 

curvature,  /;.  1.  Referring  to  the  action  or 
act:  bend,  curve,  bending,  curving,  curva- 
tion;  spec,  camber  {chiefly  tech.),  round- 
ing, procurvation,  incurvation,  recurva- 
tion, recurvature,  convexity,  convexness 
{rare),  concavity,  winding,  concaveness 
{rare),  retroflexion,  sheer. 
2.  Sec  curve. 

curve,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  state  or  the 
form  produced:  bend,  curvature,  inflection 
{literary),  compass  {tech.),  bent  {rare); 
spec,  bow,  crook,  round  {archaic),  round- 
about, arc,  flex,  arch,  bight,  sinus,  de- 
curvation,  recurvation,  retroflex,  recurva- 
ture, sweep,  epicycloid,  conchoid,  cate- 
nary, curl,  sheer,  ellipse,  evolute,  cycloid, 
extrados  {architecture),  logistic,  polhode, 
ogee,  epitrochoid,  her  polhode,  gadroon, 
twist,  incurvation,  wind,  circle,  wave,  con- 
vexity, convex  {rare),  concavity,  concave 
(rare),  geanticlinal,  geosynclinal,  oxbow, 
coil,  sinuosity,  turn,  spiral. 

2.  See  curvature. 

3.  Referring  to  a  curved  thing:  spec,  bend, 
bow,  cambrel  {obs.  or  dial.,  crook. 

curve,  V.  t.  &  i.  bend,  turn,  inflect,  round, 
crook ;  spec,  bow,  embow,  twist,  arch,  arc, 
decurve,  camber,  incurve,  incurvate,  re- 
curve, recurvate,  reflect,  wind,  hook, 
spire,  coil. 
Antonyms:   see  straighten. 

curved,  a.  bent  {primarily  spec),  bowed, 
curvate  {rare),  crooked,  curvilinear;  spec. 
roundish,  rounded,  spherical,  arched,  in- 
bent,  reflex,  incurved,  campylotropous, 
embowed  {literary),  retorted  '{rare),  con- 
cave, convex,  bulging,  sweepy,  arcuate, 
crumpled,  camerated,  compass,  circinate, 
circinal,  crescent,  falcate,  falcated,  rotun- 
date,  elliptic,  circular,  oval,  tortile  (rare), 
recurved,  recurvate;  see  sinuous,  wind- 
ing. 
Antonyms:   see  angular,  straight. 

curvet,  n.  jump  (contextual),  leap  (context- 
ual), courbette  (French),  vault. 

cushion,  n.  1.  pillow;  spec,  pad,  woolsack, 
bolster,  panel,  mat,  wad,  compress,  buck- 
ram, pillion,  bass,  hassock,  quilt. 
2.  See  buffer. 

cushion,  v.  t.  1.  Spec,  pad,  protect,  bol- 
ster, cover,  seat,  wad,  quilt. 


t^=  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
curriculam:   course. 
carrish:  canine,     irascible, 

mean. 


currycomb:   curry. 
cursive:    running. 
curtail:     shorten,  abate,  dimin- 
ish, clip,  deprive. 


curtate:    short,  shortened. 
curtilage:    court. 
curtsy,  curtsey,  v.  i.:  bow. 
curvilinear:    curved. 


^(W  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

108 


CZAR 


2.  rest,  pillow. 

cushioned,  a.  Spec,  padded,  gamboised, 
quilted. 

cushion- shaped,  a.  pulvinate  {tech.). 

cusk,  n.  torsk. 

cusp,  11.  point  {contextual),  apex,  peak, 
cuspis  {tech.);  spec.  horn. 

custodian,  n.  guardian,  guardianess  {fern.; 
rare) ,  keeper,  custodier  {Scots  law) ,  custos 
{Latin);  spec,  conservator,  curator,  cura- 
trLx  {Jem.),  warden,  concierge  {French), 
janitor,  janitress,  tutor,  sacrist,  sacristan. 

custom,  n.  1.  practice,  use  {now  rare), 
praxis  {rare),  usage  {properly  spec),  con- 
suetude, wont  {now  chiefly  literary),  fash- 
ion {chiefly  spec),  dustoor  {East  India); 
spec  rite,  localism,  way,  manner,  proce- 
dure, prescription,  institution;  see  con- 
vention, HABIT. 

2.  See  CONVENTIONALITY,  TAX. 

3.  patronage,  support. 

customary,  a.  accustomed,  wonted,  usual, 
consuetudinary  {rare),  ordinary  {context- 
ual), regular;  spec,  everyday,  natural; 
traditional,  traditionary,  nomic,  pre- 
scriptive;    see  CONVENTIONAL,  HABITUAL. 

Antonyms :  see  unaccustomed,  un- 
conventional, OBSOLETE,  occasional, 
ODD. 

customer,  n.  1.  buyer,  purchaser,  patron. 
2.  See  FELLOW. 

customhouse,  n.  douane  {French),  do- 
gana  {Italian). 

cut,  V.  t.  &  i.  1.  incise  {learned,  except  in 
p.  a.  "incised"),  incide  {rare),  separate 
{contextual);  spec,  carve,  cleave,  truncate, 
lance,  scarify,  bite,  dissect,  shear,  poll, 
shave,    skive,    scissor,    snip,    saw,    bite, 

•  scythe,  slice,  slit,  slash,  knife,  mince, 
chop,  barb,  poU,  chisel,  sculpture,  chip, 
mow,  reap,  gouge,  hack,  hash,  nick,  hew, 
facet,  saber  or  sabre,  score,  scotch,  flitch, 
gash,  crimp,  crease,  hog,  shred,  lop,  dock, 
carbonado,  roach,  clip,  crop,  trim,  cas- 
trate, whittle,  pare. 

2.  See  SEPARATE,  PENETRATE,  CROSS, 
SHORTEN,  SWITCH,  DIMINISH,  REDUCE,  DE- 
PART {v.  i.). 

3.  Referring  to  the  sensibilities:  hurt,  bite, 
sting,  pain,  wound. 

4.  ignore,  rump  {rare;  slang);  see  slight. 
cut,   n.    1.  Referring   to  an  act:    cutting 

(rare),  incision  {learned),  incisure  {rare); 
spec  gash,  nick,  discission  {rare),  bite, 
crop,  scotch,  shave,  shear,  clip,  snip, 
carve,  slit. 


2.  Referring  to  the  place  or  form  made  by 
cutting:  spec,  cutting,  gash,  slash,  nick,  in- 
cision {learned),  scotch,  notch,  channel, 
furrow,  passage,  groove,  jad,  facet. 

3.  Referring  to  a  piece  or  part  cut  off  or  out: 
spec  cutting,  cUpping,  shaving,  peel, 
scrap,  mowing,  crop,  fall,  snip,  paring, 
slice. 

4.  Referring  to  a  piece  of  meat  or  food  cut 
off:  spec,  joint,  sparerib,  flitch,  clod,  col- 
lop,  chop,  slice,  steak,  crop,  round,  shoul- 
der, neck,  brisket,  rump,  etc 

5.  See  ENGRAVING,  STYLE,  SWITCH,  PAS- 
SAGE, SARCASM,  TAUNT,  SLIGHT,  ABSENCE. 

cut,  a.  Spec  gashy,  shorn,  tonsured, 
slashed,  carved,  carven  {rhetorical), 
hacked,  cleft,  etc 

cuttable,  a.  sectile  {learned  or  tech.),  sec- 
able  {rare);  spec,  cleavable. 

cutter,  n.  Spec  cleaver,  diamond,  ecra- 
seur  {French),  colter  or  coulter,  cropper, 
carver,  clipper,  chopper,  microtome, 
mower,  hewer,  hook,  blade,  shear,  sickle, 
scythe,  knife,  etc. 

cutting,  a.  1.  sharp,  incisive  {learned),  in- 
cisory  {rare),  sectorial  {learned);  spec. 
edgy. 

2.  Referring  to  language,  etc:  sharp,  bit- 
ing, stinging,  wounding;  see  acri.monious, 

SARCASTIC. 

cutting,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  action:  cut 
{rare),  incision  (learned),  section  {chiefly 
tech.),  scission  {rare);  spec,  tonsure,  exci- 
sion, concision,  shaving,  clipping,  etc. 
2.  See  CUT. 

cycle,  n.  1.  See  circle,  round. 

2.  period;  spec  saros,  age. 

3.  wheel  {colloq.),  machine  {colloq.),  bike 
{slang);  spec,  bicycle,  tricycle,  quad- 
ricycle,  tandem,  pneumatic,  quartet, 
quintet,  quintuplet,  hydrocycle,  motor- 
cycle. 

cyclic,  a.   1.  circular; — chiefly  of  poems, 

periods  of  time,  etc 

2.  See  recurrent. 
cylinder,  n.    Spec  nmdle,  cannon,  drum, 

cage,  barrel,  fly,  roll;  see  roller. 
cylindrical,  a.  cylindraceous  {rare),  cylin- 

dric    {rare),    cylindriform    {rare),    round 

{contextual;  spec),  cylindroid. 
cynic,  n.  1.  See  philosopher. 

2.  misanthrope,  pessimist  {contextual). 
cynical,  a.  1.  See  SURLY. 

2.  Spec  Biogenic. 

3.  misanthropic;  spec,  sneering,  satirical, 
censorious. 


IW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
cuspid:   canine. 
cuspidate,  cuspidated:  point- 
ed, ornamented. 
cuspidor:    spittoon. 
custody:    care,  imprisonment. 
customable:    taxable. 


cut-and-dried:       prearranged, 

ronventional. 
cutaneous:    skin. 
cute:    cunning,  shrewd,  clever. 
cuticle:    skin. 
cutlass:    sword. 
cutty:    short. 


cycloid :    circular. 
Cyclopean:    gigantic,  massive. 
cyclorama:    show. 
cynosure:    attraction. 
cyst:    chest,  sac. 
cystic:    vesicular. 
czar:   monarch. 


XdS^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

109 


DAB 


dab,  V.  t.  1.  strike  (contextual),  tap;  spec. 

pock,  slap,  pat. 

2.  See  SPOT. 
dab,  n.   1.  stroke  (contextual),  tap;  spec. 

peck,  slap,  pat. 

2.    .Stf  LUMP,  SPOT,  LITTLE. 

dabble,  v.  t.  wet  (contextual) ,  spatter. 

dabble,  v.  i.   1.  puddle,  mudale,  potter, 
mess;  spec,  splash,  paddle,  patter,  ploutcr 
(chiefly  Sect.). 
2.  potter,  trifle,  smatter;  see  potter. 

dabbler,  n.  1.  mudlark  (collcq.). 
2.  dabster,    potterer,    smatterer;     spec. 
sciolist  (learned).     Cf.  bungle. 
Antojitjms:  see  expert. 

dagger,  n.  1.  weapon  (contextual),  point 
(now  rare),  tickler  (slang),  skene  (archaic 
or  hist.),  parazoniimi  (Greek  antiq.), 
prog  (rare);  spec,  poniard  (literary),  bod- 
kin (archaic),  ataghan,  creese,  crease, 
kris,  kuttar,  misericord,  dirk,  stiletto, 
stylet,  poignado  or  poinado  (archaic), 
left-hander,  khanjar,  dudgeon  (archaic). 
2.  In  printing:  obelisk ;  spec,  diesis  (double 
dagger). 

daily,  a.  diurnal,  quotidian  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  nocturnal. 

dainty,  a.  1.  See  palatable,  particular, 

F.\STIDlOUS,   NICE. 

2.  beautiful,  pretty, elegant,  delicate,  neat, 
trim,  tricksy  (rare),  exquisite  (very  dainty) . 

Antonyms:   see  ugly,  clumsy,  coarse. 

3.  nice;  spec,  squeamish,  fastidious,  ex- 
quisite. 

dais,  n.  tribune  (contextual),  platform  (con- 
textual), hautpas  (French);  spec,  estrade 
(rare),  half -pace,  footpace. 

dam,  n.  obstruction  (contextual),  barrier 
(contextual),  weir;  spec,  barrage. 

dam,  V.  t.  obstruct  (contextual),  bay;  spec. 
pond  (Eng.). 

dance,  n.  1.  measure  (poetic),  saltation 
(esp.  characterized  by  leaping  steps;  rare); 
spec,  valse,  courante,  courant,  country- 
dance,  waltz,  strathspey  (Scot.),  sun 
dance,  seguidilla  (Spanish),  tango, 
turkey-trot,  bunny-hug,  onestep,  two- 
step,  boston,  german,  saraband,  saltarello 
(Italian),  schottische,  shuffle,  roundelay, 
round,  tarantella,  rigadoon,  Romaika,  roly- 
poly,  ridotto  (Italian),  juba  (U.  S.),  tam- 


bourin,  pas,  passepied,  grandfather,  mor- 
ris, minuet,  hay,  pavan  (hist.),  danse  Mac- 
abre (French),  dance  of  death,  gavotte, 
hobble,  hoedown  (U.  S.),  break-down, 
hornpipe,  gallaird  (hist.),  gallopade,  galop, 
bolero,  contre-dance,  cotillion  or  cotillon, 
corroboree,  Cracovienne  (French),  brawl, 
cachucha,  canary,  cancan,  caper,  carma- 
gnole, polka,  reel,  kantikoy,  quadrille, 
fling,  j  ig,  lavolta  (/iisi. ),  farandole  (Frenc/i) , 
fandango  (Spanish),  chemise  (ca7il). 
2.  party  (contextual),  assembly  (context- 
ual); spec,  ball,  hop  (slang  or  colloq.), 
promenade,  nautch  (India). 

dance,;;,  i.  &  t.  foot  (chiefly  with  "it"; 
rare);  spec,  step,  trip  (it),  tread  (con- 
textual), waltz,  tripudiate  (rare),  rigadon, 
minuet,  jig,  pirouette,  polonaise,  pous- 
sette,  polk,  reel,  quadrille,  leap. 
2.  play,  bob,  jiggle,  jig,  jigger,  bobble; 
spec,  caper,  jump,  dandle. 

dancer,  n.  Terpsichore  (fig.),  figurant 
(masc;  French),  figurante  (Jem.;  French), 
danseuse  (fem.;  French);  spec,  flinger, 
kicker,  coryphee,  matachin. 

dancing,  n.  footing  (contextual),  orchestics 
(the  art;  rare),  Terpsichore  (as  an  art;  fig.). 

dancing,  a.  1.  saltatorial,  saltatory; — both 
learned. 
2.  See  JIGGLY. 

dancing  girl.  Spec,  bayadere  (India), 
geisha  (Japanese). 

dandy,  n.  I.  fop,  coxcomb  or  (less  usual) 
cockscomb,  e.xquisite,  fopling,  popinjay 
(archaic),  petit-maitre  (French),  beau, 
beau-gargon  (French),  jackanapes  (ar- 
chaic), man  milliner  (contemptuous;  ar- 
chaic), jack-a-dandy  (archaic),  prick-me- 
dainty  (archaic),  buck  (archaic),  mus- 
cadin  (French),  bawcock  (obs.),  toff 
(slang,  Eng.),  skipjack  (archaic),  dudine 
(female  dude;  colloq.),  swell  (colloq.),  dude 
(one  excessively  dandified);  spec,  majo 
(Spanish),  incroyable  (French),  hautton 
(French),  fashionables  (pi.). 
Antonyms:  see  sloven,  ragamtjefin. 
2.  See  fine  one. 

dandy,    a.    foppish,     smart     (archaic    or 

obs.),  exquisite,  dudish  (implying  excess), 

coxcombical,  jackanapish  (rare),  buckish 

(archaic),  dandified,  lardy-dardy  (slang). 

Antonyms:   see  shabby,  slovenly. 

dandyism,    n.   foppery,    foppishness,    ex- 


fes^  Cross  refereiices:  see  Note. 

D 
dabster:    dabbler,  expert. 
dado:    border. 
daft:  foolish,  deranged. 
daggle:   draggle,  soil,  wet. 
dainty:    delicacy,  sweetmeat. 
dale:    valley. 

dalliance:  trifling,  idling,  caress- 
ing. 


dally:   trifle,  idle,  toy. 

damage,  n.:  detriment,  loss, 
harm,  injury,  impairment. 

damage,  v.  t.:  harm,  injure, 
impair. 

damaged:    spoiled. 

damaging:  harmful,   injurious. 

damn:    condemn,  curse,  ruin. 

damnable:  condemnable,  abom- 
inable, cursed. 

damnation:  ruin,  condemnation. 


damnatory:  ruinous,  condem- 
natory. 

damp,  n.:   moisture. 

damp,  a.:  moist. 

damp,  V.  t.:  moisten,  restrain, 
deaden. 

dampen:   moisten,  restrain. 

dampening:    depressing. 

damsel:    girl. 

dandle:  jiggle,  caress. 


tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
110 


DARKNESS 


quisitism  {implying  excess),  exquisiteness 
(implying  excess),  macaronism  (rare),  dud- 
ism  (implying  excess),  coxcombery,  jacka- 
napery  (rare),  jack-a-dandyism  (archaic), 
peacockery  (disparaging  or  contemptuous) . 
danger,  n.  hazard,  risk,  peril,  jeopardy; 
spec,  venture,  rock  (something  dangerous; 

fig.). 

Antonyms:  see  safety. 

dangerous,  a.  bad  (contextual),  risky,  haz- 
ardous, perilous,  jeopardous  (rare  or  obs.), 
chancy  (colloq.),  dangersome  (rare), riskful 
(rare),  parlous  (archaic);  spec,  critical, 
ticklish  (colloq.),  nice,  kittle  (Scot,  or 
literary),  delicate,  serious,  ugly,  nasty, 
adventurous,  breakneck,  thorny. 
Antonyms:  see  safe. 

dangle,  v.  t.  hang,  pendulate  (rare); 
spec,  swing,  jiggle. 

dapple,  a.  spotted,  variegated;  spec. 
dapple-gray. 

dapple,  V.  t.  spot,  variegate. 

dare,  v.  t.  1.  See  challenge,  face,  defy. 
2.  undertake,  venture; — not  close  syn- 
onyms. 

dare-devil,  n.  devil  (colloq.),  madcap. 

dark,  a.  1.  Spec,  obscure,  tenebrous  (lit- 
erary), gloomy,  rayless,  dingy,  dim,  dim- 
mish, murk  (archaic  or  poetic),  murky, 
blind,  caliginous  (literary),  obfuscous 
(rare),  Cimmerian  (alluding  to  the  Cim- 
merians, fabled  to  live  in  perpetual  dark- 
ness), dun,  dunny,  dunnish,  cloudy  (often 
fig.),  umbrageous  (literary),  fuliginous, 
sooty,  grimy,  somber,  atramentous  (liter- 
ary), swarthy,  swart,  tavi^ny,  drumly 
(chiefly  Scot,  or  literary),  gloomy,  muddy, 
murksome  (rare),  nightly,  crepuscular 
(often  fig.),  nonluminescent  (formal),  non- 
luminous  (formal),  dead,  crepusculine 
(rare),  dirty,  torchless,  shadowy,  unsunned 
(rare),  sunless,  rayless,  cloudy,  darkful, 
darkish,  darksome  (vaguer  and  weaker 
than  "dark";  chiefly  poetic),  deadly, 
grimed,  umbery  (rare),  fuscous  (chiefly 
nat.  hist.),  dusky,  opaque,  swarthy,  fus- 
cescent  (rare),  black,  coaly,  carbonaceous 
(rare),  dull,  ebony,  pitchy,  inky,  inkish 
(rare),  lightless,  nigrescent  (rare) ,  funereal, 
unillumined;  see  dim,  shady,  black,  dull. 
Antonyms:  see  bright,  moonlight, 
luminescent,  shining,  fair. 

2.  Referring  to  the  understanding:  see 
mysterious,  abstruse. 

3.  Referring  to  the  complexion:  swarthy, 
tawny,  dusky,  swart  (stronger  than  tawny); 
spec,  grimy,  ebony. 

Antonyms:  see  fair,  pale. 


4.  See  gloomy,  depressing,  wicked, 
ignorant,  hidden,  secret,  reticent, 
threatening. 

dark,  n.  darkness;  spec,  obscurity,  tene- 
brousness  (literary),  tenebrosity  (literary), 
dinginess,  dimness,  murkiness,  murk 
(chiefly  literary),  caliginosity  (literary), 
dun,  umbrageousness  (literary),  ebony, 
swarthiness,  swartness,  tawniness,  gloom, 
shadow,  pitchiness,  inkiness. 
Antonyms:   see  light,  moonlight. 

darken,  v.  t.  1.  dark  (archaic  or  poetic), 
denigrate  (rare);  spec,  darkle,  dim, 
black,  blacken,  shade,  muddy,  eclipse, 
dun,  dull,  disluster  (rare),  ebonize,  dusken 
(rare),  cloud,  fog,  disilluminate,  encloud 
(intensive;  rare),  gloom,  obumbrate  (liter- 
ary), obtenebrate  (rare),  overshadow, 
shade,  murk  (rare),  obfuscate  (rare),  ob- 
nubilate (rare),  overgloom  (rare),  over- 
shade  (rare),  overcloud,  overcast,  offuscate 
(rare),  blur,  becloud  (intensive),  bedim 
(intensive),  bedarken  (intensive),  bescreen 
(intensive),  begloom  (intensive),  sable 
(chiefly  poetic),  umber  (rare),  somber. 
Antonyms:  see  light,  brighten. 

2.  Spec,  dim  (the  eyes  or  sight,  or  the  sight 
of),  blur,  purblind,  blear,  blind,  obscure, 
obfuscate  (rare),  mist. 

3.  Referring  to  the  understanding:  spec. 
dull,  benight,  obscure,  mystify. 

Antonyms:  see  enlighten. 

4.  See  depress,  sully. 

darken,  v.  i.  1.  dark  (archaic  or  poetic); 
spec,  darkle  (literary),  cloud,  dusk  (liter- 
ary), dim,  dull,  dusken  (rare),  gloom, 
umber  (flg.). 

2.  In  the  sense  of  "to  grow  angry  looking": 
darkle,  cloud. 

darkened,  a.  Spec,  obscured,  obfuscate, 
clouded,  cloudy,  ustulate  (rare),  infus- 
cate  (rare). 

darkening,  n.  obscuration  (contextual); 
spec,  blackening,  clouding,  etc. 

darkness,  n.  1.  dark;  spec,  obscurity, 
dimness,  dinginess,  dusk,  duskness, 
duskiness,  tawniness,  gloom,  gloominess, 
swartness,  swarthiness,  griminess,  calig- 
inousness  (literary),  murkiness,  somber- 
ness,  dullness,  shadow,  shadowiness, 
shadiness,  duskishness,  caliginosity  (ar- 
chaic), tenebrosity  (literary),  smokiness, 
umbrageousness  (literary),  fuliginosity 
(literary),  sootiness,  muddiness,  dimmit 
(dial.  Eng.),  lightlessness,  murk  (chiefly 
Scot.),  night,  opacity,  eclipse,  dunness 
(rare),  shades  (pi.),  etc.;  see  shading. 
Antonyms:   see  brightness. 


t^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
dangerless:    safe. 
dangle,  v.  i.:   hang,  attend. 


dangling:    hanging. 
dank:    moist. 

dapper:    dandy,  small,  smart. 
dapple:    spotted,  variegated. 


dare:    challenge,  defiance. 
dare-devil,  a.:  reckless. 
daring:    bold,  brave,  defiant. 


V^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
Ill 


DARLING 


2.  Spec,  obscurity,  mystery,  abstrusc- 
noss,  gloom,  depression,  wickedness,  ig- 
norance, blindness,  secrecy. 

darling, (I.  beloved,  favorite, pet  (u'/jzc/i  see). 
Antonynis:  see  disliked. 

dart,  7J.  1.  spear  {chkfly  spec),  weapon, 
lance,  javelin,  {spec),  gavelock  {obs.  or 
hist.),  banderilla,  jerid  or  jereed,  whisk. 
2.  Referring  to  the  motion:  s,iec.  jump, 
bolt,  flit,  shoot,  leap,  spring,  whisk, 
pounce,  flirt. 

dart,  V.  t.    1.   throw,   hurl,   dartle;  spec 
shoot,  flirt,  launch,  jaculate  (rare). 
2.  direct  (o  look,  etc.). 

dart,  V.  i.  shoot,  scoot  (colloq.);  spec,  leap, 
jump,  pounce,  spring,  rush,  dartle,  rocket, 
bolt,  flit,  flirt,  whip,  whisk,  scoot,  rush, 
whir. 

dash,  V.  t.  1.  propel  {contextual),  strike, 
beat,  knock,  pash  {now  chiefly  dial.  Eng.), 
slam;  spec  smash  {colloq.),  swash,  ding, 
slap,  crash;    see  splash,  knock. 

2.  See  SHATTER,  THROW,  RUIN,  DEPRESS, 
ABASH,    FL.WOR,    COMPOSE. 

dash,  V.  i.  rush,  dart;  spec,  clash,  smash, 
lash;  see  splash,  rush. 
Antonyms:  see  l.\g. 
dash,  n.  1.   See  propulsion,  shock,  line, 

BLOW,  rush,  energy,  SHOW^ 

2.  admixture  {contextual),  little  {context- 
ual); spec  touch,  intimation  {colloq.), 
tinge,  spice,  sensation  {colloq.  or  slang), 
lace  {of  spirits),  flavor,  relish;   see  trace. 

date,  n.  1.  time;     spec  epoch,  day,  age, 
era,  aeon,  moment,  canon,  misdate. 
2.  See  duration,  appointment. 

date,  V.  t.  time,  place  {chronologically); 
spec,  misdate. 

dateless,  a.  undated. 

datum,  n.  Spec,  element,  premiss,  con- 
dition, material  ia  collective). 

daughter,  n.  child  {contextual);  spec,  ca- 
dette,  daughterkin,  daughterUng,  daugh- 
ter-in-law,   stepdaughter,    infanta,    dau- 
phiness. 
Antonyms:  see  parent,  father,  mother. 

dauntless,  n.  brave  {contextual),  bold,  un- 
affeared  {archaic),  unaff righted,  unap- 
palled. 

dawdle,  v.  i.  1.  trifle,  potter,  idle,  diddle. 
Antonyms:   see  bustle. 
2.  See  delay. 

dawn,  n.  daybreak,  break  of  day. 

dawn,  V.  i.  1.  daw  {Scot.),  morrow  {rare), 
break  {chiefly  un,th  "day"  as  the  subject). 
2.  See  arise. 

dawning,  n.  daybreak. 


day,  n.  1.  daytime;  spec,  sunshine. 
Antonyms:  see  night. 

2.  ..4  day  of  a  certain  kind:  spec  lay-day 
{cammercial),  dripper  {colloq.),  roaster 
(colloq.),  scorcher  {colloq.),  doomsday. 

3.  See  date. 

daybreak,  n.  dawn,  dawning,  break 
{chiefly  in  "break  of  day"),  dawing  {Scot.), 
daylight,  morn  {poetic),  cockcrow  {fig.), 
greking  {obs.  or  Scot.),  daypeep  {poetic), 
aurora  {fig.). 
Antonyms:  see  night. 

daydream,    n.    dream    {contextual),    rev- 
erie, conceit,  fancy,  castle  in  the  air,  air 
castle,  chateau  en  Espagne  {French) ,  pipe 
dream  {colloq.). 
Antonyms:  see  actuality. 

daylight,  n.  light  {contextual);  spec,  sun- 
shine, sunlight,  daybreak. 

daze,  V.  t.  confuse,  confound  {archaic), 
stupefy,  bewilder,  stun;  spec,  dazzle,  blind. 

daze,  n.  confusion,  stupor,  bewilderment; 
spec,  dazzle,  dazzlement. 

dazzle,  v.  t.  confuse,  daze,  blind,  bedazzle 
{intensive),  overpower  {contextual);  spec. 
stupefy. 

dazzle,  n.  1.  dazzlement,  daze,  confusion; 
— referring  to  the  state. 

2.  brilliancy,  brightness; — referring  to  the 
effect  of  light  or  display. 

3.  See  show. 

dazzling,  a.  bright  {contextual),  bUnding, 
overpowering  {contextual); — referring  to 
light  or  display. 

dead,  a.  1.  »See  lifeless,  absolute,  un- 
questionable, direct. 

2.  Referring  to  a  person  that  has  died: 
deceased,  perished  {by  privation),  defunct 
{rare),  late  (a  euphemism,  conventional  in 
certain  connections),  exanimate  {rare). 

Antonyms:  see  living. 

3.  mat. 

Antonyms:    see  lustrous,  polished. 

4.  Referring  to  living  matter  that  has  died: 
spec,  mortified,  gangrenous,  sphacelate, 
necrosed. 

5.  Referring  to  things  that  have  ceased  to 
function,  act,  etc:  defunct;  spec,  obsolete, 
extinct,  extinguished,  sleeping,  inert, 
still,  stagnant,  lusterless,  out  {referring  to 
fire),  flat,  useless. 

dead,  n.  1.  decedent  (17.  S.;  chiefly  law), 
deceased  {euphemistic;  usually  with  "the"), 
defunct  {formal;  usually  with  "the"), 
croaker  {slang).  "Dead"  is  chiefly  used 
collectively  with  "the." 
2.  See  silence. 


I^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

darling,  n.:  dear,  pet. 

darn :   repair. 

dashing:  lively,  showy,  energetic. 

dastard:    coward,  cowardly. 


daub,  V.  t.:  smear. 
daub,  n.:   smear,  plaster. 
daunt:    intimidate,  dismay. 
davit:  crane. 
dawn:    daybreak. 


daylight:   sunlight. 
daystar:    morning  star,  sun. 
daze,  V.  t.:   stupefy. 
daze,  n.:   stupor. 
deacon,    v.  t.:  fake. 


IW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

112 


DECAY 


deaden,  v.  t.  1.  Spec,  dull,  benumb,  numb, 
stupefy. 

2.  Referring  to  sounds  or  sounding  things: 
muffle,  damp,  bemuffle  {intensive),  dumb 
{rare),  mute;  spec.  pug. 

3.  Referring  to  velocity,  activity,  etc.; 
check;  spec,  smother  (a  fire),  damp  (a 
fire),  stagnate,  repress,  choke. 

Antonyms:   see  agitate. 
deadhouse,  n.  mortuary;    spec,  morgue. 
deadlock,  n.  standstill. 
deadly,  a.  1.  mortal,  fatal,  deathly  {rare), 
fell  {poetic). 

2.  implacable,  lethal  {literary),  fatal,  kill- 
ing {referring  to  gait,  pace,  habits,  etc.), 
mortiferous  {rare),  mortific  {rare),  death- 
ful  {rare),  mortifying  {rare),  funest  {rare), 
lethiferous  {rare);  spec,  murderous,  bane- 
ful, poisonous,  pestilent,  pestilential, 
pestiferous,  noxious,  etc. 

3.  See  DEATHLIKE. 

deaf,  a.  earless  {fig.),  surd  (archaic). 

deafen,  v.  t.   I.  deave  {obs.  or  Scot,  and 
dial.),  stun  {with  noise). 
2.  See  DROWN. 

deal,  n.  1.  See  share,  amount,  quantity. 
2.  lot,  heap ; — all  three  colloq. 

deal,  V.  t.  1.   See  apportion. 
2.  Referring  to  a  blow,  etc.:  give,  bestow, 
deliver,  fetch,  lay  {used  with  "on"),  plant, 
place,  administer,  strike. 

deal,  V.  i.  traffic,  converse,  practice  (rare); 
spec,  contend  {used  with  "with"). 

dealer,  n.  monger  {chiefly  in  combination), 
merchant  {Scot,  or  U.  S.  in  sense  of  re- 
tailer), trader,  chapman  {archaic);  spec. 
copeman  {archaic),  coper  {archaic),  cadg- 
er, hawker,  badger,  huckster,  tallyman, 
stallman,  jobber,  drover  {cattle  dealer). 

dealing,  n.  I.  intercourse. 

2.  traffic;    spec,  negotiation,  conduct. 

3.  giving,  bestowal,  dehvery.  placing, 
planting ; — referring  to  a  blow,  etc. 

dear,  a.  1.  loved,  beloved;  spec,  cherished, 
precious,  favorite,  bosom. 

2.    See  HEARTFELT,   COSTLY. 

dear,  n.  darling,  deary  {amatory,  conjugal, 
or  familiar),  beloved,  mavourneen  {Irish), 
lovey  {in  affectionate  address),  honey 
{chiefly  Irish,  dial.  Eng.,  or  negro  U.  S.), 
pigsney  {archaic);  spec,  pet,  favorite, 
moppet  (contemptuous  as  used  of  a  man). 

death,  n.  1.  decease  (legal,  slightly  euphe- 
mistic,   or   rhetorical),    demise    (elevated), 


quietus  (rare),  dying,  departure  (euphe- 
mistic), expiration  (rare),  expiry  (literary), 
finish  (vulgar  or  colloq.),  finis  (figurative; 
rare),  exit  (literary  or  affected),  parting 
(euphemistic),  ending  (noio  colloq.),  end, 
dissolution  (literary  or  rhetorical),  mor- 
tality, consummation  (a  figurative  literary 
use),  passing  (euphemistic),  pass  (rare), 
def unction  (rare);  spec,  predecease,  eutha- 
nasia or  euthanasy. 
Antonyms:  see  birth. 

2.  Referring  to  the  dying  of  tissues,  etc.: 
spec,  mortification,  gangrene,  necrosis. 

3.  Referring  to  the  cause  of  death:  spec. 
quietus,  coup  de  grace  (French),  finish 
(vulgar  or  colloq.). 

4.  Referring  to  the  state:  dormition  (fig.), 
sleep  (fig.),  darkness  (fig.),  grave  (fig.), 
tomb  (fig.). 

Antonyms:   see  life. 

5.  See  EXTINCTION,  destruction. 
death  bell,  passing  bell,  knell. 
deathlike,    a.    deathly,    deadly,    deathy, 

deathful  (rare). 

debit,  n.  entry  (contextual),  charge. 

debit,  v.  t.  enter  (contextual),  charge. 

debris,  n.  "Debris"  is  French.  1.  See  rub- 
bish. 
2.  In  geol.:  spec,  detritus,  eluvium. 

debt,  n.  Spec,  due  (chiefly  in  pi.),  aiTcar 
(chiefly  in  pi.). 

debut,  n.  appearance,  coming-out.  "De- 
but" is  French. 

debutant,  7i.  masc,  debuntante,  n.  fern. 
come-outer  (slang);  spec,  rose  (slang;  U. 
S.).  "Debutant"  and  "debutante"  arcFrench. 

decade,  7i.  decennary. 

decamp,  v.  i.  1.  rise. 
Antonyms:  see  camp. 

2.    See  DEPART. 

decay,  v.  i.  1.   See  decline,  decompose. 

2.  Referring  to  things  falling  into  ruin: 
spec,  dilapidate,  disintegrate,  ruin,  ruin- 
ate, perish. 

Antonyms:   see  renew. 

3.  Referring  to  fruits,  etc.:  rot;  spec,  rust, 
blight,  blet. 

decay,  n.  1.  See  decline,  decomposition. 
2.  Referring  to  becoming  or  being  ruined: 
spec,  dilapidation,  disintegration,  waste, 
ruin,  ruination,  disrepair,  decayedness, 
decrepitude,  irrepair  (rare),  unrepair, 
eboulement  (French). 
Antonyms:   see  renewal. 


t^=  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

debark:   decorticate. 

debauched:    dissipated. 

dealing:    intercourse,  traffic. 

debase:     abase,  degrade,  adul- 

debauchery:    corruption,  dis- 

dean:   senior. 

terate,  corrupt. 

sipation. 

dearth:   deficiency. 

debase:    decline. 

debenture:  certificate,  security. 

deathless:   immortal. 

debate,  v.:   dispute,  discuss. 

debilitate:    weaken,  enervate. 

deathly:    deathlike. 

debate,  n.:  dispute,  discussion. 

debit:    charge. 

debacle:    rush,  catastrophe,  up- 

debauch, v.  t.:  corrupt. 

debouch:    Issue. 

heaval. 

debauch,  v.  i.:     dissipate,    ca- 

decadence:   decline. 

debar:    exclude,  refuse,  prevent. 

rouse. 

decadent:    declining. 

debark:    disembark. 

debauch,  n.:    carouse. 

decapitate:    behead. 

tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
113 


DECAYED 


3.  Rtjcrring  tofruils,  etc.:  rot;  spec,  blight, 
rust,  spur,  blet. 
decayed,  a.  1.  dilapidated;  spec,  decrepit, 

disjasked  [Scot.),  forworn  (archaic), 
tumbledown,  ruinous,  ruined. 

2.    5ff  DECOMPOSED. 

S.  Referring  to  fruit,  vegetables,  etc.:  un- 
sound, rotten;  spec,  druxy,  doted  or 
doated,  spurred,  ergotized,  bletted,  dod- 
dered, etc. 

deceitful,  a.  deceptive  (which  does  not  wi- 
phj  intent  to  deceive,  nor  necessarily  any 
evil  purpose,  while  the  others  do),  cunning, 
covinous  (archaic),  two-faced,  indirect, 
underhand,  underhanded,  deceivable  (ar- 
chaic), insincere,  circumventive,  false; 
spec,  crooked,  double-tongued,  double- 
hearted,  dodgy  (colloq.),  evasive,  hypo- 
critical, fraudulent,  fraudful  (rare),  guile- 
ful, juggling,  Jesuitical  (opprobriously  used 
by  non-Catholics),  histrionic  (learned  or 
rare),  theatrical,  dissembhng,  intriguing, 
insidious,  tricky,  trickish,  tricksy,  snaky, 
treacherous. 
Antonyms:    see  conscientious,  frank. 

deceitfulness,  n.  cunning,  covin  (archaic); 
spec,  guile,  fraud,  etc. 

deceivable,  a.  Spec,  delusible,  gullible,  il- 
lusionable  (rare),  credulous. 

deceive,  v.  t.  mislead;  spec,  delude,  fool, 
befool  (intensive),  bejape  (obs.),  begunk 
(Scot.),  bamboozle,  beguile,  gull,  flatter, 
hoax,  humbug,  hoodwink,  bubble  (7-are), 
circumvent,  outwit,  trick,  bucket  (slang), 
cozen,  best,  cajole,  bilk,  do  (slang), 
cheat,  mock,  chisel  (slang),  chouse 
(slang),  jilt,  overreach,  defraud,  doodle 
(slang),  hallucinate,  illude  (implying  false 
hopes),  cog,  blear,  bluflf,  misinform,  mock, 
tantalize,  jilt  (one's  expectations),  hocus- 
pocus  (rare),  juggle,  dupe,  fob,  flimflam 
(cant),  flam  (cant),  kid  (slang),  diddle 
(colloq.  or  slang) . 
Antonyms:  see  undeceive. 

deceiver,  n.  misleader;  spec,  deluder,  bam- 
boozler,'  beguiler,  hoaxer,  humbug,  hum- 
bugger,  hoodwinker,  circumventor  or 
circumventer,  outwitter,  tricker,  cozener, 
cheater,  cheat,  swindler,  swindle,  de- 
frauder,  double-dealer,  pretender,  Sinon 
(fig.),  trickster,  charlatan,  impostor,  im- 
postress,  sharper,  cogger  (obs.  or  archaic), 
hallucinator,  hypocrite,  illuder  (rare), 
juggler,  dodger  (often  slang),  faitour  (ar- 
cliaic),  duper,  rogue,  knave,  duffer,  diddler 
(colloq.  or  slang) . 

deception,  n.  1.     Referring  to  the  action, 

fact,  habit,  practice,  etc.:  deceit;  spec. 
cheat,  dole   (rare),  misleading,  delusion, 


fooling,  bamboozle  (generic),  bamboozle- 
mont,  bambosh  (slang),  beguilement, 
hoax,  humbugging,  humbug,  hiunbuggery, 
humbugism,  hoodwinking,  circumven- 
tion, outwitting,  outwittal,  tricking, 
trick,  hocus-pocus,  flimflam  (cant),  flum- 
mery (empty  talk,  etc.),  illusion,  fancy, 
cozenage  (archaic) _  flam  (cant  or  colloq.), 
gullery  (archaic),  duplicity,  guile,  finesse, 
stratagem,  pretense,  sham,  covin  (archaic), 
hallucination,  disguise,  disguisement,  de- 
fraudation (rare),  defraudment  (rare), 
hypocrisy,  hypocrisis  (rare),  do  (slang  or 
colloq.),  indirectness,  insidiousness,  trick- 
iness,  trickishness,  hanky-panky  (slang), 
chicanery,  pettifogging,  quibbling,  soph- 
istry, subterfuge,  dodgery  (rare),  dupery, 
subreption  (rare),  guile,  double-dealing, 
mockery. 

2.  Referring  to  the  thing  that  deceives: 
spec,  artifice,  cheat,  fraud,  humbug, 
mockery,  flam  (cant),  trick,  sham,  sell, 
cantel  (archaic),  dodge,  hoax,  gag  (slang), 
imposture,  cog,  bosh  (slang),  juggle,  ruse, 
wile,  stratagem.  Many  of  the  words  in 
sense  1  are  synonyms  also  in  this  sense. 

deceptive,  a.  misleading,  deceitful  (which 
see);  spec,  delusive,  delusory,  catchy  (col- 
loq.), tricksy,  hallucinative,  hallucinatory, 
fairy  (as  if  done  by  a  fairy),  illusory, 
fallacious,  false,  subjective,  disingenuous. 

decide,  v.  i.  1.  determine,  settle,  fix,  con- 
clude, resolve  (rare),  decree  (archaic); 
spec,  misdecide. 

2.  adjudge  (tech.),  adjudicate,  dijudicate 
(rare),  decern  (Scot.);  spec,  arbitrate,  um- 
pire, pass  (upon  a  question). 

decide,  v.  t.  1.  determine,  settle,  resolve, 
conclude;  spec,  predetermine,  decern 
(Scots  law),  adjudge  (rare),  adjudicate 
(tech.),  judge;  arbitrate,  award,  decree, 
deraign  (law,  hist.,  or  obs.),  dijudicate 
(rare),  rule,  hold. 

2.  To  bring  a  person  to  a  decision:  deter- 
mine, resolve  (rare). 

decided,  a.  positive,  strong,  pronounced; 
spec,  marked;  see  assured. 
Antonyms:    see  doubtful,  hesitating. 

decipher,  v.  t.  1.  translate,  interpret. 
2.  Referring   to   mental   character:   read, 
trace,  make  out. 

decision,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  act  of  the 
mind:  determination,  settlement,  con- 
clusion; spec,  resolution,  discretion,  judg- 
ment, finding. 

2.  Referring  to  the  delivery  of  a  decision  or 
to  the  thing  decided  upon:  adjudgment,  ad- 
judication, judgment,  decerniture  (Scots 
law);  spec,  arbitration,  award,  decree,  de- 


t^=  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
decease,  n.:   death. 
decease,  v.  i.:  die. 


decedent:    dead. 

deceit:    deception. 

decent:      appropriate,   modest. 


proper,    shapely,    considerable, 
fair. 
decern:    decide. 


IW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

114 


DECREE 


creement,  arret  {French  hist.),  {pro- 
nouncement, sentence,  edict,  definition, 
decreet  (Scots  law;  colloq.),  halacha  or 
halakah,  decretal;  see  verdict. 

decisive,  a.  1.  determinative,  resolutive  or 
resolutory  (in  law  spec),  conclusive,  ad- 
judicative, decretive,  decretory. 
Antonyms:  see  indecisive. 
2.  determinative,  definitive,  conclusive, 
final,  peremptory,  determinant;  spec. 
critical,  crucial,  fateful. 

deck,  n.  Spec,  orlop,  texas  (Western  U.S.), 
hurricane  deck,  splinter  deck,  poop  deck, 
main  deck,  quarterdeck. 

declaim,  v.  i.  speak,  harangue  (chiefl]/ 
spec),  rant  (chiefly  spec),  spout  (con- 
temptuous), mouth  (contemptuous);  spec. 
perorate  (literary). 

declamatory,  a.  Spec,  rhetorical,  bom- 
bastic. 

declaratory,  n.  declarative,  predicative, 
affirmative. 

declare,  v.  t.  1.  Spec,  proclaim,  acclaim, 
find  (law),  denounce  (as  being  bad). 

2.    See  STATE,  DISCLOSE,  ACKNOWLEDGE. 

declination,  n.  1.  See  deviation,  descent. 
2.  refusal,  declension,  nonacceptance,  re- 
jection;  spec,  declinature  (Scots  law),  re- 
pudiation, repulse,  detrectation  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  acceptance. 

declinatory,  a.  In  an  active  sense:  deteri- 
orative, degeneratory,  degenerative,  deg- 
radational,  depreciatory,  depreciative. 

decline,  v.  i.  1.   See  deviate,  descend. 

2.  deteriorate,  decay,  impair,  worsen 
(rare),  fail;  spec,  ebb,  fall  (often  ivith 
"away"),  set,  weaken,  wane,  derogate, 
degenerate,  degrade,  debase,  depreciate, 
fade,  flag,  retrograde,  wither,  recede, 
retrogress  (rare),  rot,  lapse,  dwindle, 
diminish;  see  languish. 

Antonyms:   see  improve,  progress. 

3.  See  REFUSE. 

decline,  v.  t.  1.  bend,  bow,  depress. 

2.  refuse,  reject;  spec,  repudiate,  repel, 
repulse,  renegue  (rare). 

Antonyms:  see  accept,  receive. 

3.  See  inflect. 
decline,  n.  1.   See  descent. 

2.  deterioration,  decay,  impair  (archaic), 
impairment,  declination  (obs.),  deca- 
dence, decadency,  degeneration,  degra- 
dation, debasement,  depreciation,  dero- 
gation, failure,  ebb,  depravation,  lan- 
guishment,  retrograde,  retrogression, 
retrogradation,  wane,  diminution,  etc. 

Antonyms:   see  progress,  recovery. 

3.  See  disease,  ailment. 

declining,  a.  In  an  active  sense:  decadent, 
deteriorating,  degenerating. 


declivitous,  a.  sloping,  steep.  "Decliui- 
tous"  is  icsed  esp.  in  reference  to  downward 
slope. 

declivous,  a.  sloping.  "Declivous"  usu- 
ally means  descending. 

decomposable,  a.  perishable,  resoluble, 
corruptible  (archaic),  resolvable;  spec. 
putrescible,  putrefiable  (rare). 

decompose,  v.  t.  &  i.  i.  decompound 
(rare),  dissolve,  resolve,  disintegrate 
(chiefly  spec),  analyze  (esp.  spec);  spec. 
electrolyze,  thermolyze,  hydrolyze. 
Antonyms:  see  synthesize. 
2.  Referring  to  natural  decomposition,  de- 
stroying physical  integrity  and  soundness: 
consume,  decay,  rot  (often  spec),  corrupt 
(archaic  or  rare),  faint"  spec,  (of  loathsome 
and  stinking  rottenness)  putresce,  putrefy. 

decomposed,   a.    1.   decompounded,   dis- 
solved, disintegrated,  etc 
2.  decayed,  corrupt  (archaic  or  rare),  rot- 
ten;   spec    putrid,    putrescent,    carious 
(chiefly  tech.),  green;  see  tainted. 
Antonyms:   see  sweet. 

decomposing,  a.  1.  decompounding  (rare), 
disintegrative,  disintegratory,  analytic ; 
spec  thermolytic,  electrolytic,  proteolyt- 
ic, hydrolytic. 

2.  decaying,  rotting,  corruptive  (archaic 
or  rare);  spec,  putrefactive,  putrefacient. 

decomposition,  n.  1.  decompounding, 
dissolution,  resolution,  disintegration 
(chiefly  spec),  analysis  (esp.  for  study), 
break-up;  spec,  thermolysis,  hydrolysis, 
electrolysis,  proteolysis,  electrolyzation. 

Antonyms:  see  synthesis. 
2.  Referring  to  natural  decomposition:  de- 
cay, corruption  (archaic  or  rare),  rot;  spec. 
dry  rot,  putrefaction,  putridity,  putres- 
cence, caries,  cariosity. 

decoration,  n.  1.  See  ornamentation, 
ornament. 

2.  Spec,   medal,   badge,   crest,   cockade, 
crown,  epaulette,  etc 

decorticate,  v.  t.  excorticate  (rare);  spec. 
debark,  disbark,  skin,  peel,  busk,  pill 
(archaic),  rind,  rend  (a  tree). 

decorum,  n.  propriety;  spec,  modesty. 
Antonyms:  see  misbehavior. 

decoy,  n.  1.  trap. 
2.  enticement,  lure;   spec  stool,  flare. 

decoy,  v.  t.  attract,  entice,  lure. 

decree,  v.  t.  decide,  command,  order,  or- 
dain, appoint,  rule  (chiefly  spec);  spec. 
adjudge,  adjudicate,  enact,  decern  (now 
chiefly  Scot,  and  tech.). 

decree,  n.  decision,  command,  edict,  order, 
ordinance  (now  chiefly  spec),  ordination, 
enactment,  law  (chiefly  spec),  dispensa- 
tion (theoL),  ordainment  (rare),  enaction 


C^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
deck,  V.  t.:  ornament,  cover,  clothe. 


decorate:    ornament,  honor. 
decorative:    ornamental. 


decorous:    becoming,  proper. 
decoram,  ti.  t.:  propriety. 


KW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

115 


DECREEING 


(rore),  rule  {chiefly  sjycc);  spec,  tirnuui, 
sjinction  [hist.),  decretal,  novel,  rescript, 
constitution,  assize,  pragmatic,  psephism, 
recess  {Inst.),  hatti,  uiterdict,  iradc. 

decreeing,  a.  decisional,  enact ive,  dccre- 
tial  [rare),  decretive  {rare),  decretory. 

decretive,  a.  1.  decisive,  decreeing,  ordina- 
tive. 

S.  See  DECREEING. 
dedicate,  r.  t.  1.  appropriate  {contextual), 
give  {contextual),  devote,  consecrate,  vow, 
hallow    {archaic);    spec,    promise,     sur- 
render. 
2.  Spec,  inscribe  {as  a  book);  see  conse- 

CR.\TE,   INSCRIBE. 

dedication,  n.  Spec,  appropriation,  de- 
votion, consecration,  etc. 

dedicatory,  o.  dedicative,  consecrative, 
consecratory,  votary,  votive. 

deduct,  V.  t.   abstract,    remove,   defalcate 
{rare),  subtract  {esp.  of  numbers);  spec,  re- 
bate, recoup  {laiv). 
Antonyyns:   see  add. 

deduction,  7i.  1.   See  iijference. 

2.  abstraction,  removal,  subtraction  {esp. 
of  numbers);  spec,  recoupment  {law). 

Antonyms:  see  addition. 

3.  Referring  to  the  thing  deducted:  defal- 
cation {rare);  spec,  discount,  drawback, 
draft,  tare,  reprise,  rebatement,  rebate, 
off-reckoning,  offtake. 

deductive,  a.  inferential,  a  priori  {Latin; 
tech.). 

deed,  n.  1.  action,  act,  exploit,  feat,  gest 
{archaic  or  poetic),  do  {colloq.),  jest  {ar- 
chaic or  poetic),  fact  {obs.,  archaic,  or 
idiomatic),  effort;  spec,  accomplishment, 
derring-do  {pseudo-archaic),  prowess 
{chiefly  in  pi.;  literary). 

2.  instrument  {contextual);  spec,  release, 
quitclaim,  land-boc  {obs.),  charter,  in- 
denture, infeudation,  remise. 

3.  See  action. 

deed,  v.  t.  convey  {contextual) ;  spec,  quit- 
claim, release,  remise. 

deep,   a.    1.   profound    {very  deep);  spec. 
depthless,  bottomless,  abysmal. 
Antonyms:  see  shallow,  surface. 

2.  See  ABSTRUSE,  discerning,  subtle. 

3.  Referring  to  evils  in  which  one  may  be 
involved:  serious,  grave,  profound,  ex- 
treme, great. 

4.  Referring  to  emotions  deeply  felt:  deep- 
felt,  deep-seated,  profound,  intimate, 
heartfelt,  cordial  {chiefly  spec);  spec. 
heavy,  sound,  dead,  hearty,  thorough, 
inveterate,  ingrained. 


Antonyms:  see  superficial. 
6.  Referring  to  sleep:   profound,    heavy, 
fast . 

Antonyms:  see  light. 

6.  Referring  to  colors:  strong,  intense,  rich. 

7.  See  LOW,  bass,  absorbed. 

8.  involved; — referring    to    a    person    in- 
volved in  vice,  disgrace,  etc. 

deep,  n.  1.  abyss,  profound  {poetic),  gulf 
{poetic);  spec,  ocean. 
Antonyms:   see  shallow. 

2.  See  depth. 

3.  Spec,  mystery,  incomprehensible  {used 
with  "the"),  riddle. 

deepen,  v.  i.   There  are  no  synonyms. 
Antonyms:  see  shoal. 

deepen,  v.  t.  strengthen,  intensify. 

deeply,  adv.  Spec,  profoundly,  abstrusely, 
soundly,  mortally,  intimately. 

deepset,  a.  sunken. 

deer,  n.  1.  doe  {female),  buck  {male),  fawii 
{young);  spec,  stag,  hart,  havier,  hind 
(female),  spire,  spay  {male),  hearst  (o  hunt- 
ing term),  roe,  roebuck  {masc),  fallow 
deer,  elk,  reindeer,  caribou,  russ,  moose, 
maral,  wapiti,  venada. 
2.  Referring  to  deer  flesh:  venison. 

deer,  a.  cervine. 

deface,  v.  t.  mar,  disfigure,  disfeature 
{rare),  defeature  {archaic),  dedecorate 
{rare),  disvisage  {rare),  disfashion  {rare); 
spec,  deform,  distort,  mutilate,  maim 
(fig.),  mangle,  garble,  bemangle  {in- 
tensive), skew,  twist,  wrench,  blur, 
blotch,  haggle,  hack,  ughfy,  cancel,  foul 
{make  ugly),  dog's-ear,  scar,  soil,  tarnish, 
etc. 
Antonyms:  see  beautify,  ornament. 

defacement,  v.  i.  disfigurement,  deforma- 
tion, deformity,  etc. 

defamation,  n.  traduction,  vilification,  as- 
persion, calumny;    spec,  slander,  libel. 

defamatory,  a.  traductory,  calumniatory, 
abusive;  spec,  hbellous,  scandalous. 

defame,  v.  i.  traduce,  vilify,  slur,  asperse, 
belie,  calumniate,  vilipend  {literary;  spec.), 
slander,    scandal    {archaic),    scandalize, 
backbite,  hbel. 
Antonyms:  see  praise,  ennoble. 

default,  n.  1.  See  fault. 
2.  omission,  failure;   spec,  neglect. 

defeat,  v.  t.  1.  frustrate,  checkmate,  balk, 
block,  spoil,  foil,  baffle,  thwart,  cross, 
circumvent,  outwit,  contravene,  blank, 
stump  {colloq.),  stale,  dish  {colloq.),  dis- 
appoint; spec,  nullify,  euchre  {colloq.), 
neutralize,  double,  puzzle,  halt,  etc. 


t^"  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
decreement:    decision. 
decrepit:    weak,  weakened. 
decrepitate:    roast. 
decrepitate:   crackle. 


decrepitude:  weakness. 
decrescence:    diminution. 
decretal:    decree. 
decussate:    cross. 
deduce:    infer,  derive. 


defalcate:  embezzle. 

default,  n.:   deficiency,  failure, 

fault. 
default,  V.  i.:  fail. 
defaulter:  insolvent. 


t^#~  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
116 


DEFINITE 


Antonyms:  see  aid. 
2.  overcome,  overpower,  overthrow,  con- 
quer, discomfit,  have,  beat,  tlii-ash  {col- 
loq.),  Hck  (colloq.),  whip  (colloq.),  drub 
{colloq.),  master,  vanquish,  cast  {tech., 
law,orobs.),  fail,  repulse,  checkmate,  con- 
found {archaic),  euchre  {spec,  or  fig.), 
lurch  {spec,  in  games,  or  fig.),  throw, 
floor  {in  argument,  etc.;  colloq,),  over- 
match {rare),  bilk  {cribbage  or  fig.);  spec. 
counterwork,  countermine,  counterplot, 
rout,  derout  {emphatic),  outargue,  out- 
play, outvote,  sack  {slang),  trim  {colloq.). 
Antonyms:  see  aid. 

defeat,  n.  1.  frustration,  checkmate,  balk, 
fail,    bafflement,    thwarting,    circumven- 
tion, outwittal   {by  strategy),  contra ven- 
>tion. 
Antonyms:  see  aid. 

2.  overthrow,  conquest,  discomfiture, 
best,  thrashing  {colloq.),  drubbing  {col- 
loq.), whipping  {colloq.),  licking  {colloq.), 
mastery,  vanquishment,  overcoming,  cast 
{law  or  obs.),  checkmate,  confusion 
{rare);  spec,  rout,  derout  {emphatic), 
lurch,  reverse. 
Antonyms:  see  victory,  success. 

defecate,  v.  i.  cack  {obs.  or  dial.  Eng.), 
evacuate,  foul  {rare),  dung  {now  of  ani- 
mals only),  stool. 

defective,  a.  1.  See  deficient. 
2.  Spec,    deranged,    feeble-minded,    im- 
becile. 

defend,  v.  t.  1.    See  protect. 

2.  maintain,  uphold,  vindicate  {as  being 
true  or  correct),  sustain,  support,  champion 
{the  truth,  a  cause,  etc.),  espouse  (a  cause); 
spec,  justify,  plead,  advocate. 

Antonyms:  see  assail,  attack. 

3.  oppose  (a  claim,  lawsuit,  etc.). 
defense,  n.  1.  See  protection. 

2.  maintenance,  upholding,  vindication 
{as  true  or  correct),  support,  espousal  {of 
the  truth,  a  cause,  etc.);  spec,  justification 
{of  action) ,  advocacy. 

Antonyms:  see  attack. 

3.  Spec,  justification,  excuse,  plea,  vin- 
dication, denial,  answer. 

defensible,  a.  1.  fencible  {of  a  fort,  etc.), 
tenable. 

2.  maintainable,  supportable,  vindicable 
{as  right  or  trv£),  tenable;  spec,  excusable, 
justifiable. 
Antonyms:  see  indefensible. 

defer,  v.  t.  delay,  postpone,  procrastinate, 
adjourn  {properly,  spec),  suspend,  wait; 
spec,  table,  stay,  perendinate  {rare),  res- 
pite {rare),  reserve,  shelve. 


deference,  n.  Spec,  submissiveness,  obei- 
sance, regardful ness,  complaisance. 

deferential,  a.  Spec,  submissive,  obeisant, 
regardful;    see  complaisant. 

deferment,  n.  deferral  {rare.),  delay,  post- 
ponement, procrastination,  adjournment 
or  {rare)  adjournal  {properly,  spec),  sus- 
pension, suspense  {in  law  spec),  wait, 
pause,  frist  {archaic);  spec  respite,  re- 
prieve, mora,  cunctation  {literary),  breath- 
ing, moratory,  moratorium. 

defiance,  n.  1.  defial,  dare  {colloq.),  daring, 
daringness  {the  quality),  challenge,  bra- 
vado, bravery  {obs.  or  rare),  defy  {colloq.), 
disregard,  despite  {literary);  spec  diffida- 
tion  {chiefly  feudalism),  opposition,  re- 
sistance, rebellion,  disobedience. 
2.  Referring  to  the  quality:  spec,  contempt, 
stubbornness,  despite  {literary),  recal- 
citrance, rebelliousness,  disobedience, 
contumaciousness. 

defiant,  a.  daring  {now  chiefly  colloq.),  dis- 
regardful,  challenging;  spec,  contuma- 
cious, resistant,  disobedient,  despiteful,  re- 
clcitrant,  rebellious,  insolent,  stubborn. 

Antonyms:    see  submissive,  resigned, 
obedient. 

deficiency,  n.  1.  defect  {chiefly  spec), 
want,  lack,  deficit,  defalcation,  shortage, 
wantage  {rare),  deficience  {rare),  ab- 
sence, default  {archaic  or  spec); — refer- 
ring to  that  which  is  either  not  present  or 
not  available. 
Antonyms:   see  excess,  extra. 

2.  insufficiency,  inadequacy,  failure, 
dearth,  scarcity,  famine,  want,  lack, 
penury,  poverty,  shortness,  default  {ar- 
chaic or  rare),  meagerness; — referring  to 
the  fact  of  being  deficient. 

Antonyms:   see  abundance,  excess. 

3.  Se^  imperfection. 

deficient,  a.  poor,  defective,  insufficient, 
inadequate,  incomplete,  imperfect,  short, 
scarce,  scant,  wanting  {used  with  "in"), 
lacking. 
Antonyms:  see  abundant,  abounding, 
excessive,  spare. 

define,  v.  t.  1.  delimit,  determine,  bound, 
demarcate,  limit,  delimitate  {rare),  de- 
mark  {rare); — referring  to  land  or  used  fig. 

2.  Referring  to  loords,  ideas,  etc.:  deter- 
mine, formalize,  precise  {rare);  spec,  in- 
dividuate, individualize. 

3.  See  describe. 

definite,  a.  determinate,  distinct,  certain, 
limited,  fixed;  spec  clear-cut,  sharp-cut, 
clear,  downright,  sharp,  crisp  {tones,  etc.), 
explicit,  express,  formal,  vivid,  specific. 


t-W  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
defecate:    clear,  purify,  excrete. 
defect:  deficiency,  imperfecticn, 
fault. 


defile,  V.  &  n.:   march. 
defile  «.;  pass,  ravine,  march. 
defile,    V.    t.:     dirty,   foul,    con- 
taminate, corrupt,  sully,  violate. 


desecrate. 
defilement:     dirtying,  fouling, 
contamination,  corruption,  soil- 
ing, sullying,  violation. 


t-ff"  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
117 


DEFINITION 


unequivocal,     flat,     particular,     precise, 
exact. 
Anlonyms:  sec  ambiguous,  indefinite, 

INDISTINCT. 

definition,  ri.  1.  delimitation,  demarcation. 
2.  Referring  to  words,  ideas,  etc.:  determi- 
nation, formalization;  spec,  individuation. 

S.    See  DESCRIPTION. 

deflate,  v.  t.  exliaust  (contextual),  empty 
(contextual;  rare);  spec,  flatten. 
Antomjms:  see  infl.vte,  bloat. 

deflower,  v.  t.  1.  disflower  (strip  of  flowers). 
2.  violate,  devirginate  (rare). 

deform,  v.  t.  I.  inisshape,  spoil,  disform 
(rare),  disfigure;  spec,  spring,  distort, 
strain  (tech.),  bemonster  (rare).  "De- 
form" as  used  in  physics  does  not  imply 
anything  more  than  change  of  shape  or 
structure. 
2.  See  deface. 

deformed,  a.  deform  (archaic),  misfash- 
ioned,    malformed,    misshapen,    inform 
(archaic). 
Antonyms:   see  shapely,  well-shaped. 

deformity,  n.  1.  informity  (rare),  mis- 
shapenness,  malformation,  monstrosity 
(great  deformity),  misshape  (rare),  mis- 
figure  (rare),  disfigurement;  spec,  crooked- 
ness, varus,  misproportion. 
Antonyms:  see  beauty. 
2.  See  defacement. 

defraud,  v.  t.  cheat,  bilk  (fig.),  rook  (rare), 
gudgeon  (rare),  swindle;  spec,  bunco, 
chouse  (colloq.) 

defray,  v.  t.  pay,  liquidate,  settle,  meet, 
satisfy,  answer,  bear,  discharge,  disburse 
(rare) . 

defrayal,  n.  payment,  liquidation,  bearing, 
discharge,  etc. 

defy,  V.  t.  dare,  challenge;  spec,  beard,  dis- 
regard, brave,  face,  disobey,  mock,  out- 
dare, scorn. 
Antonyms:  see  obey. 

degeneracy,  n.  deterioration,  debasement, 
degeneration,  degenerateness,  degrada- 
tion, retrogradation;    spec,  depravity. 

degenerate,  a.  degraded,  debased,  retro- 
graded; spec,  decadent. 
Antonyms:  see  exalted. 

degenerate,  v.  i.  decline,  deteriorate,  sink, 
degrade,  retrograde. 

degenerate,  n.  retrograde. 

degeneration,  n.   decUne,   deterioration, 
retrogradation,      retrogression,      debase- 
ment;  spec,    caducity    (rare),    caseation, 
involution,  decadence,  perversion. 
Anlonyms:  see  regeneration. 

degenerative,  a.  retrogressive,  declina- 
tory (rare),  backward. 


degradation,  n.  1.  dishonor,  abasement, 
debasement,  disgrace; — referring  to  the 
condition. 

2.  abasement,  debasement,  disgrace,  de- 
position; spec,  disbarment,  disranking; — 
referring  to  the  act. 

Antonyms:  see  elevation. 

3.  degeneracy,  degeneration. 

4.  debasement,  lowering,  prostitution 
(fig.);  spec,  perversion,  corruption,  con- 
tamination, vitiation. 

Antonyms:  see  elevation. 
degrade,  v.  t.  1.  dislionor,  reduce,  debase, 
disgrade,  abase,  lower,  sink,  disrate, 
break,  disrank,  disgrace,  depose;  spec. 
unchurch,  disennoble,  disbar,  disbench, 
disestablish,  disorb,  unmiter,  dethrone, 
disenthrone,  unpriest,  uncowl,  imcrown, 
outcast,  unking. 

Antonyms:    see  elevate,  dignify,  en- 
noble, ORDAIN. 

2.  abase,  debase,  lower,  demean  (one- 
self; not  in  good  ixsage),  prostitute  (fig.); 
spec,  pervert,  alloy,  adulterate,  vitiate, 
contaminate. 

Anlonyms:  see  elevate. 
degraded,  a.  abased,  debased,  abject,  de- 
praved, low;  spec,  vile,  perverted,  corrupt. 

Antonyms:   see  elevated,  exalted. 
degree,  n.  1.     See  row,  shelf,  gradua- 
tion, MEASURE,  EXTENT,  AMOUNT. 

2.  step,  stage,  grade,  point  (which  one  or 
something  has  reached  or  arrived  at);  spec. 
remove  (in  the  line  of  descent),  interval, 
space  (music),  line  (music). 

3.  intensity,  pitch,  plane,  point,  measure, 
intension  (literary),  grade,  gradation, 
height,  potence  (rare);  spec,  shade. 

dehisce,  v.  i.  gape,  open. 

dehorn,  v.  t.  poll;  spec,  hummel  or  humble 
(Scot.). 

dehort,  v.  t.  dissuade  (obsolesc),  disadvise. 

deify,  v.  t.  1.  apotheosize,  consecrate  (Ro- 
man antiq.),  divinify  (rare),  divinize  (rare), 
god  (rare),  goddize  (rare),  shrine  (rare); 
spec,  co-deify. 
2.  worship. 

deity,  n.  1.  god  (esp.  male),  spirit,  goddess 
(fern.),  godlet  (dim.),  godhead  (rare), 
godkin  (dim.),  godling  (dim.),  divinity, 
numen  (esp.  local  or  minor;  rare),  power, 
Providence  (fig.);  spec,  heaven  (a  collec- 
tive), all-father,  manu,  monad,  monas 
(rare),  faun,  patron,  patroness,  oversoul, 
kami,  demiurge,  lar,  fury,  Trimurti, 
Triton,  Woden,  Pan,  panice,  Dagon, 
Apollo,  Mars,  Vulcan,  Neptune,  Mer- 
cury, Venus,  Juno,  Minerva,  Hercules, 
Ares,     Hephaestus,     Poseidon,     Hermes, 


f^'  Cross  rejerences;  see  Note. 
definitiye:  decisive. 
deflagrate:  burn,  explcde. 


deflect:  turn. 
deft:  skillful. 
defunct:  dead. 


degrade:    decline,  degenerate. 
deign:    condescend. 
deforest:  disafforest. 


XW  See  Notes  of  E^Ianatlon. 

118 


DELIVERANCE 


Aphrodite,    Hera,  Athena;    see   demon, 

DEMIGOD. 

Antonyms:   see  human. 
2.  Referring  to  the  state  or  quality:  see 

DIVINITY. 

delay,  v.  i.  hnger,  loiter    (chiefly  spec.), 
tarry,  stay,  dawdle;  spec,  idle,  hang  (col- 
loq.),  poke  (colloq.),  dilly-dally,  daily,  lag, 
drag,  stop,  dwell,  filibuster. 
Antonyms:   see  hasten,  hurry. 

delay,  n.  1.  See  deferment,  retarda- 
tion. 

2.  lingering,     loitering,     tarrying,     tarry 
(rare),  stay,  linger  (rare),  moration  (rare), 
tarriance    (literary),   lagging;   spec,  stop, 
demurrage,  respite,  reprieve,  truce. 
Antonyms:   see  speed. 

delayed,  a.  belated,  lated  (poetic). 

delegate,  n.  agent  (contextual),  representa- 
tive, deputy,  commissioner,  secondary 
(rare) . 

delegate,  v.  t.  1.  transfer  (contextual),  com- 
mit, intrust. 

2.  depute,  commission,  appoint,  depu- 
tize (U.  S.). 

delegation,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  thing 
delegated:  commitment,  intrustment,  com- 
mittal. 

2.  Referring  to  the  person  to  whom  dele- 
gation is  made:  deputation,  commission- 
ing, appointment,  deputization  (U.  S.). 

3.  representative.  "Delegation"  is  chiefly 
used  as  a  collective. 

delete,  v.  t.  cancel,  erase,  dele,  elide,  re- 
trench (from  a  book);  spec,  obliterate, 
efface. 

deliberate,  a.  1.  intentional,  prepense  (lit- 
erary  or  legal;  usually  postpositive),  pre- 
meditated, advised,  considered,  set,  re- 
solved, studied;  spec,  aforethought,  ma- 
ture, cool,  careful,  thoughtful. 

Antonyms:   see  impetuous,  abrupt,  im- 
pulsive, THOtjGHTLESS. 
2.  unhasty  (rare),  measured,  slow;  spec. 
leisurely. 
Antonyms:  see  bustling,  hasty. 

deliberation,  n.  I.    See  consideration. 
2.  slowness,  coolness,  deliberateness. 

Antonyms:     see   impetuosity,    bustle, 
haste. 

delicacy,  n.  1.  luxury,  dainty,  tidbit, 
bonne-bouche  (French),  titbit,  regale 
(rare) . 

2.  frailty,  tenderness,  softness,  slightness. 

3.  Spec,  nicety,  fineness,  tenderness, 
weakness,  dangerousness,  accuracy,  sensi- 
tiveness, discrimination,  refinement,  sub- 
tlety, exactness,  fastidiousness,  considera- 
tion, difficulty. 


delicate,  a.  1.  See  palatable,  weak, 
brittle,  slight,  ethereal,  sensitive, 

SLENDER. 

2.  Spec,  nice,  fine,  tender,  frail,  weak, 
dangerous,  accurate,  sensitive,  refined, 
subtle,  exact,  exquisite,  fastidious,  con- 
siderate, minikin  {now  contemptuous), 
difficult,  discriminating. 
Antonyms:    see  gross,  coarse,  rough, 

HARDY. 

delight,  V.  i.  Spec,  luxuriate,  feast,  riot, 
roll,  revel. 

delineate,  v.  t.  1.  trace,  draw,  line,  mark, 
figure,  describe,  inscribe  (chiefly  spec), 
pencil  (often  spec),  touch  (lines);  spec 
sketch,  plan,  foreshorten,  map,  blazon, 
emblaze,  lineate  (rare),  trick,  retrace. 

2.  See  OUTLINE,  sketch,  DEPICT,  DE- 
SCRIBE. 

delineation,  n.  1.  tracing,  drawing,  lining, 
marking,  figuring,  inscription  (chiefly 
spec),  penciling  (often  spec),  touching; 
spec,  trace,  sketching,  planning,  fore- 
shortening, blazoning. 

2.  Referring  to  the  flgure  so  made:  tracing, 
drawing,  inscription  (chiefly  spec),  figure; 
spec,  sketch,  plan,  map,  blazonry,  dia- 
gram, elevation,  perspective. 

3.  See  OUTLINE,  SKETCH,  DEPICTION, 
DESCRIPTION. 

delinquency,  n.  Spec,  fault,  misdeed,  of- 
fense, transgression. 

delinquent,  n.  offender,  culprit,  malefac- 
tor, transgressor. 

delirious,  a.   1.  deranged,  raving,  light- 
headed, wandering;  spec,  frenzied. 
2.  excited,  frenzied. 

delirium,  n.  1.  derangement,  raving,  de- 
lira  tion  (rare),  wandering,  light-headed- 
ness;     spec,  frenzy;     see  delirium  tre- 
mens. 
2.  excitement,  frenzy. 

delirium  tremens,  jimjams  (slang),  blue 
devils  (fig.;  colloq.),  blues  (pL;  colloq.), 
mania  a  potu  (Latin),  horrors  (pi.;  used 
with  "the"). 

deliver,  v.  t.  1.  free;   spec,  rescue,  ransom, 
release;  see  save. 
Antonyms:   see  enslave,  imprison. 

2.  transfer,  give,  pass  (esp.  with  "over"), 
render;  spec,  consign,  commit,  surrender, 
hand,  intrust,  relinquish,  resign,  extra- 
dite, impart. 

3.  free,  disburden,  rid;  spec,  accouch. 

4.  See  emit,  deal  (a  blow,  etc),  eject, 

PROJECT,  discharge,  SERVE,  THROW,  UT- 
TER, IMPART,  communicate. 

deliverance,  n.  1.  freeing,  delivery  (rare); 
spec  rescue,  ransom,  release. 


iW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
deject:    depress. 
delaminate:   cleave. 


delate:    accuse,  narrate,  report. 
dele:   delete. 
delectation:   pleasure. 


deliberate:   consider. 
delinquent:    blamable. 
deliquesce:    melt,  diminish. 


tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
119 


DELIVERER 


2.    5tT    VTTERANCE,   JUDGMENT,   VEHUICT. 

deliverer,  n.  1.  freer  {rare);  spec,  rescuer, 
ransomer.  releasor. 

2.  transferer,  deliverer  {(cch.),  transferor, 
civer,  renderer;  spec,  committer,  surren- 
derer,  etc. 
8.  freer  (rare),  ridder. 

delivery,  ri.  1.  freeing,  deliverance. 
2.  transfer,  transference  {emphasizing 
the  actum),  transferal  {rare),  pas.sing  {esp. 
icith  "over"),  rendering,  rendition,  tradi- 
tion {tech.),  giving;  spec,  consignation, 
commitment,  intrusting,  irnpartment, 
impartation,  handing,  resignation,  extra- 
dition. 

S.  See  CHILDBIRTH,  DEALING  {of  a  Uow), 
EMISSION,  EJECTION,  PROJECTION,  DIS- 
CH.VRGE,   THROWING,   etc.,   UTTERANCE. 

dell,  n.  valley  {context uar),VSile  {contextual), 
dingle. 

Delphic,  a.  Delphian,  Pythian,  Pythic. 

delusion,  n.   1.  derangement,  deception. 
An  "illusion"  or  "hallucination"  is  a  "de- 
lusion" only  if  the  mind  is  deceived  into  a 
false  belief. 
2.  misbeUef. 

demagogue,  n.  leader  {contextual). 

demand,  v.  t.  1.  ask  {contextual),  require, 
requisition  {formal);  spec,  exact. 
Antonyms:   see  give,  offer,  tender. 
2.  See  CLAIM  (as  due,  etc.),  nteed. 

demand,  n.   1.  requisition,  requirement, 
require     {rare);    spec,    draft,     exaction, 
strike,  run. 
Antonyms:  see  gift,  offer,  tender. 

2.  call,  request;  spec,  market,  sale,  exi- 
gency. 

3.  See  CLAIM,  inquiry. 

demandable,  a.  requirable,  exigible. 

demerit,  n.  merit  {rare;  contextual),  in- 
desert  {rare),  undesert,  fault,  desert 
{chiefly  in  pi.),  ill  desert. 

demerit,  v.  t.  underserve  {rare). 

demigod,  n.  semideity  {rare),  semigod 
{rar^;  spec,  hero  {Greek  antiq.),  heroine 
{fern.),  Prometheus,  Epimetheus,  Her- 
cules, Perseus,  etc. 

demobilize,  v.  t.  disorganize,  scatter,  dis- 
band. 

democracy,  n.  1.  Spec,  democratism, 
Jacobinism,  Jeffersonianism. 

Antonyms:  see  aristocracy,  monarch- 
ism. 
2.  See  government,  state. 

democrat,  n.  Spec.  Jeffersonian  {U.  S.), 
hardshell  (U.  S.),  Bourbon  {U.  S.),  Jac- 
obin, ultrademocrat. 


democratic,  a.  Spec.  Jeffersonian,  Jac- 
obinic, Jacobinical,  ultrademocratic. 

Antonyms:    see    monarchical,   aristo- 
cratic, autocratic. 

democratize,  v.  t.  Spec.  Jacobinize,  popu- 
larize. 

demolish,    v.   t.    1.   destroy    {contextttal) ; 
spec,  abate  {law),  raze,  rase  (rare),  over- 
throw, level,  pulverize,  unbuild  (rare),  ruin. 
Antonrjms:   see  construct. 

2.    Sec  RUIN,  SPOIL. 

demon,  n.  1.  In  the  general  sense,  of  Greek 
mythology,  of  a  supernatural  being  be- 
tween god  and  man:  deity  {contextual), 
spirit  {contextual),  numen  {rare),  daimon 
{tech.  or  literary),  intelligence  {literary); 
spec,  angel,  ghost  {obs.),  genius,  lar, 
sylph,  manito,  devil,  specter,  fiend,  dia- 
blotin  {French),  imp,  dev,  genie,  jinn 
{prop,  pi.),  jinnee  {sing.),  hag  {archaic), 
harpy,  demogorgon,  Triton,  satyr,  manes 
{pi.),  lares  {pi.),  penates  {pi.),  em- 
pusa,  incubus,  lemur,  barghest,  ghoul. 
Lamia,  ogre,  ogress,  deuce,  pooka  or 
phooka,  vampire,  scarecrow,  bug,  bogy, 
bogey,  colt-pixie,  fairy,  fay  {literary),  Erl- 
king,  familiar,  kelpie  or  kelpy  {Scot.), 
jotun,  hobgoblin,  sprite  or  {archaic  vari- 
ant) spright,  kobold,  Brownie,  bogle, 
gnome,  goblin,  troll,  nixie,  nix,  poker 
{U.  S.;  colloq.),  pixy  or  pixie,  puck,  red- 
cap, Poltergeist  {German),  Robin  Good- 
fellow.  In  ordinary  English  usage  "de- 
mon" is  an  evil  spirit. 
2.  See  DEVIL. 

demonic,  a.  Spec.  Mephistophelean, 
Mephistophelian,  Mephistophelic,  ghoul- 
ish, gnomish,  ehish,  elfin,  infernal,  elfish. 

demonize,  v.  t.  diabolify,  diabolize,  devil- 
ize; — all  three  rare  or  learned. 

demonology,  n.  diabology,  diabolology, 
devilry,  deviltry,  diablerie  {French);  spec. 
Satanolog>'. 

demonstrative,  a.  1.  proving,  probative. 
2.  expressive;    spec,    cordial,    emotional, 
unreserved;  see  effusivt:. 
Antomjms:  see  impassixt;,  unemotional. 

demonstrativeness,  n.  expressiveness; 
spec,  cordiality,  empressment  {French), 
unreservedness,  emotionality,  emotional- 
ism. 

demoralize,  v.  t.  1.  corrupt. 
2.  disconcert,    embarrass,    agitate,    dis- 
comfit, disorganize,  confuse. 

denaturalize,  v.  t.  denature. 

dendriform,  a.  dendroid,  arborescent, 
arboriform,  dendritic; — all  tech.  or  learned. 


X^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

deluge:  flood. 

demarcate:  defi.ne,  distinguish, 
diride.  separate. 

detaarcAtion:  definition,  boun- 
dary, distinction,  division. 


demean:  degrade,  abase,  behave. 
demeanor:  behavior. 
demented:    deranged. 
demesne:    estate. 
demise:    tram-fer,  death. 
demise:    transfer,  die. 


demit:  dismiss, abdicate, reliTiquish. 
demonstrate:   prove,  show. 
demount:    descend. 
demur,  v.:  object. 
demur,  n.:   objection. 
demure:   sober,  proper,  modest. 


f^"  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
120 


DEPLETE 


deniable,  a.  contradictable,  traversable. 

denial,  n.  1.  See  refusal,  contradic- 
tion,  TRIAL. 

2.  negation,  disaffirmation,  negative,  dis- 
affirmance; spec,  forswearing,  sublation 
(logic),  disallowance,  disclaimer  {chiefly 
law),  disclamation  (rare). 

Antonyms:    see  acknowledgment,  as- 
sumption. 

denomination,  n.  1.  See  namiN^G,  name. 
2.  class  (which  see),  kind;  spec,  (in  relig- 
ion) body,  connection  (chiefly  spec),  per- 
suasion, sect. 

denominational,  a.  sectarian,  sectarial. 

denote,  v.  t.  1.     See  signify,  indicate, 

EXPRESS,  mean. 

2.  mark,  stamp,  stigmatize  (esp.  as  evil), 
brand  (esp.  as  evil),  betoken. 

denounce,  v.  t.  1.    See  accuse. 
2.  condemn,  fulminate   (violently),  vitu- 
perate (abusively). 
Antonyms:  see  approve. 

denouncer,  n.  fulminator,  inveigher,  vi- 
tuperator. 

dense,  a.  1.  See  compact  (referring  to  con- 
stituent particles  or  parts) ,  thick  (referring 
to  visibly  separate  parts  or  objects),  stupid. 
2.  Referring  to  ignorance,  etc.:  intense, 
crass  (literary),  gross,  profound;  spec. 
impenetrable,  utter,  absolute. 

density,  n.  1.  See  compactness  (referring 
to  the  constituent  particles  or  parts), 
THICKNESS  (referring  to  visibly  separate 
parts  or  objects),  stupidity. 
2.  Referring  to  ignorance,  etc.:  intensity, 
crassness  (literary),  profoundness;  spec. 
impenetrability,  absoluteness. 

dentate,  a.  toothed,  serrate;  spec,  jagged, 
denticulate,  notched.    "Dentate"  is  tech. 

denude,  v.  t.  bare;  spec,  abrade,  erode; 
see  BARK,  strip. 

denunciation,  n.  condemnation  (context- 
rial),  fulmination  (violent),  vituperation 
(abusive),  diatribe  (bitter  and  violent); 
spec,  fiyting,  invective,  philippic. 

deny,  v.  t.   1.     See  refuse,  contradict, 

ABJURE,  disclaim. 

2.  negate,  disaffirm,  negative;  spec,  for- 
swear (on  oath),  sublate  (a  term  of  logic), 
disallow,  disclaim. 

Antonyms:  see  acknowledge,  assume, 
confess. 

deodorizer,  n.  deodorant;  spec,  pastil, 
pastille,  fumigator. 

depart,  v.  i.  I.  go  (often  with  "away"), 
leave,  remove  (formal  or  affected),  move 
(colloq.),  withdraw,  part  (archaic),  recede 
(rare);  spec,  flee,  congee  (archaic),  fly,  flit. 
2.  Referring  to  sudden  or  secret  departure: 


abscond,  decamp,  skip  (slang),  flit  (colloq.), 
slide,  cut  (slang  or  colloq.),  mosey  (slang, 
U.   S.),   mizzle    (slang),  vamose  (slang); 
spec,  elope. 
Antonyms:  see  stay,  approach,  come. 

3.  See  die. 

4.  differ,  deviate,  vary. 
departing,  a.  going,  leaving,  parting. 

Antonyms:  see  coming. 
department,  n.   1.  division,  subdivision, 
part,  province,  branch,  sphere; — referring 
to  a  subject  or  to  a  complex  ivhole. 

2.  district; — referring  to  a  territorial  part. 

3.  office,  bureau. 

departure,  n.  1.  going,  leaving,  removal 
(formal  or  affected),  withdrawal  (formal), 
parting,  decession  (rare);  spec,  flight,  exit, 
exition  (rare),  flit  (rare),  hegira  (spec,  or 
fig.),  conge  (French;  a  formed  departure) . 
Antonyms:  see  coming. 

2.  absconding,  decampment. 

3.  See  death,  deviation,  variation,  di- 
gression, difference. 

depend,  v.  i.  1.  See  hang,  rely. 
2.  hinge,   turn,   hang,   rest; — referring  to 
the  depending  of  an  undecided  matter  upon 
something  else. 

dependable,  a.  reliable,  trustworthy. 

dependence,  n.  1.  hanging,  suspension. 

2.  hinging,  turning,  hanging,  resting. 

3.  See  reliance,  support. 
dependency,  n.    1.  dependence; — esp.  in 

sense  of  state  or  fact  of  depending. 
2.  dependent;  spec,  subject,  colony,  prov- 
ince. 
Antonyms:  cf.  sovereignty. 

dependent,  a.  1.  hanging. 
2.  See  conditional,   relative,   subor- 
dinate, accessory. 

dependent,  n.  1.   See  dependency. 
2.  Spec,  client,  creature. 

depict,  V.  t.  1.  delineate  (esp.  in  lines),  do 
(contextual;  chiefly  colloq.),  portray,  ren- 
der (esp.  in  reference  to  technique),  repro- 
duce, figure,  depicture  (rare),  picture, 
represent;  spec,  draw,  table  (rare),  fine 
(chiefly  in  "line  in,"  "line  out,"  "line  off," 
ete.),  linearize  (rare),  lineate  (rare),  paint, 
blazon,  sketch,  emblaze,  emblazon,  cray- 
on, pencil, symbolize, chalk, limn  (literary). 

2.    See  DESCRIBE. 

depiction,  n.  1.  delineation  (esp.  in  lines), 
portrayal,  rendition,  reproduction,  repre- 
sentation, depicture  (rare),  portraiture, 
blazonry,  blazon. 

2.    See  DESCRIPTION. 

depilate,  v.  t.  unhair,  grain  (skins) . 
deplete,  V.  t.  1.  empty;  spec,  drain,  evacu- 
ate, reduce. 


t^^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
denominate:    name. 
denotation:   meaning. 


denouement:  explanation,  ca- 
tastrophe. 
dent,  n.:  indentation. 


dent,  V.  t.:  indent. 
dent,  n.:   notch,  tooth. 
dependable;    reliable. 


IW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
121 


DEPLORABLE 


Antonyms:  see  fill. 

2.    ^t'C  EXHAUST. 

depopulate,  v.  t.  unpeople,  depcople  (ar- 
chaic'^; spec,  disman  {rare),  desolate. 
Antonyms:  sec  people. 
deport,  r.  /.  1.  behave  {oneself). 

2.  remove,  banish. 
depose,  c.  t.  1.  degrade;  spec,  dethrone,  dis- 
ontlirone,  disthrone  (rare),  discrown,  un- 
throne {rare),  disestablish  (o  church). 
Antonyms:  sec  enthrone. 

2.    5a'  TESTIFY. 

deposit,  r.  t.  1.  In  the  sense  of  "to  put  for 
safe  keeping,  to  commit  to  another":  lodge, 
put,  place,  depose  (arc/iaic);  spec,  intrust, 
bail,  store,  leave. 

2.  In  the  sense  of  "to  lay  or  put  down,  to 
place  at  rest'':  place,  lodge,  put,  lay,  de- 
pose {archaic);  spec,  dump  {chiefly  U. 
S.),  plant,  ground,  repose,  plank  {with 
"down"  or  "out";  slang),  land,  couch, 
precipitate. 

Aiitonyms:  see  dislodge. 

3.  precipitate  (as  from  a  solution). 
deposit,  71.  deposition;  spec,  precipitate, 

precipitation,  settling  {chiefly  in  pi.),  silt, 
sublimate,  diluvium  {geol.),  loess,  tartar, 
sinter,  sediment,  grounds  (pi.),  see  pre- 
cipitation. 

depositary,  n.   1,     Spec,  bailee,  trustee, 
bank,  banker. 
2.  See  depository. 

depositing,  ?i.  placing,  putting,  lodging, 
lodgment;  spec,  consignation,  intrusting, 
bailment. 

deposition,  n.  1.  degradation;  spec,  de- 
thronement, discrownment. 

2.  testimony  {contextual) ;  spec,  affidavit. 

3.  placing,  putting,  lodgment,  reposition 
{rare);  spec,  discharge,  precipitation, 
settling. 

4.  See  deposit. 
depository,  n.  1.  bailee. 

2.  depositary,    storehouse;    spec,    ware- 
house, entrepot  {French). 
depraved,    a.      Spec,    corrupt,    contami- 
nated,  abandoned,   degraded,   low,    per- 
verted, degenerate. 
Antonyms:  see  elevated. 
depravity,  n.   Spec,  corruption,  contami- 
nation, degradation,  perversion,  lowness, 
degeneracy,,  vice. 
Antonyms:  see  elevation. 
depreciate,  v.  t.  1.  depress  {in  value,  price, 
etc.),  lower. 
Antonyms:  see  advance. 

2.    See  DISCREDIT,  DISP.\RAGE. 

depreciate,  v.  i.  decline,  fall,  drop;  spec. 
slump  (slang  or  cant),  tumble. 
Antonyms:  see  advance. 


depreciation,  n.  decline,  fall,  drop;  spec. 
slump  {dang  or  cant),  tumble. 
Antonyms:   see  advance. 

deprecator,  7i.  plunderer;  spec,  thief,  rob- 
ber, pirate,  brigand,  marauder. 

depress,  v.  t.  1.    See  lower  (as  to  position 
in  space),  depreciate. 

2.  dull  {in  activity,  as  trade),  deaden. 

3.  dispirit,  deject,  prostrate,  discourage, 
dishearten,  sadden,  contrist  {archaic), 
dash,  damp,  dampen,  dismalize  {rare), 
vaporize  {rare),  vapor  {rare),  oppress, 
bow,  cool  {chiefly  with  "off"  or  "down"), 
quail,  sink,  desolate,  frigidize  {rare),  hip 
{colloq.;  rare),  disanimate  {rare),  down- 
weigh  (rare),  darken; — mostly  specific. 

Antonyms:  see  elate,  cheer,  gladden, 

ENLIVEN. 

depressed,  a.  1.  lowered  {in  space). 

2.  dulled  {as  trade),  deadened. 

3.  dispirited,  dejected,  downcast,  dis- 
couraged, disheartened,  despondent,  de- 
spairing, desperate  {archaic),  prostrate, 
crestfallen,  saturnine  (literary),  discon- 
solate, cheerless,  sad,  gloomy,  melancholy, 
rueful,  lugubrious  {literary),  doleful,  dol- 
orous {now  lita-ary),  dismal,  sorrowful, 
downhearted,  dull,  chopfallen,  chap- 
fallen,  dolent  {archaic),  mopish,  low,  va- 
pored {rare),  damp  (archaic),  somber, 
melancholic,  melancholious  {rare),  heart- 
sick, sick,  drooping,  darksome  {rare), 
glum,  heaxy,  heavy-hearted,  half-hearted, 
droopy  {rare),  hypped,  hyppish,  oi  hippish 
{colloq.),  forlorn,  hopeless,  woeful,  low- 
spirited,  hypochondriac,  dumpish,  dumpy 
{colloq.),  desolate,  wretched,  lonely,  lone- 
some, dyspeptic  {fig.); — mostly  specific. 

Antonyms:  see  cheerful,  elated,  glad, 

BUOYANT. 

depressing,  a.  dispiriting,  dejecting  {rare), 
discouraging,  disheartening,  cheerless, 
sad,  saddening,  gloomy,  melancholy, 
atrabilious  {literary),  doleful,  rueful, 
lugubrious,  woeful  or  woful,  dreary  {ar- 
chaic), somber,  dismal,  dampening,  damp- 
ing, dark,  grievous,  oppressive,  discon- 
solate, dolorous,  melancholy,  black, 
cloudy,  Cimmerian  (fig.),  chilling,  frigid 
(rare),  heavy,  gray,  leaden,  dusky,  dark, 
dull,  dolorific  {rare),  painful.  Most  of 
these  synonyms  are  more  or  less  specific. 
Antonyms:  see  cheering,  assuring. 

depression,  n.  1.  lowering  {in  space). 

2.  S-'C  cavity,  hollow. 

3.  dispiritedness,  dejection,  dejectedness, 
discouragement,  despondency,  damp, 
hopelessness,  desperation  {archaic),  cheer- 
lessness,  sadness,  gloom,  gloominess,  mel- 
ancholy, melancholia,  atrabihousness  {lit- 


X^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
deplorable:    lamentable. 


deplore:    mourn. 
deploy:    extend. 


depone:    swear,  testify. 
deport:    behave,  remove,  banish. 


IW  See  Notes  of  Ezplanatiozz. 

122 


DERANGEMENT 


erary),  dole  (archaic),  dolefulness,  dolor 
{literary;  chiefly  poetic),  sorrow,  grief,  dis- 
tress, drearinessi  (archaic) ,  dismalness,  woe, 
woefulness,  blue  devils  (pL;  colloq.),  dis- 
piritment  (rare),  disheartenment,  desola- 
tion, disconsolation,  dullness,  despair, 
brokenness,  despaii'ingness  (rare),  down- 
heartedness,  lowness,  dumps  (pi.;  now  col- 
loq. and  usually  humorous),  dumpishness, 
hypochondria,  hypos  (pi.;  colloq.),  hyp 
(colloq.),  hyps  (pi.;  colloq.),  mopishness, 
ruefulness,  doldrums  (pi.),  dismality,  hip 
(colloq.),  dreariment  (archaic),  drearihood 
or  drearihead  (archaic),  chill,  heaviness, 
mulligrubs  (colloq.),  megrims  (pL),  spleen, 
qualm,  black  dog  (colloq.),  chill,  darkness, 
lugubriosity  or  lugubriousness  (literary) . 
Most  of  these  synonyms  are  more  or  less 
specific. 
Antonyms:  see  cheer,  elation. 

deprivation,  n.  deprival  (rare),  privation 
(rare),  dispossession;  spec,  divestiture,  di- 
vestment, bereavement,  robbery,  deforce- 
ment (archaic;  esp.  of  lands),  stripping, 
denudation,  abridgment,  curtailment, 
docking,  dockage,  despoilment,  despolia- 
tion, spoliation,  plunder,  pillage,  rifling. 
Antonyms:  see  restoration. 

deprive,  v.  t.  dispossess;  spec,  divest,  be- 
reave, rob,  deforce  (archaic;  esp.  of  land), 
strip,  shear,  denude,  drain,  abridge,  cur- 
tail, dock,  despoil,  spoil,  plunder,  reave 
(now  chiefly  in  p.  p.  "reft"),  pillage,  rifle, 
relieve  (euphemistic  and  colloq.  or  slang), 
oust  (law),  shorten  (rare),  mulct,  lose, 
destitute. 
Antonyms:  see  invest,  present. 

depth,  n.  1.  deepness,  bathos  (rare),  pro- 
fundity, profoundness,  drop; — referring  to 
depth  in  space. 
Antonyms:   see  shallowness,  height. 

2.  Referring  to  that  which  is  deep  in  space: 
deep. 

Antonyms:  see  height. 

3.  Spec,  abstruseness;  see  discernment, 

SUBTLETY. 

4.  deep  (of  winter,  etc.),  dead  (of  night, 
winter,  etc.). 

5.  In  reference  to  emotions  or  experiences: 
profoundness,  profundity,  intimacy,  in- 
tensity, heaviness,  soundness  (of  sleep), 
cordiality,  heartiness,  thoroughness,  in- 
veteracy,    inveterateness;      spec,     nadir 

{fig.). 

Antonyms:  see  height. 

6.  Referring  to  colors:  strength,  intensity, 
richness. 

7.  lowness,  heaviness;  spec,  bassness; — 
referring  to  sound. 

deputy,  n.  agent  (contextual),  delegate, 
representative,  secondary  (rare),  locum- 
tenens    (Latin),   substitute,    vice    (rare); 


spec,  vicegerent,  vicar,  viceroy,  kaimakam, 
lieutenant,  undersheriff,  tipstaff  (Eng.). 
derange,  V.  t.   1.     See  disarrange,  dis- 
turb, confuse,  disorganize. 

2.  Referring  to  functions,  mental  processes, 
etc.:  upset,  disorder,  distemper  (rare,  exc. 
in  p.  p.  "distempered"),  unbalance,  un- 
settle, disturb,  perturb. 

3.  Referring  to  the  mind:  craze,  shatter, 
unsettle,  perturbate  (rare),  unhinge,  in- 
sanify  (rare),  distract  (now  rare),  dement, 
dementate  (rare),  crack  (chiefly  colloq.), 
bemad  (rare),  madden  (now  esp.  with  an- 
ger), frenzy  (now  usually  vnth  some  pas- 
sion or  suffering),  mad  (rare),  loco  (colloq., 
U.  S.). 

deranged,  a.  insane,  crazy,  demented,  de- 
ment (rare),  unsound  (chiefly  said  of  the 
mind),  daft,  nonsane  (rare  or  nonce),  dis- 
tempered (literary),  lunatic,  unbalanced, 
unsettled,  mad  (imphjing  frenzy  or  violent 
delusion),  brainsick,  disordered;  spec. 
maniac,  maniacal,  morbid,  raving,  dis- 
traught (literary),  distracted,  distract  (ar- 
chaic), moonstruck,  witless  (now  rare), 
idiotic,  flighty,  foolish,  imbecile,  cretinous, 
frantic  (now  rare),  feeble-minded,  weak- 
minded,  doting  or  dotard,  doughbaked 
(dial,  or  colloq.),  possessed,  locoed  (colloq., 
U.  S.),  dotty  (colloq.  or  slang),  dotish  or 
doatish,  fatuous  (now  rare),  mattoid;  see 
delirious. 
Antonyms:  see  sane,  rational. 

deranged  person.  Spec,  lunatic,  imbe- 
cile, idiot,  changeling  (archaic),  dotard, 
madman,  madwoman  (rare),  madUng 
(rare),  maniac,  monomaniac. 

derangement,  n.  1.  Spec,  disarrange- 
ment, disturbance,  confusion,  disorgani- 
zation, disorder. 

2.  Referring  to  functions,  mental  processes, 
etc.:  upsetting,  disordering  (the  act),  dis- 
order (the  resulting  condition),  distemper 
(rare,  exc.  med.),  unbalancing,  disturb- 
ance, perturbation  (rare). 

3.  Referring  to  the  mind:  alienation 
(tech.),  craziness,  insanity,  katatonia  (a 
form  of  insanity;  tech.),  insaneness,  aber- 
ration, craze  (as,  "in  a  a'aze"),  mania, 
madness,  dementia,  dementedness,  dis- 
temperature  (rare);  spec,  rage  (poetic), 
distraction,  delirium,  deliration  (now  liter- 
ary), demonomania,  idiocy,  idiotism, 
cretinism,  idiotcy  (not  a  good  word),  im- 
becility, fatuity,  frenzy,  furiosity  (chiefly 
Scots  law),  delusion,  kleptomania,  ly- 
canthropy,  lypomania  or  lypothymia, 
paranoia,  paraphrosyne  or  paraphrenitis, 
paraphrenia  (rare),  perturbancy  (rare), 
perturbation  (rare),  unbalance  (rare), 
vesania  (rare),  crack. 

Antonyms:  see  sanity. 


(S^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
123 


DERELICT 


derelict,  n.  An  abitndomd  thing,  as  a  irs- 
,<(■/.  trad  of  land,  etc.:  spec,  outcast,  dere- 
liction. 

derivation,  n.  1.    iSfC  INFERENCE,  DERIVA- 

TIVK. 

2.  getting,  obtaining,  drawing,  taking,  ex- 
traction (as  of  comfort  from  some  fact  or 
circumstance). 

3.  origination,  origin;  spec,  etymology. 
derivative,  n.  dcrivate,  derivation;  spec. 

compound,  paronym  (rare). 

derive,  r.  t.  1.   ^co  INFER,  TRACE. 
2.  get,     obtain,     draw,     take,     extract 
{chiefly  spec,  or  fig.),  deduce. 

derive,  v.  i.  arise,  come,  originate,  spring; 
spec,  descend. 

descend,  v.  i.  1.  fall,  drop,  sink,  subside 
(chiefly  bookish),  settle;  spec,  gravitate, 
plunge,  precipitate,  tumble,  stoop,  swoop, 
pounce,  souse,  alight,  demount,  dis- 
mount, decline,  droop,  dip,  set  (as  the 

SU7l) . 

Antonyms:  see  rise. 

2.  slope,  dip,  drop,  pitch,  decline  (rare). 

3.  See  CONDESCEND,  DERI\'E,  V.  i. 

4.  Of  duties,  rights,  etc.:  devolve,  pass, 
come,  go,  fall,  succeed  {rare). 

5.  Of  family  descent:  spring,  issue  {now 
only  law),  come,  arise. 

6.  To  make  an  incursion:  fall. 
descendant,     n.     descendent,     offspring, 

progeny,  child,  issue  {chiefly  legal),  pos- 
terity '{chiefly  collective  pi.),  scion  {rare), 
offset  {rare),  offshoot  {rare),  posteriors 
Ipl.),  son  {male),  daughter  {female),  etc.; 
spec,  epigone  {rare).  "Descendant"  and 
"posterity"  or  "posteriors"  are  the  only 
words  commonly  used  of  those  not  imme- 
diately descended. 
Antonyms:  see  ancestor. 

descendental,  a.  empirical,  positive,  nat- 
uralistic;— opposed  to  "transcendental." 

descending,  a.  descendant  or  descendent 
{both  rare),  do'mi  {tech.  or  colloq.),  cadent 
(rare),   declivous,    falling,    settling,    etc,; 
spec,  catadromous,  do'miright. 
Antonyms:  see  rising. 

descent,  n.  1.  descension  {rare),  fall,  drop, 
sinking,  subsidence,  settlement  {chiefly 
spec),  down  {chiefly  in  "ups  and  downs"), 
downfall,  do-\\Ticome,  droop  {poetic);  spec. 
gravitation,  plunge,  precipitation  {liter- 
ary), tumble,  lapse,  stoop,  swoop,  souse, 
aUghting,  dismount,  declination,  dip, 
downrush,  pounce. 
Antonyms:  see  rise. 

2.  slope,  declivity,  decline,  dip,  pitch, 
drop. 


S.  devolution,  passing,  succession  {rare), 

devolvcment. 

4.  ancestry,    lineage,    pedigred,    progeni- 

ture,  progenitorship  {rare),  origin,  original 

{rare),   extraction,  engendrure  {archaic); 

spec,  paternity,  parentage,  birth,  filiation. 

describable,    a.    portrayable,    paintable, 
drawable,  definable,  figurable,  represent- 
ablo,   charactcrizabie; — with  specific  im- 
plications. 
Antonyms:  see  indescribable. 

describe,  v.  t.  1.  To  tell  in  ivords:  picture, 
depict,  portray,  paint,  depaint  (emphatic), 
limn  {literary),  delineate,  draw,  figure, 
represent;  spec,  outline,  define,  character- 
ize, qualify,  sketch,  adumbrate  {rare), 
blazon,  image,  empicture  (rare),  epithet, 
epitomize,  gazetteer,  detail,  miniature, 
misdescribe,  portraiture  {rare),  phrase. 

2.    See  DELINEATE. 

description,  n.  1.  Describing  in  words: 
picturing,  depiction,  depicture  {rare),  por- 
trayal, portrayment  {rare),  painting,  Um- 
ning  {literary),  delineation,  representa- 
tion; spec,  drawing,  sketching,  sketch, 
outlining,  outline,  definition,  figuring, 
imaging,  characterization,  adumbration 
{rare),  blazonry  or  blazonment,  blazon, 
cacotype,  collation,  signalment  {rare), 
portraiture,  portrait,  periegesis  {rare), 
presentment,  prospectus,  hypotyposis 
{rare),  image  {rare),  iconography. 
2.  See  KIND. 

descriptive,  a.  depictive,  delineative,  de- 
lineatory,  definitive,  figurative,  represent- 
ative; spec,  adumbrative,  graphic,  life- 
like, graphical  {rare),  vivid. 

desecrate,  v.  t.  contaminate,  profane,  de- 
file, unhallow  (rare),  pollute,  violate. 
Antonyms:  see  consecrate. 

desecration,  n.  contamination,  defile- 
ment, profanation,  sacrilege  (rare),  viola- 
tion, pollution. 

desert,  a.  1.  abandoned,  unfrequented, 
desolate. 

2.    See  WASTE,  WILD,  BARREN. 

desert,  n.  solitude,  wilderness,  waste;  spec. 
Sahara  {fig.),  karoo. 
desert,  v.  t.  fail;  spec,  disappoint,  jilt,  bolt; 

see  ABANDON. 

desert,  v.  i.  leave,  quit;  spec,  apostatize, 
renegade,  skirt  {of  a  dog  deserting  from 
the  hunting-pack),  backslide. 

deserter,  n.  runaway,  runagate  {literary  or 
archaic),  transfuge  {rare),  transfugitive 
(rare),  rat  or  ratter  (slang);  spec,  recreant, 
Damas  (fig.),  renegade,  turncoat,  apos- 
tate, traitor. 


IW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
deride:    ridicule. 
derision:  ridicule. 
derival:  inference. 


derogate:  decline,  detract. 
derogatory:    discreditable,  dis- 

parofjing. 
descrial:    discovery. 


descry:   discover,  perceive,  see. 
desert:    due,  demerit. 
deserted:       abandoned,    unfre- 
quented, alone. 


IW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

124 


DESTINE 


desertion,  n.  apostasy,  recreancy. 

deserve,  v.  t.  merit;  spec,  earn,  demerit. 

deserved,  a.  condign  {archaic,  exc.  of  pun- 
ishment), just,  rightful,  merited,  due. 

deserving,  a.  worthy,  meritorious,  good 
(contextual) . 

design,  v.  t.  1.  See  intend,  plan,  devise. 
2.  devise,  create,  plan,  project;  spec,  out- 
line, delineate,  invent,  sketch,  cartoon, 
weave. 

design,  v.  i.  I.  devise,  create,  invent,  plan; 
— referring  to  artistic  work. 

2.    See  INTEND. 

design,  n.  1.  See  plan,  intention,  adap- 
tation, ARTIFICE,  ART. 

2.  device,  contrivance,  creation;  spec,  fig- 
ure, model,  cartoon,  diaper,  print,  weave, 
pattern,  blazonry,  bearing,  blazon,  colo- 
phon. 

designated,  a.  Spec,  specified,  mentioned, 
named,  given,  stipulated. 

desirable,  a.  pleasing,  optable  (rare),  fair; 
spec,  covetable,  preferable. 

desire,  v.  i.  wish,  want,  long,  yearn  (chiefli/ 
elevated  or  poetic),  crave,  aspire,  lust  (rare 
or  spec),  pleasure  (rare),  burn,  gasp, 
pant,  raven  (rare),  list  (literary),  thirst, 
itch,  reck  (rare),  rage  (intensive) ,  .hsLuker 
(chiefly  colloq.); — mostly  specific  (cf.  de- 
sire, n.). 

desire,  v.  t.  wish,  want,  desiderate,  greed 
(rare),  hope,  crave,  covet,  ambition  (rare). 

desire,  n.  1.  conation  (tech.),  wish,  want, 
appetite  (spec,  or  fig.);  spec,  longing, 
yearning,  appetency,  craving,  crave  (rare), 
avidity,  covetousness,  covetise  (archaic), 
avarice,  cupidity  (archaic),  concupiscence 
(chiefly  spec),  lust  (usually  for  what  is 
wrong),  aspiration,  ambition,  eagerness, 
burning,  panting,  greed,  greediness,  ra- 
pacity, rapaciousness,  ravenousness,  de- 
sideration,  desiderium  (literary),  opta- 
tion  (rare),  itching,  itch  (usually  contempt- 
vx)us),  fever,  calenture  (literary),  device 
(obs.  or  rare,  exc  in  "left  to  one's  own  de- 
vices"), letch  (rare),  hunger,  hungriness, 
hanker,  gluttony  (fig.),  breathing  (used 
with  "after"),  list  (rare  or  archaic);  licker- 
ishness  or  liquorishness,  lechery,  orexis, 
voraciousness. 
Antomjms:  see  aversion. 
2.  desideratum;  spec  hope,  passion,  god- 
send. 

desirous,  a.  wishful;  spec,  wistful,  avid, 
avidious  (rare),  covetous,  avaricious,  cu- 


pidous  (rare),  concupiscent,  concupisci- 
ble,  lustful,  aspiring,  ambitious,  eager, 
greedy,  grasping,  rapacious,  thirsty, 
thirstful,  lickerish  or  liquorish,  hungry, 
edacious  (literary),  voracious,  gluttonous, 
desiderative  (often  tech.). 

desist,  V.  t.  stop,  cease,  stay;  spec  pause, 
forbear. 
Antonyms:  see  continue. 

desk,  n.  Spec,  table,  faldstool,  escritoire, 
lectern. 

desolate,  a.  1.  See  alone,  lonely,  un- 
frequented, uninhabited,  depressed, 

GLOOMY. 

2.  waste;  spec,  ruinous,  ravaged,  desert, 
barren,  wild,  bleak,  inhospitable. 

desolate,  v.  t.  1.  See  depopulate,  de- 
press, DEVASTATE. 

2.  waste,  ravage,  destitute  (rare),  devas- 
tate, havoc  (rare);  spec,  ruin,  sack,  pillage, 
burn. 

desolation,  Ji.  1.  Spec,  loneliness,  unfre- 
quentedness,  uninhabitedness,  deserted- 
ness,  depression,  cheerlessness. 
2.  wasteness  (rare);  spec  devastation, 
ruin,  ruinousness,  desertion,  barrenness, 
ravage,  wildness,  bleakness,  dreariness. 

desperado,  n.  desperate  (obs.);  spec,  black- 
guard, brave,  bravo,  apache  (French), 
freebooter,  ruffian,  brigand,  bandit,  buc- 
caneer, filibuster,  pirate,  marauder,  rob- 
ber, plunderer,  raider,  despoiler,  looter, 
assassin,  mohock,  plug-ugly  (slang  or 
cant;  U.  S.),  rowdy,  highbinder,  warrior 
(Amer.  Indian),  bully,  rapparee  (hist.), 
berserk,  berserker,  moonlighter,  moss- 
trooper, thug. 

despisal,  n.  contempt,  abhorrence. 

despise,  v.  t.  abhor,  disesteem,  contemn 
(literary),    scorn,    disdain,    despite    (ar- 
chaic), misprize  (rare);  spec,  spurn,  scout, 
ridicule,  ignore. 
Antonyms:  see  honor,  esteem. 

despond,  v.  i.  despair  (implying  utter  loss 
of  hope) . 
Antonyms:  see  hope. 

destination,  n.  1.  appointment,  ordain- 
ment,  predetermination,  ordination 
(chiefly  spec),  foreordainment. 

2.  See  purpose. 

3.  goal,  bourne  (chiefly  poetic),  terminus 
(chiefly  tech.);  spec,  haven,  harbor,  port, 
station. 

destine,  v.  t.  1.  appoint,  predestine,  pre- 
destinate,    ordain,    fate,     predetermine. 


C^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

deshabille:  undress. 

desiccate:    dry. 

designate:  indicate,  appoint, 
mention. 

designation:  indication,  ap- 
pointment, name. 

designing:  scheming. 


despair,  n.:  depression,  hope- 
lessness. 

despair,  v.  i.:   despond. 

despairing:  depressed,  hopeless. 

despatch:  nar.  o/ dispatch. 

desperate:  depressed,  hopeless, 
extreme,  frantic,  heroic,  reck- 
less, great. 


desperation:  depression,  hope- 
lessness, recklessness. 

despondency:    depression. 

despondent:    depressed. 

despot:    autocrat,  tyrant. 

despotic:  autocratic,  tyranni- 
rnl. 

desquamate:   scale. 


IW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
12.^ 


DESTINY 


foreordain,  order,  shape,  weird  (rare); 
spec,  foredoom,  doom. 

S.    See  ADDRESS. 

destiny,  7i.  1.  lot,  doom,  fate,  ordinance 
[archaic),  kismet  {literary),  star  {rare), 
fortune. 

2.    See  FATE. 

destitute,  a.  I.   See  devoid. 

2.  poor  {contextual),  penniless,  moneyless. 
destroy,  v.  t.  1.    See  demolish,  kill,  an- 

NIHIL.\TE,  extinguish,  ABOLISH,  COUN- 
TERACT, DEV.\STATE. 

2.  demolish,  ruin,  ruinate,  unform  {rare), 
perish  {archaic),  subvert,  fordo  {archaic); 
spec,  blot  {used  udth  "out"),  break,  shat- 
ter, shipwreck,  devastate,  dismantle,  con- 
sume, raze,  spoil;  efface,  crush  {used  with 
"out"),  erode,  dissolve,  desolate,  abate, 
kill; — referring  to  material,  or  fig.  to  im- 
material, things. 

Antonyms:    see  build,  establish,  con- 
struct, PROTECT. 

3.  ruin,  sjioil,  demolish,  nullify,  rend, 
kill,  explode,  sap  {fig.),  shatter,  murder, 
dissolve,  root  {with  "up"  or  "out"),  fordo 
(archaic); — referring  to  immaterial  things. 

Antonyms:  see  construct. 

destroyer,  n.  destructor  (rare),  ruin,  de- 
molisher,  razer,  etc.;  spec,  biblioclast, 
iconoclast,  vandal,  etc. 

destructible,  a.  destroyable,  perishable, 
eradi  cable. 
Antonyms:  see  rNDESTRUCTiBLE. 

destruction,  Ji.  Spec.  demoUtion,  ruin, 
ruination,  death,  killing,  spohation, 
•RTeck,  devastation,  annihilation,  ship- 
WTeck,  vandalism,  dissolution,  holocaust, 
erosion,  etc.     Cf.  destroy. 

destructive,  a.  demolitionary,  ruinous, 
subversionary,  annihilative,  extermina- 
tive,  extinctive,  extirpatory,  eradi  cat ory, 
consumptive;  spec,  pestiferous,  interne- 
cine, interdestructive,  fatal,  pernicious. 
Antonyms:  see  CREATrvT^:. 

detach,  v.  t.  1.  separate,  disconnect  {chiefly 
spec),  unfLx,  loose,  disunite,  disjoin,  dis- 
sever; spec,  disengage,  draft,  disjoint,  dis- 
anchor. 
Antonyms:  see  attach,  connect,  join. 

2.    See  DETAIL. 

detachment,  n.  1.  separation,  disconnec- 
tion   {chiefly  spec),   unfixing,   loosening, 
disuniting,    disjoining,    disjunction,    dis- 
severance; spec,  disengagement. 
Antonyms:   see  connection,  joining. 


2.  Spec,  aloneness,  separation. 

3.  See  detail. 

detail,  n.  1.  item,  particular,  minutia 
{chiefly  in  pi.  "miriutice"),  circumstance. 

2.  Spec,  circumstantiality,  account. 

3.  In  mil.  use:  body,  party,  detachment; 
spec,  picket,  patrol,  party. 

detail,  v.  t.  1.  describe,  report,  mention, 
cxi)licate  {rare). 
2.  In  mil.  use:  appoint,  detach. 

detailed,  a.  full,  circumstantial,  particu- 
lar, minute,  itemized  {chiefly  spec). 

detain,  r.  t.  1.  See  withhold. 
2.  hold,  stay,  keep,  delay,  retain;  spec. 
confine,   check,   buttonhole,   buttonhold, 
becalm,  embay  {literanj). 
Antonyms:   see  hasten. 

detective,  7i.  Spec  spotter  {slang),  mouser 
{slang),  Pinkerton. 

detention,  n.  1.  withholding. 
2.  holding,  stay,  keeping,  delay,  detain- 
ment   {rare),   detainer    {Iciw),   retention; 
spec,  confinement,  check,  demurrage. 

deteriorate,  v.  i.  decline,  worsen,  pejorate 
{rare),  disimprove  {rare),  impair;  spec,  de- 
generate, rust,  wear. 
Antonyms:  see  improve. 

determinate,  a.  1.    See  definite. 
2.  definitive,  conclusive. 

determination,  n.  resolution,  constancy, 
backbone,  sturdiness,  grit  {colloq.),  firm- 
ness, stamina,  pluck  {colloq.). 

determined,  a.  resolute,  resolved,  bent 
(with  "on"),  stalwart,  possessed  {colloq.  or 
spec;  with  "to"),  set. 

detract,  v.  i.  subtract,  derogate; — esp.  so 
as  to  impair  or  injure,  as  reputation,  hap- 
piness, etc 

detriment,  n.  loss,  disadvantage,  preju- 
dice, harm,  damage,  ruins  {pL;  archaic  or 
obs.),  cost,  injury;  spec,  mischief,  hurt. 

detruncate,  v.  t.   To  cut  off:  crop. 

deuce,  n.  1.   See  two. 
2.  tie; — lawn  tennis. 

devastate,  v.  t.  desolate,  destroy,  ravage, 
waste,  harry,  havoc  {rare),  scour;  spec 
plunder,  sack,  strip. 

devastation,  n.  desolation,  destruction, 
ravaging,  ravage,  waste,  havoc,  ruin, 
vastation  {rare);  spec,  plunder,  sack, 
stripping. 

develop,  v.  t.  1.  See  disclose,  unfold. 
2.  unfold,    evolve,    expand,    disenvelope 
{rare);  spec,  ripen,  unravel,  elaborate,  ex- 
plicate   {rare   or   logic),    breed,    mature, 


XW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
destitute:    devoid,  poor. 
destitution:     absence,  poverty. 
desuetude:    disuse. 
detect:    discover,  perceive. 
detection:      discovery,   percep- 
tion. 
deter;   restrain,  prevent. 


deterge:    clean,  remove. 

determination:  definition,  dis- 
covery, direction,  constancy,  de- 
cision, end. 

determinative:  decisive,  end- 
ing. 

determine,  v.  t.:  define,  decide, 
discover,  end,  direct. 


determine,  v,  i.:  decide,  end. 
deterrence:    restraint. 
deterrent:  restraint,  preventive. 
detest:    abhor. 

detestable:  abominable,  hateful. 
dethrone:  depose. 
detonate:    explode. 
detour,  detour:  circuit. 


iS^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
126 


DEVOUT 


force,  gestate; — referring  to  the  completion, 
perfection,   or  the  like,   of  something   by 
bringing  out  its  possibilities. 
Antonyms:   see  condense. 

3.  deduce,  educe,  unfold; — referring  to  the 
bringing  out  of  something  latent. 

4.  prociuce,  form,  grow,  breed,  engender. 
develop,  v.  i.   1.  evolve,  unfold,  expand, 

grow;  spec,  boom,  flower,  segment,  pro- 
gress, ripen,  mature ;  see  ripen. 

2.   See  FORM,  GROW,  APPEAR. 

development,  n.  1.  disclosure,  unfolding, 
revelation. 

2.  unfolding,  unfoldment  (rare),  evolve- 
ment,  evolution  {often  spec),  expansion; 
spec,  unraveling,  elaboration,  explication 
(rare  or  logic),  maturing,  maturation,  ma- 
turement  (rare),  forcing,  gestation,  cult- 
ure, upgrowth,  uprise  (colloq.),  boom, 
histogenesis,  descent,  progress. 

Antonyms:   see  condensation. 

3.  deduction,  educement,  eduction,  un- 
folding. 

4.  See  PRODUCT,  formation,  growth. 
deviate,  v.  i.  turn,  depart,  incline,  decline, 

vary,  sheer  (chiefly  spec),  swerve,  divert 
(archaic),  digress  (rare  in  the  literal  sense), 
exorbitate  (archaic),  excurse  (rare),  veer 
(chiefly  naut.),  slue,  slew,  wander  (chiefly 
fig.  or  spec),  stray  (chiefly  spec),  deflect 
(rare),  diverge; — used  literally  andflg. 

deviation,  n.  turn,  turning,  departure,  va- 
riation, wandering,  straying,  veer  (chiefly 
spec),  deflection,  declination,  divergence, 
sheer  (chiefly  spec),  swerve,  sweep,  in- 
clination, diversion,  digression  (rare  in  the 
literal  sense),  exorbitation  (rare);  spec,  dis- 
orientation, excursion,  drift. 

device,  n.  1.  In  an  immalerial  sense: 
contrivance,  arrangement,  design,  plan, 
scheme,  invention,  project,  expedient,  con- 
coction, conceit,  brew  (fig.). 

2.  Referring  to  a  material  thing:  contriv- 
ance, arrangement,  design,  invention,  con- 
traption (colloq.),  fangle  (obs.),  fanglement 
(rare);  spec  crochet,  curwhibble  (rare), 
tool,  instrument,  shift. 

3.  emblem;  spec,  cockade,  pageant  (hist.), 
cipher  (of  letters),  monogram,  legend, 
motto. 

4.  See  idea,  contrivance,  trick,  ex- 
pedient. 

devil,  n.  1.  [cap.,  "the  Devil"]  Demon  (con- 
textual),  Satan,  Deuce  (in  expletive  use), 
Dragon,  Old  Serpent,  Satanas  (archaic). 
Old  Harry  (etiphemism) ,  Lucifer  (rare), 
Deil  (Scot.),  Auld  Hornie  (Scot.;  colloq.). 
Old  Nick  (euphemism),  Davy  Jones  (.sail- 
ors' slang).  Tempter,  Archfiend,  Arch- 
enemy, Prince  of  Darkness,  Foul  Fiend, 


Enemy,  Adversary,  ApoUyon,  Mephis- 
topheles,  Mephisto,  Lubberfiend,  Evil 
One.  Also  popularly:  Old  Nick,  Old  Lim- 
mie,  Old  Clootie,  Old  Teaser,  Old  One, 
etc,  Robin  Goodfellow. 
Antonyms:  see  god. 
2.  See  demon,  wretch. 

devilish,  a.  1.  [cap.]  Satanic,  Satanical, 
Lucifer ian  (rare). 

2.  demonic,  demoniac,  diabolical,  fiend- 
ish, Satanic,  serpentine  (rare),  satanical, 
infernal,  hellish,  inhuman. 
Antonyms:   see  heavenly,  human. 

devilry,  n.  mischief  (contextual),  devilment, 
deviltry,  diablery,  diablerie  (French). 

devious,  a.   1.  Departing  from  the  direct 
course:  roundabout,  circuitous,  crooked, 
indirect  (chiefly  flg.). 
Antonyms:  see  straight. 
2.  Following  an   irregular   course:    devi- 
ating, deviatory,  wandering,  straying. 

devise,  v.  t.  1.  To  think  up:  contrive,  invent, 
conceive,  concoct,  plan,  design,  imagine 
(obsolesc),  brew  (fig.),  shape,  cook  (usually 
with  "up"),  cogitate  (formal  or  literary), 
excogitate  (rare),  cast  (obsolesc),  plot, 
scheme,  project,  formulate,  fudge  (often 
with  "up"),  fabricate,  manufacture, frame, 
elaborate;  spec,  machinate,  hatch,  spin, 
forge  (evil),  forecast  (obsolesc). 
2.  See  bequeath. 

devising,  n.  devisement  (rare),  contriv- 
ance, contrival  (rare),  premeditation, 
devisal  (rare),  imagination  (obsolesc),  con- 
coction, projection,  framing,  machination. 

devoid,  o.  destitute,  void,  forlorn  (literary); 
spec  bare,  free,  empty ; — all  used  with  "of." 

devotee,  n.  devotionalist,  devotionist 
(rare),  votary,  enthusiast,  zealot;  spec,  ob- 
late, corybant,  bacchanal,  bacchant,  bac- 
chante (fem.); — used  of  religious  devotees 
and  fig. 

devotion,  n.  1.  See  consecration,  dedi- 
cation, appropriation,  application, 
addiction,  constancy. 

2.  zeal,  cult,  prayerfulness,  e.xer citation. 

3.  worship;  spec,  meditations  (pi.),  vigils 
(pi.).  The  word  "devotion"  is  often  used  in 
the  plural,  collectively. 

devour,  v.  t.  1.  eat,  raven,  wolf  (slang), 
gorge,    glut,    gulp    (esp.    with    "down"), 
scoff  (slang). 
2.  See  consume. 

devourer,  n.  eater,  cormorant  (fig.),  locust 
(fig-);  spec,  epicure,  gormandizer. 

devourment,     n.     1.     eating,     hgurition 
(rare) . 
2.  See  consumption. 

devout,  a.  1.  pious,  religious,  holy,  prayer- 
ful, heavenly-minded. 


t^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
devolve,  v.  i.:  pass,  descend. 


devolve,  v.  I.:  transfer. 
devote:  consecrate, dedicate, ap- 


propriate, apply,  addict,  condemn. 
devoted:  accursed, addicted,  constant. 


XW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

127 


DEVOUTNESS 


Antonyms:  see  nuiELiaions. 

8.    See  SINCERE. 

devoutness,  n.  piety. 

dew,  u.  moisture,  precipitation; — both  con- 
textual. 

dew,  I',  t.  wet  {contextual),  moisten  {con- 
textual), bedew  {intensive). 

dewy,  a.  moist  (contextual),  roral  {rare), 
rosoid  [rare). 

diagonal,  a.  cornerwise,  bias. 

diagonally,  odr.  cornerwise,  bias. 

diagram,  n.  delineation,  plan,  scheme 
{rare),  plat  [chiejly  spec),  outline;  spec. 
plot,  sketch,  section,  graph  {tech.). 

diagram,  v.  t.  delineate,  plan,  outline,  plot, 
plat  {U.  S.);  spec,  graph  {colloq.). 

dialect,  7i.  language  {contextual),  lingo 
{contemptuous);  spec,  patter,  patois 
(French),  argot,  cant,  jargon,  idiom,  ver- 
nacular. 

dialogue,  n.  conversation  {contextual); 
spec,  snip-snap,  flyte,  collogue. 

diameter,  n.  width  {contextual);  spec. 
thickness,  bore,  cahber,  module. 

diametric,  a.  utter  {used  before  "oppo- 
site"), absolute,  exact,  precise,  etc. 

diarrhea,  n.  laxity,  looseness,  lask  {obs.  or 
vet.),  skit  {dial.),  flux;  spec,  cholera,  chol- 
erine, dysentery,  hentery,  scour,  purge. 

dictate,  v.  t.  1.  See  speak. 
2.  bid,   prescribe,   order,  direct,  enjoin; 
spec,  impose. 

dictation,  n.  1.   See  speaking. 
2.  bidding,    injunction,   order,   prescrip- 
tion, etc. 

dictatorial,    a.    commanding,    authorita- 
tive,  injunctive,   magisterial   {bookish  or 
learned),  directory,  dogmatic. 
Antonyms:  see  obedient. 

diction,  n.  expression,  style  {contextual), 
wording,  phraseology;  spec,  form,  idiom. 

dictionary,  n.  wordbook,  lexicon  {chiefly 
spec),  vocabulary;  spec,  thesaurus,  gradus 
{short  for  "Gradus  ad  Parnassum"),  glos- 
sary, gloss  {rare),  gazetteer. 

dictum,  n.  saying,  dictate,  say-so  {dial,  or 
U.  S.),  say  {poetic  or  obs.). 

die,  V.  i.  1.  expire,  perish,  decease  {literary 
or  formal),  demise  {elevated  or  rhetorical), 
depart  {euphemistic),  croak  {slang),  drop 
{chiefly  colloq.),  end  {now  rare),  pass  (ar- 
chaic, or  u^ed  urith  "on"  by  Christian  Sci- 
entists), succumb  {rhetorical);  spec,  fall, 
drown,  hang,  suffocate,  suicide. 
Antonyms:    see  live,  grow,  generate, 

GERMINATE,  REVIVE. 

2.    See    GANGRENE,    STOP,    VANISH,    FADE, 

DISAPPEAR. 

die,  n.  1.  dice  {rare),  bones  (pi.;  colloq.), 
devil's  bones  {pi.;  colloq.  or  in  obloquy), 
ivories  {pL;  slang);  spec,  demy,  dispatcher 


{slang),  dispatch  (slang),  fulham,  doctor 
(old  slang),  goads  (pL;  cant). 

2.  stamp;  spec,  punch,  swage,  matrix, 
hub. 

3.  See  FATE. 

diet,  n.  1.  See  food. 
2.  regimen. 

differ,  v.  i.  1.  disagree  (u^ed  with  "with"), 
vary  (used  with  "from"),  diverge  (used 
with  "from"),  deviate  (used  with  "from"), 
depart  (used  with  "from"),  discept  (rare), 
disaccord  (used  loith  "with"),  discrepate 
(rare) . 
Antonyms:  see  agree. 

2.  dissent,  disagree,  disaccord. 
Antonyms:  see  agree. 

3.  See  DISPUTE,  quarrel. 
difference,  n.  1.  disagreement,  variance, 

variation,  dissemblance  (archaic),  diver- 
gence, deviation,  departure,  heterogene- 
ity, odds,  disaccord,  distinction,  distinct- 
ness, discongruity,  dissimilarity,  distinc- 
tion, dissimilitude  (rare) ,  separateness,  in- 
conformity,  unlikeness,  contrast,  interval, 
diversity,  disparity,  dispart,  inconsist- 
ence, inconsistency,  contradiction,  con- 
tradictoriness,  repugnance,  antagonism, 
inimicality  (rare),  hostility,  hostileness, 
adverseness,  irreconcilability,  irreconcil- 
ableness,  incongruity,  incongruousness, 
incompatibility,  incompatibleness,  dis- 
cordance, discordancy,  dissonance,  dis- 
sonancy,  inharmoniousness,  contrariety, 
contrariness,  discrepation  (rare),  con- 
verseness,  opposition,  oppositeness,  an- 
tithesis, antitheticalness,  disparity,  dif- 
ferentia, nuance  (French).  Most  of  these 
words  are  more  or  less  specific  in  their  im- 
plications. 

Antonyms:  see  agreement,  resem- 
blance, SAMENESS. 

2.  dissension,  disaccord,  disagreement; 
spec,  controversy,  dispute,  altercation, 
discord,  quarrel,  bicker,  contention, 
strife,  brabble,  feud,  fray,  jar,  jangle, 
WTangle,  embroilment,  variance. 

Antonyms:  see  agreement. 
different,  a.  1.  disagreeing,  variant,  di- 
vergent, deviative,  distinct,  dissimilar,  un- 
like, diverse,  divers  (archaic),  contrastive, 
contrastful  (rare),  inconsistent,  contra- 
dictory, repugnant,  antagonistic,  antag- 
onistical,  inimical,  hostile,  adverse,  ir- 
reconcilable, heterogeneous,  incongruous, 
incompatible,  discordant,  dissonant,  in- 
harmonious, contrary,  converse,  incon- 
formable,  disparate,  contradistinct,  dis- 
crepant, discriminate  (archaic),  other- 
guess  fcoZZo^.),  otherwise  (used  only  predi- 
catively); — referring  to  things  which  differ 
from  each  other  in  some  quality  or  attribute. 


1^"  Cross  references:  see  Note. 


1      diet:   food,  regimen. 


diet:  assembly,  session. 


(W  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

128 


DIGRESS 


Most  of  these  words  have  specific  implica- 
tions.  "Different"  is  the  most  general  term. 

Antonyms:  see  alike,  same. 
2.  distinct,  separate,  other  {than),  non- 
identical,  unidentical;  spec,  various; — not 
implying  any  difference  in  kind  or  char- 
acter, hut  merely  non-identity. 
Antonyms:  see  same. 

differentiate,  v.  t.  difference,  specialize, 
discriminate,  sever;  spec,  disequalize,  de- 
synonymize,  despecificate. 

difficult,  a.  1.  difficile  {archaic),  hard, 
troublesome,  uneath  {archaic),  nice, 
tough  {colloq.),  uneasy  {rare),  stiff;  spec. 
arduous,  Herculean,  skillful  {rare),  tick- 
lish, uphill,  crabbed,  cramp,  nice,  awk- 
ward, wicked  {colloq.),  knotty,  spiny, 
thorny,  laborious,  painful,  delicate,  ob- 
scure, abstruse,  mysterious,  exacting,  stiff, 
labored. 
Antonyms:  see  easy. 
2.  See  embakrassing,  austere,  unman- 
ageable. 

difficulty,  n.  1.  hardness;  spec,  arduous- 
ness,    laboriousness,    niceness,    delicacy, 
obscurity,  abstruseness,  crabbedness. 
Antonyms:  see  ease. 

2.  Spec,  crux,  exigency,  knot,  nodus,  per- 
plexity, trouble,  obstacle,  dilemma,  pre- 
dicament. 

3.  See  objection. 

4.  embarrassment;  spec,  complication, 
disagreement,  imbroglio. 

difiuse,  a.  1.  wide-spread,  scattered,  per- 
fuse {rare),  dispersed,  dissipated,  dis- 
seminated,   dispelled,     distributed,     dis- 

.  gregate  {rare);  spec,  interdiffuse,   effuse, 
diffusive. 
Antonyms:  see  concentrated. 
2.  See  PROLIX. 

difiuse,  V.  t.  spread,  scatter,  strew,  dis- 
perse, dissipate,  disseminate,  dispel,  dis- 
tribute, disgregate  {rare);  spec,  suffuse, 
interdiffuse,  effuse,  circulate. 
Antonyms:   see  concentrate. 

difiuse,  V.  t.  &  i.  spread,  scatter,  strew, 
disperse,  dissipate,  disseminate,  dispel, 
distribute,  dispense,  dispensate  {rare); 
spec,  circulate,  radiate,  disject,  dispread 
{archaic),  dot,  dissolve,  shed,  evaporate, 
propagate,  disgregate  {rare). 
Antonyms:  see  concentrate. 

diffusion,  n.  spreading,  spread,  strewing, 
dispersion,  dissipation,  dissemination, 
dispelling,  distribution,  dispensation,  dis- 
pensing; spec,  circulation,  osmose,  os- 
mosis, effluve  {rare),  dissolution,  cosmo- 
politanism, propagation,  diffluence  {rare), 
diaspora  {Jewish  hist.),  centrifugence. 

diffusive,  a.  spreading,  scattering,  strew- 
ing, dispersive,  dissipative,  disseminative, 
dispelling,  distributive,  distributory,  dis- 


pensative,  dispensatory;  spec,  circulatory, 
circulative,  effluent,  centrifugal,  diffu- 
gient  {rare),  catalytic,  osmotic. 

dig,  V.  t.  1.  delve  {archaic  or  literary,  exc. 
fig.),  grave  {rare  and  archaic),  excavate; 
spec,  costean,  grub,  dike,  ditch,  mine, 
spade,  root,  rootle,  spud,  rout  {chiefiy 
dial.),  hoe,  shovel,  mattock,  channel, 
quarry. 

2.  To  dig  up:  exhume  {formal) ,  dishumate 
{literary  arid  chiefly  fig.),  dishume  {rare), 
disinhume  {rare),  unbury  {rare),  un- 
earth, delve  {archaic  or  literary),  grub; 
spec,  disentomb,  disinter  (formal),  mine. 

die,  V.  i.  1.  grub. 
2.  work  {contextual),  drudge;  spec,  study. 
"Dig"  is  colloq. 

digest,  n.  abridgment  {contextual);  spec. 
code,  pandect. 

digestible,  a.  light. 

digestion,  n.  decoction;  spec,  bradypepsia 
{now  rare),  eupepsy  {rare),  indigestion. 

digestive,  a.  peptic  {rare);  spec,  brady- 
peptic  {rare),  eupeptic  {rare). 

digging,  a.  Referring  to  animals:  fossorial, 
fodient  {rare),  burrowing,  effodient  {rare). 

digging,  n.  1.  dig,  delving  or  delve  {archaic 
or  literary),  excavation. 
2.  excavation    {rare),    exhumation    {for- 
mal), unearthing;  spec,  unburial    {rare), 
disinterment. 

digit,  TO.  Spec,  finger,  thumb,  toe,  dew- 
claw. 

dignified,  a.  stately,  grave,  noble,  courtly, 
majestic,  august,  imposing,  portly,  grand, 
lofty,  buskined  {fig.;  literary). 
Antonyms:    see  undignified,  buffoon- 

ISH. 

dignify,  v.  t.  honor   {contextual),  elevate, 

lift,    exalt;   spec,   dub,    glorify,    idealize, 

transform  {contextual),  canonize,  crown, 

ennoble. 

Antonyms:  see  abase,  degrade. 
dignifying,  a.  honorific  {formal  or  literary; 

contextual),    exalting,    dignificatory,    ele- 

vatory  {rare);  spec,  glorifying,  doxological, 

ennobling. 
dignitary,  to.  dignity;  spec,  canon,  bishop, 

prelate,    governor,    etc.; — implying    high 

rank  in  office. 
dignity,  n.  1.  worth,  majesty,  nobleness, 

highness,  nobility;  spec,  greatness,  glory, 

grandeur. 
Antonyms:  see  insignificance. 

2.  stateliness,  augustness,  gravity,  deco- 
rum; spec,  portliness. 

Antonyms:  see  buffoonery. 

3.  rank,  elevation,  station,  place,  stand- 
ing, eminence,  honor;  spec,  preferment, 
prelacy,  papacy,  governorship,  etc. 

4.  See  dignitary. 

digress,  v.  i.   1.     See  deviate. 


t^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

129 


DIGRESSION 


t.  Effaring  to  discourfte,  thought,  etc.:  de- 
viate, excurse  (rare),  divagate  [rare),  eva- 
gate  {rare). 

digression,  n.  1.  See  deviation. 
2.   licfcrring  to  discourse,  deviation,  de- 
)mrturo,  divagation,  excursion,  excursus, 
liiscui'sion,  eobasis  {rare),  evagation  (rare); 
spec,  ecbole  (rare),  episode. 

dike,  n.  1.   See  channel,  ditch. 
2.  bank;  spec,  estacade,  levee. 
Antonyms:  sec  trench. 

dilapidated,  a.  decayed,  decadent,  ruined, 
run-<.io\vn. 

dilapidation,  n.  decay,  unrepair,  ruin,  dis- 
Lntegrity  (rare). 
Antonijtns:  see  integrity,  repair. 

dilapidative,  a.  disintegrative,  disintegra- 
tory,  ruinous. 

dilatable,  a.  swellable  (rare),  extensible, 
distensible. 

dilatation,  7i.  expansion,  swelling,  swell, 
enlargement,    dilation;   spec,   distention, 
ectasia,  aneurism,  diastole,  varix. 
Antonyms:  see  contraction. 

dilate,  v.  i.  cfc  t.   1.  enlarge,  expand,  am- 
plify,   swell;    spec,    distend,    dome,    in- 
tumesce. 
Antonyms:  see  contract. 
2.  enlarge  (in  discourse). 

diligent,  a.  1.  See  industrious,  con- 
stant. 

2.  assiduous,  sedulous,  studious; — refer- 
ring to  actions. 

dUuent,  a.  diluting,  thinning;  spec. solvent. 

dilute,  a.   diluted,  wishy-washy   (colloq.). 

dilute,  V.  t.  thin,  weaken,  attenuate,  re- 
duce; spec,  adulterate. 
Antonyms:  see  contjense,  thicken. 

dim,  a.  1.  dark,  dusky,  faint,  dull;  spec. 
misty,  pale,  hazy,  foggy,  dreamy. 
Antonyms:   see  bright. 
2.  See  bxtlIj  (mentally) . 

dimension,  n.  measure,  extent,  propor- 
tion (chiefly  in  pi.),  girt. 

diminisli,  v.  t.  &  i.  lessen,  belittle,  de- 
crease, minify  (rare),  minish  (rare),  re- 
bate (rare),  reduce,  abate  (archaic), 
retrench;  spec,  melt,  minimize,  narrow, 
contract,  shrink,  shri  /el,  dwandle,  lower, 
taper,  shorten,  cut,  abbreviate,  abridge, 
curtail,  attenuate,  dwarf,  deliquesce, 
reef,  decline,  remit  (rare),  ease. 
Antonyms:     see    increase,    enlarge, 

MAXIMIZE. 

diminishing,  a.  diminutive  (ohs.  and  rare, 
in  this  sense),  decrescent  (literarrj),  reduc- 
tive; spec,  contractive,  deliquescent,  les- 
sening, decreasing,  etc.,  decrescendo. 


diminution,  n.  diminishment,  lessening) 
decreasing,  decrement  (literary),  retrench- 
ment, decrescence  (literary),  reduction, 
abatement;  spec,  shrinkage,  abbreviation, 
abridgment,  curtailment,  attenuation,  del- 
iquescence, taper,  relaxation,  remission, 
defalcation  (archaic),  rebatement  (rare), 
drawback,  decline,  decrescendo,  etc. 
Anto7iyms:  see  increase,  enlargement. 

dimness,  n.  dark,  darkness,  obscurity,  etc. 
Cf.  DIM,  a. 
Antonyms:  see  brightness. 

din,   n.   noise,  bruit  (archaic),  racket,  ru- 
mor (archaic);  spec,  clamor,  turmoil,  hub- 
bub, tumult,  uproar,  clang,  clash,  crash, 
clatter,  hullabaloo  (colloq.),  rumble. 
Antonyms:  see  silence. 

din,  V.  t.  ring;  spec,  clamor,  clang,  clash, 
clatter. 

dining,  n.  aristology  (art  of  dining),  deip- 
nosophism  (rare). 

dining  room.  Spec,  ordinary  (Eng.),  tri- 
clinium (Roman  antiq.). 

dinner,  a.  prandial  (affected  or  jocose). 

dinner,  n.    Spec,  dinnerette. 

diocese,  n.  bishopric,  bishoprj',  episcopate; 
spec,  exarchate,  eparchy,  metropolitan, 
patriarchate. 

dip,  V.  t.  1.  immerse,  plimge  (suddenly),  dive 
(rare),  immerge  (rare),  douse  (into  water), 
implunge  (rare);  spec,  bathe,  souse,  duck, 
ingulf  or  engulf  (rare),  pickle,  baptize. 

2.  See  w^T. 

3.  To  remove  by  dipping:  lade,  bale,  bail, 
scoop,  ladle;  spec,  bucket. 

4.  bob  (as  a  flag) . 

dip,  V.  i.  1.  immerse,  plunge,  dive;  spec. 
bathe,  duck. 
Antonyms:  see  emerge. 

2.  See  descend. 

3.  go  (into  a  subject,  book,  etc.). 

dip,  n.   1.  plunge,  immersion,  dive,  im- 
mergence;  spec,  douse,  bath,  intinction, 
baptism. 
Antonyms:  See  emergence. 

2.  See  descent. 

3.  bob  (as  of  a  flag). 

diplomacy,  n.  1.  diplomatics  (rare);  spec. 
kingcraft,  intrigue. 
2.  See  tact. 

diplomatic,  a.    Spec,  temporizing,  artful, 
politic;  see  tactful,  scheming. 
Antonyms:  see  avtkward. 

diplomatic  agent,  diplomatist,  diplomat; 
spec,  proxenus,  charge  (French),  ambas- 
sador, envoy,  legate,  internuncio,  inter- 
nuncius,  consul,  plenipotentiary,  minister, 
nuncio,  resident. 


t^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
di^esslve:     discursive. 
dike,  V.  t.:  ditch,  drain,  bank. 
dilatory:    slow. 
dilemma:  predicament. 


dilettante:   amatenr. 
diligence:    application. 
diluvium:  deposit,  drift. 
dim -eyed:  hlear. 
ding:  dash. 


dingle:  valley. 
dingle,  r.  ifc  n.:  ring. 
dint:   indent. 
dire:    threatening. 


J^°  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
130 


DISAGREEING 


direct,  a.  1.  See  straight,  immediate. 

2.  straightforward,  dunstable  {obs.  or  lit- 
erary), downright,  upright,  flat,  plump; 
spec,  pomted,  frank,  honest,  sincere,  ex- 
press, unequivocal,  dead. 

Antotiyms:    see    ambiguous,    indirect, 

WANDERING. 

3.  Referring  to  descent:  lineal. 

direct,  v.  t.  1.  address  (a  letter,  .remarks, 
etc.),  destine  {contextual). 

2.  aim,  point,  head,  address,  turn,  bend, 
determine;  spec,  guide,  con  (naut.),  in- 
cline, dispose,  level,  shape,  present,  mo- 
tion, intend  (a  Latinism),  dart,  guide, 
lead,  steer,  run,  push,  etc. 

3.  See  BID,  manage,  control,  refer  {one 
to  a  person,  to  a  place  in  a  book,  etc.). 

directable,  a.  aimable,  turnable,  determin- 
able; spec,  guidable,  leadable,  steerable, 
dirigible. 

direction,  n.  1.  addressing,  address. 

2.  aim,  aiming,  pointing,  addressing, 
turning,  turn,  determination;  spec,  bent, 
leading,  guidance,  steering,  bearing,  in- 
cUnation,  intention  {rare). 

3.  See  BIDDING,  CONTROL,  REFERENCE  (oS 

in  "reference  to  a  person,  book,"  etc.). 

4.  conduct,  control,  disposal,  disposition; 
spec,  command. 

5.  way,  road  {chiefly  spec),  course,  run, 
bearing,  point;  spec,  quarter,  side,  sense, 
lead,  east,  west,  north,  south,  etc.,  trend. 

directly,  adv.  1.     Spec,  straight,  exactly, 
lineally,  immediately,  soon. 
2.  straightforwardly,    downrightly,    etc., 
plump,  plumply,  flatly,  etc. 

dirge,  n.  monody  {Greek  literature),  coron- 
ach {Scot.  &  Irish),  threnody,  requiem 
{chiefly  poetic),  elegy;  spec.  mjTiologue 
(rare) ,  office  {for  the  dead) . 

dirigible,  a.  dQrectable,  navigable. 

dirt,  n.  1,  Spec,  filth,  grime,  clart  {dial.), 
mire,  muck,  fouhng,  mud,  sludge,  dust, 
impurity,  etc. 

2.  See  EARTH. 

3.  Spec,  meanness,  sordidness,  obscenity, 
nastiness. 

dirt  eating,  geophagy. 

dirtied,  a.  defiled,  polluted,  pollute,  fouled. 

dirtiness,  n.     Spec,  filthiness,  filth,  foul- 
ness, etc. 
Antonyms:  see  purity. 

dirty,  a.  1.  Spec,  grimy,  filthy,  foul,  clart 
or  clarty  {dial.),  unclean,  uncleanly,  im- 
pure {rare),  miry,  muddy,  mucky,  nasty, 
vile,  soily,  cindery,  grubby;    see  filthy, 

FOUL. 

Antonyms:  see  clean,  spotless. 

2.  See  DISCREDITABLE,  MEAN,  INDECENT, 
STORMY. 


dirty,  v.  t.  defile,  foul,  soil,  sully  (chiefly 
fig.),  filthify  {rare);  spec,  grime,  pollute, 
dust,  muddy,  mire,  colly  {archaic  or  dial.), 
begrime,  slobber  {chiefly  dial.),  tar,  be- 
draggle. 
Antonyms:  see  clean,  purify. 

dirtying,  Ji.  defilement,  fouling,  soiling,  etc. 

dis-.  The  prefix  "dis-"  has  usually  a 
stronger  force  than  the  prefixes  "un-"  and 
"in-";  as  in  "unrelated,"  " disr elated" ;  "un- 
satisfied," "dissatisfied";  "inability,"  "dis- 
ability," etc. 

disability,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  condition: 
inability,   incapacity,   disablement;   spec. 
disqualification,   incompetence,   superan- 
nuation, unfitness. 
Antonyms:  see  ability. 
2.  Referring  to  a  defect:  incapacity,  crip- 
plehood  {rare),  crippJeness  {rare),  cripple- 
dom  {rare),  lameness  {chiefly  spec);  spec 
palsy,  paralysis,  impotence,  handicap,  su- 
perannuation. 
Antonyms:  see  ability. 

disable,  v.  t.  1.  incapacitate,  discapacitate 
{rare),  disenable;  spec,  disquahfy,  unfit. 
Antonyms:  see  enable. 
2.  incapacitate,  cripple,  becripple  {inten- 
sive), lame  {chiefly  spec);  spec,  palsy, 
paralyze,  dishabilitate  {Scots  law),  dis- 
empower  {rare),  gravel,  silence,  founder, 
dry-founder,  hamstring,  disarm,  hock, 
hough. 

disabled,  a.  incapacitated,  crippled, 
lamed,  lame,  halt  {literary  or  dignified), 
halting ;  spec  palsied,  superannuate,  hoof- 
bound,  foundered,  groggy  (colloq),  hors 
de  combat  {French),  game. 

disadvantage,  n.    1.  inconvenience,   dis- 
commodity, disinterest  {rare);  spec  hin- 
drance,    drawback,     check,     disservice, 
penalty. 
Antonyms:  see  advantage,  good. 
2.  See  LOSS. 

disadvantageous,  a.  inconvenient,   awk- 
ward, discommodious;  spec,  unfavorable, 
harmful. 
Antonyms:  see  advantageous. 

disafforest,  v.  t.  deforest  {law  or  forestry), 
disforest,  diswood  {rare) ,  deafforest  {rare) . 

disagree,  v.  i.  differ  {contextual),  dissent, 
clash,  conflict;  spec,  quarrel,  dispute. 
Antonyms:  see  agree,  conspire,  corre- 
spond. 

disagreeable,  a.  unpleasant;  spec  nasty 
{colloq.  in  U.  S.),  cantankerous,  hateful, 
offensive. 
Antonyms:  see  agreeable,  affectionate. 

disagreeing,  a.  1.  different,  conflictory,  in- 
congruent,  incongruous,  inaccordant,  dis- 
cordant, jarring,  clashing,  contradictory, 


tS^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
disadvlse:    discourage. 


disaflect:    alienate,  displease. 
disafflrm:    deny. 


disafiOrmance:    denial. 
disagreeable:   unpleasant. 


t^l^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

131 


DISAGREEMENT 


contrary,  repugnant,  iliviiK'd  {as  persons), 
tactions,  inconsonant,  discrepant. 

2.    ^t'f  DISSKNTIKNT. 

^^'  The  word  "disagreeing"  is  seldom  useil 
adjectively. 
disagreement,  n.  1.  dilTorcnce,  disunity, 
discord,  disunion,  clashing. 

Antonyms:  sec  secession. 
S.  conflict,  division,  incongruence,  incon- 
gruousness,  inaccordancc,  inaccordancy 
(rare),  contrariety,  discord,  discordance, 
discordancy,  opposition,  variance,  divi- 
sion, clash,  difficulty;  see  dissension. 

Antonyms:  see  agreement,  conspiracy. 

S.    See  DIFFERENCE,  DISPUTE,  QUARREL. 

disappear,  v.  i.  1.  vanish,  evanish  {em- 
phatic; literary),  die  {used  with  "away," 
"out,"  or  "down"),  evanesce,  sink,  go; 
spec,  melt,  dry,  dive,  dissolve  {often  with 
"into"),  fly  {with  "away"). 
Antonyms:  see  appear. 
2.  See  decay,  end. 

disappearance,  )i.   1.  vanishment  (rare), 
vanishing,      evanescence,      evanishment 
{rare),  dissolution,  evanition  {rare). 
Antonyms:  see  appearance. 

2.    See  OBSOLESCENCE. 

disappearing,  a.  vanishing,  evanescent, 
etc.;  see  obsole.scent. 

disarm,  v.  t.  unarm,  disweapon  {rare);  spec. 
diswhip  (rare) ,  dismail  (arcAaic),  dishelm, 
unsting  {rare). 
Antonyms:  see  arm. 

disarrange,  v.  t.  1.  disorder,  disturb,  de- 
range, disarray  {chiefly  mil.) ,  dislocate,  dis- 
compose {obs.);  spec,  confuse,  topsy-turvy 
(rare),  topsy -  turvyfy  {rare;  humorous), 
muss ([/.  S.;  often usedvnth "up"),  jumble, 
ruffle,  dishevel,  rumple,  rummage  {often 
used  with  "over"),  break,  unsettle,  tumble. 
Antonyms:  see  arrange,  adjust,  tidy. 
2.  See  disconcert. 

disarranged,  a.  topsy-turvy,  hugger- 
mugger,  discomposed,  etc. 

disbelief,  n.  discredit,  unbelief;  spec,  in- 
fidelity, agnosticism,  heresy. 

disbelieve,  v.  t.  discredit,  miscredit  {rare); 
spec,  doubt,  reject. 

discerning,  a.  bright,  discriminating,  di.s- 
criminative,  nice,  discriminant  {rare), 
clear-headed,  subtle,  acute,  vsharp,  long- 
headed, percipient  {rare),  clear-sighted, 
long-sighted,  perspicacious,  deep,  saga- 
cious, keen,  astute,  piercing,  judicious 
(often  spec),  eagle-eyed,  Argus-eyed  (fig.); 
spec,  discreet,  searching. 


Antonyms:  see  blind. 
discernment,  /(.  1.    Sec  DISTINCTION.  DIR- 

CUVKUV,    PKKCKPTION. 

2.  iliscrimination,  sagacity,  shrewdness, 
acumen,  sharpness,  brightness,  depth, 
perspicacity,  insight,  perspicaciousness 
(rare),  astuteness,  keenness,  longheaded- 
ness,  sharpness,  judiciousness  (often 
sjH'c);  spec,  discretion,  tact,  judgment. 
Antonyms:  see  stupidity. 
discharge,  v.  t.  1.    See  unload. 

2.  shoot,  fire;  spec,  volley,  empty,  play; — 
in  refei-ence  to  a  bow,  gun,  hose,  etc. 

Antonyms:  see  load. 

3.  project,  expel,  shoot,  fire,  throw;  spec. 
deliver,  play ; — in  reference  to  7nissiles. 

4.  dismiss,  cashier,  discard,  remove,  sack 
(slang),  bounce  (slang,  U.  S.),  dispost 
(rare),  kick  (used  with  "out" ;  colloq.),  de- 
pose (chiefly  spec);  spec,  disemploy  (rare), 
retire,  demit  (archaic),  degrade,  displace, 
expel,  break  (colloq.). 

Antonyms:  see  hire,  appoint. 

5.  See  free  (as  from  obligation,  confine- 
ment, etc.),  ACQUIT,  perform,  pay,  sat- 
isfy, DEFRAY,  EMIT,  EXPEL,  EXCRETE. 

6.  diselectrify  (rare). 
discharge,  v.  i.  1.   See  unload. 

2.  Referring  to  a  stream:  disembogue, 
empty,  fall. 

3.  Referring  to  a  sore,  etc.:  run,  flow;  spec. 
gleet. 

discharge,  n.  1.  unloading. 

2.  shooting,  firing,  fire;  spec  play; — in 
reference  to  a  how,  gun,  etc. 

3.  projection,  expulsion,  firing,  shooting; 
spec  play,  delivery,  round,  rafale 
(French),  burst,  salvo,  salute,  fusillade, 
volley ; — in  reference  to  missiles. 

4.  dismissal,  remove  (rare),  cashierment 
(rare),  discardment  (rare),  bounce  (slang, 
U.  S.),  sack  (slang),  removal,  deposition 
(chiefly  spec);  spec  disemployment  (rare), 
demission  (archaic),  degradation,  dis- 
placement, expulsion,  conge  {Fre7ich) ,  des- 
titution (archaic). 

5.  .See  ACQUITTAL,  ACQUITTANCE,  PER- 
FORMANCE, PAYMENT,  SATISFACTION,  AN- 
NULMENT, DEFRAYAL,  EMISSION,  EXPUL- 
SION, EXCRETION,  FREEING  (as  from  obli- 
gation, confinement,  etc). 

6.  outflow,  run-off,  disemboguement,  emp- 
tying;— referring  to  floumig  waters,  etc. 

7.  Referring  to  a  sore,  etc.:  flow,  flux,  issue; 
spec  profluvium,  defluxion,  rheum,  lochia, 
ichor,  gleet. 


C#°  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
disallow:    deny,  reject,  refuse. 
disannul:   invalidate. 
disappoint:    desert,  defeat. 
disapprove:     condemn,  reject. 
disarray:     disarrange,  undress. 
disaster:   misfortune. 


disastrous:     unfortunate. 
disavow:   disclaim. 
disband:    smtter. 
disbandment:     dispersal. 
disbar:  degrade. 
disbark:   decorticate. 
disbelief:  unbelief. 


disbeliever:   infidel. 
disbench:   abase,  degrade. 
disburden:    free,  unload. 
disburse:    expend. 
discard:  reject,  abandon,  disujie. 
discern:     distinguish,  discover, 
perceive,  see. 


(W  Sec  Notes  of  Explanation. 
132 


DISCORDANCE 


disciform,  a.  circular,  discoidal,  discoid, 
rotate. 

disciple,  ti.  adherent  {contextual),  co- 
follower,  sectary  {rare),  sectator  {rare), 
progeny  {collective  pi.;  fig.);  spec,  chela 
{Hinduism),  evangelist,  apostle. 

disciplinarian,  n.  martinet. 

disciplinary,  a.    Spec,  penitentiary. 

discipline,  n.  1.  See  training,  akt,  or- 
der, PUNISHMENT. 

2.  control  {not  a  good  synonijm),  govern- 
ment. 
discipline,  v.  t.  1.  tutor. 

2.    See  TRAIN,  PUNISH,  WHIP. 

disclaim,  v.  t.  deny,  renounce,  repudiate, 
disown,  disavow,  disacknowledge  {rare); 
spec,  abjure. 
Antonyms:  see  claim,  avow. 

disclaimer,  n.  denial,  abjuration,  re- 
nunciation, repudiation,  disowning,  dis- 
avowal, disclamation  {rare),  disownment, 
disacknowledgment  {rare);  spec,  abjura- 
tion. 
Antonyms:  see  claim. 

disclose,  v.  t.  1.  See  uncover. 
2.  show,  reveal,  divulge,  exhibit,  expose, 
uncover,  discover  {archaic),  bare,  unveil, 
display,  parade,  flaunt,  manifest,  evince 
{hy  some  sign  or  token),  betray,  bewray 
{archaic),  publish,  tell,  blab,  whisper,  de- 
clare, meld  {cards),  spill,  demonstrate, 
uncloak,  unburden,  unbundle  {rare), 
speak,  confess,  unshroud,  unfold,  uncur- 
tain, develop,  uncase,  divulgate  {literary), 
unearth,  open,  discloud,  blow  {noio 
slang),  evulgate  {rare),  communicate; — 
all  having  more  or  less  specific  senses. 
Antonyms:  see  hide. 

disclosing,  a.  exhibitory,  manifestive,  ex- 
positive, revelative,  revelatory,  evincive. 

disclosure,  n.  1.  Spec,  uncovering. 
2.  show,  showing,  revelation,  reveal 
{rare),  revealment,  uncovering,  discovery 
{archaic),  unveiling,  baring,  unfolding, 
development,  exhibition,  exposure,  ex- 
posal, expose  {French),  display,  parade, 
flaunt,  flaunting,  manifestation,  monstra- 
tion,  evincement,  divulgement,  divulga- 
tion {literary),  divulgence,  betrayal,  be- 
wrayal  {archaic),  apocalypse  {rare),  pub- 
lication, telling,  blabbing,  whispering, 
whisper,  declaration,  etc.; — all  more  or 
less  specific  in  meaning. 
Antonyms:  see  hiding. 

discomfit,  V.  t.  1.   See  defeat. 
2.  embarrass,  disconcert,  confound,  con- 
fuse,   abash,    demoralize;    spec,    squelch 
{colloq.  or  slang). 

discomfiture,  n.  1.    See  defeat. 
2.  embarrassment,     confusion,     abash- 


ment, demoralization,  disconcertion,  dis- 
concertedness. 

discomfort,   v.   t.   distress;   spec,    annoy, 
embarrass,  pain,  grieve. 
Antonyms:  see  comfort. 

discomfort,  n.  uneasiness,  distress;  spec. 
malaise  {French),  disease  {obs.);  see  an- 
noyance, embarrassment,  pain,  grief. 
Antonyms:  see  comfort,  well-being. 

disconcert,  v.  t.  1.  Referring  to  plans,  etc.: 
disarrange,  upset,  disturb. 
2.  Referring  to  persons:  disturb,  upset, 
demoralize,  unbalance,  faze  {colloq.);  see 
abash,  confuse,  embarrass,  discomfit. 
Antonyms:   see  assure. 

disconcertedness,  n.  disarrangement,  up- 
set   {colloq.),    demoralization,    disconcer- 
tion; spec,  abashment,  confusion,  embar- 
rassment, discomfiture. 
Antonyms:  see  assurance. 

disconnect,   v.   t.   detach,   separate,   dis- 
unite,   disjoin,    disjoint,    dissociate,    un- 
combine  {rare);  spec,  sever,  uncouple,  dis- 
engage, dishnk. 
Antonyms:  see  connect,  join. 

disconsolate,  a.   1.      Spec,  inconsolable, 
comfortless;  see  hopeless,  sad. 
2.  ASee  depressing. 

discontent,  n.  1.  discontentedness,  dis- 
contentment, miscontent  {rare),  miscon- 
tentment  {rare),  malcontentment  {rare), 
malcontent  {rare),  dissatisfaction,  dissat- 
isfiedness,  heartburn  {fig);  see  longing. 
Antonyms:  see  satisfaction. 
2.  discontentee  {obs.),  malcontent  {the 
usual  word  in  this  sense). 

discontented,  a.  discontent,  uncontented, 
discontentful    {archaic),   miscontent   {ar- 
chaic),    malcontent,     dissatisfied;     spec. 
weary. 
Antonyms:  see  satisfied. 

discontinuous,    a.    incontinuous    {rare), 
broken,  discrete,  disjunct  {rare),  discon- 
nected,  interrupted;  see  intermittent, 
recurrent,  inconsequent. 
Antonyms:   see  continuous. 

discontinuousness,  n.  discontinuity, 
brokenness,  discreteness,  discretion  {rare), 
disjunction  {rare),  disconnectedness,  etc. 

discord,  n.  1.  See  disagreement,  dis- 
pute,  QUARREL,   dissension,  UPROAR. 

2.  Referring  to  sound:  discordance,   dis- 
cordancy,   dissonance,    disharmony,    jar 
{rare),  cacophony  {chiefly  music  or  pedan- 
tic), jangle;  spec.  wolf. 
Antonyms:    see  harmony. 
discordance,  n.   1.      See   disagreement, 
difference,  discord. 
2.  harshness,  cacophony  {chiefly  music  or 
pedantic),  dissonance,  discordancy. 


IW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
discolor,  V.  t.:   color,  stain. 


discommode:     inconvenience. 
discompose:    agitate. 


discontent,  v.  t.:   displease. 
discontent,  a.:   discontented. 


10 


(37"  Sec  Notes  of  Ezplanaiion. 

133 


DISCORDANT 


Antonijws:  src  harmony,  mklody. 
discordant,  a.  I.    ^'tr  uisAtiUKEiNii,  dif- 

FEIU.NT,  DISPUTATIOUS,  QUAHUELSOMK, 
CLASIIINQ. 

2.  harsh,  dissonant,  inharmonious,  in- 
consonant, unswoct  (rare),  disliarnionic 
{rare),  cacophonous  {chiefly  iiiiityic  ar 
■pedantic),  untunable  {rare),  rough,  jar- 
ring, jangUng,  jangly  (rare),  rude,  clash- 
ing, ragged. 
Antonyms:   see  agreeing,  harmonious, 

MELODIOUS. 

discourage,  v.  t.   1.  depress,  dishearten, 
dismay;  spec,  umuan  (a  man). 
Antonyms:  see  cheer,  encourage,  em- 
bolden. 

2.  See  RESTRAIN. 

3.  discountenance,  disfavor;  spec,  disad- 
\nse,  dissuade  (rare),  dehort  {rare); — in 
reference  to  a  proposed  action. 

Antonyms:  see  favor. 
fliscouragement,   n.    1.   depression,   dis- 
heartening, disheartenment,  dismay. 
Antonyms:  see  cheer. 

2.  Referring  to  that  which  discourages: 
damper,  deterrent,  wet  blanket  (colloq.). 

3.  discountenance,  disfavor;  spec,  disad- 
visement,  dissuasion  (rare),  dishortation 
(rare) . 

discouraging,  a.  1.    See  depressing. 
2,  discountenancing,    disfavoring;    spec. 
dissuasive  (rare),  dehortative  (rare),  de- 
hort at  ory  (rare). 

discourse,    n.     1.      See    conversation, 

TALK. 

2.  composition,  exercitation,  dissertation, 
disquisition,  preachment,  peroration 
(rare),  descant  (literary),  rhesis  (rare), 
lucubration  (often  derogatory) ;  spec,  the- 
sis, treatise,  homily,  eulogy,  colloquy,  ex- 
hortation, address,  soliloquy,  recital, 
sermon. 

discourse,  v.  i.  dissertate  (formal),  dissert 
(rare),  lucubrate  (often  derogatory) ;  spec. 
speak,  WTite,  treat,  yarn  (colloq.),  sermon- 
ize; see  discuss. 

discover,  v.  t.  1.  ascertain,  spot  (slang),  in- 
vent (rare),  detect,  discern,  find,  get; 
spec,  distinguish,  calculate,  descry,  espy, 
spy,  sight,  hear,  feel,  sense,  learn,  strike, 
determine,  unearth,  smell,  catch,  evaluate, 
canvass,  sift. 
2.  See  UNCOVER. 

discoverable,  a.  ascertainable,  determin- 
able, detectable,  discernible,  distinguish- 


able, calculatable,  repcrible  (rare),  find- 
ablo,  sensible,  etc. 

discovery,  //.  1.  ascertainment,  invention 
(archaic),  detection,  discernment;  spec. 
distinction,  distiiiguishmeiit,  determina- 
tion, finding,  calculation,  descrial,  espial, 
spying,  sighting,  hearing,  feeling,  sensing, 
learning,  strike,  striking,  hitting,  un- 
earthing, mare's  nest  (humorous),  find 
(colloq.). 
2.  Spec,  uncovering. 

discredit,  n.  1.  disrepute,  disparagement, 
disesteem,  disrespect,  misesteem,  dis- 
honor, disgrace,  shame,  scandal,  igno- 
miny, disfavor,  infamy,  obloquy,  con- 
tumely, contempt,  attaint,  opprobrium, 
reproach,  odium.  Most  of  these  synonyms 
have  specific  implications. 
Antonyms:  see  honor. 

2.  Refernng  to  that  which  brings  dises- 
teem, etc.:  disgrace,  dishonor,  blot, 
smirch,  stain,  reproach,  etc. 

Antonyms:  sec  honor. 

3.  See  DISBELIEF. 

discredit,  v.  t.  1.  disparage,  dishonor,  dis- 
grace, shame,  scandalize,  stigmatize,  at- 
taint, stain,  defame  (archaic),  impeach, 
derogate  (rare  or  obs.),  depreciate,  com- 
promise, infamize  (rare),  blot,  infame 
(archaic),  dispraise  (rare),  disfame  (rare), 
endamage  (rare),  degrade,  smirch.  Most 
of  these  synonyms  have  specific  implica- 
tions. 

Antonyms:    see  confirm,  honor,  flat- 
ter. 
2.  See  disbelieve. 

discreditable,  a.  disreputable,  disrespect- 
able,  dishonorable,  unworthy,  derogatory, 
derogative,  disgraceful,  degrading,  shame- 
ful, inglorious,  scandalous,  ignoble,  dis- 
honest (archaic),  ignominious,  infamous, 
contumelious,  opprobrious,  foul,  re- 
proachful, odious,  un worshipful  (rare), 
indign  (rare),  dirty.  Most  of  these  syno- 
nyms have  specific  implications. 
Antonyms:  see  honorable. 

discursive,  a.  1.   See  wandering. 
2.  digressive,  rambling,  wandering,  desul- 
tory, touch-and-go  (colloq.),  cursory,  un- 
connected, vague,  loose,  excursive  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  concise. 

discuss,  V.  t.  &  i.  debate  (to  discuss  for- 
mally), discour.se  (v.  i.;  contextual),  talk 
(colloq.),  canvass,  treat,  conjabble  (illiter- 
ate or  colloq.);  spec,  reason,  dialogize  (mth 


(^°  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

discount,  I.  t.:   buy. 

discount,  n.:  deduction,  interest. 

discountenance:  abash,  con- 
demn, discmirage. 

discourse,  v.  t.:  narrate,  dis- 
cuss, speak. 

discourteous:   impolite. 


discourtesy:  impoliteness. 

discreet:   judicious,  prudent. 

discrepant:  disagreeing,  dif- 
ferent. 

discrete:  discontinuous,  sep- 
arate, distinct. 

discretion:  decision,  choice, 
will,  prudence. 


discriminate:        differentiate, 

distinguish. 
discriminating:        discerning, 

delicate,  nice. 
discrimination:       distinction, 

discernment,  delicacy,  nicety. 
discriminative:     nice,  distinc' 

live,  discerning. 


t^"  See  Notes  ot  Explanation. 
134 


DISHONESTY 


another),  argue,  sift,  ventilate  {so  as  to 
make  public),  criticize,  critique,  review, 
dispute,  agitate,  moot. 

discussion,  n.  debate  {formal  discussion), 
canvass,  treatment,  parlance  {archaic), 
parle  {archaic),  parley  {archaic),  d6mele 
{Freyich);  spec,  agitation,  argument,  ven- 
tilation, pilpul,  dialogism,  excursus,  dis- 
putation, review. 

disease,  n.  1.  ailment,  malady,  -  disorder, 
sickness,  distemperature  {rare),  ill  {liter- 
ary), complaint,  distemper,  misaffection 
{rare),  evil  {obs.  or  archaic,  exc.  in 
phrases);  spec,  pest,  infection,  contagion, 
dyscrasia,  intemperies  {rare),  idiopathy, 
pestilence,  plague,  cacoethes,  deuterop- 
athy,  decline,  epizootic,  epizooty,  en- 
zootic. 
Antonyms:  see  remedy. 

2.    See  UNHEALTH. 

disease,  v.  t.  disorder,  indispose  {chiefly  in 
p.  p.,   "indisposed"),  distemper,  affect; 
spec,  infect. 
Antonyms:  see  cure,  disinfect. 

diseased,  a.  ailing  {contextual),  ill,  sick, 
distempered,  sickly,  unsound,  unwell, 
dyscrasic  {rare) ,  affected ;  spec,  sickish. 

disembark,  v.  t.  &  i.  land,  debark. 

disembarrass,    v.    t.    relieve,    debarrass 
{rare) . 
Antonyms:  see  embarrass. 

disembodied,    a.    incorporeal,    unbodied 
{rare),  disincarnate  {rare). 
Antonyms:  see  material. 

disembowel,  v.  t.  eviscerate,  embowel 
{literary),  disbowel  {rare),  bowel  {rare), 
gut  {tech.  or  vulgar),  viscerate  {rare),  de- 
viscerate  {rare),  exenterate  {rare,  exc.  fig.); 
spec,  paunch,  gib,  draw,  gill  {rare), 
gralloch. 

disenchant,  v.  t.  disen charm  {rare),  disil- 
lusion, unwitch  {rare),  disentrance. 
Antonyms:  see  bewitch. 

disentangle,    v.    t.    disengage,    untangle, 
ravel,  unravel,  disen  trammel   {rare),  un- 
twine, elaqueate  {rare),  clear,  disinvolve 
{rare);  spec,  comb,  tease. 
Antonyms:  see  entangle. 

disfavor,  n.  1.  Spec,  dislike,  condemna- 
tion, discredit,  displeasure,  discourage- 
ment. 

2.    See  UNKINDNESS. 

disguise,  v.  t.  hide,  conceal,  cover,  cloak, 
clothe,  mask,  veil,  dissemble  {usually  im- 
plying evil  intent),  dissimulate  {usually 
implying  evil  intent),  veneer  {fig.),  color, 
shroud,  muffle; — implying  a  hiding  or  ob- 


scuring by  a  false  or  counterfeit  appear- 
ance, the  words  mostly  having  specific  im- 
plications suggested  by  their  literal  senses. 

disguise,  n.  concealment,  cover,  cloak, 
mask  {spec,  or  fig.),  veil,  dissemblance, 
dissimulation,  veneer,  color,  shroud,  muf- 
fler, masquerade  {spec,  or  fig.); — mostly 
having  specific  implications. 

disguised,  a.  feigned,  cloaked,  masked, 
veiled,  hidden,  incognita  {Jem.),  incognito 
{masc). 

disgust,  n.  1.  distaste  {contextual),  nausea, 
loathing. 

Antonyms:    see  pleasure. 
2.  dislike   {contextual),  aversion   {context- 
ual), abhorrence,  repugnance,  abomina- 
tion, loathing,  displeasure  {rare). 
Antonyms:   see  appetite. 

disgust,  V.  t.  1.  displease  {contextual),  sick- 
en, nauseate,  revolt  {a  contextual  sense). 
Antonyms:  see  please,  entice. 
2.  See  repel. 

disgusting,  a.  1.  displeasing  {contextual), 
distasteful  {contextual),  nauseating,  nau- 
seous,   loathly    {literary),  loathful    {now 
rare),  loathsome,  sickening,  foul,  revolt- 
ing, repulsive. 
Antonyms:  see  pleasant. 
2.  abominable,  revolting,  foul,  repulsive, 
shocking,  hateful,  repugnant,  abhorrent, 
odious. 
Antonyms:  see  attractive. 

dish,  n.  vessel  {contextual);  spec,  crock, 
plate,  platter,  bowl,  cup,  saucer,  tureen, 
pitcher,  tray,  doubler  {large;  obs.  or  dial.), 
plat  {French),  epergne,  bonbonniere 
{French),  skillet,  saucepan,  spider,  cas- 
serole, pan,  gravy  boat,  tumbler,  goblet, 
caraffe,  etc. 

dishevel,  v.  t.  disorder,  touse,  tumble, 
tousle,  ruffle,  muss. 

disheveled,  a.  disordered,  tously,  tousled, 
unkempt,  tumbled,  mussy. 
Antonyms:  see  dishevel. 

dishonest,  a.  untrustworthy  {contextual), 
crooked,  faithless,  false;  spec,  corrupt, 
sinister,  knavish,  fraudulent,  deceitful, 
disingenuous,  slippery,  perfidious,  treach- 
erous. 
Antonyms:  see  honest,  conscientious, 

VIRTUOUS. 

dishonesty,  n.  untrustworthiness  {context- 
ual), crookedness,  faithlessness,  falsity, 
improbity  {rare),  falsehood;  spec,  knav- 
ery, knavishness,  fraud,  fraudulence,  per- 
fidiousness,  perfidy,  treachery,  corruption. 
Antonyms:   see  honesty,  virtue. 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
disdain,  n.:   conlempt. 
disdain,  v.  t.:  despise. 
disenthrall:  free. 
disen  throne:    depose. 


disfavor,  v.  t.:  dislike,  con- 
demn, dinrotirage. 

disfigure:    deface,  deform. 

disfurnish:   strip,  dismantle. 

disgorge:  vomit,  eject,  relin- 
quish. 


disgrace:     discredit,  abase,  d 

lirade. 
disgraceful:    discreditable. 
disgruntle:     displease. 
dish,  ».  t.:  serve,  ruin,  hollow. 
dishabille:    undress. 


X^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
135 


DISINCLINATION 


disinclination,    ;?.    iiulisposition,    iiulis- 
poseelnoss;  .s/xr.  unwillingness,  rolucUince, 
rcliu'tanfy,  grudgingnoss,    aversion,  dis- 
like, distaste,  disalTeetion. 
Antflnijmt>:   sec  inclination. 

disinfect,  c.  /.  sanitize,  sanitate,  sterilize; 
aiKC.  fumigate,  listerize,  asepticize,  steam, 
c^iuterize. 
Antonyms:  sec  disease,  poison. 

disingenuous,  a.  artful,  deceitful. 

disinherit,  r.  /.  disown,  exheredate  (rare). 

disinheritance,  n.  disowning,  exhereda- 
tion  {rare),  disherison  (kcli.  or  literary), 
disinherison  (rare),  disownment. 

disintegrate,  v.  t.  cfc  i.  decompose,  resolve 
(rare):  spec,  dissolve,  analyze,  crumble, 
crumb,  decay,  weather,  disgregate,  dif- 
fuse. 
Antonyms:  see  compose. 

disintegration,  n.  decomposition,  reso- 
lution (rare),  analysis,  etc. 

disinter,  v.  t.  dig  (contextual),  dishume,  an- 
bury, exhume,  unearth,  disinhume;  spec. 
disentomb,  uncharnel  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  bury. 

disinterment,  n.  digging  {contextual),  ex- 
humation; spec,  disentombment. 
Antonyms:  see  burial. 

disjoint,  v.  t.  1.  joint;  spec,  break. 

2.    See  DISUNITE,  DISCONNECT,  DISLOCATE. 

disk,  n.  circle;  spec,  saucer,  button,  squail, 
paten,  roimdel,  roundlet,  sabot,  flan, 
discus,  quoit  {class  antiq.),  umbrella 
(zool.). 

disk- shaped,  a.  placentoid  {tech.;  rare). 

dislike,  n.  1.  Spec,  disfavor,  antipathy, 
aversion,  distaste,  disrelish,  disgust,  re- 
pugnance, repulsion,  displeasure,  objec- 
tion, disinclination,  dyspathy,  misliking, 
detestation,  abhorrence,  abomination,  un- 
friendJiness,  ill-will,  disaffection,  dislove 
{nonce  word),  hostihty,  enmity,  dispeace 
{rare),  animosity,  hate,  hatred,  malevo- 
lence, malice,  spite  {obs.  or  dial.).  The 
words  from  "dislike"  to  "abomination"  re- 
fer especially  to  an  emotion  or  feeling 
prompting  avoidance  and  aroused  by  con- 
tact with,  or  experience  of,  the  object  in 
question;  the  words  from  "unfriendliness" 
to  "malevolence"  refer  especially  to  the  emo- 
tion, feeling,  or  attitude  aroused  by  some 
more  intimate  relation  involving  self-inter- 
est. "Dislike"  is  the  broadest  term,  apply- 
ing to  any  degree  of  emotion. 
Antonyms:   see  affection,  enjotment, 

LIKING. 

2.  See  unwillingness,  opposition. 
dislike,  v.  t.    Spec,  distaste,  disrelish,  dis- 


favor, loathe,  detest,  abhor,  abominate, 
hate,    mislike    {literary),    resent,    lump 
(slang  or  vulgar).    See  dislike,  n.,  above. 
Antonyms:   see  like,  enjoy. 

disliked,  a.  Spec,  detested,  hated,  loathed, 
abhorred,  despised,  contemned. 
Antonyms:   sec  beloved. 

dislocate,  /'.  t.  1.  displace,  disjoint;  spec, 
(referring  to  bones)  luxate,  slip,  disarticu- 
late, exarticulate  (rare),  splay. 

2.    See  DISARRANGE.  DISORGANIZE. 

dislocated,  a.  shotten. 

dislodge,  v.  t.  1.  displace,  dispel,  unlodge 

(rare);  spec,  unrest  (rare),  dismount,  un- 

nest. 
Antonyms:  see  deposit,  fix. 

2.  remove,  e.xpel;  spec,  uncamp   (rare), 

eject. 
dismantle,  v.  t.  1.   See  strip. 

2.  unfurnish,  strip,  disfurnish;  spec,  un- 
rig, dismast. 

Antonyms:  see  equip. 

3.  destroy  (contextual);  spec,  raze,  disem- 
battle. 

dismay,  v.  t.   1.  discourage  (contextual), 
appall,  daunt. 
Antonyms:  see  assure. 

2.    See  FRIGHTEN. 

dismay,  n.  discouragement,  consterna- 
tion. 

dismember,  v.  t  1.  disjoint,  dislimb  (rare), 
limb  (rare),  piecemeal  (rare);  spec,  joint. 

2.    See  MUTILATE. 

dismiss,  v.  t.  1.    To  send  away:  spec,  dis- 
solve, disperse. 
Antonyms:  see  recall. 

2.  See  DISCHARGE. 

3.  To  put  away,  as  out  of  consideration: 
spec,  scout. 

dismount,  v.  i.  alight,  descend. 

dismount,  v.  t.  1.  See  displace,  dislodge. 
2.  Spec,  unhorse,  dishorse. 

disobedience,  n.  nonobedience,  disobeyal, 
mutiny  (chiefly  spec),  noncompliance 
noncompliancy,  disregard;  spec,  insubor- 
dination, recalcitrance,  contumacy,  re- 
cusancy, recusance,  undutifulness,  re- 
beUion,  indiscipline,  defiance,  unruMness, 
waywardness,  frowardness  (archaic). 
Antonyms:  see  obedience. 

disobedient,  n.  nonobedient,  mutinous 
(chiefly  spec),  noncomphant,  disregard- 
ful;  spec,  insubordinate,  contumacious, 
recalcitrant,  recusant,  undutiful,  rebel- 
lious, unsubmissive  (rare),  rebel,  froward 
(archaic),  unruly,  wayward,  defiant. 
Antonyms:  see  obedient,  complaisant, 

COMPLIANT. 


r^=  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
disincline:    indispose. 
disinclined:    opposed,    unwill- 
ing. 


disjoin:   disunite,  disconnect. 
disjoint:     disunite,  disconnect, 

dislocate. 
dislodgment:  displacement,  re- 


moval, expulsion. 
disloyal:   unfaithful. 
dismal:    depressing, 

cheerless. 


fW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

136 


DISPOSITION 


disobey,  v.  t.  1.    Spec,  ignore,  defy; — in 
reference  to  persons. 

2.  transgress,  disregard,  ignore; — in  refer- 
ence to  commands. 
Antonyms:   see  obey. 

disorder,  n.  1.  disarrangement,  misar- 
rangement,  deray  (archaic),  misorder 
(rare),  disarray;  spec,  confusion,  topsy- 
turvy, irregularity,  litter,  jumble,  mud- 
dle, mess,  deordi nation  (rare),  entangle- 
ment, tangle,  dishevelment,  muss  (U.  S.). 
Antonyms:   see  arrangement. 

2.    See  DISTURBANCE,  DERANGEMENT,  DIS- 
ORGANIZATION, DISEASE,  AILMENT. 

disorderly,   a.    1.      Spec,    irregular,   im- 
methodical,  messy  (colloq.),  untidy,  order- 
less,  unsystematic,  hugger-mugger,  cha- 
otic. 
Antonyms:  see  orderly. 
2.  irregular,  lawless;  spec,  riotous,  rough, 
anarchic,  turbulent,  tumultuous,  rowdy, 
rowdyish,    topsy-turvy,    rough-and-tum- 
ble, mobbish,  tumultuous. 
Antonyms:  see  law-abiding. 

disorganization,  n.  disarrangement,  dis- 
ruption, disorder,  derangement;  spec,  de- 
moralization, dislocation. 
Antonyms:  see  organization. 

disorganize,  v.  t.  disarrange,  disorder,  de- 
range, upset,  disrupt;  spec,  demoralize, 
dislocate,  demobilize. 
Ajitonijms:  see  organize. 

disparage,  v.  t.  1.  See  discredit. 
2.  depreciate,  asperse,  decry,  defame, 
traduce,  belie  (archaic  or  rare),  calumni- 
ate, scandalize  (rare),  blackmouth  (rare), 
denigrate  (literary),  blacken,  detract 
(rare),  mince  (rare),  diminish  (archaic), 
lessen  (archaic),  disconsider  (rare),  dis- 
prize  (obs.  or  archaic),  derogate  (archaic 
or  obs.),  dehonestate  (rare);  spec,  bedaub, 
belittle,  minimize,  vilify,  underpraise, 
backbite,  slur,  slander,  libel. 

Antonyms:     see    compliment,    praise, 
ennoble. 

disparagement,  n.  1.  See  discredit. 
2.  depreciation,  decrial,  defamation,  as- 
persion, reflection,  traduction,  scandali- 
zation,  calumny,  calumniation,  denigra- 
tion (literary),  blackening,  detraction, 
diminution  (rare),  disconsideration  (rare), 
derogation;  spec,  dehonestation  (rare), 
dispraise,  blasphemy,  vilification,  slur- 
ring, backbiting,  slander,  libel.  ' 


Antonyms:  see  compliment,  praise. 

disparaging,  a.  depreciatory,  deprecia- 
tive,  calumnious,  calumniatory,  detrac- 
tive, slighting,  derogatory,  hght,  vilifi- 
catory,  pejorative  (rare  or  spec);  spec. 
slanderous,  libelous. 
Antonyms:  see  laudatory. 

dispel,  V.  t.  1.  See  scatter,  dislodge. 
2.  dissipate,  banish,  resolve,  scatter,  ex- 
pel,   remove,    disperse; — in   reference   to 
doubts,  fears,  etc. 

disperse,  v.  i.  scatter;  spec,  diffuse,  dis- 
solve, disband. 
Antonyms:   see  convene,  gather. 

displace,  v.  t.  1.  move  (contextual),  re- 
move, translocate  (rare),  unplace  (rare); 
spec,  remove,  disjoint,  spring,  start,  shift, 
slip,  dislodge,  unseat,  disseat  (chiefly  fig.), 
misplace,  disroot,  dismount,  dislocate, 
disturb,  fault,  unship,  disorb  (rare),  dis- 
nest,  disniche. 
Antonyms:  see  fix,  replace. 
2.  See  REPLACE,  discharge. 

displacement,  n.  1.  moving,  removal, 
translocation  (rare),  unplacement  (rare); 
spec,  dis jointure  (rare),  start,  shift,  slip, 
dislodgment,  unseating,  dislocation,  dis- 
turbance, leap,  fault,  unshipment,  dis- 
mounting, heterotopy  (tech.),  parallax. 
Antonyms:  see  fixation,  replacement. 

2.  See  replacement,  discharge. 

3.  conduct,  administration,  direction. 

4.  transfer;  spec,  bestowal,  gift,  sale. 
displease,  v.  t.  disgruntle  (colloq.),  dissat- 
isfy, disaffect,  discontent,  misUke;  spec. 
disgust,  offend,  anger,  annoy. 

Anto7iyms:  see  please. 

displeasure,  n.   dissatisfaction,  disaffec- 
tion; spec,  annoyance,  anger,  offense,  dis- 
gust. 
Antonyms:  see  pleasure. 

disport,  V.  i.  play,  sport,  merrymake  (chiefly 
in  p.  pr.),  shrove  (rare);  spec,  rant,  frolic. 

dispose,  V.  t.  1.  See  arrange,  adjust,  in- 
cline. 
2.  appoint,  direct. 

disposed,  a.  inclined,  prone,  minded,  pre- 
pense (rare),  affectioned  (archaic),  inclin- 
ing, ready,  tending;  spec,  apt,  addicted. 
"Disposed,"  "apt,"  "inclined,"  and  "tend- 
ing' '  are  also  used  of  physical  objects. 
Antonyms:     see    unwilling,    opposed, 

AVERSE. 

disposition,  n.  1.  See  arrangement,  ad- 


t^°  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

disorder,  v.  I.:  disarrange,  con- 
fuse, derange,  disorganize,  dis- 
ease. 

disown:   disclaim,  disinherit. 

disparate:    unequal,  different. 

disparity:  inequality,  differ- 
ence, disproportion. 

dispassionate:   impartial,   un- 


impassioned. 

dispatch,  v.  t.:  send,  kill,  ex- 
pedite, accomplish. 

dispatch,  v.  i.:  hasten. 

dispatch,  n.:  sending,  killing, 
expedition,  haste,  message. 

dispensable:     unnecessary. 

dispensate:  distribute,  admin- 
ister. 


dispensation:  distributioti,  dif- 
fusion, [excuse. 

dispense:  distribute  administer, 

disperse,  v.  I.:  scatter,  diffuse, 
distribute,  dispel. 

dispirit:    depress. 

display,  v.  t.:  unfold,  show,  dis- 
close, [disclosure. 

display,    n.:     unfolding,    show. 


Ii:^^See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
137 


DISPOSSESS 


jrSTMENT,        CLASSIFICATION,        Al'POlNT- 
MKXT,     CONDUCT,     DIKECTION,     STATE     ((>/ 

affairs,  etc.). 

2.  constitution,     temperament,    temper, 

humor,  spirit,  nature,  birth,  mood,  turn, 

vein,    frame,    stomaoli    {fig.),    conditions 

(archaic:  pi.),  cue,  grain. 

S.  inchnation,    incHning,    tendency,    dis- 

posedness  {rare),  aflection  (rare),  prone- 

ness,  propensity,  aptitude,  ineUning,  bent; 

spec,  fancy,  notion. 

4.  Spec,  transfer,  bestowal,  gift,  sale. 

dispossess,  r.  i.  remove,  forjudge  (archaic 
or  law),  expropriate  (chicjly  spec);  spec. 
disseize;  see  eject. 

disproof,  II.  refutation,  confutation,  con- 
futement  (rare),  disprovement  (rare),  re- 
butter, rebuttal,  rebutment  {rare),  redar- 
gution  (chiefly  Scot,  or  law). 
Antonyms:  see  proof. 

disproportion,  n.  misproportion,  dispar- 
ity,    incommensurability,     incommensu- 
rableness,      incommensurateness;      spec. 
a.symmetry. 
Antonyms:   see  proportiox. 

disproportionate,     /(.     unproportionate, 
disparate,  incommensurable,  incommens- 
urate. 
Antonyms:   see  proportionate. 

disprove,  v.  t.  refute,  confute,  rebut,  nega- 
tive, redargue  {chiefly  Scot,  or  law),  con- 
vict (archaic). 
Antonyms:  see  proa^e,  confirm,  verify. 

disputable,    a.    controvertible,    question- 
able,   debatable,    discussible,    disputant; 
spec.  litigable. 
Antonyms:  see  unquestionable. 

disputant,  n.  disputer,  contestant  (con- 
textual), contender  (contextual),  contro- 
versialist, controverter,  controvertist ; 
spec,  debater,  jangler,  dialogist,  dialectic, 
pilpulist,  polemic. 

disputatious,  a.  1.  Spec,  controversial,  cap- 
tious, disputative,  contradictious,  polemic. 
2.  contentious,  discordant,  disputative, 
bickering,  strifeful,  jarring,  quarrelsome, 
dissentious. 
Antonyms:  see  agreeing,  complaisant. 

dispute,  V.  f.  contradict,  controvert,  dif- 
fer, disagree;  spec,  argue,  attack,  debate, 
impugn,  discept   (rare),  challenge,    ques- 
tion, Utigate,  deraign  (hist.;  law). 
Antonyms:  see  confirm. 

dispute,  V.  i.  1.  controversialize  (rare),  dif- 
fer, disagree;  spec,  debate,  argue. 
2.  contend,  differ,  disagree,  altercate; 
spec,  quarrel,  bicker,  brabble  (archaic), 
brawl,  jangle,  wrangle,  jar,  flite  or  flyte 
(archaic  or  dial.),  strive,  spat  (colloq.),  tiff. 

dispute,  n.  1.  controversy,  contradiction, 


discept ation  {rare);  spec,  debate,  argu- 
ment. 

2.  contention,  contest,  difference,  dis- 
agreement, discord;  spec,  quarrel,  jangle, 
dissension,  jar,  strife,  snarl  (colloq.), 
wrangle,  squabble,  bicker,  brawl,  brabble 
(archaic),  spat  (colloq.),  tiff,  bickerment 
(rare),  impugnation  (rare),  impugnment 
(rare),  polemic. 
S.  Spec,  issue. 

disqualification,  n.  disablement,  disabil- 
ity; spec,  superannuation,  minority,  sex, 
insanity,  etc. 
Antonyms:   see  qualification. 

disqualify,  v.  t.  disable;  spec,  superannu- 
ate, unfit. 
Antonyms:  see  qualify. 

disregard,  v.  t.  ignore,  neglect,  overlook 
(rare  or  spec.),  pretermit  (rare);  spec,  dis- 
semble, disobey,  slight,  defy. 
Antonyms:  see  observe,  attend,  con- 
sider, MENTION,  EMPHASIZE. 

disregard,  n.  ignoration  (rare),  inatten- 
tion, neglect,  dissembling,  preterition 
(rare),  pretermission  (rare) ;  spec,  oblivion, 
disobedience,  slight,  defiance,  heedless- 
ness, unheeding. 

Antonyms:     see     observance,    atten- 
tion, EMPHASIS,  consideration. 

disregardful,    a.    neglectful,    inattentive, 
disregardant;  spec,  deaf,  blind,  careless, 
heedless,  oblivious,  disobedient,  slighting, 
defiant. 
Antonyms:  see  attenti\'E. 

disrepair,  n.  decay,  impairment,  unrepair, 
irrepair  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  repair. 

disrespect,  w.  1.  See  discredit,  incivility. 
2.  disesteem,    misesteem;    spec,    irrever- 
ence, contempt,  disdain,  etc.; — referring  to 
the  attitude  of  mind. 
Antonyms:  see  esteem. 

disrespect,  v.  t.  disesteem;  spec,  despise, 
loathe,  abhor,  abominate. 
Antonyms:   see  esteem. 

disrespectful,  a.  irrespectful  (rare);  spec. 
irreverent,  contemptuous,  impolite, 
slighting. 
Antonyms:   see  respectful. 

dissect,  V.  t.  1.  To  cut  up:  spec,  anatomize, 
vivisect,  transect  (rare). 
2.  See  analyze,  criticize. 

dissemble,  v.  i.  pretend,  feign,  po.ssum 
(colloq.;  rare),  dissimulate,  act  (chiefly 
spec,  or  flq.). 

dissembler,  n.  deceiver,  pretender,  feign- 
er, dissimulator,  actor,  disguiser  (rare); 
spec,  hvpocrite,  counterfeiter. 

dissembling,  a.  deceitful,  dissimulat- 
ing; spec,  hypocritical,  canting,  ironical. 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
disqualified:    unqualified. 


disrank: 
disrobe:    undress. 


disrupt,    V.    t.:     break,    burst, 
breach,  disorganize. 


XS^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
138 


DISTINCTION 


Antonyms:  see  frank. 
dissembling,  n.  1.  deceit,  dissimulation, 
dissemblance,  pretense,  disguising;  spec. 
hypocrisy,  irony. 

2.   See  DISREGARD. 

dissension,     n.     disagreement,     discord, 
strife,  friction;  spec,  faction,  party. 
Antonyms:  see  peace. 

dissent,  v.  i.  differ,  disagree. 

dissent,  n.  difference,  disagreement;  spec. 
nonconformity,  recusancy. 

dissenter,  n.  differer  {contextual),  dis- 
sentient, dissident,  come-outer  {coUuq., 
U.  S.) ;  spec,  recusant,  nonconformist, 
Raskolnik,  sectary,  heretic,  infidel. 

dissentient,   a.    disagreeing    (contextual), 
dissenting,     dissentious,     inacquiescent; 
spec,  recusant,   factious,   dissident,   non- 
juring. 
Antonyms:  see  agreeing. 

dissentious,  a.  inacquiescent  {rare), 
recusant  {chiefly  eccl.);  spec,  inflamma- 
tory, incendiary,  strifeful. 

dissipate,  v.  i.  1.   See  scatter,  diffuse. 
2.  debauch,  riot  {rare);  spec.  Corinthian- 
ize,  rake. 

dissipated,  a.  1.  See  scattered,  diffuse. 
2.  corrupt  (contextual),  debauched,  dis- 
solute, rakehell  (archaic),  fast,  aban- 
doned; spec.  Corinthian,  wild,  raking, 
rakish,  unsteady,  licentious,  crapulent, 
crapulous,  lecherous,  profligate. 

dissipater,  n.  1.  Spec,  scatterer,  difTuser. 
2.  cGssipator  (a  variant  spelling),  de- 
bauchee; spec,  rake,  ranter  (rare),  lecher 
(archaic),  palliard  (archaic),  rioter  (rare  or 
archaic),  profligate,  rakehell  (archaic), 
rakeshame  (archaic),  rip  (colloq.  or  dial.), 
roue  (French),  rounder  (colloq.),  Corin- 
thian. 

dissipation,  n.  1.  Spec,  scattering,  dif- 
fusion. 

2.  corruption  (contextual),  debauchery, 
debauch,  debauchment,  dissoluteness, 
fastness;  spec,  prodigalism,  raking,  rakery 
(rare),  riot  (rare),  riotousness,  crapulence, 
crapulency. 

3.  Referring  to  an  act  or  occasion:  de- 
bauch; spec,  spree  (colloq.),  bout,  bum 
(slang),  orgy,  drunk  (slang). 

dissolve,  v.  t.  1.  See  decompose,  disin- 
tegrate. 

2.  Referring  to  happiness,  troubles,  doubts, 
etc.:  destroy,  annihilate  (rare),  consume, 
diffuse;  spec,  abrogate,  annul,  explain. 

3.  Referring  to  a  legislature,  parliament, 
etc.:  dismiss,  end  (rare);  spec,  prorogue. 


Antonyms:   see  convene,  convoke. 
4.  To  cause  to  become  a  solution:  spec,  cut, 
lixiviate,  leach. 
dissolve,  V.  i.  1.  decompose,  disintegrate, 
resolve  (rare). 
2.  See  disappear,  scatter. 
dissuade,  v.  t.  1.  turn,  divert. 
Antonyms:   see  induce. 
2.  See  dfhort. 
dissuasion,  n.  turning,  diversion. 
distance,   n.    1.    remoteness,    separation, 
farness ; — referring  to  state,  fact,  or  degree. 
Antonyms:    see  nearness. 

2.  space,  remove  {rare  as  referring  to 
space),  interval,  way  (iised  with  "long," 
"short,"  etc.),  interspace,  length  (spec,  or 
idiomatic);  spec,  difference,  westing,  east- 
ing, elongation,  longitude,  drift,  pitch, 
drop ; — referring  to  interval  in  space,  time, 
degree,  etc. 

3.  Referring  to  a  distant  place:  spec,  offing; 
see  background. 

4.  aloofness,  offishness,  stiffness,  repel- 
lency;  spec,  reserve,  coldness,  superiority, 
condescension. 

Antonyms:  see  cordiality. 

distant,    a.    1.    remote,    separate,    apart 
(postpositive),     far-away,     far-off,     away 
(postpositive) ;  spec,  different,  ulterior. 
Antonyms:  see  near,   adjacent,  imme- 
diate. 

2.  offish,    aloof    (predicative),    repellent, 
farouche  (French),  strange;  spec,  bashful, 
reserved,  cold,  frigid,  unneighborly,  su- 
perior, condescending. 
Antonyms:  see  cordial. 

distend,  v.  t.  dilate,  swell;  spoc.  plump, 
bloat,  fill,  inflate. 
Antonyms:   see  constrict,  contract. 

distill,  distil,  v.  t.  &  i.  1.  See  drop,  ex- 
tract. 

2.  evaporate,  concentrate,  condense ;  spec. 
cohobate  (old  chem.). 

distillate,  n.   See  extract. 

distillation,  n.  1.  evaporation,  distillment 
(rare);  spec,  cohobation,  descent. 
2.  See  distillate,  extract. 

distinct,  a.   1.  different   (contextual),  re- 
mote, several,  discrete,  discriminate,  dis- 
junct. 
Aiitonyms:  see  same,  alike. 
2.  See  definite,  clear  (in  meaning),  evi- 
dent, separate. 

distinction,  n.  1.  separation,  demarca- 
tion, differentiation,  discretion,  discern- 
ment, discrimination,  distinguishment 
(rare),  contradistinction. 


V^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
disseminate:    scatter,  diffuse. 
dissent:    disagree. 
disserve:    injure. 
dissident:     dissentient. 


dissimilar:    different. 

dissimulate:  disguise,  dis- 
semble. 

dissimulation:  disguise,  dis- 
semblance. 


dissipate:  scatter,  dispel,  dif- 
fuse, waste. 

dissociate:  separate. 

distasteful:  disgusting,  un- 
paliitable,  offensive. 


^iW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
139 


DISTINCTIVE 


3.  diffcrenco,  remoteness,  discreteuess, 
seveninco,  discrimination. 

S.  Spfc.  separatonoss,  distinctiveness. 

4.  repute,  eminence,  rank,  note  {ckicjlij 
used  with  "of"),  mark  (cltkjly  used  with 
"of"),  eclat  (French),  superiority,  eximi- 
ousness  (rare),  notability;  spec,  fame 
(rare),  signality,  greatness. 

distinctive,  a.  distinguishing,  differentia- 
tive,  discriminative;  spec,  diagnostic,  dia- 
critic or  diacritical. 

distinguish,  v.  t.  1.    To  mark  as  different: 
ditYerentiate,  separate,  difference,  demar- 
cate, mark  (often  used  loith  "off"),  diiler 
(rare);  spec,  accentuate. 
Antonyms:   see  confuse. 

2.  To  perceive  or  treat  as  distinct:  separate, 
demarcate,  differentiate,  difference,  dis- 
criminate, discern,  tell,  secern  (rare),  sin- 
gle, differ  (rare),  decern  (rare),  sever,  sev- 
eralize  (rare);  spec,  classify,  discover,  con- 
tradistinguish. 

Antonyms:   see  confuse. 

3.  signalize,  signal  (rare),  mark,  singu- 
larize. 

distinguished,  a.  superior,  eminent,  con- 
spicuous, noted,  marked,  e.ximious  (rare); 
spec,     shining,     famous,     extraordinary, 
laureate. 
Antonyms:  see  obscure. 

distort,  V.  t.  1.  deform;  spec,  screw,  wring, 
wrench,   torment   (rare),   twist,   contort, 
writhe,  wrest,  warp,  deface,  knot,  gnarl. 
2.  See  pervert; — referring  to  meaniiig. 

distorted,  a.  deformed,  Gordian  {fig), 
knotted,  gnarled,  contorted,  etc. 

distortion,  n.  1.  deformation;  spec,  twist, 
contortion,  screw,  warp,  defacement,  con- 
tortuosity  (nonce  word),  knot,  buckle. 
2.  See  perversion; — referring  to  mean- 
ing. 

distress,  n.  discomfort  (contextual),  dolor 
(poetic),  unease  (archaic),  misease  (ar- 
chaic); spec,  trouble,  calamity,  torment, 
press,  affliction,  pain,  tribulation,  care, 
hurt,  misery,  gnawing,  trial,  hardship, 
harassment,  confusion,  privation,  need, 
want,  pressure,  grief,  sorrow,  exigency, 
anxiety,  etc.;  hell,  slang  or  very  strong. 

Antonyms:    see   comfort,    enjoyment, 
relief. 

distress,  v.  t.  discomfort,  trouble;  spec. 
press,  harrow,  straiten,  harry,  worry, 
bother,  rack,  harass,  gripe  (rare),  lacer- 
ate, tear,  hurt,  torment,  pain,  grieve,  sad- 
den, pinch,  jar  (now  usually  considered 
slang  or  inelegant) . 
Antonyms:   see  comfort,  relieve. 

distressing,  a.  distressful,  uneasy;  spec. 
tormentful     (rare),     dolorific     {liter  ary), 


carking  {archaic),  heavy,  calamitous, 
grievous,  bitter,  harrowing,  severe,  sorry, 
gnawing,  pinching,  miserable,  trouble- 
some, sad,  jKiinful,  griping,  heartrending. 
Antonyms:  see  comforting,  comfort- 
aule. 

distribute,  v.  t.  1.  dispense,  dispensate, 
divide,  part  (archaic),  dispart  (rare),  dis- 
perse; spec,  prorate  {chiefly  U.  S.),  spread, 
partition,  scatter,  parcel,  morsel  (rare), 
dole,  send,  apportion,  share,  mete,  allot, 
diffuse,  circulate;  see  spread. 

Antonyms:  see  collect. 
2.  See  classify,  administer  (as  justice), 

distribution,  H.  1.  dispensation,  division, 
j)artition;  spec,  dispersion,  prorating 
(chiefly  U.  S.),  scattering,  parceling,  par- 
celment,  dole,  apportionment,  sharing, 
allotment,  diffusion;  spec,  spreading. 
Antonyms:  see  collection. 
2.  Spec,  classification,  administration  {as 
of  justice),  spreading. 

district,  7i.  place,  region,  quarter  (chief- 
ly spec);  spec,  division,  subdivision,  sec- 
tion, riding,  regency,  wardenry,  ward, 
neighborhood,  province,  presidency,  pre- 
cinct, prefecture,  department,  canton 
(rare,  exc.  of  Switzerland),  lathe  (Kent, 
Eng.). 

distrust,  V.  t.  doubt,  mistrust,  misdoubt, 
suspect;  spec,  jealouse  {obs.,  Scot.,  or 
dial.). 

distrust,  n.  doubt,  mistrust,  suspicion, 
misdoubt,  misgiving;  spec,  jealousy, 
heartburn. 

Antonyrns:    see  trust,  assurance,  re- 
liance. 

distrustful,  a.  doubtful,  mistrustful,  dif- 
fident (archaic),  strange,  dubious,  sus- 
picious; spec,  shy,  jealous. 

Antonyms:    see  assured,  reliant,  un- 
suspicious. 

disturb,  v.  t.  1.  Referring  to  the  mind: 
trouble,  agitate;  spec,  annoy,  distract, 
fuss  (colloq.),  muss  (colloq.;  with  "up"), 
distress,  vex,  worry,  disconcert,  discom- 
pose. 
Antonyms:  see  calm,  pacify. 

2.  Referring  to  things:  see  agitate. 

3.  Spec,  move,  disarrange,  derange,  dis- 
order, confuse,  unsettle,  shake,  molest, 
interrupt,  remove,  convulse. 

disturbance,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  mind: 
agitation,  inquietude  (rare);  spec,  tur- 
moil annoyance,  vexation,  distress,  dis- 
traction, worry,  disconcertion,  discom- 
posure, distemperature,  muss,  perturba- 
tion. 
Antonyms:  see  calm. 
2.  Referring  to  things:  see  agitation. 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
distract:  divert,  derange,  dis- 


turb, confuse,  frenzy. 
distracted:  deranged,  confused. 


distraction:      diversion,     derange- 
ment, disturbance,  confusion,  frenzy , 


XS^  Sec  Notes  of  Explanation. 
140 


DIVIDE 


8.  Spec,  moving,  removal,  disarrange- 
ment, derangement,  disorder,  confusion, 
unsettlement,  molestation,  interference, 
convulsion. 

4.  Referring  to  disturbance  among  -people: 
disorder,  disquiet,  distemperature  {rare), 
breeze  (colloq.),  inquietation  (rare),  in- 
quietude (rare),  curfuffle  (Scot.);  spec. 
commotion,  tmnult,  sedition,  insurrec- 
tion, kick-up  (colloq.),  row  (colloq^),  to-do 
(colloq.),  dust  (slang  or  colloq.),  shindy 
(slang),  esclandre  (French),  scene,  pother 
(colloq.  or  archaic),  fracas,  uproar,  muss 
(colloq.,  U.  S.),  convulsion,  bother,  fuss 
(colloq.),  botheration  (colloq.),  bobery 
(slang),  bluster,  conflict,  fight,  hoity- 
toity  (rare),  rumpus  (colloq.),  grithbreach 
(hist.),  row-de-dow  (rare),  cmeute 
(French),  outbreak,  ruption  (rare),  rout, 
riot,  ruffle  (rare),  dispute,  ruction  (col- 
loq.), bustle,  clutter,  stir,  anarchy,  brawl, 
hubbub,  combustion  (now  literary  and 
rare),  scrimmage,  turn-up  (colloq.;  rare). 

disturbing,    a.    disquieting,     disturbant 
(rare);  spec,  agitative,  troublous,  uncom- 
fortable,   perturbative    (rare),   perturba- 
tory  (rare),  etc. 
Antonyms:  see  calmative. 

disunion,  n.  1.  division,  separation,  sever- 
ance,  disjoining,    disseverance,   dissocia- 
tion, disjointure,  disjunction;  spec,  dis- 
connection, detachment. 
Antonyms:   see  union. 

2.  separation;  spec,  schism. 

3.  See  DISAGREEMENT. 

disunite,  v.  t.  &  i.  1.  separate,  disjoint; 
spec,  dissever,  rend,  dissociate,  disconnect, 
detach,  disjoint. 

Antonyms:  see  unite. 
2.  alienate,  estrange,  divide. 

disuse,  V.  t.  abandon,  obsolete  (rare),  dis- 
card; spec,  discontinue,  neglect,  disaccus- 
tom (archaic). 
Antonyms:  see  use,  exercise. 

disuse,  n.  1.  abandonment,  nonuse,  non- 
employment,  disusage,  discarding;  spec. 
discontinuance,  neglect,  nonobservance. 

Antonyms:  see  use. 
2.  desuetude    (formal  or   literary),  disu- 
sage, nonuse,  inusitation  (rare);  spec,  neg- 
lect, nonobservance. 

ditch, ;;.  t.  trench,  channel,  dike  (nowrare); 
spec,  moat,  drain,  vallate  (rare). 

ditch,  n.  fosse  (tech.  or  literary),  trench; 
spec,  canal,  graff  (hist.),  grip  (dial,  or  hunt- 
ing), drain,  coupure,  moat. 

dive,  V.  i.  1.  plunge;  spec,  sound. 

2.   See  DISAPPEAR. 

dive,  n.  1.  plunge;  spec,  header  (colloq.). 
2.  See  RESORT. 


diverge,  v.  i.  Spec,  radiate,  branch,  divari- 
cate, fork. 

divergent,  a.  Spec,  radiant,  radial,  radia- 
tive (rare),  branching,  forking,  divaricat- 
ing. 
Antonyms:  see  parallel,  confluent. 

diversified,  a.  1.  diverse,  manifold',  multi- 
fold, varied,  mixed,  multivarious  (rare), 
variate  (rare),  multifarious,  heterogene- 
ous, diversiform,  variform  (formal  or 
learned),  various. 
Antonyms:    see  uniform. 

2.    See  VARIEGATED. 

diversify,  v.  t.  1.  variate,  vary,  varify 
(rare). 

2.    See  VARIEGATE. 

diversion,  n.  1.  turning;  spec,  deviation, 
derivation,  dissuasion. 

2.  amusement,  pastime,  dispart  (ar- 
chaic), entertainment,  beguilement,  play, 
recreation,  derivation  (archaic  or  tech.), 
sport,  relaxation;  spec,  trifling,  fun,  sol- 
acement  or  solace. 

Antonyms:   see  business,  work. 

3.  Referring  to  that  which  amuses;  used 
with  the  article  "a"  and  having  a  plural: 
amusement,  recreation,  play,  game,  en- 
tertainment, sport,  divertissement 
(French),  solacement  or  solace,  derivation 
(archaic),  distraction  (rare);  spec,  entre- 
mets (French),  avocation  (rare). 

diversity,  n.  1.    See  difference. 
2.  variety,     manifoldness,     multifarious- 
ness, multiformity,  variation;  spec,  hete- 
rogeneity,    heteromorphism     (chiefly 
tech.),  multiformity. 
Antonyms:  see  uniformity. 

divert,  v.  t.  1.  turn,  disorientate  (fig.  or 
spec),  deviate. 

2.  turn  (from  a  purpose,  etc.),  draw;  spec. 
dissuade. 

3.  distract  (contextual),  amuse,  derive  (ar- 
chaic), solace,  entertain,  recreate,  be- 
guile, disport;  spec,  tickle. 

Antonyms:   see  work,  tire,  weary. 

diverting,  a.  amusing,  entertaining,  recre- 
ative, divert: ve,  etc. 

divide,  v.  t.  1.  sever  (spec,  or  fig.),  disunite, 
separate,  carve  (spec,  or  fig.),  cleave  (spec, 
or  fig.),  cut  (spec,  or  fig  );  spec,  scind 
(rare),  section,  sectionize  (rare),  part,  par- 
cel, bisect,  dispart,  dissever,  subdivide, 
dismember,  junk  (rare),  split,  rend,  seg- 
ment, halve,  quarter,  third,  disconnect, 
disjoint,  class. 
Antonyms:  see  join,  unite. 
2.  To  mark  or  partition  off  (a  continuous 
thing)  into  parts,  or  to  consider  as  so 
marked  off  or  partitioned:  separate,  demar- 
cate (rare),  partition  (spec,  or  fig.);  spec. 


t^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 


diurnal:    daily. 


I      divaricate:    branch. 


Kd^  Sec  Notes  of  Explanation. 

141 


DIVIDE 


graduate,  lot,  compart,  subdivido,  parcel, 
district,  canton,  chapter. 

3.    ^'(r  Dl!>THlUlTi:,  AIM'OUTION,  DISUNITK, 
SHARE,   COMPUTK,   MKAi^UUK. 

divide,  r.  i.  1.  separate,  part,  sever,  cleave 
(ifpec.  or  Jig.),  cut  (spec,  or  Jig.);  spec,  bi- 
sect, dispart,  subdivide,  dismember,  split, 
halve,  quarter. 
Antonyms:  sec  unite. 

2.    iScC  BRANCH,  SHARE. 

divide,  n.  watershed,  water  parting,  shed; 
spec,  coteau  [Canada  and  U.  S.). 

divided,  a.  j^arted;  spec,  biparted  (rare), 
bipartite,    digitate,    lobulate,    lobulated, 
lobulose,  lobate,  multipartite,  disulcate. 
Antonyms:  see  united. 

divination,  n.  1.  prediction,  divining, 
soothsaying,  auspice  (chiejly  spec),  hario- 
lation  (rare),  riddling  (rare),  augury; 
spec,  spatulamancy,  rhabdomancy,  theo- 
mancy,  haruspicy  or  haruspication,  or- 
nithomancy,  mantology  (rare),  mantic 
(rare),  hieromancy,  hieroscopy,  gyro- 
mancy,  hydromancy,  graptomancy,  geo- 
mancy,  bibliomancy,  lithomancy,  hariola- 
tion  (rare),  spodomancy,  halomancy, 
dowsing. 
2.  See  GUESS. 

divine,  v.  i.  1.  predict,  vaticinate,  soothsay, 
hariolate  (rare),  prophesy;  spec,  dowse. 
2.  See  GUESS. 

divine,  a.  1.  superhuman,  godlike,  deific, 
deiform,  godly,  spiritual,  heavenly,  celes- 
tial, ambrosial  (spec,  or  Jig.). 
Antonyms:   see  earthly,  human. 

2.  See  RELIGIOUS. 

3.  fine,  superior, excellent,  ambrosial  (Jig.). 
diviner,  n.   1.  predictor,  Chaldean  (Jig.), 

augur,  soothsayer;  spec,  geomancer,  dow- 
ser. 

2.  See  GUESSER. 
divinity,  n.   1.  deity,  godhead,  godhood, 
godship,  deityship  (rare). 

2.  godlikeness,  deiformity  (rare). 

3.  See  DEITY,  THEOLOGY. 

divisible,  a.  separable,  partible,  severable, 
dividual    (rare),    dividuous    (rare),    etc.; 
spec,  commensurable. 
Antonyms:   see  inseparable. 

division,  n.  1.  Act  of  dividing  or  state  or 
fact  of  being  divided:  severance,  parting, 
separation,  cutting  (spec,  or  Jig.),  dispart- 
ing; spec,  disuniting,  section,  splitting, 
split,  scissure,  partitionment,  parcelment, 
disseverance  (rare),  subdivision,  rending, 
partition,  partage  (rare),  schism,  segmen- 
tation, lobation,  fracture,  breaking,  de- 
duplication,  dismemberment,  dearticula- 
tion,  disconnection,  diaeresis,  digitation, 
bisection,  bipartition,  trisection.  i 


Antonyms:  sec  joining,  union. 

2.  .1  part  formed  by  (physical)  division: 
part;  spec,  subdivision,  section,  parcel, 
fragment,  cut,  lobe,  lobule,  cloot  (Scot, 
ami  dial.  Eng.),  etc. 

3.  A  marking  off  or  treating  as  marked  off: 
separation,  demarcation;  spec,  partition- 
ment, graduation,  parcelment,  district- 
ing. 

4.  A  part  marked  off  or  taken  as  being 
separated:  part,  section ;  spec,  subdivision, 
segment,  member,  movement,  column, 
passus,  canto,  verse,  decade,  chapter, 
book,  compartment,  cell,  court,  category, 
kind,  sort,  branch,  department,  canton, 
ordinary,  lot,  parcel,  faction,  party,  sect, 
district,  block,  etc. 

5.  Mil.  and  naval:  spec,  battery,  company, 
brigade,  battalion,  organization,  army, 
classis,  cohort,  decury,  maniple,  tercio, 
tertia,  class,  squadron,  fleet,  command, 
troop,  squad. 

6.  Of  territory:  spec,  province,  territory, 
state,  government,  presidency,  consulate, 
dominion,  county,  department,  ward,  dis- 
trict, circar  (India),  canton,  cantonment, 
commune,  commot,  residency,  mahal 
(India),  eparchy,  eyalet  (Turkish),  vilayet 
(Turkish). 

7.  See  classification,  class,  computa- 
tion, distribution,  disunion,  disagree- 
ment, sharing,  share,  branch. 

8.  Thing  that  divides:  partition ;  spec,  line, 
wall,  fence,  etc. 

divorce,  n.  divorcement;  spec,  repudiation, 
separation,  diffarreation. 
Antonyms:   see  marriage. 

divorce,  v.  t.  unmarry  (rare);  spec,  repudi- 
ate, separate. 
Antonyms:    see  marry. 

dizziness,  n.  giddiness,  vertigo  (tech.), 
swim. 

dizzy,  a.  1.  giddy,  giddyish  (rare),  vertigi- 
nous, vertiginate  (rare). 
2.  dizzying,  giddy. 

dizzy,  V.  i.  swim. 

do,  V.  t.  Every  kind  of  action  may  be  viewed 
as  a  particidar  form  of  doing,  and  the 
senses  which  the  verb  "do"  may  represent 
are  as  numerous  as  the  forms  of  activity 
represented  by  the  words  which  the  verb  may 
govern.  It  is  impossible,  therefore,  to  give 
a  complete  list  of  the  various  verbs  which 
may  be  replaced  by  "do."  The  most  im- 
portant ones,  hoivever,  are  here  listed.  Spec. 
inflict,  administer,  render,  perform, 
achieve,  commit,  practice,  cook,  cele- 
brate, cause,  compose,  transact,  conduct, 
conjure,  contrive,  deceive,  settle,  con- 
clude,  depict,    give,   misdo,   misexecute, 


t^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 


divulge:   disclose,  tattle. 


I       do,  n.:  act,  deed. 


%W  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
142 


DOMESTIC 


make,  manage,  prepare,  pickle,  proceed, 
render,  show,  give,  serve,  solve,  use,  exert, 
produce,  translate,  review,  dig,  act,  ruin, 
swindle,  visit,  finish,  slur,  slight,  spoil,  etc. 
See  the  above  words  in  the  vocabulary  (upper 
or  lower). 

do,  V.  i.  1.  See  act,  fare. 
2.  answer,  suffice. 

dock,  V.  t.  1.  cut,  clip,  curtail  (rare),  bob- 
tail (a  horse),  truncate. 

2.    See  DEPRIVE,  SHORTEN,  ABRIDGE. 

docked,  a.  curtail  (rare),  curtailed  (rare), 
bobtail;  spec,  cock-tailed. 

doctor,  n.  physician,  medical  (colloq.), 
doser  (contemptuous),  leech  (archaic), 
healer  (often  spec),  curer;  spec,  homoeo- 
path, homoeopath! st,  allopath,  allopath- 
ist,  osteopath,  hydropath,  hydropathist, 
surgeon,  dentist,  chiropodist,  ahenist, 
oculist,  aurist,  veterinarian,  doctress 
(now  rare) . 

doctor,  V.  t.  1.  treat,  leech  (archaic);  spec. 
quack. 

2.    See  ADULTERATE,  FALSIFY,  FAKE. 

doctor,  V.  i.  leech  (archaic),  practice. 

doctrine,  n.  tenet,  dogma,  dogmatism 
(chiefly  derogatory);  spec,  creed,  theory, 
opinion,  teaching. 

document,  n.  Spec,  writing,  handwriting 
(archaic),  instrument,  monument  (rare  or 
spec),  muniment  (law),  diploma  (histor- 
ical or  spec),  record,  charter,  charta, 
parchment,  paper,  patent,  manuscript, 
Round  Robin,  brevet,  certificate,  pass- 
port, commission,  power,  pleading,  etc 

document,  v.  t.  evidence,  prove. 

dodge,  V.  i.   1.  jink  (chiefly  Scot.);  spec 
duck,  flinch,  jump,  jerk. 
2.  evade,  shuffle,  palter,  shift;  spec,  hedge, 
trim,  prevaricate,  quibble. 

dodge,  n.  1.  Spec,  duck,  jump,  jerk, 
twitch. 

2.  evasion,  deceit,  artifice. 

3.  device,  expedient. 

doer,  n.  facient  (rare);  spec  performer,  act- 
or, author,  committer,  perpetrator,  mak- 
er, etc.     Cf.  DO. 

dofl,  V.  t.  To  lay  or  put  off:  cast,  douse  (col- 
loq.)', see  REMOVE.     "Doff"  is  literary  and 
has  a  flavor  of  archaism. 
Antonyms:  see  don. 

dog,  n.  1.  canine  (chiefly  tech.),  cur  (con- 
temptuous or  derogatory),  whelp  (chiefly 
contemptuous);  spec  pup,  puppy,  toy, 
tike,  terrier  trundletail,  turnspit,  spaniel, 
springer,  setter,  dachshund  (Ger.),  skirter, 
shock,  rache  or  ratch  (archaic),  reporter 


(U.  S.),  pug,  pye-dog  or  pie-dog  (Ayiglo- 
Indian),  pariah  dog,  pointer,  poodle, 
mastiff,  lurcher,  hound  (spec,  exc  archaic 
or  poetic),  harrier,  hunter,  gazehound, 
griffon,  guara,  finder,  deerhound,  stag- 
hound,  dingo,  dhole  (India),  courser,  col- 
lie, colly,  bulldog,  beagle.  Saint  Bernard, 
basset,  brindle,  buckhound,  bandog,  tie- 
dog  (obs.  or  rare),  bitch,  brach,  brachet, 
slut,  lady  (euphemistic); — all  those  from 
'  'bitch"  on  being  feminine.  ' '  Dog"  is  often 
used  speciflcally  of  a  male  dog. 

2.    See  FELLOW,  CLAMP. 

dog  days,  canicular  days  (learned),  cani- 
cule  (rare). 

dogma,  n.  doctrine,  tenet. 

dogmatic,  a.  1.  See  didactic,  doctrinal. 
2.  positive,  categorical,  pragmatic,  prag- 
matical, magisterial  (bookish  or  learned), 
thelical  (rare);  spec,  opinionated,  per- 
emptory, dictatorial. 
Antonyms:  see  doubtful,  hesitating. 

doing,  a.  In  the  sense  of  "going  on":  up, 
on; — in  predicative  use. 

doing,  n.  1.  feasance  (tech.),  facture  (book- 
ish), transaction;  spec,  conduct;  see  crea- 
tion, making. 

2.  See  action,  commission,  accomplish- 
ment, performance. 

doings,  n.  pi.  gear  (sing.;  archaic  or  dial), 
ongoings  (pi.);  see  action. 

doll,  a.  plaything  (contextual),  toy  (con- 
textual),  dolly;  spec,  puppet  (archaic), 
baby,  betty  (girl  doll),  benedict  (boy  doll). 

dollar,  n.  sinker  (slang,  U.  S),  simoleon 
(slang),  plunk  (slang,  U.  S),  wheel 
(slang);  spec,  rixdollar  (hist),  duro  (Span- 
ish), peso  (Mexican),  cob  (obs). 

domain,  n.  1.  See  estate,  lordship, 
bound,  control,  sphere. 
2.  realm,  reign  (rare),  dominion,  bourn  or 
bourne  (rare  or  poetic),  territory,  posses- 
sion; spec  kingdom,  province,  empire, 
empery  (poetic  or  rhetorical),  obedience, 
sultanate,  khanate,  daimiate,  lordship, 
signory,  dukedom,  county,  palatinate. 

dome,  n.  vault;  spec,  cupola,  tholus,  can- 
opy, beehive. 

domestic,  a.  1.  home,  homely  (rare), 
household,  domal  (rare),  familiar,  family; 
spec,  menial  (servant;  now  contemptuoxis) . 

2.  domesticated; — fond  of  domestic  life. 

3.  internal,  interior,  intestine,  inland,  na- 
tive, home;  spec,  home-bred. 

Antonyms:  see  foreign. 

4.  See  TAME. 

domestic,  n.  servant,  familiar  (rare);  spec. 


15^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
docile:    teachable,  manageable. 
doggerel,  n.:  ver.fe. — doggerel, 
n.:  trivial.  [sion. 

doldrums:      dullness,     depres- 


dole,  n.:  share,  distribution,  gift, 

alms. 
dole,  t'.  t.:  distribute,  apportion, 

give. 
dole,n.;  depression,  sorroxp ,  grief . 


doleful:  depressed,  lamentable, 
sorrowful,  depressing,  gloomy. 

dolor:  depression,  sorrow,  dis- 
tress. 

dome,  V.  (.;   vault,  cover. 


IW  See  Notes  of  Esplanation. 

143 


DOMESTICATE 


maid,  pirl  (coUoq.),  cook,  chamlu'iinaid, 
in:\n,  boy  {colonial  /in/t'.s/i),  familiar,  hiit- 
k'r,  sfuUion  (archaic). 

domesticate,  r.  t.  domesticizo;  spec,  civil- 
ize, naturalize;  set'  tame. 

domineer,  v.  i.  tyrannize,  lord. 
.■\iitoni/rns:   sec  F.wvN. 

domineering,    a.    tyrannical,    masterful, 
tyrannic  (rare);  spec,  authoritative,  bossy 
(colloq.),  bullying,  higli-handed. 
Antonyms:  sec  ob8i:qdious,  servile. 

domineering,  7i.  tyranny. 

don,  r.  t.  assume  {spec,  or  affected) , 
Antonyms:  sec  doff. 

done,  a.  Spec,  performed,  executed,  fin- 
ished, etc.     CJ.  DO,  V.  i. 

donkey,  n.  1.  ass,  jack  (rnale),  jackass 
(male),  onager  (wild),  jenny  (female), 
burro  {Southwestern  U.  S.),  cuddy  {chiefly 
Scot.),  dicky  or  dickey  {jyToperly  he-ass; 
slang  or  colloq.),  moke  (slang),  neddy. 
"Ass"  is  the  common  word  when  used  of  the 
wild  forms. 

2.   See  BLOCKHEAD. 

door,  71.  1.  barrier;  spec,  trap,  trapdoor, 
hatch,  heck  (chiefly  Scot.). 
2.  See  DOORWAY,  passage. 

doorkeeper,  n.  porter,  portress  (jeyn.), 
janitor,  janitress  (Jem.),  janitrix  (fern.), 
doorward  (archaic),  ostiary  (chiefly  eccl.), 
tiler  (Freemasonry),  usher  (archaic  or 
spec),  concierge  (itt  France,  etc.). 

doorpost,  n.  durn  (yiow  dial.). 

doorway,  n.  passage  (contextual),  door, 
portal  (a  dignified  term);  spec,  postern, 
entrance,  exit,  hatchway,  durns  (pi.;  now 
dial.). 

dose,  n.  portion;  spec,  potion,  powder,  pill. 

dot,  n.  spot  (contextual),  speck;  spec. 
point,  tittle  (rare),  peck,  speckle,  prick, 
pinprick. 

dot,  V.  t.  1.  spot  (contextual),  speck;  spec. 
point,  speckle,  punctuate,  sprinkle,  stip- 
ple, island. 

2.    See  DIFFUSE,  SCATTER. 

dotted,  a.  spotted;  spec,  punctate,  punc- 
tated, consperse  (rare),  sprinkled,  irro- 
rate,  speckled,  bipunctate. 

dotting,  n.  spotting;  spec,  punctuation, 
punctulation. 

dot-shaped,  a.  punctiform. 

double,  a.  1.  twofold,  duplicate,  duple 
(rare  or  math.),  duplex  (tech.  or  rare),  dual; 
spec,  dualistic,  geminous  (rare),  geminate, 
paired,  binary,  binate,  binal  (rare),  bi- 
form,  biformed,  bifront. 
2.  See  AMBIGUOUS,  insincere,  folded. 


double,  V.  t.  1.  multiply,  redouble,  dupli- 
cate, geminate  (rare);  spec,  repeat,  fac- 
simile. 
2.  See  fold,  defeat,  avoid,  couple. 

doubled,  a.  duplicated,  reduplicate,  con- 
duplicate  (rare  or  tech.). 

double-entendre,  n.  equivocation;  spec. 
pun,  dittology.  "Double-entendre"  is 
French. 

doubling,  n.  duplicature  (chiefly  math.), 
gemination  (rare),  duplication,  condupli- 
cation  (literary),  duplation  (rare). 

doubly,  adv.  twice,  twofold. 

doubt,  n.  1.  uncertainty,  question,  dubi- 
ety (literary),  dubiousness,  doubtfulness, 
incertitude,  undecidedness ;  spec,  mis- 
doubt, skepticism,  incredulity,  suspicion, 
disbelief,  distrust,  perplexity,  hesitation, 
indecision,  suspense; — referring  to  the 
state  of  mind. 
Antonyms:  see  assurance,  trust,  be- 
lief, certainty. 

2.  See  uncertainty; — referring  to  facts, 
events,  etc. 

doubt,  V.  i.  question,  dubitate  (literary  or 
affected);  spec,  misdoubt,  hesitate. 
Ardonyms:  see  believe,  trust. 

doubt,  V.  t.  question,  query  (rare),  dubi- 
tate (literary  or  affected),  misdoubt;  spec. 
suspect,  distrust,  disbelieve. 
Antomjms:  see  believe,  trust. 

doubtful,  a.  1.  undecided,  questioning, 
doubting,  undetermined,  dubious,  dubi- 
tant  (rare);  spec,  skeptical,  hesitant,  per- 
plexed, distrustful,  incredulous;  see  be- 
lieving ; — referring  to  the  state  of  mind. 

Antonyms:   see  assured,  decided,  dog- 
matic, trustful,  certain. 
2.  See    uncertain; — referring    to   facts, 
events,  etc. 

dovecot,  dovecote,  n.  birdhouse  (context- 
ual) .  columbarium,  dovehouse,  columbary. 

dovetail,  v.  t.  1.  mortise  (contextual),  tail, 
cog,  cock. 
2.  See  JOIN. 

dower,  n.  1.  portion  {of  a  widow),  thirds  (a 
loose   usage),   dowry    (rare),   share    (con- 
textual). 
2.  See  dowry,  endowment. 

dower,  v.  t.  dot  (rare),  tocher  (Scot.),  por- 
tion, endow; — referring  to  hestowmenit  on 
bride. 

down,      adv.      downward,      downwards, 
groundward,      earthward,     netherwards 
(rare),  downwardly;  spec,  downstairs,  be- 
low (on  shipboard),  hellward,  floorward. 
Antonyms:  see  upward,  heavenward. 


t^^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
domicile,  n.:   abode. 
domicile,  v.  i.:  dwell. 
domicile,  v.  t.:   establish,  settle. 
dominion:  control,  government, 
empire,  domain,  authority,  rule. 


donate:   give. 

donation:  gift.         [demnation. 
doom,n..'  judgment,  destiny,  con- 
doom,  V.  I.:    condemn,  destine. 
dormant:    sleeping,  inactive. 
dose,  V.  t.:  drug,  adulterate. 


doting:    fond. 

double,   n.;     counterpart,  fold, 
turn,  evasion,  trick.  [dable. 

douglity:  brave,   strong,  formi- 
douse:   lower,  doff,  extinguish. 
douse:    dip,  drench. 


t^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

144 


DRAW 


down,  a.  downward,  descending;  spec. 
sloping,  downmost. 

down,  n.  1.  See  plumage. 
2.  pubescence,  lanugo  (tech.),  wool,  fluff. 

downcast,  a.  1.  See  depressed. 
2.  lowered  (eyes,  glance),  dejected  (eyes; 
rare). 
Antonyms:  see  upturned. 

downs,  n.  pi.  upland,  wold  (Eng.),  fell 
(Eng.),  moor. 

downy,  a.  1.  feathery  (contextual),  pubes- 
cent, fluffy,  lanuginous  (tech.),  lanugi- 
nose  {tech.) ;  spec,  silky,  sericeous  (tech.), 
thrummy  (rare),  cottony,  pappose  (rare), 
flossy. 
2.  See  SOFT. 

dowry,  n.  1.    Referring  to  that  of  a  bride: 
dower,  dote  (rare),   dot,  tocher  (Scot.), 
share  (contextual). 
2.  See  DOWER  (of  a  widow),  endowment. 

dowser,  n.  diviner  (contextual),  hydro- 
scopist,  rhabdomancer  (rare),  rhabdo- 
mantist. 

drab,  a.  &  n.  dun,  brownish,  yellow,  yel- 
lowish gray. 

drabble,  v.  i.  &  t.  draggle. 

draconian,  a.  draconic,  dracontine  (rare) , 
harsh,  cruel. 

draconic,  a.  dragonlike,  dracontine,  dra- 
contian,  dragon. 

drafl,  n.  dregs;  spec,  swill. 

draft,  n.  1.  See  drawing,  load,  drink- 
ing, DRINK,  inhalation,  CURRENT,  OUT- 
LINE, deduction. 

2.  demand;  spec,  order,  check  or  (chiefly 
British)  cheque,  bill  (of  exchange) . 

3.  depth  (enough  to  float  a  vessel) . 

4.  Mil.:  conscription. 

5.  In  forms  "drafts"  construed  as  sing.: 
checkers  (U.  S.). 

draft,  V.  t.  1.  See  outline. 
2.  Mil.:  spec,  impress,   press,   conscribe 
(rare),    conscript,    commandeer    (South 
Africa). 

drafted,  a.  Spec,  conscript,  impressed, 
pressed. 

draggle,  v.  t.  &  i.  1.  drabble,  trail,  betrail 
(intensive),  bedraggle  (intensive). 
2.  See  straggle. 

dragnet,  n.  dredge,  drag,  trammel. 

dragon,  n.  monster  (contextual),  drake  (ar- 
chaic); spec,  serpent,  saurian,  dragonet. 

drain,  v.  t.   1.  empty  (contextual);  spec. 
emulge    (rare),    tap,    milk    (fig.),   dike, 
trench,  sluice,  sewer,  ditch. 
Antonyms:  see  fill. 

2.  See  exhaust,  deprive,  drink. 

3.  drip,  percolate. 


drain,  n.  1.   See  drainage. 
2.  channel   (contextual);   spec,  ditch,  cul- 
vert, leader,  fox,  sewer,  cesspool. 

drainage,  n.  1.  drain,  draining;  spec. 
sewerage. 

2.  Spec,  sewage,  seepage; — referring  to 
matter  drained  off. 

dram,  n.  drink  (contextual);  spec,  thimble- 
ful, sip. 

drama,  n.  1.  composition,  play,  piece;  spec, 
comedy,  comedietta,  tragedy,  farce,  bur- 
lesque, travesty,  sketch,  interlude,  mono- 
drama,  monologue,  melodrama,  mclo- 
tragedy,  pastoral,  masque,  operetta, 
opera,  pantomime,  tragicomedy,  trilogy, 
proverb,  mystery,  miracle  play  or  (rare) 
miracle. 

2.  dramaturge  (literary) ,  dramatics. 

3.  the  stage,  the  theater. 

dramatic,  a.  theatrical,  theatric  (rare), 
dramaturgic  (literary),  Thespian  (liter- 
ary), scenic,  scenical;  spec,  melodramatic, 
melodramatical,  tragic,  farcical,  Atellan, 
comic,  burlesque. 

dramatist,  n.  playwright,  dramaturge 
(rare);  dramaturgist;  spec,  tragedian. 

dramatize,  v.  t.  Spec,  melodramatize, 
operatize  (rare),  burlesque,  farcify  (rare). 

drape,  v.   t.   1.   cover    (contextual);    spec. 
hang,  tapestry,  pall. 
2.  See  ARRANGE,  hang. 

drape,  n.  1.   See  cover,  drapery. 
2.  adjustment,  hang,  cast.     "Drape"  is 
colloquial. 

drapery,  n.  furniture,  hangings  (pi.);  spec. 
tapestry. 

draw,  v.  t.  &  i.  1.  drag,  haul  (chiefly  nauti- 
cal), pull,  tug,  hale  (now  superseded  in 
ordinary  usage  by  "haul");  spec,  tow,  lug, 
attract,  trail,  snake  (colloq.  or  slang,  U. 
S.),  train  (rare),  entrain  (rare),  tear,  rush, 
trawl,  bunt,  bouse  or  bowse,  brail,  drag- 
gle, hook,  unsheathe,  tighten,  poker,  strict 
(archaic) . 
Antonyms:    see   push,   thrust,    drive. 

2.  See  ATTRACT,  inhale,  utter,  extract, 

ROUSE,  choose,  elicit,  DERIVE,  INFER, 
remove,  divert,  BRING,  EMPTY,  SEARCH, 
STRETCH,  ATTENUATE,  EXTEND,  DISEM- 
BOWEL, INDUCE,  GET,  EXTORT,  DELINEATE, 
DEPICT,  DESCRIBE,  CONSTRUCT. 

3.  Of  water,  liquor,  etc.:  skink  (to  draiv 
liquor;  archaic);  spec,  tap,  broach,  bucket, 
rack,  siphon,  exhaust  (air  from  a  vessel). 

4.  unshot  (a  gun,  etc.;  rare). 

5.  trace  (a  line),  run;  spec,  protract,  re- 
trace. 

6.  write,  compose,  formulate,  draft. 


t-W  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
downcast:   throw. 
downcome:   descent,    fall. 
downright:     vertical,  absolute, 


evident,  frank,  definite. 
downward:    down. 
drabble:    drat/gle. 
drag,  V.  I.:  draw,  attract,  drtdi/e. 


search,  drawl,  introduce. 
drag,   V.   i.:    draw,   delay,  cor^- 

liniie,  drawl. 
drag,  n.:  coach,  brake. 


XW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

145 


DRAWING 


drawing,  n.  dragging,  draft,  traction,  pull- 
ing, etc. 

drawingknife.  ilnuvkuifc;  spec,  draw- 
shavo,  :?havo,  jiggiT. 

drawing-room,  n.  salon  {French),  saloon 
U'.  ^'.). 

drawl,  r.  t.  it  i.  drag; — refernng  to  speech. 
dream,  7i.  1.  vision;  spec,  nightmare,  day- 
niare  {rare). 
Antonyms:  see  actuality. 

2.    See  DAYDREAM. 

dream,    (7.     somnial     {rare),    somniative 

(rare). 

dreamland,  n.  Spec,  cloudland,  fairyland, 
reverie. 

dreamlike,  a.  unreal;  spec,  illusive, 
dreamy. 

dredge,  r.  t.  drag. 

dreggy,    a.    impure,    feculent,    dreggish; 
spec,  turbid,  foul,  polluted. 
Antonyms:  see  clear. 

dregs,  n.  pi.  refuse  (contextual);  spec,  sedi- 
ment, lees  (pi-),  grounds  (pi.),  fseces  (pL), 
faecula  or  fecula,  outcasts  (pi.),  offal, 
scum,  offscourings  (pi-),  sordes  (tech.), 
sordor  (rare),  foots  (pL),  bottoms  (pi-), 
tilts  (pi.),  taplash  (obs.  or  dial.). 

drench,  n.   1.  dose,  potion; — referring  to 
physic  given  to  an  animal. 
2.  wetting  (contextual) ;  spec,  souse, 
douche,  soaking. 

drench,  v.  t.  1.  dose  (contextual),  physic; — 
referring  to  an  animal. 
2.  wet  (contextual) ;  spec,  douche  (chiefly 
tech.),  douse,  souse,  soak,  bucket. 
Antonyms:  see  dry. 

dress,  v.  t.  1.  arrange  (contextual);  spec. 
Mne  (used  with  "up"),  preen. 

2.  prepare  (contextual);  spec,  clean,  rough- 
dress,  scapple  or  scabble,  finish,  taw,  pick, 
drove,  baste,  machine,  burl,  scutch, 
hackle,  shamoy,  hatchel,  barber,  side, 
curry,  bard,  liquor,  comb,  manicure,  jig, 
draft. 

3.  equip,  furnish;  spec,  dub,  deck,  orna- 
ment. 

4.  See  CLOTHE,  REPROVE,  SCOLD. 

dress,  v.  i.  1.  ahgn  (mil.). 
2.  prepare  (contextual);  spec,  vest  (chiefly 
eccl.),   clothe,  busk  (archaic  or  Scot.). 
Antonyms:  see  undress,  strip. 

dress,  n.  1.   See  clothing,  costume. 

2.  Of  a  woman's  or  girl's  outer  clothing: 
gown  (chiefly  spec);  spec,  frock,  suit,  hab- 
it, bloomer,  jam  (rare). 

3.  Of  the  mode  in  which  one  is  dressed,  or 
the  dress  and  equipment  as  a  whole:  attire, 
tire  (archaic;  rare) ,  toilet,  array  (literary 


or  formal),  trim,  garo  (chiefly  literary), 
gear  (chiefly  orchaic),  ve.sture  (literary), 
make-up,  l)edizonment,  dizenment  (rare), 
bravery,  trap])ings,  disguise  or  disguise- 
mont,  cloth,  motley,  dishabille. 

dress, a.  habilimental  (rare),  habilimentary 
(nirc),  habilatory  (rare),  vestiary  (rare). 

dressing  gown,  peignoir  (French),  robe  de 
chambre  (French). 

dressing  room,  tiring-room. 

dressmaker,  ?;.  modiste  (French). 

dressy,  a.  1.  fond  of  dress; — no  single-word 
synonym. 
2.  showy,  ornamental,  elaborate. 

dried,  a.  desiccated  (tech.  or  cant),  baked, 
baken  (archaic). 

drift,   ?i.    1.      See  propulsion,   course, 

MEANING,  tendency. 

2.  movement  (contextual),  driftage. 

3.  deviation  (distance  away  due  to  drift), 
driftway;  spec,  leeway. 

4.  In  geology:  deposit,  diluvium;  spec. 
till,  detritus. 

B.  In  mining,  etc.:  excavation,  passage, 
drive;  spec,  gallery,  tunnel,  level. 
drink,  v.  t.  1.  consume  (contextual),  imbibe 
(rare  or  spec),  discuss  (humorous),  de- 
molish (slang),  quaff  (chiefly  literary); 
spec,  dispatch,  bibble,  swizzle  (colloq.), 
sip,  sipple,  lap,  drain,  swill  (vulgar  or 
denoting  vulgar  excess),  swig  (colloq.  or 
slang),  guzzle,  suck  (vulgar  or  spec),  tope 
(colloq.),  crush  (literary),  tipple,  buzz 
(slang  or  cant),  crack. 

2.  To  cause  to  drink:  drench  (rare),  lush 
(slang). 

3.  salute,  toast,  wassail  (orc/iaic).  "Drink 
to"  is  the  usual  term,  "drink"  alone  being 
rare  or  colloq.  in  this  sense. 

4.  See  ABSORB,  HEAR,  SEE. 

drink,  v.  i.  imbibe,  quaff  (literary);  spec. 
sip,  sipple,  lap,  guzzle  (colloq.  or  slang), 
bib  (archaic),  bibulate  (pedantic),  bibble, 
soak  (colloq.),  refresh,  hobnob,  swill  (vul- 
gar or  implying  vidgar  excess),  swizzle 
(colloq.),  pull  (used  with  "at,"  "on,"  etc.; 
colloq.),  tea,  fuddle,  boose  or  (slang) 
booze,  bouse  (rare),  tipple,  carouse,  lush 
(slang),  nobble  (rare),  nip,  sot,  liquor 
(slang),  grog,  dram,  bum  (slang,  U.  S.), 
pot  (archaic). 

drink,  n.  1.  Liquid  to  be  drunk; — distin- 
guished from  meat  (solid  food).  There  are 
no  synonyms  in  this  sense. 

2.  See  BEVERAGE,  LIQUOR. 

3.  The  act:  drinking,  draft,  quaff  (literary 
or  humorous);  spec,  pull  (colloq.),  suck 
(colloq.),  sip,  swig  (colloq.),  lap. 


t^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
drawing,  a.:  attractive. 
dread:    fear,  awe. 
dreadful:    fearful,  alarming. 


dreary:  cheerless,  gloomy,  de- 
pressing, lonely,  sad,  monot- 
onous, uninteresting,  dull. 

dredge:   sprinkle. 


dribble:  drip,  .slobber. 
drill,  V.  t.:  sow. 
drill,  n.:  exercise,  training. 
drill,  V.  t.:  pierce,  exercise,  train. 


%W  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
146 


DROOPING 


4.  A  portion  to  drink:  draft  or  draught, 
potation  {literary  or  humorous),  potion 
{chiefly  vied,  or  spec);  spec,  dram,  nip, 
toothful  {colloq.),  suck  {colloq.),  split,  pot 
{archaic  or  obs.),  grace,  cup,  hbation 
{humorous),  peg  {Anglo-Indian;  slang), 
nightcap,  sip,  tickler  {colloq.),  tiff  {obs. 
or  chiefly  dial.),  caulker  {slang),  drop, 
bumper,  rouse  {archaic),  chasse  {French), 
brimmer  {colloq.),  bracer  {colloq.), 

drinkable,  a.  potable,  potatory  {rare). 

drinker,  n.  imbiber  {formal  or  affected), 
quaffer  {literary);  spec,  drunkard,  soaker 
{colloq.),  lapper,  tippler,  bibber,  sipper, 
bouser,  boozer,  toper,  guzzler,  tosspot  {ar- 
chaic), hobnobber,  compotator,  whetter. 

drinking,  a.  potatory  {rare);  spec,  ebrious 
{rare  and  affected),  bibulous,  groggy. 
Antonyms:  see  abstemious. 

drinking,  n.  consumption,  draft,  potation 
{learned  or  rhetorical),  sorbition  {rare), 
imbibition  {rare  or  affected),  bibation 
{rare),  bibition  {rare),  bibulation  {rare); 
spec,  tippling,  compotation,  drink,  pot 
iflg.),  cups  {pi.;  fig.),  cupping,  rummer. 

drip,  V.  t.  &  i.  1.  drop,  weep  {fig.);  spec. 
dribble,  trickle. 
2.  To  be  wet:  drop. 

drip,  n.  1.  dripping,  drop;  spec,  dribble, 
trickle. 

2.  In  architecture:  larmier,  corona;  spec. 
label,  dripstone. 

3.  drippings  {pi.),  droppings  {pi.); — that 
which  drips. 

drive,  v.  t.  1.  move  {contextual),  propel,  im- 
pel, force,  push,  thrust,  ram;  spec,  throw, 
actuate,  turn,  revolve,  drift,  puff,  tide, 
run,  hammer,  dint,  ding  {archaic  or  dial.), 
press,  strike,  blow,  expel,  shoot,  beat, 
roll,  slide,  etc.; — in  this  sense  implying 
that  the  resulting  motion  of  the  driven  body 
is,  as  a  whole,  the  direct  result  of  applied 
force. 
Antonyms:  see  draw. 

2.  Of  any  force,  impulse,  or  actuating 
cause,  producing  action  by  stimulating  or 
bringing  into  activity  some  other  force:  spec. 
compel,  impel,  incite,  chase,  run,  herd, 
huddle,  hustle,  smoke,  ferret  {used  with 
"out"),  shame,  rush,  pelt,  dog,  hound, 
hunt,  kick,  hurry,  hoot,  hunger  {rare), 
beat,  constrain,  urge,  frighten,  worry,  dis- 
pel, dissipate,  reverberate  {rare),  reper- 
cuse,  retund  {rare),  culbut,  etc. 

Antonyms:  see  restrain. 

3.  direct,  tool  {chiefly  spec;  cant);  spec. 
spank,  call  {Scot.),  trot,  back,  hoy,  gallop, 
canter,  amble,  bucket  {colloq.  or  cant), 


walk,  run,  etc.  In  this  sense  the  word 
"drive"  suggests  a  greater  or  less  degree  of 
participation  in  the  management  of  direc- 
tion; the  word  "ride"  emphasizes  the  idea  of 
being  carried  in  a  vehicle  or  on  an  animal, 
and  does  not  necessarily  imply  any  par- 
ticipation in  the  management  or  direction. 
So  one  "drives"  one's  own  carriage,  or 
"drives"  in  another's  as  his  guest:  but 
a  passenger  generally  "rides"  in  a  public 
conveyance,  though  he  may  take  the  driver's 
place,  and  then  he  would  drive.  "Ride" 
07dy  is  used  of  traveling  on  the  back  of  an 
animal. 

4.  See  TRANSPORT,  STRIKE,  PROSECUTE, 
URGE,  CONCLUDE. 

5.  excavate  {horizontally),  hole,  drift; — 
distinguished  from  "sink." 

drive,  v.  i.  1.  advance;  spec,  rush,  dash, 
float,  drift,  rack,  scud. 

2.  vehiculate  {rare),  tool  (chiefly  spec; 
cant);  spec,  rattle,  bowl  {used  with 
"along"),  coach,  spank  {colloq.),  chari- 
oteer, bucket. 

3.  See  STRIKE,  URGE. 

drive,  7i.  1.  driving;  spec,  drift,  battue. 

2.  journey  {contextual),  excursion  (con- 
textual), ride. 

3.  excavation,  drift. 

4.  See  DRIVEWAY,   URGENCY,  ENERGY. 

driver,  n.  1.  propeller,  impeller;  spec,  car- 
rier, sail. 

2.  reinsman  (rare;  U.  S.;  spec),  Jehu 
(humorous),  charioteer,  wagoner,  wag- 
goner, curricleer  (rare  or  notice),  coach- 
man, cabman,  cabby  (colloq.),  hackman, 
mahout,  carnac  (French),  driveress  (nonce 
word),  vetturino  (It.),  jarvey  (slang, 
Eng.),  dragsman,  tripper,  teamster,  mule- 
teer, drover,  cameleer,  motorman,  chauf- 
feur, chauffeuse  (fern.). 

driveway,  n.  drive;  spec,  sweep. 

drizzle,  n.  rain  (contextual),  spray  (con- 
textual),.  dro-w  (Scot.). 

droop,  V.  i.  1.  hang,  incline;  spec,  bend, 
dangle,  loll,  lop,  nod,  nutate  (rare),  sink, 
flag,  weep,  sag,  slouch,  drop,  fall. 

2.    See  DESCEND,  LANGUISH. 

droop,  v.  t.  hang  (as  the  head),  incline;  spec 
dangle,  bend,  loll,  nod,  sink,  slouch,  drop. 
Antonyms:  see  erect. 

droop,  n.  hang  (rare),  inclination;  spec. 
slouch,  sag,  pendency,  bend. 

drooping,    a.    1.    hanging;    spec    nutant 
(rare),   nodding,   cernuous   (chiefly  hot.), 
weeping,  pendent,  sagging. 
2.    Spec,  declining,  languishing,  descend- 
ing, depressed. 


1^"  Cross  refereyices:  see  Note. 
drivel,  V.  t:  slobber,  utter. 
drivel,  V,  i.:  slobber,  babble. 
drivel,  n.:    slobber,  nonsense. 


drizzle:  rain. — drizzly:  rainy. 

droll,  n.;  buffoon,  wit. 
droll,  a.:  laughable. 
droll,  V.  i.:  jest. 


drone,  n.:  idler,  sluggard. 
drone,  v.  i.:  idle. 
drone,  n.;  hum. 
drone,  v.:   hum,  monotone. 


fS^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

147 


DROP 


Anton ipn s :  sec  errct. 
drop,  /(.  1.  bill!  (contt'xtuol),  globule,  gutta 
{.tech.),  tear  (chicjli/  .s/xc),  poarl  {clnejly 
spec);  .tjHC.   biiib,   jiout    ((ircluiic),  bead, 
droplet,  dewdrop,  raindrop. 

2.  At  PAKTU'I.K,  rKNDANT,  DKSCENT, 
FALL,  MKKAK  (//(  (I  SUrJ'aCC),  DISTANCK, 
CURTAIN. 

drop,  J',  i.  1.  Spec,  drip,  pearl,  bead,  dis- 
till, bleed  (Jig.),  plump. 

2.  See  DESCEND,  FALL,  CROUCH,  SINK,  DE- 
PRECIATE. 

drop,  V.  t.  1.   Spec,  drip,  distill,  shed. 

2.  To  let,  or  cause  to,  fall:  spec,  fell,  i)lump, 
dump  {chiefly  U.  S.),  lower,  drooj). 

3.  See  FELL,  MAIL,  UTTER,  OMIT,  DROOP, 
LOWER,   ABANDON,  STOP. 

drop-shaped,  a.  guttata  (tech.),  guttiform 
(tech.),  pearly,  beady. 

dropsical,  a.  hydropic,  hydroptic  (rare); 
spec,  oedematous. 

dropsy,  n.  hydrops  {lech,  or  obs.),  hydropsy 
{now  rare);  spec,  hydrothora.x,  hydrar- 
throsis, oedema. 

dross,  71.  1.  refuse  {contextual),  recrement 
{tech.),  slag  {usually  dross  in  a  fused 
glassy  combination  of  basic  drossy  sub- 
sta7ices),  scoria  {usually  cindery  or  porous 
dross,  as  cellular  lava);  spec,  scum,  cinder, 
clink,  sullage. 
2.  See  REFUSE. 

drossy,  a.  slaggy,  scoriaceous;  spec,  scum- 
my, cindery. 

drove,  n.  I.  herd;  spec,  string. 
2.  See  CROWD,  collection. 

drown,  v.  t.  1.  See  suffocate. 
2.  overwhelm,  overpower;  spec,  {of  sound) 
deafen,  deaden,  outcry,  outroar. 

drudge,  v.  i.  work  (contextual),  fag  {often 
spec,  in  Eng.  school  cant),  grind,  slave, 
plod,  dig,  plow,  grub,  hack,  scrub. 

drudge,  n.  worker  (contextual);  spec,  grub, 
hack,  grubstreeter  (literary),  packhorse 
(fig.),  devil  or  deviller  (colloq.),  scrub, 
plodder,  slave,  fag  (in  an  Eng.  school), 
grind,  penny-a-liner. 

drudgery,  n.  work  (contextual);  spec,  fag 
(rare),_  grind,  hackwork  (chiefly  deprecia- 
tory), journeywork,  slavery. 

drug,  n.  I.  medicine,  physic  (chiefly  spec), 
medicinal,    dope    (chiefly    spec;    slang); 
spec,  elixir. 
2.  See  commodity. 

drug,  V.  t.  medicate,  dose,  physic  (chiefly 
spec),  dope  (chiefly  spec;  slang);  spec. 
stupefy. 

druggist,  n.  apothecary  (obsolescent  in 
England,  and  less  common  than  "drug- 
gist" in  U.  S.),  pharmaceutist  or  pharma- 
cist (tech.),  pharmacopolist  (rare). 


drugstore,  7).  druggery  (rare). 

drum,  //.  1.  tabor  (rare  or  spec),  tambour 

(chiijly  .^j)cc);  spec  tambourine,  tomtom, 

kettledrum,  gumby,  tabret. 

2.  cylinder;  sjh-c.  die,  tympanum  (rare), 
tambour,  vase. 

3.  Sec  GATHERINCi. 

4.  beat,  drub,  thrum. 

drum,  t>.  t.  1.  See  gather,  expel,  compel. 
2.  drub,  thrum. 

drumbeat,  n.  rub-a-dub,  tan-tan  (nonce), 
dub,  tuck  (chiefly  Scot.);  spec,  tattoo,  rap- 
pcl  (French),  roll,  taps  (pi.). 

drunkard,  n.  drinker,  inebriate,  lushing- 
ton  (slang);  spec,  bloat  (colloq.),  dipso- 
maniac, sot,  bum  (slang,  U.  S.). 

drunken,  a.  inebrious,   bousy   or   boozy; 
spec    sottish,     soaked     (colloq.),     corny 
(slang) . 
Antonyms:  see  sober, 

dry,  a.  1.  waterless,  unwet  (rare),  un- 
moistened,  arid  (chiefly  spec),  siccaneous 
(rare),  moistless  (rare),  droughty  or 
drouthy  (rare,  exc  spec),  dryish;  spec. 
dried,  desiccated,  corky,  dry-shod,  dry- 
footed,  husky,  perched,  juiceless,  drink- 
less,  sapless,  exsuccous  (rare;  also  fig.), 
thirsty. 
Antonyms:  see  wet,  moist,  soaked, 
2.  See  SOUR  (tvine),  prohibition. 

dry,  V.  t.  exsiccate  (tech.;  rare),  desiccate 
(tech.),  parch,  dehydrate  (tech.),  evaporate 
(rare);  spec,  buccan,  drain,  blot,  passulate 
(rare),  sear,  kiln,  stove,  sammy. 
Antonyms:  see  wtet,  moisten,  drench, 
soak,  water. 

dry,  V.  i.  desiccate,  dehydrate,  exsiccate 
(rare);  spec,  sear  (rare). 
Antonjjms:  see  soak. 

dryer,  n.  desiccative,  desiccant,  siccative, 
exsiccator  (rare),  dehydrator  (tech.),  ex- 
siccant  (rare). 

drying,  a.  siccative,  exsiccant  (rare),  exsic- 
cative  (rare),  desiccant  (tech.),  desicca- 
tive; spec,  torref active  (rare). 

dryness,  n.  dryth  (obs.  or  dial.  Eng.),  arid- 
ity (chiefly  spec),  drought  or  drouth  (rare, 
exc  spec). 
Antonyms:  see  moisture. 

d-shaped,  a.   Spec  deltoid  (like  Greek  A). 

dub,  V.  t.  1.  See  knight,  honor,  name. 
2.  Spec  dress,  trim,  grease. 

duck,  71.  1.  dilly  (colloq.  or  dial.),  quack 
(humorous);  spec,  duckling,  flapper, 
drake,  pintail,  sprigtail,  calloo,  callow, 
dundiver,  garrot,  gadwall.  Harlequin, 
hardhead  (U.  S.),  golden-eye,  granny, 
waterwitch,  merganser,  mallard,  teal,  old- 
wife,  old-squaw,  shoveler,  scaup,  eider, 
eider  duck,  dungbird. 


I^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
drowse:   sleep. 


drowsy:    sleepy,  sluggish. 
drub:   beat. 


dry,  7i.;  prohibitionist. 
dual:  double. 


IW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
148 


DURATION 


duck,  V.  i.  &  t.  1.  See  dip. 
2.  lower  {contextual),  bob  {jerkily),  bend, 
(lodge,  bow. 

duct,  n.  channel  {contextual);  spec,  pipe, 
lube,  chimney,  funnel,  flue. 

ductile,  a.  1.  malleable,  tensile;  spec,  ex- 
tensible, tractile  {rare),  tough. 
Antonyms:    see  refractory,  unyield- 
ing, RIGID. 
2.    See  PLASTIC,   MANAGEABLE,   PLIANT. 

due,  a.  1.  owed,  owing,  mature,  dueful 
{archaic),    rightful;    spec,    payable;    see 

ACCRUED. 

2.  See     DESERVED,  PROPER,  ADEQUATE, 

ATTRIBUTABLE. 

due,  n.  1.  droit  {law),  right;  spec,  charge, 
fee,  toll,  tribute,  duty,  ta.x;  see  debt. 
2.  desert,  merit  {chiefly  in  pi.). 

duel,  n.  fight  {contextual),  rencounter  {lit- 
erary), monomachy  {rare);  spec,  holmgang 
{rare) . 

duet,  71.  composition  {contextual),  duo 
{Italian),  duetto  {rare). 

dull,  a.  1.  See  stupid,  cheerless,  de- 
pressing, BLUNT,  DARK. 

2.  Referring  to  capacity  of  feeling:  dim, 
insensitive,  unfeeling,  inapprehensive, 
gross,  Boeotian  {fig.),  fat,  saturnine  {liter- 
ary), obtuse,  muzzy  {colloq.),  blunt, 
sluggish,  inert;  spec,  numb,  languid, 
besotted,  cloudy. 

Antonyms:  see  sensitive. 

3.  Referring  to  mental  capacity  or  condi- 
tion as  to  interest:  spiritless,  heavy,  dump- 
ish, unanimated,  listless,  torpid,  dead,  in- 
animated,  lifeless,  indifferent;  spec,  apa- 
thetic, phlegmatic,  inapprehensive  {rare), 
sleepy,  numb,  depressed,  dark,  lumpish, 
Boeotian  {fig.). 

Antonyms:   see  sharp,  shrewd,  preco- 
cious, WITTY. 

4.  Referring  to  sensations,  as  pain:  obtuse 
{rare),  heavy. 

5.  Referring  to  what  affects  the  mind  or  at- 
tention: vapid,  uninteresting,  tedious,  in- 
sipid, tame,  dry,  jejune  {literary);  spec. 
tiresome,  insulse  {rare),  drear  {chiefly  po- 
etic), drearisome  {rare),  dreary,  humdrum, 
monotonous,  routine,  commonplace,  pro- 
saic, prosy,  ponderous,  irksome,  frigid,  fiat. 

Antonyms:  see  amusing,  clever,  witty. 

6.  Referring  to  colors:  sober,  obscure,  sad, 
plain,  colorless,  somber,  grave,  sordid; 
spec,  dirty,  muddy,  gray. 

Antonyms:  see  vivid,  bright,  glowing. 

7.  Referring  to  a  surface:  lusterless,  lack- 
luster, opaque,  matt,  dead,  rayless  {rare), 
flat. 


Antonyms:   see  bright,  iridescent. 

8.  Referring  to  sounds:  flat,  dead,  muffled, 
shut  {rare). 

Antonyms:  see  clear,  shrill. 

9.  Referring  to  a  market:  flat,  inactive, 
slack;  spec,  unresponsive. 

dull,  V.  t.  1.  See  stupefy,  depress,  dark- 
en, BLUNT. 

2.  Referring  to  mental  activity:  deaden,  ob- 
tund  {chiefly  med.),  hebetate  {rare),  numb, 
benumb,  bedull  {intensive),  blunt,  jade 
{by  wearying),  retund  {rare),  dulUfy  {col- 
loq.), damp  or  dampen  {as  the  appetite, 
desire,  ardor,  etc.),  blur,  besot  {with  dissi- 
pation), torpify  {rare);  spec,  cloud. 

Antonyms:  see  stimulate. 

3.  Referring  to  a  surface:  unpolish  {rare), 
deaden;  spec,  tarnish. 

4.  Referring  to  colors:  deaden,  somber 
{rare),  sober. 

dullness,  n.  1.  Spec,  cheerlessness,  dark- 
ness, bluntness,  stupidity,  depression, 
flatness,  deadness. 

2.  insensitiveness,  unfeelingness;  spec. 
meropia,  numbness,  languidness. 

3.  spiritlessness,  dumpishness,  lifeless- 
ness,  heaviness,  doldrums  {pi.;  fig.),  en- 
nui; spec,  apathy,  lethargy,  sleepiness, 
etc. 

4.  uninterestingness,  tediousness,  tedium, 
insipidity,  frigidity,  monotony,  etc. 

5.  Referring  to  colors:  sobriety,  obscurity, 
plainness,  etc. 

Antonyms:  see  brightness. 

6.  Referring  to  a  surface:  lusterlessness, 
mattness,  opacity,  etc. 

duly,  adv.  rightly,  right,  deservedly,  prop- 
erly. 
dumb,  a.  1.  voiceless,  mute,  inarticulate, 

tongueless. 

2.  See  silent,  noiseless. 
dumb,   V.   t.   gag    {fig.   or  in   transferred 

senses),  disvoice  {rare). 
dump,  n.  1.  See  counter. 

2.  dumpling  {person  of  rounded  outline) . 
dump,  n.    Spec,  tip,  tipple  {local,  U.  S.). 
dung- eating,  a.  coprophagous. 
dungeon,  n.  1.  donjon,  keep. 

2.  Spec,   oubliette   {French);  see  vault, 

prison. 
dupe,  n.  victim  {contextual),  dotterel  {fig.), 

pigeon  {cant),  gull,  cully,  fool  {archaic), 

stale  {archaic). 
dupe,  V.  t.  deceive,  fool,  victimize  {colloq.), 

pigeon  {cant),  gull;  spec,  cheat. 
duplicate,  n.  double;  spec,  copy,  replica, 

facsimile. 
duration,  n.  Spec,  continuance,  quantity. 


C^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
dummy,  a.:   pretend. 
dummy,  n.:    mute,   blockhead, 
agent,  counterfeit,  model. 


dumpish:         depressed,     dull, 

stupid. 
dun,  a.:   drab. 
dun,  V.  I.:  ask. 


duplicate,  v.  t.:    double,  copy, 

repeat. 
durance:     duration,  imprison- 
ment, confinement. 


11 


)^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
149 


DURESS 


datp,  term,  tenor,  longitude  (rare),  tinio, 
tlurance  (archaic). 

during,  a.  pending,  within,  in,  through, 
over  (a  pcriml  of  lime). 

dust,  n.  dirt  {contcrtual),  powder,  pother 
(rare);  spec,  siuotlier,  coom  or  coomb 
(Scot,  or  local  Eiig.),  breeze,  cully,  slack, 
culm,  ashes,  pouce,  pounce,  smoke. 

duty,  n.  1.  obligation,  ought  (rare),  devoir 
(archaic). 

2.  obligation,  part,  charge,  business  (spec, 
or  fig.);  spec,  office,  function,  task,  bur- 
den, trust,  commission. 
Antonyms:   see  privilege. 
S.  See  TAX. 

dwarf,  n.  diminutive,  pygmy  or  pigmy 
(often  spec),  droich  (Scot.),  hop-o'-my- 
thumb  (literary);  spec,  bantam,  midge, 
midget,  runt  (^contemptuous,  exc.  of  ani- 
mals), Lilliputian  (spec,  or  fig.),  fingerling 
(rare),  dandiprat  (archaic),  micromorph 
(tech.  and  rare),  manikin,  Negrito,  Ne- 
grillo. 
Antonyms:  see  giant. 

dwarf,  a.  dwarfish  or  pygmy,  pigmy, 
dwarfly  (rare),  undershapen  (rare),  un- 
dersized, runtish  (contemptuous,  exc.  of 
animals),  undergrowTi,  runty  (U.  S.); 
spec,  scrubby. 
Antonyms:  see  gigantic. 

dwarf,  V.  t.  1.  stunt,  bedwarf  (intensive). 

2.    See  DIMINISH,   BELITTLE. 

dwell,  V.  i.  1.   See  delay,  continue. 

2.  abide,  reside  (formal),  domicile  (chiefly 
legal),  live,  harbor  (archaic),  wont  (rare), 
inhabit  (rare),  stay  (colloq.),  tenant  (rare), 
lodge,  home  (rare),  inhabit  (rare),  keep 
(rare);  spec,  house,  cabin,  kennel,  den, 
tabernacle,  tent,  room,  sojourn,  tarry. 

3.  harp  (in  "to  harp  on"). 

dweller,  n.  inhabitant,  abider,  liver 
(chiefly  U.  S.),  habitant  (rare),  residenti- 
ary, resident  (chiefly  formal  or  tech.);  spec. 
denizen.  "Inhabitant"  and  "resident"  are 
the  two  common  terms. 

dwelling,  n.  abode  (chiefly  literary),  tene- 
ment (chiefly  tech.),  inhabitation,  lodging, 
lodge  (chiefly  spec);  spec,  house,  cottage, 
establishment,  tent,  tepee,  shanty,  shack, 
dugout,  manse,  mansion,  castle,  hutch 
(contemptuous),  hut,  gunyah  (Australia), 
hermitage,  igloo  (Eskimo),  familistery, 
bourock  (SrM.),  cot,  barrack,  bothy, 
chalet,  cell,  den,  bungalow,  court,  dog- 
hole,  embassy,  cabin,  bower,  drosty, 
booth  (archaic),  tabernacle. 

dye,  n.  1.  See  color. 


2.  i^igment  (contextual);  spec,  grain,  dye- 

stufY. 
dye,  t'.  t.  color  (contextual),  strain,  grain 

(spec,   or   poetic),  imbue  (literary);   spec. 

(inge,  shade,  double-dye,  ingrain. 
dying,  a.  moribund   (literary  or  learned), 

fey  (archaic),  mortal;  spec,  commorient. 
dyspeptic,  a.  1.  indigestive. 

2.    See  IRASCIBLE. 


eager,  a.  1.    See  spirited,  strenuous. 
2.     desirous,  keen,  fervent,  fervid,  hot- 
headed,   hot    (colloq.),    zealous,    ardent, 
agog  (predicative);   spec  vehement,  ear- 
nest. 
A  ntonyms:  see  apathetic. 

eagle,  n.  erne  (now  chiefl  yspec);  spec. 
ringtail,  sore-eagle,  griffin,  harpy,  eaglet. 

ear,  7i.  head  (of  various  composite  fruits, 
as  cereals);  spec,  spike. 

ear,  n.  1.  listener  (slang); — referring  to  the 
external  ear:  lug  (chiefly  Scot),  shell 
(chiefly  poet.),  concha  (tech.),  conch 
{rare);  spec,  prick-ear,  crop-ear. 

2.  projection  (contextual),  lug;  spec  loop, 
canon,  cannon. 

3.  See  HEARING,  attention,  audience. 
earache,  n.  otalgia  (tech.). 

eardrum,  n.  drum  (contextual),  tympanum 
(tech.). 

eared,  a.  spiked  (like  corn). 

earlier,  a.  old  (contextual),  former,  previ- 
ous, elder. 
Antonyms:  see  later. 

early,  adv.  betimes,  soon;  spec,  timely. 

early,  a.  rathe  (poetic);  spec,  timely,  au- 
roral,    matutinal    or    matinal,    rareripe, 
ratheripe  or  rathripe  (poetic),  precocious. 
Antonyms:  see  late. 

earmark,  v.  t.  Spec  crop,  dog's-ear,  dog- 
ear. 

earnest,  n.   1.  payment  (contextual),  in- 
stallment (contextual),  handsel ;  spec.  Crod's 
penny  (now  dial.),  earnest-money. 
2.  Referring  to  an  indication  of  what  is  to 
come:  pledge,  promise,  handsel,  foretaste. 

earnest,  a.  1.  intent,  serious,  intense;  spec. 
eager,  impassioned,  animated,  cordial. 
Antonyms:     see    insincere,    trifling, 
playful. 

2.    See  IMPORTANT. 

earnestness,  n.  earnest  (only  in  "in  ear- 
nest,"   "in  real  earnest,^'   etc.),   impress- 
ment (rare),  seriousness,  intentness. 
Antonyms:  see  play. 


tS^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
duress:        imprisonment,    con- 
straint. 
dusky:    dim. 
dust,  V.  t.:  dirty,  powder,  clean. 


dwindle:   decline,  diminish. 

E 
eagle-eyed:    sharp-sighted,  dis 
cerning. 


earlier:    before. 
earliest,  a.:  first,  original. 
earn:    gain. 
earmark,  v.  t.:  mark. 
earnest-money:  earnest. 


t^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

150 


EATING 


earnings,   n.   pi.    1.  pay    (sing.;   context- 
ual), gettings  (pi.;  archaic),  wages  (pi.  or 
sing.;  chiefly  spec),  salary  (sing.;   chiefly 
spec). 
2.  See  PROFITS. 

earth,  n.  1.  planet  (contextual),  ball  (fig.), 
globe,  terrene  (rare),  terra  (tech.),  Tellus 
(fig.;  literary),  world  (chiefly  spec);  spec. 
counterearth,  Midgard  (mythol.). 

2.  world  (as  the  home  of  man  and  other 
creatures),  mold  or  mould  (poetic  or  obs.). 

3.  Referring  to  the  solid  substance  of  the 
earth:  ground,  clod  (literary),  glebe  (po- 
etic or  rhetorical),  land,  mold  or  mould 
(poetic  or  obs.);  spec  rock,  sand,  mud, 
muck,  dirt  (colloq.;  often  derogatory  or 
contemptuous),  clay,  loam,  hard  pan 
(chiefly  U.  S.),  dust,  etc. 

4.  Referring  to  that  part  of  the  ground  in 
which  plants  grow:  soil,  mold  or  mould 
(poetic  or  spec);  spec  loam,  humus,  dirt 
(colloq.),  muck. 

5.  Referring  to  worldly  things  or  state: 
world  (used  with  "the"). 

6.  See  MANKIND,  BURROW. 

earth-born,  a.  1.  terrigenous  (rare). 

2.    See  HUMAN,  WORLDLY. 

earthen,  a.  earth;  spec  stone,  dirt,  clay, 
mud,  etc; — the  nouns  used  attributively. 

earthenware,  n.  crockery;  spec,  cloam, 
doom  (obs.  or  dial.  Eng.),  china,  delf  or 
delft,  pottery,  stoneware,  crouchware, 
porcelain,  Wedgewood  ware,  pebble  or 
pebbleware,  majolica,  terra-cotta,  Bel- 
leek,  etc 

earthly,  a.  1.  terrestrial,  earthy  (rare). 

2.  unspiritual,  nonspiritual ;  spec  ma- 
terial, worldly,  sensual,  bodily,  temporal. 

Antonyms:  see  divine,  spiritual,  ethe- 
real. 

3.  conceivable,  possible, 
earthquake,  n.  quake,  shock,  seism  (rare); 

spec  microseism. 

earthworm,  n.  angleworm,  dew-worm; 
spec  lobworm. 

earthy,  n.  1.  earthlike,  cloddy  (deprecia- 
tory), terrene  (rare),  glebous  (rare);  spec 
muddy,  clayey,  dusty. 

2.  terrestrial. 

3.  See  material,  gross,  coarse. 
earwax,  n.  cerumen  (tech.). 
ease,  n.  1.  comfort. 

2.  easiness;  spec  carelessness,  freedom, 
relief,  facility,  leisure,  convenience,  rest, 
repose,  content,  unconstraint,  uncon- 
cern. 

Antonyms:  see  constraint,  difficulty. 
ease,  v.  t.  1.    See  comfort,  mitigate,  re- 
lieve, diminish. 
2.  facilitate,  smooth,  favor. 


easily,  adv.  easy  (colloq.  or  vulgar);  spec 
conveniently,  carelessly,  smoothly,  glib, 
readily,  gently,  etc. 

east,  n.  1.  dawn  (poetic),  orient  (poetic  or 
archaic),  rise  (fig.). 
Antonyms:  see  west. 
2.  east   country,   eastland    (now  poetic); 
spec  Orient. 

eastern,  a.  eastwardly,  eastward,  east 
(more  colloq.  and  usual  than  "eastern"), 
eoan  (rare),  auroral  or  aurorean  (literary), 
orient  or  oriental  (rare,  exc  as  capitalized 
and  spec,  of  the  Levant),  easterly. 
Antonyms:   see  western. 

easterner,  n.  oriental  (rare,  exc.  as  capital- 
ized and  spec),  ^easterling  (archaic,  exc 
hist.). 

easy,  a.  1.  comfortable. 

2.  Spec  free,  unembarrassed,  uncon- 
strained, effortless,  tractable,  careless, 
smooth,  ready,  facile,  natural,  graceful, 
airy,  soft,  gentle,  moderate,  indolent,  un- 
concerned, easy-going,  restful,  compliant, 
complaisant,  credulous,  loose,  wealthy. 

Antonyms:  see  severe. 

3.  facile,  light;  spec  convenient. 
Antonyms:   see  difficult. 

easy-going,  a.  easy,  jog-trot,  happy-go- 
lucky. 

eat,  p.  t.  1.  consume  (contextual),  devour, 
discuss  (humorous),  demolish  (slang), 
mandicate  (rare);  spec,  engorge  (rare), 
touch,  gormandize,  gluttonize,  dispatch 
(colloq.),  table  (rare),  gorge. 
2.  See  consume,  corrode,  erode,  wear. 

eat,  V.  i.  feed  (noio  chiefly  of  animals) ,  vic- 
tual (rare);  spec  gorge,  pick  or  peck  (fig., 
colloq.,  or  slang,  exc  of  birds),  raven,  gor- 
mandize, mess,  lunch,  board,  common 
(chiefly  in  school  and  college  use),  dine, 
dinner  (rare),  sup,  supper  (rare  or  colloq.), 
collation  (obs.),  breakfast,  grub  (slang). 

eatable,  a.  edible,  esculent  (tech.  or  liter- 
ary), ciborious  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  uneatable. 

eatable,  n.  edible,  esculent  (literary  or 
tech.),  comestible  (learned  and  usually  hu- 
morous or  a^ected),  gustable  (rare). 

eater,  n.  consumer,  devourer ;  spec,  epicure, 
gorger,  glutton,  diner,  luncher,  gourmet 
(French). 

eating,  a.  1.  eadacious  (chiefly  humorous). 
2.  Spec  corrosive,  erosive,  gnawing. 

eating,  n.  1.  consumption,  devourment, 
manducation  (rare),  eat  (obs.,  slang,  or 
cant),  repast  (rare). 

2.  gastrology. 

3.  Spec  consumption,  corrosion,  erosion, 
fretting,  etc. 

eating     house,    restaurant;    spec,     cafe. 


lt^=  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
earshot:    hearing. 


easeful:    comfortable. 
easel:    support. 


east,  a.:  eastern. 
easterly,  a.:  eastern. 


JW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

151 


EAVES 


rhophouse,  cofToo   house,   caffotcria,   cat 
(cant  or  slang). 

eaves,  n.  pi.  overhang. 

ebony,  n.  1.     Referring  to  the  icooil:  ebon 
(;)(>»'  poetic). 
2.  See  DAUK. 

eccentric,  a.  1.   Spec,  docentcred. 
2.  Spec,  elhptic,  parabohc,  hyperbolic. 
8.  pecuhar,  queer,  odd,  oddisli,  strange, 
bizarre,   singular,   erratic,   cranky,   outre 
(French),  quaint,  outlandish;  spec,  fantas- 
tic, abnormal,  whimsical,  etc. 

eccentric,  n.  erocheteer  {rare),  hobbyist, 
monomaniac,  crank  (colloq.),  curiosity, 
quiz  (rare),  original;  spec.  guy. 

eccentricity,  n.  peculiarity,  queerness, 
oddity,  oddness,  strangeness,  bizarrerie 
{French),  singularity,  erraticness,  cranki- 
ness, quaintness,  outlandishness;  spec. 
fantasticalness,  abnormality,  whimsical- 
ity, etc. 

ecclesiastic,  ecclesiastical,  a.  church 
(the  attributive  use  of  the  noun),  churchly; 
spec,  religious. 

ecclesiastic,  n.  Spec,  churchman,  con- 
ventual, prior;  see  monk,  nun,  minister. 

echo,  n.  1.  reverberation  (learned  or  tech.), 
reply,  return,  repercussion  (rare),  reflec- 
tion (rare  or  tech.);  spec,  re-echo. 

2.    See  REPETITION,   IMITATION. 

echo,  V.  t.  1.  reverberate,  return;  spec,  re- 
echo. 

2.    See  REPEAT,  COPY. 

echo,  V.  i.  reverberate,  resound,  reply,  ring, 
redound  {rare);  spec,  re-echo. 

economical,  a.  economizing,  saving,  spar- 
ing,    thrifty,     provident,     parsimonious 
(rare),  frugal;  spec,  cheap. 
Antonyms:    see   extravagant,   waste- 
ful. 

economics,  n.  political  economy,  chrema- 
tistics  (often  spec),  plutonomy  (rare), 
plutology  (rare). 

economist,  n.  political  economist,  chrem- 
atist  (chiefly  spec;  rare);  spec,  physiocrat. 

economize,  v.  t.  save,  husband,  stint,  scant, 
spare,  scrimp  (colloq.),  skimp  (colloq.). 
Antonyms:  see  waste. 

economize,  v.  i.  save,  stint,  scant,  spare, 
retrench,  scrimp  (colloq.),  skimp  (colloq.). 

economy,  n.  economizing,  economization 
(rare),  saving,  thrift,  thriftiness,  saving- 
ness,  providence,  parsimony  (rare),  spar- 
ing, husbandry,  husbanding,  skimping 
(colloq.),  scanting  (colloq.);  spec,  retrench- 
ment. 
Antonyms:  see  waste,  extravagance.  ' 


ecstasy,  /?.  gladness  (contextual),  rapture, 
transport,  rapt  (rare),  rajjtus  (rare), 
paroxysm,  intoxication,  entluisiasm,  rav- 
ishment (rare);  spec  trance,  frenzy, 
agony,  madness,  nympholepsy. 
Antotiynis:  see  apathy,  calm. 

ecstatic,  a.  glad  (contextual),  transj^orted, 
ecstasied,  rapt,  enrapt,  enrai)tured,  rap- 
turous, rhapsodical,  raptured;  spec  en- 
thusiastic (rare). 
Antonyms:   see  apathetic,  calm. 

eddy,  ?i.  count ercurrent  (contextual;  rare), 
swirl;  spec,  whirlpool. 

eddy,  v.  i.  swirl,  gurge  (rare). 

edge,  n.  1.  Referring  to  a  projecting  part 
tvhere  two  swfaees  meet  at  an  angle:  spec 
featheredge,  face,  beard,  bit,  burr,  hip, 
groin,  arris,  bezel,  waney,  gunwale  or 
gunnel,  crest,  hem,  verge. 

2.  Referring  to  the  place  where  a  surface 
terminates:  verge,  margin,  limit  (chieflij 
in  pi.),  bound,  brim  (chiefly  spec),  side, 
coast  (archaic),  bordure  (chiefly  her.),  lip, 
rim,  brink,  border;  spec,  skirt  (chiefly  in 
pi.),  hem,  outskirt  (chiefly  in  pL),  limb, 
exergue,  list,  selvage  or  selvedge,  footing, 
fringe,  listing,  edging,  leech,  deckle  edge, 
berm,  curb,  bezel,  bank. 

Antonyms:  see  body,  center. 

3.  intensity;  spec,  sharpness,  zest,  keen- 
ness, bitterness,  sting. 

edge,  V.  t.  1.  See  sharpen. 
2.  border,  rim,  margin,  skirt,  marginate 
(rare);  spec  fringe,  befringe  (rare),  purl, 
belace. 

edged,  a.  1.  See  sharp. 
2.  marginate    (tech.),    listed,    margined, 
bordered,  etc. 

edging,  n.  edge  (^contextual);  spec,  skirt 
(rare),  welt,  welting,  frill. 

edict,  n.  1.  decree  (contextual);  spec,  bull, 
capitulary,  constitution. 
2.  See  decision. 

edit,  V.  t.  1.  redact  (tech.  or  literary);  spec. 
revise,  arrange,  digest. 
2.   conduct  (for  publication,  as  a  period- 
ical). 

editing,  n.  redaction;  spec,  revision,  recen- 
sion. 

edition,  n.  redaction;  spec,  {referring  to  the 
number  printed  at  one  printing)  issue,  im- 
pression, impress,  printing. 

editor,  n.  I.  redactor  (tech.  or  literary),  re- 
dacteur  (French),  reviser. 
2.  conductor  (as  of  a  periodical). 

editorial,  n.  leader  (chiefly  British):  spec. 
leaderette  (chiefly  British). 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
ebb,  n.;  outgo,  decline. 
ebb,  r.  i.:    outflow,  decline. 
ebullition:      boiling,   bubbling, 
agitation. 


eclat:    distinction. 
eclectic:    choosing. 
eclipse,   n.:    obscuration,  dark- 
ness, [outshine. 
eclipse,  v.  t.:    obscure,  darken. 


eclogue:  idyl. 
ecliptic:  circle. 
edible:    eatable. 
edifice:   building. 
edify:  improve. 


K^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation, 
152 


EJECT 


educated,  a.  lettered,   literate   (learned), 
cultured. 
Antonyms:  see  uneducated. 
education,  n.  1.  breeding  {bringing  ■up). 

2.  See  TEACHING,  TRAINING. 

3.  training,  culture. 

efface,  v.  t.  remove  (contexiual),  obliterate, 
erase  (properly  spec),  expunge,  excise 
(properly  spec),  delete  or  dele  (tech.),  out- 
blot  (poetic),  strike  (esp.  with  "out,"  etc.); 
spec  dislimn  (rare),  rase  (rare),  snuff, 
sponge. 
Antonyms:  see  interpolate. 

effect,  n.  1.  consequence,  fruit  (fig.); 
spec  superconsequence,  impress,  out- 
come. 

2.  Referring  to  mental  effect  on  a  person: 
impression,  impressure  (rare),  ensemble 
(French),  impress. 

3.  See  MEANING,  ACTION,  ACTUALITY. 

4.  In  pi.:  goods. 

effect,  V.  t.  cause,  produce,  effectuate, 
have;  spec  operate,  work,  force,  accom- 
plish, drive,  contrive,  negotiate,  compass, 
conclude,  make,  contract,  execute,  per- 
form, conjure,  weep,  smile,  etc 

effective,  a.  1.  causative,  active,  operative, 
dynamic,  dynamical. 

2.  As  implying  power  or  potency  in  pro- 
ducing results:  efficacious,  effectual,  effi- 
cient, good  (of  persons),  perficient  (rare), 
prevalent  (rare),  deedful  (rare). 

Antonyms:    see  barren,  ineffectual, 

UNPRODUCTIVE. 

3.  In  reference  to  affecting  a  person's 
opinion,  feeling,  or  the  like:  impressive, 
forceful,  efficacious,  telling,  fetching, 
(colloq.),  pointed;  spec  cogent,  stinging, 
cutting,  striking,  convincing. 

effectiveness,  w.  causativeness,  effectual- 
ity, efficaciousness,  efficiency,  point, 
forcefulness,  cogency,  virtue,  duty. 

effeminacy,  n.  womanishness,  invirility 
(rare),  woman  (rare,  exc  as  equiv.  to 
womanlinesi),  femininity,  feminity  (rare); 
spec,  tenderness,  weakness,  delicacy. 

effeminate,  a.  womanish,  ladylike  (prop- 
erly spec),  soft,  silken  (fig.;  used  of  men), 
unmanly    (used  of  7nen),   tender,  weak, 
delicate. 
Antonyms:  see  manliness. 

effeminate,  n.  Sardanapalus  (fig.),  milk- 
sop, mollycoddle,  tenderling  (rare);  spec 
betty,  molly. 


effeminate,  i>.  t.  soften,  emolliate  (rare), 

emasculate  (a  man). 
Antonyms:  see  toughen. 
effete,  a.  exhausted. 
effloresce,  v.  i.   Referring  to  a  formation  on 

minerals,  salt  solutians,  etc.:  bloom;  spec 

crust. 
efflorescence,  n.  bloom,  florescence,  pul- 

verulence,  powder;  spec  crust. 
effort,    n.    1.    exertion,    endeavor,    strife, 

stretch,  strain,  stress,  push  (fig.;  colloq.), 

spurt  or  spirt,  trouble,  attempt,  try;  spec. 

breath,  burst,  struggle. 

2.  See  DEED. 
effulsion,  n.  1.  See  outflow,  utterance, 

EXPRESSION,  composition. 

2.  demonstration  (of  feeling),  gush,  slop- 
ping over  (contemptuous;  colloq.). 

effusive,  a.  1.   See  luxuriant. 
2.  demonstrative    (which   see),    gushing, 
exuberant. 
Antonyms:  see  impassive,  unemotional. 

egg-shaped,  a.  oviform,  oval,  ovate,  ovoid, 
ovoidal  (rare),  ovicular  (rare),  ellipsoidal 
(a  loose  usage);  spec  obovate. 

egoism,  n.   1.  individualism,  self-feeling; 
spec,  suicism  (rare),  selfishness,  self-seek- 
ing,   self-opinionatedness,    weism    (rare), 
solipsism  (philos.);  see  selfishness. 
2.  See  egotism. 

egoistic,  a.  1.  individualistic,  self-regard- 
ing, self-centered;  see  selfish. 
2.  See  egotistic. 

egotism,  n.  conceit,  egoism,  suicism 
(rare) . 

egotistic,  a.  egotistical,  conceited  (con- 
te.ttual),  egotistic,  self-obtruding. 

eight,  n.  Refeiring  to  a  group  of  eight 
things:  octave  (chiefly  spec),  ogdoad 
(learned),  octonary  (chiefly  spec),  octad, 
octet  or  octette  (rare) . 

eight-angled,  a.  octangular  (tech.). 

eightfold,  a.  octuple  (learned  or  tech.). 

eighth,  n.  octave  (mus.);  spec  suboctave 
(rare) . 

eight-sided,  a.  octahedral  (tech.),  oc- 
tahedric  (tech.),  eight-square  (chiefly 
naut.). 

ejaculate,  v.  t.  1.   See  eject. 
2.  To  utter:  blurt,  bolt;  spec  exclaim. 

eject,  V.  t.  1.  emit,  expel,  ejaculate  (chiefly 
physiol.),  cast  (used  with  "out";  rare); 
spec,  fire,  belch,  spew,  eructate,  eruct, 
erupt,  eliminate  (obs.  or  humorous),  spit. 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
educate:   train,  teach. 
educational:     instructive. 
eduction :     drawing. 
eerie:  fearful,  weird. 
eBectual:    effective. 
effectuate:    accomplish. 
effervesce:   bubble. 
effervescent:    bubbling,  lively. 


effete:    exhausted. 
efficacious:     effective. 
efficacy:    effectiveness. 
efficiency:  effectiveness,  ability. 
efficient:    effective. 
effigy:  figure. 

effiuence:    outflow,  emanation. 
effrontery:     impudence. 
effulgent:    bright,  luminous. 


effuse,  a.:  diffuse,  spreading. 
effuse,  V.  t.:  emit:  emanate. 
eftsoon,  eftsoons:  afterwards, 

again,  immediately. 
egesta:    excrement. 
egg,  V.  t.:    incite,  urge. 
egregious:    outrageous. 
egress:    exit,  outlet. 
egotistical:  egclistic. 


tlW  Sec  Notes  of  Explanation. 
153 


EJECTION 


spoilt,  squirt,  deliver,  void,  evacuate,  ilis- 
gorge,  regorge;  sec  vomit. 

Aiititiujms:   tfcc  inject. 
2.  To  drii'c  J'rom  o  place  or  position:  re- 
move,   oust,    expel,    dispossess,    bounce 
(slang);  spec,  disseize,  evict,  unnest,  un- 
keiuiel,  unhouse. 
ejection,  n.  1.  emission,  e.xpulsion,  ejacu- 
lation (cltiijh/  spec.);  spec,  delivery,  firing, 
belching,     belch,     spewing,     eructation, 
eruption,  spouting,  squirt,  squirting,  cle- 
livery,    voidance,    out-throw    {rare),   dis- 
gorgement . 
Antonyms:  see  ixjkction. 

2.  ouster,    expulsion,    dispossession,    dis- 
seizing, eviction,  removal. 

3.  ejecta    (pL),   ejectamenta   (pi);  spec. 
spew,  vomit. 

elaborate,  a.  labored,  operose  (rare);  spec. 
studied,  perfected,  complicated,  detailed, 
ciu-ious,  dressy. 
Antonyms:  see  simple,  elementaky. 

elaborate,  v.  t.  work  out,  develop,  labor, 
devise. 

elaborateness,     n.     elaboration,     detail, 
nicety,  comiilication,  etc. 

elaboration,  /(.  1.  development,  painstak- 
ing, perfection,  devising. 
2.  See  elaborateness. 

elastic,     a.     1.     resilient     (chiefly    tech.), 
springy;   spec,  expansive. 
Antonyms:  see  plastic,  inelastic. 
2.  See  BUOYANT  (in  mind). 

elate,  v.  t.  excite,  enliven,  exhilarate,  exalt, 
elevate  (now  rare),  Rush,  animate;  spec. 
please,  gladden,  pufT,  inflate. 
Antonyms:  see  depress,  annoy. 

elated,  a.  elate  (archaic  or  poetic),  exalted, 
swollen,   flushed,   exhilarated,  animated; 
spec,  joj-ful,  glad,  inflated,  puffed-up. 
Antonyms:  see  depressed. 

elation,  n.  excitement,  enUvenment,  ex- 
altation, flush,  elevation  (noiv  rare),  ani- 
mation; spec,  joy,  pride. 
Antonyms:  see  depression. 

elbow,  n.  ancon  (tech.),  joint  (contextual). 

elbow,   V.   t.   push,   nudge    (gently);  spec. 
jostle. 

elbowlike,    a.    anconal,    anconoid;  —  both 
tech. 

elect,  V.  t.  choose;  spec,  return,  predesti- 
nate. 

elect,  a.  chosen;  spec,  predestinated. 

elect,  n.   Spec,  predestinate. 

election,  n.  choice;  spec,  by-election,  pre- 
destination. 

elective,  a.  1.  choosing;  spec,  constituent. 


2.  optional,  optative,  selective,  electoral 

(chiefly  spec). 

elector,  n.  chooser;  spec,  constituent, 
voter. 

electorate,  n.  constituency. 

electric,   a.    1.      Spec,    voltaic,    faradaic, 
thermoelectric,  piezoelectric,  etc. 
2.    See  thrilling,  exciting,  stimulat- 
ing. 

electrified,  a.  live  (rail,  etc.). 

electrify,  v.  t.  1.  electrize;  spec,  galvanize, 
faradize. 

2.  See  thrill,  excite,  stimulate, 
startle. 

elegance,  n.  Spec,  grace,  refinement, 
courtliness,  daintiness,  featness  (archaic), 
nicety,  finish,  cultism,  Gongorism,  pu- 
rism, finery. 

elegant,  a.  "Elegant"  implies  good  taste 
and  more  or  less  ornateness,  grace,  dis- 
crimination, or  the  like,  such  as  is  asso- 
ciated with  the  cultured  classes.  Hence, 
with  this  implication:  spec,  sesthetic 
(learned  or  literary),  graceful,  refined, 
courtly,  Chesterfieldian,  Ciceronian, 
dainty,  shapely,  trim,  feat  (archaic),  nice, 
genteel  (now  chiefly  used  somewhat  dis- 
paragingly),  silken  or  silky,  chaste,  cul- 
tured, neat,  polished,  finished. 
Antonyms:  see  crude. 

elegist,  n.  threnodist,  monodist. 

element,  n.  1.  See  component,  part. 

2.  Formerly:  spec,  earth,  air,  fire,  water. 

3.  Now  cJiem.,  see  the  list  in  the  diction- 
aries. 

4.  Spec,  datum,  condition,  moment  or 
momentum  (tech.  or  literary),  factor, 
principle,  germ,  rudiment,  fundamental, 
principium  (rare),  primary. 

5.  In  the  Christian  religion:  spec,  host, 
bread,  wine,  eulogia  (hist.),  Eucharist. 

elementary,  a.  1.  component  (rare).    See 
simple,  uncompounded. 
2.  initial,  rudimentary,  inchoate,  incipi- 
ent, primary,  fundamental,  basal  or  basic, 
primordial. 
Antonyms:  see  elaborate. 

elephant,  n.  Spec,  foal,  tusker,  mam- 
moth, mastodon. 

elevate,  v.  t.  1.  See  RAISE  (physically), 
el.\te. 

2.  To  raise  in  rank,  etc.:  raise,  advance, 
exalt,  aggrandize;  spec,  dignify,  promote, 
ennoble. 

Antonyms:   see  abase,  degrade. 

3.  To  raise  the  mental  or  moral  character 
of:  raise,  lift,  exalt;  spec,  refine. 


t^^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
ejeetive:    expulsive. 
eke:     also. 
elan:    ardor,  spirit. 
elapse:    passing. 


eld:     aye,  antiquity. 

elder,  a.:  earlier,  old,  superior. 

elder,  n.:  senior. 

elderly:    old. 

eldest:    oldest. 


eldritch:    rveird. 
elect:     chosen. 
electioneer:    campaign. 
elegiac:    mournful. 
elegy:    dirge. 


X^'  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

154 


EMBASSY 


Antonyms:  see  contaminate,  degrade. 
elevated,  a.  1.    See  high,  upturned. 
2.  Referring  to  mental  or  moral  character: 
high,     lofty,     grand,     sublime,    soaring, 
empyreal    (fig.),    grandiose,    high-flown, 
buskined  {literary),  noble,  magnificent. 
Antonyms:    see    vile,    degraded,    de- 
praved. 
elevating,  a.  ennobling,  inspiring,  exalt- 
ing. 
Antonyms:  see  contaminative. 
elevation,  n.   1.     See  raising,  delinea- 
tion. 

2.  raising,  advancement,  exaltation,  ag- 
grandization ;  spec,  dignification,  promo- 
tion, ennoblement. 

Antonyms:  see  degradation. 

3.  raising  {morally  or  intellectually),  lift- 
ing, exaltation;  spec,  refinement. 

Antonyms:  see  degradation. 

4.  Referring  to  state  or  position  or  elevated 
rank,  as  in  character:  spec,  height,  dignity, 
eminence,  eminency. 

Antonyms:    see  degradation,  depraa'- 

ITY. 

5.  Referring  to  an  elevated  object  or  place: 
height,  eminence  {chiefly  literary);  spec. 
hill,  swell  {of  land),  mountain. 

Antonyms:  see  hollow. 

elevator,  n.  lift  {chiefly  Eng.  or  tech.), 
hoist  {chiefly  spec);  spec,  whim,  dumb- 
waiter. 

eleventh,  a.  undecennary  {tech.  or  learned). 

elf,  n.  demon  {contextual),  sprite,  fairy,  imp 
{chiefly  spec),  elfin,  pygmy,  puck,  pixy; 
spec  urchin. 

elfish,  a.  demonic  {contextual),  impish 
{chiefly  spec),  fairy,  elfin,  elvish;  spec. 
mischievous,  weird. 

elicit,  V.  t.  draw  {used  with  "forth"  or 
"out"),  extract,  call  {tised  ivith  "out"), 
evoke,  fetch  {now  becoming  colloq.  or  rare) , 
educe,  expiscate  {humorous  or  Scot.);  spec 
wrest  or  wring,  extort,  pump. 

elite,  n.  chosen  {pi.),  flower  {collective 
sing.);  see  chosen,  best. 

elocution,  n.  utterance;  spec,  delivery, 
oratory,  eloquence. 

elocutionist,  n.    Spec  reader,  speaker. 

eloquence,  n.  facundity  {rare);  spec,  ora- 
tory. 

eloquent,  a.  facund  {rare);  spec  Cicero- 
nian, oratorical. 

else,  a.  other,  different,  besides  or  beside 
{predicatively  used),  more. 
Antonyms:  see  alike. 


else,  adv.  differently,  otherwise. 
elucidate,  v.   t.   clarify,   illucidate   (rare), 
illuminate,    illustrate;    spec  explain,  in- 
terpret, demonstrate. 
Antonyms:  see  confuse. 
elucidative,  a.  illustrative,  demonstrative, 
clarifying,    illucidative,    illuminative,    il- 
luminatory;    spec,  explanatory,  interpre- 
tative. 
Antonyms:  see  confusing. 

elusive,  a.  1,  eva.sive; — seeking  to  evade,  as 
the  grasp. 

2.  elusory,  lubricous  {literary),  slippery 
{fig.),  subtle,  shifty,  baffling,  shy;  spec 
deceptive,  equivocatory,  illlusory. 

emaciate,    v.    t.    thin,    waste,    extenuate 
{rare),  disflesh  {rare). 

emaciation,  n.  leanness,  tabescence  {rare). 

emanate,  v.  t.  emit,  effuse;  spec  exhale, 
evaporate,  radiate. 

emanate,  v.  i.  flow,  proceed,  issue,  come; 
spec  exhale,  evaporate,  radiate. 

emanation,  n.  1.  emission,  effluence,  ef- 
fluvium   {thing    emanated),    efflux;    sj)ec. 
aura,  exhalation,  mephitis  {noxious). 
2.  Referring  to  impalpable  things:  evapora- 
tion, radiation. 

emasculate,  v.  t.  1.   See  castrate. 
2.  weaken,  unman;  spec,  effeminate,  ef- 
feminize. 

embankment,  n.  1.  embanking. 
2.  mound     {rare);    spec    dike,    remblai 
{French),  mole,  bulwark,   bund   {Anglo- 
Indian). 

embarrass,  v.  t.  1.  discomfort,  demoralize, 
disconcert,  discomfit;  spec  nonplus,  in- 
volve, bother,  abash,  encumber,  trouble, 
harass,  annoy,  shame,  mortify,  hamper, 
confuse. 
Antonyyns:  see  disembarrass. 
2.  See  complicate. 

embarrassing,  a.  demoralizing,  awkward, 
difficult,  disconcerting,  bothersome,  etc 
Antonyms:  see  assure. 

embarrassment,  n.  discomfort,  discon- 
certion, disconcertedness  {the  state),  dis- 
comfiture; spec,  cumber,  confusion,  shame, 
difficulty,  mortification,  constraint,  abash- 
ment, involvement,  pressure,  trouble, 
vexation,  perplexity,  etc. 
Antonyms:  see  assurance. 

embassy,   n.    1.    commission,    embassadc 
{archaic),  embassage  {archaic). 

2.  legation,  embassage  {archaic),  embas- 
sade  {archaic). 

3.  residence  (contextual),  legation. 


fW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
elide:    delete. 
eligible:    qualified. 
eliminate,  v.  t.:  expel,  excrete, 
omit,  ignore,  suppress,  abstract. 
elixir:  dr^i.y. 


ellipsis:    omifmion. 
eloign:    remove. 
elongate,  v.:    lengthen. 
elongate,  a.:  lengthened,  oblong. 
elope:    depart. 
elude:   evade,  avoid. 


elusion:     evasion,  avoidance. 
emaciated:    thin. 
emancipate:   free. 
embalm:    preserve. 
embark,  v.  t.:   ship,  invest. 
embark,  v.  i.:   engage. 


fW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

155 


EMBATTLE 


embattle,   v.    (.   crenel    {rorv),    crenellate 
embed,   v.   t.   bed,   impaste   (rare),  cnlay 

(Chicjltj    .s'/HT.). 

enibeliish,  r.  t.  enrich;  spec,  vary,  em- 
hhi/Ain.  nnblaze. 

embezzle,  c.  t.  misappropriate,  misapply, 
convert,  peculate  (chicjiy  spec).  "Em- 
bezzling" is  accomplished  by  fraud  or 
breach  of  trust  in  relation  to  property  al- 
ready legally  in  one's  possession;  "stealing" 
by  urongfiiily  getting  possession  of  property 
leith  intention  to  appropriate  it. 

embezzle,  v.  i.  misappropriate,  defalcate, 
peculate  {chiefly  spec). 

embitter,  v.  t.  1.    Referring  to  the  taste:  see 

BITTER. 

2.  Referring  to  the  mind:  envenom,  em- 
poison {literary),  rankle  {rare),  sour,  ex- 
acerbate {make  more  bitter;  literary). 

Antonyms:   see  soften. 

3.  Referring  to  persons:  exasperate,  poi- 
son, envenom;  spec,  exacerbate  {literary). 

Antonyms:  see  soften. 

embodiment,  ??.  bodiment,  insubstantia- 
tion  {rare),  image,  incorporation;  spec. 
incarnation,  personification,  personation 
{rare),  impanation,  avatar  {theosophy), 
epiphany. 

embody,  v.  t.  incorporate,  corporate  {rare), 
body,  insubstantiate   {rare);  spec,  incar- 
nate, impersonate,  enflesh  {rare),  encar- 
naUze  {rare),  personify,  impanate,  pillar. 
Antonyms:  see  spiritualize. 

embolden,  v.  t.  hearten,  encourage,  em- 
brave  {rare),  nerve,  inspirit;    spec,  reas- 
sure. 
Antonyms:  see  discourage. 

emboss,  v.  t.  1.    Referring  to  a  surface:  or- 
nament   {contextual),    boss;    spec,    knot, 
pounce  {hist.). 
Antonyms:  see  indent. 
2.  Referring    to    projecting    parts:    raise, 
boss;  spec.  knot. 

embrace,  v.  t.  1.  clasp  {contextual),  clutch 
{contextual),  clip  {archaic  or  dial.),  fathom 
(rare),  halse  {Scot.),  hold  {contextual), 
bosom  {fig.),  fold,  infold  or  enfold  {inten- 
sive), entwine  {intensive),  grapple,  em- 
bosom {intensive),  hug;  spec,  cuddle,  lock, 
enlock  {intensive;  rare),  nurse. 
2.  See  include,  adopt,  accept,  receive. 

embrace,  n.  1.  clasp  {contextital) ,  clip  {ar- 
chaic), embracement  {rare),  hold  {context- 
ual), fold,  hug. 

2.  See  embrace,  adoption,  acceptance, 
reception,  espousal. 


embrasure,  n.  1.  Spec  splay. 
2.  oiJiMiinf;  {contextual),  vent  {rare);  spec. 
porthole  {mil.). 

embroider,  V.  t.  ornament  {contextual), 
work;  sjne.  branch,  lace,  tambour,  couch. 

embroidered,  a.  ornamented  {contextual), 
worked;  spec,  orphreyed  or  orf rayed. 

embroidery,  n.  ornamentation  {context- 
ual), work;  spec,  orphrey  or  orfray,  sam- 
l)ler,  si)atterwork,  needlework,  insertion, 
orris,  })hulkari  {East  Indian). 

embroil,  V.  t.  Set  by  the  ears; — no  single- 
word  synonyms. 

embryo,  n.  1.  Spec,  fetus  or  foetus,  concep- 
tion {fig.),  corcle  or  corcule  {bat.),  mole  or 
mola. 
2.  See  beginning. 

emerge,  v.  i.  1.  issue;  spec,  peep,  outcrop 
{also  fig.),  appear. 
Antonyms:  see  sink,  dip. 
2.  See  arise. 

emergence,   n.    1.   issuance,    emergency; 
spec,  outcrop,  peeping,  appearance,  emer- 
sion {chiefly  astron.). 
Antonijms:  see  dip. 
2.  See  arising. 

emetic,  a.  vomitory,  vomitive  {rare),  ec- 
critic  {rare). 

emetic,  n.  puke  {not  now  in  polite  u^age), 
vomitory  {tech.  or  rare),  vomitive  {rare), 
vomit  {rare),  eccritic  {rare);  spec,  castor 
oil,  rhubarb,  etc. 

emigrant,  n.  migrant;  spec,  colonist,  re- 
demptioner  {U.  S.). 
Antonyms:   see  immigrant. 

emigrate,   v.   i.   depart   {contextual),   mi- 
grate. 
Antonyms:  see  immigrate. 

emigration,  n.  departure  {contextual),  mi- 
gration; spec  exodus. 

emission,  n.  1.  emitting,  discharge;  spec. 
projection,  radiation,  exudation,  emana- 
tion, expression,  exhalation,  dehvery. 
Antonyms:  see  absorption. 
2.  See  issuance. 

emit,  V.  t.  1.  discharge,  deliver,  emanate 
{rare  or  spec);  spec  shoot,  spirt,  dart, 
dartle,  squirt  {undignified),  jet,  evolve,  ra- 
diate, breathe,  exhale,  effuse,  bleed  {fig.), 
express,  shed,  gush,  vent,  puff,  thiow, 
hurl,  foam,  outpour. 
Antonyms:  see  swallow,  absorb. 
2.  See  issue,  utter. 

emotional,  a.  1.  emotive. 
2.  sentimental    {to    excess   or    affectedly), 
pathematic  {rare),  feeling,  pathetic  {rare), 
affective ;  spec  maudlin,  mawkish,  demon- 


t^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
emblaze:   illuminate. 
emblazon:       delineate,    depict, 

I  mhfilish,  celebrate. 
emblem:    symbol,  badge. 


emblematic,    emblematical, 

a.:    symbolic. 

emblematize:     symbolize. 

emboucbure:     mouth,  mouth- 
piece. 


embroilment:    quarrel. 
emendable:    corrigible. 
emendate:    correct. 
eminent:  elevated,     distin- 

guished, conspicuous. 


\(W  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

156 


ENCROACH 


strative,  sickly  (colloq.),  sicklied,  intense, 
languorous,  languishing,  unctions  (rare), 
unctuous,  mushy. 
Antonyms:  see  apathetic. 

emotionalize,  v.  i.  sentimentalize;  spec. 
gush,  languish. 

emperor,  n.  monarch  {contextual),  czar 
{chiefly  spec.  &  hist.),  caesar  {chiefly  spec. 
&  hist.),  kaiser  {chiefly  spec.  &  hist.);  spec. 
kaiserling  {chiefly  dim.),  imperator  {hist.), 
Mikado  {lit.,  Son  of  Heaven). 

emphasis,  7i.  1.    See  accent,  force. 
2.  significance,  weight,  accentuation,  ac- 
cent, stress. 
Antonyms:  see  disregard. 

emphasize,  v.  t.  accentuate,  stress,  mark, 
punctuate;  spec,   underline,    underscore, 
enforce. 
Antonyms:  see  disregard. 

emphatic,   a.    forcible,   forceful,    impres- 
sive, decided,  strong,  significant;  spec,  in- 
tensive, expressive,  positive,  energetic,  un- 
equivocal, distinct. 
Antonyms:  see  apathetic. 

empire,  n.  1.  domain  {contextual),  domin- 
ion   {contextual),    imperium    {formal    or 
hist.), 
2.  See  DOMAIN. 

employee,  n.  employe,  agent  {rare  or  tech.), 
help  {a  collective);  spec,  man,  hand,  ser- 
vant, clerk.    "Employee^'  is  chiefly  U.S. 
Antonyms:  see  employer. 

employer,  n.  governor  {slang),  boss  {ca7it 
or  slang),  master  {chiefly  legal). 
Antonyms:  see  employee. 

emptiness,  n.  1.  hollowness,  voidness, 
vacuity  {literary),  inanition  {chiefly  spec), 
vacuousness  {rare),  inanity  {rare),  va- 
cancy, vacantness;  spec,  exhaustion,  de- 
pletion, etc. 
Antonyms:  see  fullness. 

2.  See  HOLLOViTsrEss  {of  a  sound),  hunger. 

3.  Referring  to  an  empty  space:  inane  {lit- 
erary), void  {the  usual  word),  vacuity  {lit- 
erary or  tech.),  hollow;  spec,  vacuum  {tech.). 

4.  unsubstantiality,  vanity,  hollowness, 
uselessness;  spec,  frivolity,  vanity,  unsat- 
isfying, unsatisfactoriness,  meaningless- 
ness,  triviality,  unfeelingness,  fruitless- 
ness,  senselessness,  insincerity,  inanity, 
stupidity,  etc. 

empty,  a.  1.  hollow,  vacant,  vacuous 
{rare),  inane  {rare);  spec,  blank,  clear,  un- 


loaded, unfilled,  emptied,  exhausted,  de- 
pleted, distitute,  free. 
Antonyms:  see  full. 

2.  See  HOLLOW  {of  a  sound),  hungry,  de- 
void. 

3.  unsubstantial,  vain,  useless;  spec,  void, 
foolish,  trivial,  unsatisfying,  meaningless, 
frivolous,  unfeehng,  fruitless,  senseless, 
insincere,  inane,  stupid,  etc. 

Antonyms:  see  significant,  pithy. 

empty,  v.  t.  1.  void  {literary  or  tech.),  de- 
plenish {rare),  deplete;  spec,  buzz  {Eng.), 
disglut  {rare),  drink,  clear,  draw,  exhaust, 
gut  {fig.),  evacuate,  bottom  {rare),  drain. 
Antonyms:  see  fill,  stuff. 
2.  See  discharge. 

emulate,  v.  t.  rival. 

emulation,  n.  rivalry,  vying,  competition 
{for  some  specific  object),  strife. 

emulous,  a.  Meaning:  desirous  of  equahng 
or  exceUing;  strifeful; — no  exact  synonyms. 

enable,  v.  t.  empower. 
Antonyms:  see  disable. 

enact,  v.  t.  1.  decree,  make,  pass. 
Antonyms:  abolish,  revoke. 
2.  See  act. 

enamel,  n.  ornamentation  {contextual), 
glaze;  spec,  cloisonne  {French). 

enamor  or  enamour,  v.  t.  captivate,  smite 
{chiefly  in  p.  p.,  "smitten").  "Enamor" 
takes  "of ;  "captivate"  usually  "with." 

enchase,  v.  t.  1.  See  set,  variegate. 
2.  ornament  {contextual);  spec,  chase,  en- 
grave, inlay,  emboss. 

encircle,  v.  t.  1.  surround,  embrace,  en- 
compass, environ;  spec,  span,  twine,  ring, 
enring  {intensive),  rim,  infold  or  enfold, 
orb  {elevated),  loop,  inorb  {rare),  inarch, 
necklace. 
2.  See  CIRCUIT. 

encore,  v.  t.  recall,  call  {chiefly  in  "call 
before  the  curtain"). 

encourage,  v.  t.  1.  animate,  strengthen, 
hearten,  enhearten  {intensive),  heart  {ar- 
chaic), fortify,  chirrup  {chiefly  spec),  in- 
spirit; spec,  reanimate,  cheer,  abet,  em- 
bolden, incite,  urge,  stimulate,  assure,  re- 
assure, comfort. 

Antonyms:  see  abash,  discourage,  op- 
press, FRIGHTEN. 
2.    See  APPROVE,  AID. 

encroach,  v.  i.  advance,  accroach  {rare), 
trench    {esp.   of  immaterial   things),    in- 


C^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
emotionless:  \unfeeling. 
emphasizing:     intensive. 
empiric:    quack. 
emplacement:   platform. 
employ,    n.:     use,    occupation, 

service. 
employ,  v.  t.:  occupy. 
employment:   use,  occ.up'iiion, 

business,  service.  [embitter. 

empoison:  poison,  contaminate, 


emporium:  market,  warehouse, 

shop. 
empower:    enable,  authorize. 
empress:    monarch. 
empressment:    cordiality,   de- 

monstrativeness. 
empyreal:    heavenly,  fiery. 
empyrean:  heaven. 
emulge:    drain. 
enable:     empower. 
encamp:    camp. 


encase:    incase. 
enceinte:     pregnant. 
enchain:   bind,  confine. 
enchant:       bewitch,    captivate, 
jilcdKc.  [livation. 

enchantment:  bewitchery,  cap- 
encomiast:   praiser. 
encomiastic:     laudatory. 
encomium:    eulopy. 
encompass:  surruutid,  encircle. 
encore:    aaain. 


XSF"  Sec  Notes  of  Explanation. 

157 


ENCROACHMENT 


fringe;  spec,  usurp  (rare),  invade,  tres- 
pass, intrude. 

encroachment,  n.  advancement,  infringe- 
ment, infraction,  trcncliinL;,  inroad,  in- 
\asion;  spec,  trespass,  intrusion,  purpres- 
ture. 

encumber,  r.  t.  1.  Imphjing  a  hindering  by 
something  that  burdens,  drags  upon,  clogs, 
or  the  like:  ciunber,  embarrass;  spec,  bur- 
den, hamper,  obstruct,  hinder. 

2.  hunher,  burden; — to  weigh  down  xoith 
what  w  M.s'< /t'6>'. 

Antonyms:  see  unload. 

3.  burden,  charge;  spec,  mortgage. 
encumbrance,  n.  1.  cumber  (rare),  cum- 

brance,    cumberment   (rare),   embarrass- 
ment, clog;  spec,  burden,  hindrance,  ob- 
struction, hamper,  baggage. 
2.  burden,  charge;  spec,  mortgage,  debt. 

encyclopedia,  encyclopaedia,  /;.  cyclo- 
licdia  or  cyclopaedia  {the  less  usual  term), 
tliesaurus  {now  rare). 

encysted,  a.  bagged,  capsuled,  saccate 
{rare). 

end,  71.  1.  limit,  extremity ; — in,  reference  to 
space,  and  now  only  in  "ends  of  the  earth." 

2.  Referring  to  the  terminating  part  of  any- 
thing: tip,  extremity  {the  very  end),  ter- 
mination (learned),  terminal  (chiefly  tech. 
or  spec),  extreme  (literary  or  formal), 
terminus  (literary  or  formal),  desinence 
{chiefly  spec;  rare);  spec,  fag-end,  butt  or 
butt-end,  stub,  remnant,  tail,  thrum, 
chump,  crop  (tech.),  tag,  ravel,  fall,  foot, 
horn,  head. 

Antonyms:  see  beginning. 

3.  Referring  to  the  end  or  termination  of  a 
course,  series,  etc.:  conclusion,  termina- 
tion, determination  (formal),  close,  clos- 
ure (rare,  exc  spec),  stoppage;  spec. 
finish,  finis  (Latin),  end-all,  period  (ar- 
chaic), consummation,  destruction,  an- 
nihilation, dissolution,  finale,  (Italian; 
mxutic),  final  (music),  ending. 

Antonyms:  see  beginning. 

4.  Referring  to  a  terminating  event,  act, 
etc.:  denoument  (French),  catastrophe, 
wind-up  (colloq.),  finish-up  (rare),  finish, 
finale  (Italian),  ending. 

Antonyins:  see  beginning. 

5.  Spec,  (in  reference  to  discourse)  exodium, 
catastrophe,  finale,  (Italian),  ending,  pero- 
ration, epilogue,  appendix. 

Ardonyms:  see  beginning. 

6.  In  reference  to  lapse  of  time:  period  (ar- 
chaic), ending,  lapse,  expiration,  expiry, 
termination. 

Antonyms:  see  beginning. 

7.  Referring  to  the  last  part  of  life:  evening, 
close,  extremity  (archaic). 


Antonyms:  see  infancy. 

8.  Sec   DEATH,  KKSULT,  OBJECT. 

end,  ('.  t.  1.  t^^rminate  (a  more  formal  word 
than  "end"),  conclude  (Jormal);  spec,  fin- 
ish, stop,  close,  cease,  discontinue,  dis- 
solve, abolish,  destroy,  annihilate. 

2.  To  form  an  end  to:  terminate,  deter- 
mine (formal);  spec,  head,  tail,  fetch  up. 

Antonyms:  see  begin. 

3.  See  KILL. 

end,  ('.  i.  1.  terminate  (more  formal  than 
"enil"),   conclude   (formal);  spec,   finish, 
cease,  stop,  expire,  lapse,  discontinue,  dis- 
solve, determine  (formal). 
Antonyms:  see  begin. 

2.  To  cease  to  exist:  spec  go,  die,  vanish, 
disappear,  fall. 

Antonyms:  see  begin. 

3.  To  finish  a  discourse:  close,  conclude; 
spec,  perorate. 

Antonyms:  see  begin. 

4.  See  die,  eventuate. 

endanger,  v.  t.  imperil,  jeopard  (rare),  ad- 
venture (rare),  jeopardize,  peril  (rare), 
risk,  hazard,  jeopardy  (rare);  spec  com- 
promise. 

endear,  v.  t.  No  synonyms. 

endeavor,  v.  i.  try  (the  common  word), 
seek,  attempt,  offer,  struggle,  strive,  es- 
say (learned  or  archaic),  labor;  spec,  study. 

endeavor,  n.  trial,  try,  attempt,  effort, 
struggle,  striving,  essay  (archaic  or  liter- 
ary), exertion,  offer. 

ending,  n.  1.   See  end,  death. 
2.  In  reference  to  words:  suffix,  postfix, 
termination,  terminant  (rare). 

ending,  a.  terminating,  terminative  (rare), 
concluding,  conclusive  (obsolesc),  con- 
elusory,  determinating,  determinative, 
etc.;  spec,  finishing,  etc. 

endless,  a.  1.  Referring  to  either  time  or 
space:  never-ending  (chiefly  of  time),  in- 
terminable, termless  (chiefly  of  time), 
boundless,  indefinite,  indeterminable, 
dateless,  interminate,  illimitable,  unlim- 
ited, immeasurable,  infinite  (oftener  of 
space  than  time),  unending  (chiefly  of 
time) . 
Antonyms:  see  short,  brief,  termina- 
ble. 

2.  Referring  to  time  only:  eternal,  ever- 
lasting, ceaseless,  pe'-petual;  spec,  undy- 
ing. 

Antonyms:  see  brief. 

3.  See  IMMORTAL,  constant,  purpose- 
less. 

endless,  adv.  Spec,  interminably,  bound- 
lessly, indefinitely,  infinitely,  evermore, 
constantly,  etc. 

endow,  v.  t.  1.   See  dowt^r  (a  bride). 


fW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
encrust:    incrusl. 


end:   final. 
endlong:   lengthwise. 


endmost:  farthest. 
endorse :    indorse. 


lE^P^  See  Notes  ot  Explanation. 

158 


ENGAGE 


2.  enrich,  dow,  estate  {rare);  spec,  bene- 
fice, portion,  reinvest. 

3.  enrich  (used  with  "ivith"),  furnish,  gift 
(chieflij  in  p.  p.,  as  an  adjective). 

endowment,  n.  I.  Act  of  endowing:  dota- 
tion (learned). 

2.  Referring  to  property  given  by  way  of 
endowing:  fund,  property,  foundation 
{U.  S.);  spec,  studentship,  fellowship, 
scholarship,  professorship,  chair  {fig.), 
living,  etc. 

3.  gift,  power,  dower,  dowry;  spec,  abil- 
ity;— referring  to  natural  gifts  or  powers  of 
mind  or  body. 

endue,  v.  t.  indue,  clothe,  invest;  spec,  re- 
invest, grace; — in  reference  to  permanent 
gifts  or  powers  of  mind  or  body. 

endurable,    a.    bearable,    tolerable,    sup- 
portable,   abidable,    sustainable,     suffer- 
able;   spec,   withstandable,   weatherable, 
livable,  stomachable. 
Antonyms:  see  trNBKARABLE. 

endurance,  n.  1.  See  continuance,  con- 
stancy, PATIENCE. 

2.  The  act  of  enduring  or  lasting:  bearing, 
abiding,  support,  sustenance  {bookish  or 
tech.),  tolerance  {chiefly  tech.),  standing, 
withstanding,  durance  {archaic),  suffer- 
ance. 

3.  Staying  power:  backbone,  bottom, 
sand  {colloq.);  spec,  fortitude,  constancy, 
energy. 

4.  The  act  of  enduring  or  suffering  to  be: 
tolerance,  toleration,  abidance,  stomach- 
ing, enduringness  {rare);  spec,  permission, 
forbearance,  vitality. 

endurant,  a.  tolerant,  patient  {of  evil) . 

endure,  v.  i.  1.   See  continue. 
2.  abide,  bear,  suffer;  spec,  wear,  last. 

endure,  v.  t.  1.  Referring  to  the  capacity  or 
power  to  suffer  unharmed  or  unimpaired: 
bear,  abide  {literary),  support,  sustain, 
suffer,  tolerate,  coendure  {spec),  stand, 
withstand,  bide  {archaic),  undergo,  stay; 
spec,  weather. 

2.  Referring  to  the  will  to  put  up  un,th: 
tolerate,  abide,  stand,  brook,  digest  {ar- 
chaic); spec,  stomach,  swallow,  pocket, 
permit,  receive. 

endways,  endwise,  adv.  1.    See  upright, 
lengthwise. 
2.  distad  {tech.); — towards  the  end. 

enema,  n.  injection  {contextual),  clyster. 

enemy,  n.  opponent,  adversary,  antago- 
nist ("opponent,"  "adversary,"  and  "an- 
tagonist" not  implying  the  ill-will  or  ma- 
levolence implied  by  "enemy"),  unfriend 
(rare),  Philistine  f^;;.),  foe  (archaic  or 
rhetorical,  exc.  in  mil.  use;  often  a  collective 
in  mil.  use),  foornan  (archaic  or  poetic), 


hostile  (^chiefly  U.  S.  and  of  an  American 
Indian);  spec,  archenemy.  Devil. 
Antonyms:  see  friend,  ally. 
energetic,  a.  active,  vigorous,  mettlesome, 
mighty;    spec,   hearty,    hard,    strenuous, 
trenchant,  forceful,  forcible,  strong,  pow- 
erful,   dashing,    emphatic,    enterprising, 
live,  robust;  spec,  see  enterprising. 
Antonyms:  see  apathetic. 
energize,  v.  t.  potentialize  (rare),  activate 
(tech.;  chiefly  chem.  and  biol.),  dynamize 
(chiefly  med.);  spec,  animate. 
Antonyms:  see  weaken,  enervate. 
energy,  n.  1.  action; — not  a  good  synonym. 

2.  activity,  go  (colloq.),  vigor,  mettle, 
spirit,  force,  might,  intensity,  dash,  life, 
animation.  Most  of  these  words  have 
specific  implications  or  associations  sug- 
gested by  their  general  senses. 

Antonyms:  see  weakness,  weariness. 

3.  power,  force,  potency,  strength;  spec. 
impetus,  impulse,  momentum,  vis  viva 
(tech.  Latin),  magnetism,  electricity. 

Antonyms:  see  inertia. 

4.  Only  in  reference  to  persons,  ideas,  etc.: 
spirit,  vigor,  backbone  (colloq.),  life,  ani- 
mation, pith,  verve,  drive,  vim  (colloq.),  ^zz 
(colloq.),  go  (colloq.),  go-ahead  (colloq.); 
spec,  see  enterprise. 

Antonyms:  see  weakness. 

enervate,    v.  t.    weaken,    devitalize,    un- 
nerve, paralyze,  soften;  spec,  debilitate, 
emasculate. 
Antonyms:  see  strengthen,  energize. 

enfeoff,  v.  t.  infeft  (Scots  law);  spec,  subfeu 
(rare). 

enfeoffment,  n.  infeudation,  infeftment 
(Scots  law);  spec,  subinfeudation. 

enforce,  v.  t.  1.    See  compel,  emphasize, 
strengthen. 

2.  /?i  reference  to  laws,  duty,  etc.:  execute, 
sanction. 

3.  effranchize  (rare);  spec,  naturalize,  en- 
denizen (literary). 

engage,  v.  t.  1.   See  pledge. 

2.  bind,  obligate;  spec,  betroth. 

3.  Spec,  bespeak,  hire,  enlist,  book,  re- 
tain, brief,  fee. 

4.  To  win  over:  gain. 

5.  To  seize  and  hold,  fasten  upon:  oc- 
cupy, interest;  spec,  bite,  arrest,  catch, 
attract. 

Antomjms:  see  slide. 

6.  attack,  encounter;  spec,  rcencounter 
(rare) . 

engage,  v.   i.    1.      See  contend,   fight, 
promise,  enter,  agree,  contract. 

2.  embark  (used  unlh  "in");  spec,  enlist. 

3.  interlock,  interact;  spec,  gear,  pitch, 
mesh. 


K^"  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
enervate:    weakened. 


enfeeble:    weaken. 
enfilade:    rake. 


enflesb:    embody. 

enfold:   envelope,  clasp,  fold. 


i^/^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
159 


ENGENDER 


engine,  ti.  1.  Sec  iNSTRnMEN'T,  MKANS. 
2.  Of  nnichiiu;<  for  coitrcrtirig  a  force  into 
tnechanical  power  (this  now  beintj  the  usual 
sense  of  "engine"):  spec,  steam  engiiu', 
cli'ctrioal  eiifiino,  tie,  turbine,  jinny,  eor- 
liss,  motor,  iliesel. 

S.  Df  inilitonj  engines:  spec,  niatafimcl, 
arbalest,  ballista,  mangonel,  loinbard, 
springal. 

engineer,  /(.  maoliinist  {context ual);  spec. 
tlriver,     hydraulician,     mechanician,    pi- 
ont'cr. 
English,  a.    Spec.  Anglican  {mostly  refer- 
ring to  the  Church  of  England),  British  {re- 
ferring to  ivhat  is  or  belongs  to  Great  Britain; 
now  esp.  u.sed  in  referring  to  political  or 
imperial  affairs). 
Englishman,   n.    Englander,     Enghsher 
{chiefly  Scot.),  John  Bull   (o  nickname), 
gringo    {Spanish    Amcr.;   contemptuous); 
spec.  Harry,  Tommy  {slang),  milord. 
engrave,  v.  t.  1.  grave  {archaic  or  poetic), 
cut,  carve,  sculpture,  chisel,  incise;  spec. 
intaglio     {rare),    etch,    enchase,    hatch, 
Crosshatch,    mezzotint; — in   reference    to 
forming  figures  on,  a  surface. 
2.  See  PRINT. 
engraved,  a.  graven,  sculptured,  incised, 

cut ;  spec,  intagliated. 
engraver,  n.  graver  {rare,  exc.  of  a  tool); 
spec,  die  cutter,  lapicide,   etcher,  bui"in 
(a  tool). 
engraving,    a.    carving,    glyptic    {chiefly 
spec.),  sculptural. 
engraving,  7i.  graving,  carving,  sculpture 
{rare),  chiseling;  spec,  intaglio,  glyptog- 
raphy,   fretwork,     chalcography,    cerog- 
raphy,  gypsography,   stylography,  petro- 
glyph,  heliogravure,  photogravure,  heliog- 
raphy; — in  reference  to  the  art  or  qwocess. 
2.  graving,  carving,  sculpture  {rare),  glyp- 
tic {chiefly  spec);  spec,  intaglio,  fretwork, 
chalcograph,  cut  {esp.  a  woodcut),  plate 
{o7ie  on  metal),  triptych,    diptych,   litho- 
glyph,   taille-douce   {French),    mezzotint, 
cerograph,  heliograph,  photogravure,  heli- 
ogravure;— referring  to  the  figure  produced. 
enjoy,  v.  t.  1.  like,  relish,  joy  {archaic). 
Antonyms:  see  dislike. 
2.  experience,  have  {some  experience). 
enjoyment,  n.  1.  relish,  gusto,  gust,  zest, 
fruition  {literary  or  dignified). 
Antonyms:  see  dislike,  distress. 
2.  pleasure,  gratification,  luxury. 


enlarge,  v.  t.  1.  increase,  extend,  widen, 
aggrandize  {learned),  greaten  {archaic), 
amplify,  largen  {rare),  magnify  {rare); 
spec,  augment,  broaden,  ream,  dilate,  dis- 
tend, drift,  thicken,  di-ill,  bore  {chiefly 
with  "out"). 

.■\ntonynis:  see  diminish,  abridge,  con- 
dense, CONSTRICT,  CONTRACT. 
2.    See  MAGNIFY. 

enlarge,  v.  i.  1.  increase,  expand,  widen; 
spec,  augment,  broaden,  dilate,  distend, 
swell. 

2.    See  EXPATIATE. 

enlargement,  n.    1.   increase,   extension, 
widening;  spec,  broadening,  aggrandize- 
ment {learned),  amplification,  augmenta- 
tion, distension,  dilatation,  expansion. 
Antonyms:  see  abridgement,  abstract, 

CONDENSATION,  DIMINUTION. 

2.  Only  of  a  thing  formed  by  an  enlarge- 
ment: spec,  bulb,  knot,  ganglion. 

enlarging,  a.  Spec,  expatiatory,  cres- 
cent, expansive. 

enlighten,  v.  t.  1.   See  brighten. 
2.  lighten  {archaic),  illume  {rare  or  liter- 
ary), illuminate  {formal),  illumine  {rare); 
spec,  educate,  civilize,  instruct,  inform. 
Antonyms:  see  dakken,  nonplus,  per- 
plex. 

enlightenment,    n.    illumination,    light, 
lightening;  spec,  culture,  civilization,  edu- 
cation, learning. 
Antonyms:  see  ignorance. 

enlist,  V.  t.  Of  soldiers,  etc.:  list,  enroll, 
levy,  recruit. 

enliven,  v.  t.  1.  See  animate,  cheer. 
2.  animate,  exhilarate,  actuate  {learned), 
spirit,  inspirit,  quicken,  quick  {archaic), 
fire,  brisk  {chiefly  with  "up");  spec,  spice, 
brighten,  elate,  reanimate. 
Antonyms:  see  calm,  depress. 

enmity,    n.    dislike    {contextual),    ill-will, 
animosity;  spec,  pique;  see  aialevolence, 
hatred. 
Antonyms:  see  love. 

ennoble,  V.  t.  dignify,  exalt,  raise;  spec. 
greaten  {rare),  elevate,  glorify,  nobilitate 
{rare),  baronize. 

Antonyms:    see   degrade,    depreciate, 
abuse,  defame. 

ennui,     n.     tedium,     boredom,     boreism 
{rare);  see  weariness. 
Antonyms:  see  vivacity,  gayety. 

enormous,  a.  large   {contextual),  titanic. 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

engender:    develop. 

engineer,  v.  t.:  manage. 

enginery:  apparatus,  machin- 
ery. 

engorge:  surfeit,  satiate,  ob- 
struct. 

engraft:    graft. 

engross:  copy,  absorb,  monop- 
olize. 


engulf:   swallow,  absorb. 

enhance,  v.  i.:  advance,  in- 
crease. 

enhance,  v.  t.:  intensify,  exag- 
gerate, advance. 

enhearten:   encourage. 

enigma:  question,  riddle,  mys- 
tery. 

enigmatic:  mysterious. 

enjoin:    bid,  dictate,  forbid. 


enjoyable:    pleasant. 
enormous:    immense. 
enough:   adequate. 
enounce:   announce,  state,  pro- 
claim, pronounce. 
enquire:    question. 
enrage:    anger. 
enrapt,  enraptured:    ecstatic. 
enrapture:    transport,  please. 
enravish:   transport. 


(^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
160 


ENTRAIN 


tremendous,  htige,  immense,  colossal,  gi- 
gantic, elephant iiu>,  vast,  prodigious  {lit- 
erary or  contempt  Linus). 
Antonyms:  see  small. 

enrich,  v.  t.  1.  richen  {rare);  spec,  million- 
ize,  endow. 
Antonyms:  see  impoverish,  plunder. 
2.  See  embellish,  fertilize. 

enriching,  a.  locupletive  {rare). 

enshrine,  v.  t.  1.  inshrine  {a  variant),  con- 
tain  {contextual);  spec,  entemple  {rare), 
tabernacle,  enchase  {rare). 
2.  See  preserve,  cherish. 

ensign,  n.  1.  flag  {contextual);  spec,  gon- 
fanon,  gonfalon,  hatchment,  eagle,  pen- 
non. 

2.    See  BADGE. 

enslave,  v.  t.  1.  enthrall  {chiefly  fig.),  slave 
{rare),  thrall  {archaic),  yoke  {figurative), 
beslave    {emphatic),    vassal    {rare);   spec. 
helotize. 
Antonyms:  see  free,  deliver. 

2.    See  CAPTIVATE, 

enslaved,  a.  bond. 

enslavement,   n.    1.   enthrallment;   spec. 
vassalage,  serfage,  serfdom. 
Antonyms:  see  freeing. 

2.    See  CAPTIVATION. 

entail,  n.  tail,  tailye  or  tailzie  {Scot.). 

entangle,  v.  t,  1.  In  a  physical  sense:  tan- 
gle, ravel,  perplex  {rare),  involve,  em- 
brangle {literary);  spec,  mesh,  enlace,  in- 
mesh,  entrap,  mat. 

Antonyms:  see  disentangle,  unravel. 
2.  See  confuse. 

entangled,  a.  complex,  foul  {chiefly  naut.), 
afoul  {predicative) . 

entanglement,  n.  1.  tangle,  maze,  em- 
branglement  {literary),  ravelment  {rare), 
involvement,  intertanglement  {rare),  per- 
plexity, cobweb  {implying  fineness);  spec. 
node,  knot. 
2.  See  confusion. 

enter,  v.  i.  1.  To  go  or  come  in:  spec,  pierce, 
penetrate. 
Antonyms:  see  issue. 

2.  To  go  {into)  a  subject-matter,  book,  etc.: 
dip,  dive. 

3.  To  become  busied,  occupied,   etc.:  en- 
gage; spec,  start,  go  (used  with  "into"). 

enter,  v.  t.  1.     In  a  physical  sense:  spec. 
penetrate,  pierce,  trespass,  invade,  board 
{a  ship  or,  U.  S.,  a  railroad  train),  force. 
2.  See  begin,  join,  list,  record. 

entering,  a.  entrant,  incoming,  ingoing. 

enterprise,   n.    1.    project,    emprise    {ar- 


chaic); spec,  scheme,  adventure,  at- 
tempt. 

2.  energy,  push  {colloq.),  go-ahead  {col- 
loq.). 
Antonyms:  see  laziness. 

enterprising,  a.  energetic,  go-ahead  {col- 
loq.), pushing  {colloq^,  pushful  {colloq.). 
Antonyms:  see  lazy. 

entertain,  v.  t.  1.  receive,  hospitize  {rare); 
spec,  harbor,  guest  {rare),  shelter. 

2.  Referring  to  opinions,  etc.:  hold,  cher- 
ish, bear,  have ;  spec,  nurse. 

Antonyms:  see  reject. 

3.  See  divert,  feel. 

4.  treat  {colloq.),  regale  {literary);  spec. 
fete,  breakfast,  dine,  dinner,  tea,  wine, 
supper  {rare). 

entertainer,  n.     Spec,  hospitator  {rare), 
harborer  {archaic),  host,  hostess. 
Antonyms:  see  sponger. 

entertainment,  n.  1.  reception;  spec,  hos- 
pitation  {rare),  harboring. 

2.  See  diversion. 

3.  treat  {colloq.),  regalement;  spec,  fete, 
Friday,  gaudy  {Eng.),  refection,  lunch, 
tea,  dinner,  spread  {colloq.),  banquet,  sup- 
per, breakfast,  beanfeast  {Eng.). 

enthrone,   v.    t.    regalize    {spec,   or  fig.), 
throne,  seat  {contextual). 
Antomjms:  see  depose. 

enthuse,  v.  i.  rave  {colloq.),  kindle;  spec. 
poetize,  warm,  fanaticize.  "Enthuse"  is 
either  humorous  or  vulgar. 

entice,  v.  t.  attract,  tempt,  train  {rare),  al- 
lure, lure;  spec,  wile,  decoy,  inveigle. 

Antonyms:  see  repel,  disgust,  fright- 
en. 

enticement,  n.  attraction,  allurement, 
temptation,  lure;  spec,  decoy. 

enticing,  a.  attractive,  inviting,  alluring, 
tempting,  soliciting;  spec,  decoying.   "En- 
tice" itnplies  success  in  allurement;  "entic- 
ing" does  not. 
Antonyms:  see  repellent. 

entirety,  n.  entireness,  wholeness,  in- 
tegrality, integrity. 

entitle,  v.  t.  1.  intitule  {chiefly  tech.),  be- 
title  {derogatory) . 

2.  See  qualify,  name. 

entrails,  n.  pi.  1.  viscera  {now  rare),  insides 
{colloq.  or  dial.),  guts  {now  vulgar,  or  col- 
loq. as  fig.),  intestines,  puddings  {chiefly 
dial,  and  Scot.).  The  singular  form,  "en- 
trail,"  is  rare. 

3.  See  viscera. 
entrain,  v.  t.  board. 


X^iT"  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
enring:  encircle. 
enrobe:   clothe. 
enroll:    list,  enlist. 
ensanguine:  bloody.  [lish. 

ensconce:  shelter,  conceal, estab- 
ensemble:   rohole,  effect. 


ensnare:  snare,  catch. 

ensphere:    surround. 

ensue:  follow. 

ensure:    insure. 

ensuing:    coming. 

entail:  settle,  impose,  necessitate. 

enthrall:    enslave,  captivate. 


enthusiasm:  ecstasy,  frenzy, 
ardor,  fanaticism. 

enthusiastic:  ardent,  enthusi- 
astic. \intacl. 

entire:  complete,  absolute,  whole, 

entity:    being,  thing. 

entomb:    bury. 


It^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
161 


ENTRANCE 


entrance,  ii.  1.  Ucf erring  to  the  aetiot}:  en- 
try, ingress  (literanj),  ingrossion  (rare), 
cutrec  [French),  incoming,  ingoing,  income 
{rare);  spec,  illapse  {rare),  trespass,  d^but 
{in  society:  French). 
Antonyms:  see  issue. 

2.  Referring  to  (he  privilege  or  right:  ad- 
mission, access,  entree  (French). 

3.  Re/en'ing  to  the  place  or  means  of  enter- 
ing: entry,  aperture,  ingress;  spec,  door, 
mouth,  inlet,  doorway,  adit,  vestibule, 
hallway,  lobby,  jiropylon,  propylaeum, 
porte-cochere  (French),  postern,  gorge 
{forlifieation),  gate,  forcgatc,  stile. 

Antonyms:  see  exit. 

entry,  n.  1.   See  entrance. 
2.  listing;     spec,    registry,     registration, 
jiost,  posting,  credit. 

envelope,  n.  covering,  inclosure  (literary 
or  elevated);  spec,  incasement,  casement 
(rare),  casing  (close),  mantle,  involucre, 
pack,  capsule,  film,  skin,  integument,  fac- 
ing, manthng,  shroud,  vesture  (rare), 
perianth,  mist,  veil,  konseal,  ^\Tap, 
spathe. 

envelope,  v.  t.  cover,  wrap  (chiefly  spec); 
spec,  invest,  ovcrroU,  pack,  jacket,  en- 
shroud, infold  or  enfold,  web,  shroud, 
mantle,  involve,  encompass. 

envious,  a.  jealous,  grudging. 

envy,  v.  t.  grudge,  begrudge. 

envy,  n.  grudgingness,  grudging,  jealousy, 
jealousness. 

ephemeral,  a.  short-lived;  spec,  fugitive, 
occasional,  mushroom,  fungous. 

Antonyms:  see  eternal,  lasting,  long- 
lived. 

epic,  a.  epopoean  (rare);  spec.  Homeric. 

epic,  n.  epopee  (rare),  epopoeia  (archaic), 
epos;  spec.  Homeric,  Iliad,  rhapsody, 
Dunciad. 

epicure,  n.  epicurean,  palatist  (rare),  op- 
sophagist  (rare),  deipnosophist  (learned), 
aristologist  (learned),  bon  vivant  (masc; 
French),  bonne  vivante  (fern.;  French), 
gourmet  (French),  gourmand. 

episcopacy,  n.  1.  pontificahty  (rare),  prel- 
acy (hostile  term) ,  prelatism  (hostile  term) . 
2.  See  bishopric. 


episcopal,  a.  jiontifical  or  pontific  (chiefly 
hist,  or  spec.),  prclatical  or  prelatic  (chiefly 
a  hostile  term). 

episcopalian,  n.  prelatist  (a  hostile  term). 

epizootic,  n'  Spec,  murrain.  "Ejnzootic" 
is  used  of  ayiimal  diseases  mdy,  and  corre- 
sponds to  "epidemic"  as  applied  to  man. 

equal,  a.  1.  alike  (postpositive),  like;  .spec, 
coordinate,  level,  coequal  (rare),  com- 
mensurate, coextensive,  parallel,  corre- 
sponding, ecjuipollent  (learned),  equiv- 
alent, equiponderant  (rare),  quits  (used 
ivith  "with"),  even,  isopsephic  (rare;  tech.), 
isonomic  (rare),  coeval,  coetaneous,  co- 
eternal,  identical,  tantamount,  equipo- 
tential,  isotropic,  isotypic. 
Antonyms:  see  unequal. 
2.  See  adequate,  i.mpartial. 

equal,  n.  fellow,  match,  peer,  compeer  (lit- 
erary); spec,  coordinate,  parallel,  counter- 
vail, equivalent. 

equal,  v.  t.  1.  See  equalize. 
2.  match,  even  (rare),  fellow  (used  with 
"with";   literary);   spec,    peer,    tie,    corn- 
measure,  countervail  (archaic),  rival,  par- 
allel, number. 

equality,  n.  parity,  equalization,  equation 
(tech.  or  spec.),  egality  (obs.  or  French),  par 
(chiefly  in  "on  a  par"),  level;  spec,  match, 
equivalence,  peerdom  (rare),  equipol- 
lence,  equipoise,  tie,  coevahty  (rare),  co- 
equality,  owelty  (law),  identity,  isopohty, 
isonomy,  equilibrium,  isotopy,  paral- 
lelism. 
Antonyms:  see  inequality. 

equalization,  n.  1.  equahng,  equation. 
2.  .See  equality. 

equalize,  v.  t.  equal,  equate  (chiefly  math.), 
even;  spec,  par  (rare),  coordinate. 

equally,  adv.  alike,  evenly,  indifferently 
(chiefly  spec). 

equal- sided,  a.   Spec,  isosceles. 

equanimity,  n.  1.  evenness  (of  temper). 
2.  See  calmness. 

equestrian,  a.  mounted. 

equine,  a.  caballine  (rare;  literary),  hippie 
(rare),  solidungulate  (tech.). 

equine,  n.  horse,  solidungulate  (tech.), 
soliped  (tech.). 


t^0^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

entranced:    transported. 

entrancing:  transporting, 
pleasant. 

entrant:    entering. 

entrap :   trap. 

entreat:    ask. 

entreaty:   asking,  appeal. 

entree:   entrance. 

entrepot:  depository. 

entrust:    commit. 

enumerate:  compute,  mention. 

enunciate:  announce,  pro- 
nounce. 

envenom:  poison,  embitter, 
contaminate. 


environ:   encircle,  surround. 

environment:     surroundings. 

environs:  surroundings,  neigh- 
borhood. 

envisage:  visualize.         [script. 

envoy:     dip!r-^atic  agent,  post- 

enwrap :   wr.        ibsorb. 

eon:  period. 

epact :    period. 

epicurean:  luxurious,  pala- 
table, sensual. 

epigram :  saying,  poem. 

epigrammatic:    concise. 

epigraph:     inscription. 

episode:   digression,  occurrence. 

epistle:   letter. 


epitaph:    inscription. 
epithet:    name. 
epitome:    abridgment. 
epitomization:    abridgment. 
epitomize:    abridge. 
epoch:    date,  period. 
epode:    lyric. 

equable:    eren,  even-tempered. 
equanimity:    calm,  peace. 
equanimoas:       even-tempered, 

calm. 
equate:    equalize. 
equestrienne:   rider.       [poi^e. 
equilibrate:     balance,  counter- 
equilibrist:   acrobat. 
equilibrium:  balance,  equality. 


fS^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

162 


ESSENTIAL 


equip,  V.  t.  furnish,  outfit,  provide;  upcc. 
harness     {archaic),     accouter,     appoint, 
dress,  accommodate,  arm,  gird,  spar,  rig. 
Antonyms:  see  dismantle. 

equipage,  n.  turnout  {colloq.). 

equipment,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  action: 
furnishing,  accoutering,  accouterment, 
equipage,  provision,  appointment. 
2.  Referring  to  thing:  furniture,  furnish- 
ings, tackle  {chiefly  spec),  gear  {chiefly 
spec),  harness  {esp.  mil.);  spec,  apparatus, 
plant,  accouterment  {often  in  pi.),  dress, 
fitting  {chiefly  in  pi.),  appointment,  out- 
fit, rigging,  rig,  armament  {chiefly  mil.). 

erect,    a.    upright,    unrecumbent    {rare), 
straight,  vertical,  perpendicular. 
Antonyms:  see  drooping,  stooping. 

erect,  v.  t.  1.  raise,  rear;  spec  pitch,  prick, 
ruffle,  perfect,  pedestal. 

Antonyms:  see  droop. 
2.  See  build,   construct,  create,  es- 
tablish. 

erect,  v.  i.  rise;  see  bristle. 

erection,  n.  1.  raising,  rearing,  etc 
2.  See  building,   construction,   crea- 
tion, establishment. 

erode,  v.  t.  destroy  {contextual),  eat,  vi^ear, 
consume,  fret  {away);  spec,  rub  {used 
with  "off"),  denude,  wash  {often  used  with 
"away"). 

erosion,  n.  destruction  {contextual),  eating, 
consumption  (^rare);  spec,  denudation,  fret 
{rare),  eolation  {geol.),  washout,  watergall 
(only  of  the  place  eroded) . 

err,  v.  i.  mistake,  nod,  slip  {often  used  with 
"up"),  trip;  spec,  fall,  wander,  stray, 
stumble,  blunder,  hallucinate,  misbe- 
lieve, sin,  bull  {with  "it"  as  object). 

errand,  n.  business  {contextual),  commis- 
sion, message,  mission,  trip. 

erroneous,    a.    false,    untrue,    mistaken 

{used  only  of  persons),  erring  {used  only  of 

persons),  errant    {rare);  spec   fallacious, 

devious,  misguided  (.used  only  of  persons). 

Antonyms:  see  true. 

error,  n.  Spec,  erroneousness,  obliquity, 
mistake,  solecism,  bevue  {French),  ab- 
surdity, blunder,  wrong,  parepochism 
{rare),  parachronism,  corrigendum,  fault, 
erratum,  errancy,  trip,  stumble,  slip,  fal- 


lacy, flaw,  misbelief,  metachronism,  mis- 
print, untruth,  misstep. 
Antonyms:  see  truth. 

erupt,  V.  t.  eject,  belch;  spec,  {of  volcanoes) 
vesuviate  {rare). 
Antonyins:  see  swallow. 

eruption,  n.  1.  See  ejection,  outbreak. 
2.  Spec  efflorescence,  rash,  erythema, 
brash,  blain,  exanthema,  tetter,  vesicle, 
blotch,  malanders  or  mallenders,  eczema, 
hives,  heat. 

escape,  v.  i.  1.  scape  {archaic),  evade  {now 
rare);  spec,  fly,  slip,  run,  decamp,  double. 
2.  See  issue,  leak. 

escape,  n.  1.  scape  {archaic),  escapement 
(rare),  scapement  {rare);  spec  avoidance, 
bolt,  evasion  {from  confinement;  rare). 
2.  See  ISSUE,  outlet,  outflow,  leak, 
leakage. 

escort,  71.  1.  See  accompaniment. 
2.  attendant,    companion,    conductor 
spec  cavalier,  burkundaz  {Anglo-Indian) , 
psychopomp,    safe-conduct,    convoy,    en- 
voy, gallant,  squire,  esquire,  bodyguard. 

escort,  V.  t.  accompany  {contextual);  spec. 
gallant,  squire,  conduct;  spec,  marshal, 
convoy,  guard,  walk,  support,  hand. 

escutcheon,  n.  achievement,  scutcheon; 
spec,  shield,  hatchment,  inescutcheon. 

especial,  a.  special,  particular;  see  special, 
uncommon. 
Antonyms:  see  common. 

esplanade,  n.  maidan  {Anglo-Indian) ; 
spec,  marina  {Italian  and  Spanish),  bund 
{in  the  far  East). 

esquire,  n.  I.  armiger,  squire. 
2.  See  gentleman,  owner,  squire,  es- 
cort. 

essence,  n.  1.  See  being,  substance,  ex- 
tract. 

2.  quiddity  {learned),  isness  {rare),  hypos- 
tasis {tech.),  principle,  hyparxis  {tech.; 
rare),  form,  inwardness. 

3.  With  various  special  implications  sug- 
gested by  the  original  senses:  sense,  gist, 
core,  kernel,  marrow,  pith,  elixir,  quintes- 
sence, flower,  soul,  spirit,  life,  heart,  sub- 
stance. 

essential,  a.  Spec,  substantial,  indispen- 
sable, constituting,  constitutional,  inward, 


t^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

equipoise:    balance,  equality. 

equipollent:    equal. 

equiponderant:  equal. 

equitable:   just. 

equity:   justice. 

equivalent,  a.:  equal,  analo- 
gous, correspondent,  convertible, 
reciprocal. 

equivalent,  n..-  equal,  analogue. 

equivocal:  ambiguous,  uncer- 
tain, questionable. 

equivocate:    prevaricate. 

equivocation:  ambiguity,  pre- 
varication. 


era:    dnlc,  period. 
eradieable:   destructible. 
eradicate:   abolish. 
erase:   efface. 
erodent:    consuming. 
erosive:    eating. 
erotic:    amatory. 
errantry :  knighthood. 
erratic:     wandering,  abnormal, 

errcntrir,  odd,  capricious. 
erratum:    error. 
erstwhile:    formerly. 
eruct:  eject. 
eructate:    eject,  vomit. 
erudite:    learned. 


erudition:    learning. 

escapade:   caper. 

escape,  v.  t.:  avoid. 

escarpment:   bank. 

escheat:    revert. 

eschew:    avoid. 

esculent:    eatable. 

espial:    discovery. 

espousal:  betrothal,  adoption, 
defense. 

espouse:  betroth,  adopt,  de- 
fend. 

espy:    discover. 

esquire:    escort. 

essay:    attempt. 


M^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
163 


ESSENTIAL 


fimdamontal,  olomontary,  vital;  sec  nkc- 

KSSAKY. 

essential,  n.  substantial,  secret,  life,  vi- 
tals (/»/.). 
Antonyms:  sec  accessory,  accident. 

establish,  r.  t.  1.  coniirin,  fix,  settle,  sta- 
bilify  {rare),  slabilitate  (rare),  stablish 
(arehaic),  stable  (rare),  secure,  set,  firm; 
spec,  sustain,  instate,  di)micile  or  donu- 
ciliate  {chiejly  legal),  home,  install,  pitch, 
root,  rear,  land  {slang  or  colloq.),  ensconce, 
ground,  foot  {rare),  make. 
Antonyms:  see  weaken,  abolish. 

2.  found,  institute,  constitute,  create, 
erect  {chiefly  spec),  make  {as  an  order, 
ride,  etc.),  raise,  plant;  spec,  ordain  {ar- 
chaic),  orgnnhe,  build,  appiont,  ground. 

Antonytns:  see  abolish. 

3.  See  confirm. 

establishment,  n.  1.  confirmation,  fix, 
settlement,  fixation,  stablishment  {rare), 
securement,  firming. 

2.  creation,  constitution,  plantation 
{:rare),  institution,  erection,  foundation, 
stabiliment  {rare);  spec,  instatement 
{rare),  organization,  installment,  installa- 
tion, upbuilding,  ordainment. 

3.  creation,  institution,  concern;  spec,  or- 
ganization, works  (pi.),  dwelling,  church, 
school,  college,  plant. 

estate,  n.  1.  See  state,  rank,  property. 
2.  Spec,  demesne,  lordship,  reversion, 
domain,  feu,  feud,  curtesy,  mesnalty, 
jointure,  lay  fee,  leasehold,  dower,  plan- 
tation, hacienda  {Spanish),  term,  free- 
hold. 

esteem,  f.  i.  1.  See  consider. 
2.  respect,  prize,  regard,  favor,  admire, 
appreciate;   spec,  revere,  reverence,  ven- 
erate, worship. 
Antonyms:  see  despise,  disrespect. 

esteem,  n.  1.   See  consideration. 
2.  respect,  regard,  favor,  admiration,  es- 
timation; spec,  reverence,  worship. 
Antonyms:  see  contempt,   disrespect, 

ILL  will. 

estimable,  a.  admirable,  precious,  valu- 
able, creditable;  spec,  adorable,  worship- 
ful, respectable. 

Antonyms:  see  abominable,  contempt- 
ible. 

estrange,  v.  t.  1.   See  TRANSFER. 
2.  alienate,  disunite. 
Antonyms:  see  win. 

estuary,  n.  arm  {contextual),  frith,  firth, 
lough  {Anglo-Irish). 

etching,  n.  1.   See  corrosion. 


2.  engraving  {contextual);  spec,  zinco 
{Eng.),  aquatint. 
eternal,  a.  1.  pcr[)etual,  timeless,  endless, 
sempiternous  {rare),  sempiternal,  ever- 
lasting, eviternal  {chiefly  spec;  rare), 
eterne  {archaic  or  poetic);  spec,  coeternal. 
Antonyms:  see  ephemeral,  brief,  tem- 
porary'. 

2.    See  CONSTANT,  ENDLESS. 

eternalize,  v.  t.  perpetuate,  immortalize, 
eternize;  spec,  monument,  monumental- 
ize. 

eternally,  adv.  perpetually,  evermore  {ar- 
chaic), forever,  everlastingly,  ever  {liter- 
ary or  archaic) . 

eternity,  n.  1.  perpetuity,  eternalness, 
evcrlastingness,  timelessness,  endlessness, 
scmijitcrnity;  spec,  coeternity. 

Autonyms:  see  moment. 
2.  See  constancy,  endlessness. 

ethereal,  a.  1.    See  airy,  heavenly. 
2.  delicate  {contextual);  spec,  light,  tenu- 
ous, fragile,  flimsy,  fairy. 
Antonyms:  see  earthly,  bodily. 

ethics,  n.  sing.  &  pi.  morals  {pi.),  morahty; 
spec,  hedonics,  eudemonism. 

etymology,  n.  derivation,  pedigree  {fig.). 

eucharist,     n.     1.     Communion,    Mass, 
Housel    {hist.),   Oblation;   spec,   liturgy, 
viaticum. 
2.  Mass,  Element. 

euhoe,  inter j.  evoe  {Latin;  less  correct  than 
"euhoe");  spec,  eureka,  hurra  or  hurrah, 
bravo.  "Euhoe"  is  Latin;  there  is  no  single- 
word  English  equivalent. 
Antonyms:  see  alas. 

eulogist,  n.  praiser  {which  see),  encomiast, 
panegyrist;  spec,  laureate. 

eulogize,  v.  t.  approve  {contextual),  praise, 
compliment,  panegyrize. 

eulogy,  n.  eulogium,  eulogism  {rare),  ap- 
proval,    praise,     panegyric,     encomium; 
spec,  monody  {rare). 
Antonyms:  see  abuse. 

euphemistic,  a.  soft  {contextual),  euphe- 
mous  {rare);  spec,  extenuatory. 

evacuate,  v.  t.  1.  empty,  clear;  spec,  {re- 
ferring to  the  bowels)  purge,  scour,  empty. 
Antonyms:  see  fill,  occupy. 

2.  See  LEAVE. 

3.  eject  {contextual);  spec.  {esp.  referring 
to  excrement)  discharge,  defecate,  void. 

evacuate,  v.  i.  defecate. 

evacuation,  n.  1.  clearing,  discharge;  spec. 

{referring  to   the  bowels)  passage,  motion, 

purgation,  catharsis. 

2.  See  LEAVING  {ef.  leave). 


53?^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

estimate,  v.  t.:  consider,  value, 
compute. 

estimation:  consideration,  val- 
uation, computation. 


estrange:    alienate. 
estrangement:    alienation. 
estray:    stray. 
etch:    corrode. 
etiquette:    manners. 


euchre:    defeat. 
eulogism:    eulogy. 
euphonious:        smooth,    melo- 
dious. 
euphuism:     pretense. 


tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

164 


EXACTING 


evade,  v.  t.  avoid,  elude;  spec,  dodge,  bilk, 
bluff,  funk  (slang). 

evaporate,  v.  i.  &  t.  emanate,  vaporize, 
volatilize;  s-pec.  distill. 
Antonyms:  see  condense,  solidify. 

evasion,  n.  1.  avoidance,  elusion;  spec. 
shuffling,  double,  doubling,  dodge,  bluff- 
ing, funking  (slang). 

2.  deceit,  subterfuge,  shuffle,  put-o£f  (col- 
loq.),  shift;  spec,  dodge,  prevarication, 
tergiversation. 

evasive,  a.  deceitful  (contextual),  slippery; 
spec,  dodgy  (colloq.),  tergiversant  (rare), 
prevaricative,  shifty. 

even,  a.    1.      Referring  to  adjoining  sur- 
faces: level,  equal  (archaic),  smooth,  flat, 
regular;  spec,  flush. 
Antonyms:  see  uneven,  irregular. 

2.  Referring  to  the  temper,  motion,  action, 
etc.:  uniform,  regular,  equal,  level,  smooth; 
spec,  equable,  easy  (colloq.) ;  see  even- 
tempered. 

3.  See  equal,  abreast,  impartial. 
even,  v.  t.  level,  smooth;  spec,  scabble  or 

scapple,  grade,  float. 

even,  adv.  just  (often  used  with  "now"), 
yet. 

evening,  n.  eve  (poetic  or  rhetorical),  even 
(poetic,  dial.,  or  colloq.). 
Antonyms:  see  morning. 

evening,  o.  vesperal  (rare),  vespertine  (lit- 
erary), vespertinal  (rare). 

evening   star.     Vesper,  Hesper   (poetic), 
Hesperus  (literary  or  learned). 
Antonyms:  see  morning  star. 

event,  n.  1.   See  occurrence. 
2.  result,  conclusion,  issue,  end,  sequel, 
outcome,  hap  (esp.  archaic);  spec,  turn-up 
(colloq.),  futurity. 
Antonyms:  see  beginning. 

even-tempered,  a.  even  (chiefly  literary), 
equable,  equanimous,  equal. 
Antonyms:  see  irritable. 

eventful,  a.  1.  chanceful  (rare),  full  (con- 
textual) . 
Antonyms:  see  uneventful. 
2.  See  important. 

eventuate,  v.  i.  end,  conclude,  issue;  spec. 
result. 

eversion,  n.  extroversion  (tech.),  exstrophy 
(tech.;  rare). 

every,  a.  each. 

everyday,  a.  customary  (contextual),  ac- 
customed (contextual),  workaday;  spec. 
commonplace,  homely. 


everywhere,     adv.     throughout,     passim 

(Latin). 
Antonyms:  see  nowhere. 

evidence,  n.  attestation,  token,  stamp, 
testimony  (properly  spec),  witness  (spec, 
or  fig.);  spec,  demonstration,  record,  muni- 
ments (pi.),  voucher,  deposition,  proof, 
trace. 

evidence,  v.  i.  attest,  support,  tell;  spec. 
circumstantiate,  certificate,  show,  prove, 
confess  (poetic),  document,  vouch,  testify. 

evidency,  n.  apparency,  evidence  (rare), 
indubitableness,  obviousness,  palpable- 
ness,  seemingness,  plainness. 

evident,  a.  1.  apparent,  plain,  obvious, 
broad,  unmistakable,  palpable  (spec,  or 
fig.),  patent,  open,  naked,  conspicuous 
(rare),  manifest,  distinct,  clear,  bald,  un- 
hidden (rare),  downright,  overt. 
Antonyms:  see  abstruse. 
2.  See  VISIBLE,  apparent. 

evil,  n.  1.   See  wickedness. 
2.  With  "a"  or  "an":  harm,  ill,  curse, 
blast,    bale    (now  chiefly   poetic),  cancer 
(fig.),  canker  (Jig.),  bane,  disease,  male- 
fice  (archaic). 
Antonyms:  see  good. 

evildoer,  n.  malfeasant  (learned  or  tech.), 
malefactor  (esp.  criminally),  malef actress 
(Jem.). 

evildoing,  a.  malfeasant  (learned  or  tech.), 
malefactory,  maleficent. 
Antonyms:  see  beneficent. 

evocate,  v.  t.  evoke,  elicit;  spec,  exorcize 
(rare),  invoke. 

evoke,  v.  t.  evocate,  call;  see  elicit. 

evolution,  n.  1.  development  (contextual); 
spec,   phylogeny,   ontogeny,   ontogenesis, 
physiogeny,  phylogenesis. 
2.  See  movement,  figure  (dancing). 

evolutionism,  n.  Spec.  Darwinism,  Heck- 
eUsm,  Lamarkism. 

ewe,  n.  sheep  (contextual) ;  spec,  crocodile 
(dial.),  crock  (chiefly  Scot.). 

exact,  a.  1.  See  strict,  accurate,  defi- 
nite. 

2.  precise,  diametric  (opposite),  absolute, 
direct;  spec,  express  (chiefly  with  allusion 
to  Heb.  i.  3,  as  in,  "the  express  image"). 

3.  deUcate,  accurate,  precise,  nice,  fine; 
spec,  sensitive,  true. 

exact,  V.  t.  1.  See  ask,  extort. 

2.  take  (vengeance,  etc.),  have. 
exacting,  a.  1.   See  critical,  difficult. 

2.  extortionary,  extortive,  exactive. 


1^=  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
evade:  escape. 
evanesce:    disappear. 
evanescence:       disappearance, 

transience. 
evanescent:    transient. 
evangel:   gospel. 
evanish:    disappear. 


evaporative:    volatile. 
eventual:   final. 
eventuality:    occurrence. 
ever:    always,  once,  eternally. 
everlasting:      endless,   eternal, 

constant. 
evermore:  constantly,  endlessly. 
everything:  all. 


evict:  eject. 
eviction:  ejection. 
evil,    a.:    wicked,   harmful,   in- 
jurious,  malevolent. 
evil-Iooliing:   ugly. 
evince:    disclose,  show. 
eviscerate:    disembowel. 
evolve:   develop,  emit. 


12 


IW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
165 


EXACTION 


exaction,  n.  !•    jSi'p  DEM.^Nn. 
2.  extortion,    squeeze    (coUoq.),    requisi- 
tion; spec,  mulct,  contribution. 

exactly,  (7(//'.  just,  even  {chicflt/  archaic 
or  liiblical),  precisely,  full,  fully,  quite, 
plumb  or  plum;  spec,  flat,  faithfully, 
literally. 

exactness,  n.  1.     See  strictness,  accu- 

U.U'V.   UKKINITENESS. 

2.  delicacy,   nicety,   precision,   accuracy; 
spec,  sensitiveness,  trueness. 

exaggerate,  v.  t.  magnify,  enhance,  stretch 
(colloq.);  spec,  overspeak  (rare),  overpic- 
ture  (rare),  overdraw,  overtell  (rare), 
overdo,  overstate,  overcolor,  overcharge, 
romance,  hyperbolize  {rhetoric). 
Autonyms:  see  belittle. 

exaggerated,  a.  hyperbolical  (rhetoric), 
outre  {French),  tall  (colloq.,  U.  S.),  over- 
done, excessive. 

exaggeration,  7i.  excess,  enhancement; 
spec,  hyperbole  (rhetoric),  overstatement. 

exalted,  a.  Spec,  elevated,  elated,  high, 
lofty,  highflown  (chiefly  disparaging), 
magnificent,  magnific,  sublime,  magnifi- 
cal,  proud,  lordly;  spec,  buskined. 
Antonyms:  see  low,  degraded,  degen- 
erate. 

examination,  n.  1.  inspection,  scrutiny, 
investigation,  search,  research  (esp.  spec), 
exploration,  scrutation  (rare),  scan  (rare), 
perusal  (archaic),  survey,  examen  (rare  or 
tech.);  spec,  review,  test,  disquisition 
(rare),  probation  (U.  S.  or  obs.),  collation, 
overhaul  (rare),  consideration  (archaic), 
reconnaissance  or  reconnoissance,  perscru- 
tation  (rare),  assay,  post-mortem,  prying. 
2.  inquiry,  interrogation,  inquisition; 
spec,  catechism,  collections  (pi.;  Eng. 
schools),  school  (Oxf.  University),  tripos, 
responsions  (pi.),  exercise,  Uttle  go  (Eng.), 
great  go  or  greats  (Eng). 

examine,  v.  t.  &  i.  1.  investigate,  inspect, 
scrutinize,  peruse  (archaic),  dissect,  ex- 
aminate  (literary),  consider  (archaic), 
overlook,  search,  scan,  introspect  (pri- 
marily  spec;  rare),  overhaul,  survey;  spec. 
collate,  rummage,  explore,  reconnoiter, 
ransack,  probe  (as  a  wound),  canvass,  re- 
view, bottom,  feel,  bolt,  sift,  sniff,  try, 
test,  candle,  anatomize. 
2.  question,  interrogate,  cross-examine 
(implying  repeated  and  close  questioning), 
quiz  (U.  S.),  catechize;  spec,  pry  (v.  i. 
only),  sound  (in  order  to  get  the  views  of, 
etc.),  probe. 

example,  n.  1.  One  thai  serves  to  illustrate: 


sample,  specimen,  piece,  instance,  case, 
representative,  illustration,  exemplar,  es- 
say, exemphfication  (formal);  spec  dem- 
onstrate, monument. 

2.  One  that  serves  as  a  model  or  pattern: 
pattern,  sample,  type,  standard,  model, 
foregoer  (archaic);  spec  sampler,  lead 
(pron.  led). 

3.  See  WARNING. 

example,  v.  t.  represent,  illustrate,  ex- 
emplify; spec  sample. 

excavate,  v.  t.  1.   See  hollow. 
2.  form   (contextual);  spec  dig,   burrow, 
delve  (archaic),  hole,  drive,  drift,  groove. 

excavation,  7i.  cavity  (contextual),  hole 
(contextual);  spec,  burrow,  cutting,  delve 
(literary),  pit,  den,  digging,  beard,  mine, 
shaft,  stope,  quarry,  drift,  drive,  counter- 
mine. 

exceed,  v.  t.  1.  transcend,  overstep,  pass, 
overgo  (rare),  overpass  (rare);  spec. 
stretch. 

2.  surpass,  transcend,  excel,  overpeer 
(rare),  outpeer  (rare),  cap,  ding  (archaic 
or  dial.);  spec,  outdo,  pass  (rare),  outgo, 
outreach  (rare  or  naut.),  break,  out- 
Herod,  outstrip,  outplay. 

exceed,  v.  i.  Spec,  surpass,  excel,  over- 
abound. 

excellence,  n.  worth,  virtue,  perfection,  ex- 
cellency, fineness,  goodness  (rare),  grace, 
superiority;  spec,  preeminence,  greatness, 
purity. 
Antonyms:  see  fault. 

excellent,  a.  admirable,  worthy,  splendid 
(colloq.),  tiptop  (colloq.),  superexcellent, 
brave,  choice,  first-rate,  transcendent,  ex- 
quisite, prime,  sterling,  superordinary, 
unexceptionable,  divine  (fig.),  heavenly 
(fig.),  crack  (slang  or  colloq.),  grand  (col- 
loq.), great  (chiefly  U.  S.  and  colloq.),  ad- 
mirable, golden,  ioWy  (colloq.),  rum  (cant), 
surpassing,  extreme. 
Antonyms:  see  faulty,  bad,  imperfect, 

FAIR. 

except,  V.  i.  exclude,  omit;  spec,  reserve, 
forprize  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  include. 

except,  prep,  unless,  saving,  save,  but,  ex- 
cepting, batting  (obsolescent  or  literary). 

exception,  n.  1.  exclusion,  omission;  spec 
reservation,   limitation,  reserve,  forprize 
(rare),  salvo. 
2.  See  objection. 

excess,  7i.  1.  excessiveness,  immoderation, 
immoderacy  (rare),  immoderateness,  su- 
perabundance,  exuberance,    exuberancy. 


f^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
exalt:     praise,  elevate,  advance, 

elate. 
exanimate:  dead. 
exasperate:    anger,  irritate. 
exasperated:  angry. 


exasperation:  anger. 
exceeding:   above. 
excel,  V.  t.:  exceed,  surpass. 
excel,  V.  i.:   exceed. 
except:   object. 
exceptionable:    objectionable. 


exceptional:       abnormal,    un^ 

usual,  special. 
esceptious:   caviling. 
exceptive:    caviling. 
excerpt,  v.  t.:    extract,  quote. 
excerpt,  n.:    extract,  quotation. 


XW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

166 


EXCLAMATION 


superfluity,  inordinacy  (rare),  inordinate- 
ness,  extremism  (rare),  extremeness,  tran- 
scendence, transcendency;  spec.  Caligu- 
lism  (fig.),  extravagance,  extravagancy, 
extremity,  extreme,  exorbitance,  exorbi- 
tancy, fulsomeness,  unrestraint,  nimiety, 
redundance,  exundance  {rare),  overabun- 
dance, overmuchness  {rare),  superfluence 
(rare),  violence,  unreasonableness. 
Antonyms:  see  constraint. 

2.  Referring  to  the  thing  that  is  in  excess, 
or  to  the  degree  of  excess:  superabundance, 
redundancy,  plethora,  overmuch  {rare), 
superfluity,  superflux  {rare),  surfeit,  sur- 
plus, surplusage,  overplus;  spec,  oversup- 
ply,  overflow,  flood,  overstock,  glut, 
over,  extra,  plurality,  epact  {astron.), 
overweight,  majority. 

Antonyms:  see  deficiency. 

3.  Referring  to  excess  in  indulgence:  im- 
moderation, intemperance  {chiefly  spec); 
spec,  crapulence  {learned). 

excessive,  a.  immoderate,  inordinate,  ex- 
travagant; spec,  extreme,  exorbitant, 
nimious  (chiefly  Scots  law),  exuberant, 
superabundant,  exundant  (rare),  over- 
great,  overlarge,  redundant,  overmuch, 
fulsome,  deadly  {colloq.),  undue,  tran- 
scendent, unreasonable,  outrageous,  su- 
pernumerary, woundy  {colloq.;  archaic), 
overdone,  overflowing,  superfluous,  sur- 
plus, spare,  dithyrambic  (literary),  devil- 
ish, fiendish,  cruel,  etc. 
Antonyms:  see  deficient. 

excessively,  adv.  superabundantly,  ex- 
travagantly, etc.,  overly  (Scot,  and  colloq., 
U.  S.),  ultra-  (in,  compounds,  as  in  "ultra- 
conservative''),  consumedly  (literary  and 
affected),  over,  too,  etc. 

exchange,  n.  1.  change  (contextual);  spec. 
interchange,  conversion,  commutation, 
reciprocation,  transposal,  transposition, 
substitution,  barter,  cambism,  shuffle. 

2.  premium,  agio,  batta  (Anglo-Indian). 

3.  Referring  to  the  business  place:  spec. 
change  (the  form  '"change,"  as  in  on 
'change,"  is  due  to  an  erroneous  supposi- 
tion), bourse,  market,  rialto  (rare),  bazaar, 
fair. 

exchange,  v.  t.  change  (contextual);  spec. 
interchange,  reciprocate,  commute,  sub- 
stitute, transpose,  transhift  (rare),  coun- 
terchange,  barter,  bandy. 

exchangeable,  a.  changeable  (contextual), 
commutable,  interchangeable. 

excise,  v.  t.  To  cut  off:  remove  (context- 
ual), excide  (rare),  exscind  (chiefly  literary 
or  fig.),  exsect  (rare);  spec,  resect,  efface. 

excision,  n.  cutting,  exscision  (chiefly  liter- 
ary or  fig.),  exsection  (rare);  spec,  resec- 
tion, effacement. 

excitable,     a.     nervous,     irritable,     hot- 


brained,    hot-headed,    inflammable,    in- 
flammatory (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  tjnexcitable. 

excitation,  n.  1.  The  act  or  action:  causing, 
arousing,  rousing,  provocation  (esp.  spec^, 
excitement    (rare);    spec,    electrification 
(often  fig.),  incendiarism. 
2.  See  excitement. 

excitative,  a.  excitive,  excitory,  inflamma- 
tory (usually  spec);  spec,  incendiary  (fig.), 
irritative  (chiefly  biol.). 

excite,  v.  t.  actuate  (learned),  move,  cause 
call  (used  with  "up,"  "into  activity,"  etc.), 
raise,  rouse,  arouse,  waken,  awake, 
awaken,  stimulate,  incite,  inflame,  sum- 
mon {used  with  "into  activity,"  etc.),  in- 
spire, quicken,  inebriate  (fig.),  stir,  be- 
stir, kittle  (Scot.),  disturb,  kindle,  im- 
passion, en  chafe  (archaic),  fire,  electrify 
(often  fig.),  ferment  (fig.),  whet,  irritate 
(chiefly  biol.),  impel,  prompt,  provoke, 
anger,  agitate,  heat,  elate,  enfrenzy  (rare); 
— mostly  idiomatic  or  specific. 
Antonyms:  see  calm. 

excited,  a.  nervous,  ebullient  (rare), 
heated;  spec  incensed,  intoxicated,  fren- 
zied, fevered,  feverish,  restless,  hot,  tense, 
delirious,  frantic,  wild. 

Antonyms:  see  apathetic,  calm,  self- 
controlled,   UNIMPASSIONED. 

excitement,  n.  The  state  or  feeling:  excita- 
tion, disturbance,  tension,  activity,  bustle 
(colloq.),  ferment,  fermentation  (fig.), 
heydey  (literary),  incensement  (rare); 
spec,  intoxication,  inebriation  (rare),  heat, 
ebullience  (learned),  ebuUition  (learned), 
inflammation,  overwork,  irritation  (chief- 
ly biol.),  stir,  breeze,  flurry,  flutter,  ruffle, 
agitation,  elation,  erethism,  delirium,  hus- 
tle, franticness,  electrification  (often  fig.). 
Antonyms:  see  apathy,  calm,  self- 
control. 

exciting,  a.  disturbing,  electric  (fig.),  stir- 
ring,    incentive,     provocative,     excitant 
(rare),  etc 
Antonyms:  see  calmative,  sedative. 

exclaim,  v.  t.  &  i.  shout,  cry,  ejaculate, 
vociferate,  reclaim  (rare),  conclamate 
(rare) ;  spec,  wail,  howl  (chiefly  contemptu- 
ous), ululate  (rare),  exululate  (rare),  hoot 
(often  fig.  in  contempt),  hoop,  hollo,  hol- 
low, holla,  shrill,  outshrill  (poetic),  whew. 

exclamation,  n.  1.  shout,  cry,  interjection, 
vociferation;  spec  howl  (chiefly  in  con- 
tempt), ululation,  ecphonesis  (rhetorical; 
rare),  bounce. 

2.  A  word  exclaimed:  spec,  interjection. 
There  are  numberless  exclamations;  a  few 
common  ones  are:  highty-tighty,  hoity- 
toity  (somewhat  contemptuous  or  disapprov- 
ing), hilloa,  hillo,  bounce,  boo,  bo,  boh,  ha, 
hollo,  hollow,  holloa,  halloo,  hoicks,  huzza, 


XW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

167 


EXCLAMATORY 


hurrah,  hiirmy,  hurra,  hurroo,  hush,  hush- 
aby, hello,  gosh  {slang),  chut,  bully  (.slang), 
bravo,  marry  (archaic),  he,  ho,  hie,  hey. 
hev-ho,  hi,  heyday,  whoop-la,  why,  zounds 
(archaic),  yoieks,  haw,  huh,  hoo,  evviva 
{Italian),  evoe  (learned),  hosanna,  alas, 
graraercy,  hist,  whist,  eureka,  ugh,  twang, 
tush,  tut,  whew. 

exclamatory,  a.  interjectionaJ,  interjec- 
tionary  [rare),  interjectory. 

exclude,  r.  t.  1.  debar,  bar;  spec,  prohibit, 
lock  (often  used  with  "out"),  out,  prevent, 
blackball,  ostracize. 
Antonyms:  see  include,  imply. 
2.  See  EXPEL. 

exclusion,  n.  1.  debarring,  debarrance 
(rare),  debarration  (rare),  barring,  debar- 
ment; spec,  prohibition,  preclusion,  pre- 
vention, lock-out,  ostracism,  disfellow- 
ship  (rare). 
2.  See  EXPULSION. 

exclusive,  a.  1.  excluding,  sole,  exclusory; 
spec,  prohibitive,  preclusive,  preventive. 
Antony rtis:  see  inclusive, 
2.  Spec,  clannish,  cliquish. 
Antonyms:  see  common. 

excommunicate,  v.  t.  expel,  curse,  un- 
church. 

excrement,  n.  dirt  (obsolescent),  ordure 
(learned),  dung  (now  cant  or  inelegant), 
feces  or  faeces  (chiefly  tech.),  dejection 
(rare),  dejecture  (rare),  rejectamenta  (pi.; 
rare),  egesta  (pi.;  tech.),  soil  (esp.  in 
"night  soil"),  egestion  (rare);  spec,  but- 
tons (pi.),  fumet,  stool,  frass,  cast,  crottels 
(pi.),  fiants  (pi.).  "Excrement"  is  learned 
or  tech. 

excrescence,  n.  outgrowth;  spec,  append- 
age, burr,  knot,  wolf,  gall,  horn,  fungus, 
nail,  condyloma,  wart,  caruncle,  lump, 
sitfast. 

excrescent,  a.  outgrowing;  spec,  super- 
fluous. 

excrete,  v.  t.  expel,  discharge,  pass,  egest 
(rare);  spec,  evacuate,  eliminate,  defecate. 
Antonyms:  see  assimilate. 

excretion,  n.  expulsion,  discharge,  eges- 
tion (rare);  spec,  elimination,  evacuation, 
dejection,  diruesis,  perspiration,  metasyn- 
crisis  (med.),  saUva,  bile,  etc. 
Antonyms:  see  secretion. 

excretitious,  a.  expulsory,  excrementi- 
tious,  excrementitionary;  spec,  evacuant, 
dejectory,  depurative,  emunctory. 

excursion,  n.  1.   The  act  or  action:  expedi- 
tion; spec,  sally,  trip. 
2o  journey,  trip;  spec,  outing,  ride,  voy- 


age,   sail,    pilgrimage,    tramp,    ramble, 

jaunt,  tour,  walk. 

8.  Sec  deviation,  digression. 

excursionist,  n.  Spec,  tripper  (colloq.), 
tourist,  voyager,  rambler,  walker,  driver, 
rider,  etc. 

excusable,  a.  allowable,  dispensable  (ar- 
chaic), defensible,  pardonable,  venial. 
Antonyms:   see   unpardonable,    inex- 
cusable, flagrant. 

excusatory,  a.  dispensative,  dispensatory, 
excusativc,  apologetic. 

excuse,  n.  1.  defense,  excusal  (rare),  par- 
don, remission,  remittal  (rare);  spec,  apol- 
ogy, condonation,  extenuation,  justifica- 
tion, indulgence,  forgiveness,  dispensa- 
tion, essoin  (law),  amnesty. 
2.  The  thing  offered  by  way  of  excuse:  plea, 
defense;  spec,  justification,  reason, 
ground,  apology,  color. 
Antonyms:  see  punishment. 

excuse,  v.  t.   1.  pardon,  remit,  overlook; 
spec,  condone,  forgive,  extenuate,  essoin, 
dispense,  justify,  furlough. 
Antonyms:  see  punish. 
2-  See  free. 

execute,  v.  t.  1.  To  carry  out,  as  a  plan, 
purpose,  command:  perform.do,  effectuate, 
effect;  spec,  enforce,  fulfill,  wreck  (ven- 
geance) ;  see  accomplish,  fill. 

2.  To  go  through  actions,  operations,  move- 
ments, etc.,  constituting:  do  (as  a  dance,  a 
somersault),  perform;  spec,  perpetrate  (as 
a  joke;  colloq.),  play  (as  a  trick),  turn  (a 
handspring);  see  finish. 

3.  make  (a  deed,  conveyance,  vnll). 

4.  See  make. 

5.  kill  (contextual);  spec,  garrote,  impale, 
behead,  draw,  decimate,  crucify,  guillo- 
tine, hang,  gibbet,  shoot,  strangle,  c&own, 
electrocute  (a  word  often  condemned  as 
barbarous  but  which  appears  to  have  estab- 
lished itself). 

execution,  n.  1.  doing,  effecting,  effectuat- 
ing, performance;  spec,  enforcement,  fill- 
ing; see  accomplishment. 

2.  doing,  performance;  spec,  perpetration 
(colloq.),  playing. 

3.  The  manner  of  executing:  spec,  pianism 
(cant),  mechanism,  technique,  touch, 
bru.sh. 

4.  killing  (contextual);  spec,  auto-da-fe 
(Portuguese),  noyade  (French),  decima- 
tion, guillotinade,  euthanasia,  crucifixion, 
hanging,  strangling,  electrocution  (see 
"electrocute,"  under  execute). 

executioner,  n.  killer  (contextual),  deaths- 


XW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
excogitate:    devise. 
excoriate:    skm. 
excoriated:   raw. 
ezcrementlttous:  fecal. 


excruciate:   torture. 
exculpate:  acquit. 
excursive:    discursive. 
excursus:      discussion,   digres- 


execrable:   abominable,  bad. 
execrate:    curse. 
execrated:    accursed. 
execration:  cursing. 
executed:    done. 


{W  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

168 


EXPANDED 


man  {rare  or  literary);  spec,  headsman, 
hangman,  carnifix,  Hctor  (Roman  antiq.), 
Jack  Ketch  {hist.),  tormentor  (a  Latin- 
ism),  slaughterman  {rare). 

executor,  n.  doer,  accomphsher,  perform- 
ex,  executive  {chiefly  spec.). 

exegesis,  n.  exposition. 

exercise,  n.  1.  The  act  or  action:  exertion 
{esp.  with  conscious  effort  or  force),  exerci- 
tation  {learned),  use,  practice  {often  spec), 
working,  operation;  spec,  play,  plying, 
wielding,  breather,  breath. 

2.  The  course  of  exercise:  training,  prac- 
tice, drill,  drilling,  disciphne;  spec,  goose- 
step,  school;  see  training. 

3.  The  act  of  showing  or  of  putting  into  prac- 
tice: use,  practice,  having,  exhibition. 

4.  See  AGITATION. 

5.  trial,  test;  spec,  composition,  examina- 
tion, quodlibet  {Latin;  hist.),  theme  {ob- 
solescent), study,  6tude  {French). 

exercise,  v.  t.  1.  exert,  practice,  use,  oper- 
ate, work;  spec,  play,  wield,  ply,  breathe, 
walk,  run,  trot,  course,  prosecute. 
Antonyms:  see  disuse. 

2.  train,  drill,  school,  discipline,  practice; 
spec,  enter  {cant),  teach,  tutor;  see  train. 

3.  use,  have,  do,  practice,  show,  exhibit, 
prosecute. 

4.  See  AGITATE. 

exhalation,  n.  1.  aura  {learned  or  tech.),  ef- 
flation  {rare),  emission,  breath  {rare),  ex- 
halement  {rare),  emanation,  halitus  {rare); 
spec,  reek,  blast,  transpiration,  fume, 
miasma,  steam,  smoke,  evaporation. 
Some  of  these  words  are  used  only  con- 
cretely, of  the  thing  exhaled. 
2.  breath  {contextual),  expiration;  spec. 
exsufflation,  puff. 
Antonyms:  see  inhalation. 

exhale,  v.  t.  1.  breathe,  emanate,  emit; 
spec,  transpire,  respire,  reek,  outbreathe, 
fume,  furnace,  vapor,  gasp,  steam,  smoke, 
evaporate,  blow. 

2.  breathe  {contextual),  expire,  vent 
{rare);  puff;  spec,  blow,  spout. 

exhale,  v.  i.  breathe  {contextual),  expire; 
spec.  exsufBate,  spout,  blow,  puff. 
Antonyms:  see  inhale. 

exhaust,  v.  t.  1.  See  drain,  empty,  draw, 

DISCUSS. 

2.  weaken,  deplete,  overcome,  spend, 
overspend  {rare),  overtire,  pump,  extener- 
ate  {rare;  fig.),  prostrate,  outwear,  out- 


weary  {rare);  spec,  impoverish,  overcrop, 
breathe. 
Antonyms:  see  strengthen,   refresh, 
rest,  restore. 

exhaust,  n.  exhaustion,  education  {obso- 
lescent). 

exhausted,  a.  forspent  {archaic),  fordone 
{archaic),  effete  (learned),  dead,  forworn 
{archaic),  outspent  {rare),  outworn;  spec. 
breathless,  forfoughten  {obs.  or  Scot.). 
Antonyms:  see  strong,  fresh. 

exhaustion,  n.  1.  Spec,  draining,  empty- 
ing, emptiness. 

2.  weakening,  prostration,  exhaustedness, 
depletion;  spec,  inanition,  exinanition 
{rare),  collapse,  impoverishment. 

exhaustive,  a.  1.  emptying. 
2.  Referring  to  a  discussion:  complete, 
full,  thorough. 

exhort,  v.  t.  advise,  urge. 

exhortation,  n.  advice,  urging,  protreptic 
{rare),  hortation  {learned),  prone  {rare; 
eccl.),  parsenesis  {rare),  hortative  {rare). 

exhortative,  a.  exhortatory,  cohortative 
{esp.  gram.),  hortative,  hortatory,  urgent. 

exigency,  n.  demand,  need,  necessity,  dis- 
tress, difficulty,  extremity,  urgency, 
strait,  juncture,  pressure,  pinch;  spec. 
crisis. 

exigent,  a.  demanding,  exacting,  urgent, 
necessary,  distressful,  pressing;  spec. 
critical. 

exile,  n.  1.  outcast. 
2.  See  EXPULSION. 

exit,  n.  1.  departure;  spec,  death. 
2.  A  way  out:  outlet,  egress,  escape;  spec. 
doorway,  gate,  window,  skylight,  etc. 
Antonyms:  see  entrance. 

exorbitant,  a.  excessive,  SibyUine  {fig.); 
spec,  greedy. 
Antonyms:  see  moderate. 

exorcise,  v.  t.  lay,  down  {colloq.);  spec,  ex- 
sufflate. 

exorcism,  n.  laying,  downing  {colloq.); 
spec,  exsufflation  {rare). 

exordium,  n.  beginning,  proem  {literary  or 
learned),  introduction;  spec,  preface. 

exoteric,  a.  1.  Referring  to  disciples:  un- 
initiated, outer. 

2.  Referring  to  opinions:  public. 

3.  Referring  to  an  author,  etc.:  common- 
place. 

expand,  v.  t.  &  i.  1.  See  open,  develop. 
2.  spread,  widen,  bulk,  outspread;  spec. 


f^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
exemplify:  example,  typify. 
exempt:   free. 

exemption:    freeing,  freedom. 
exert:    exercise. 
exertive:  active. 
exfoliate:,  scale,  shed. 
exhibit,  n.:    show. 
exhibition:    show. 


exhlbitory:    diif closing. 
exhilarate:   elale,  enliven. 
exhort,  v.  t.:   advise,  urge. 
exhort,  v.  i.:   preach. 
exigible:   demandable. 
exiguous:   slender. 
exile,  V.  t.:  expel. 
eximious:  distinguished. 
exist:    be. 


existence:    being. 
existent:    being. 
exodus:    emigration. 
exonerate:   acquit. 
exorable:    complaisant. 
exorbitance,       exorbitancy: 

excess. 
exorbitant:  excessive. 
expanded:   wide. 


t^"  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
169 


EXPANSE 


stretch,  outspread;  s/wr.  outstrotcli, 
mushroom,  unfurl,  display,  dilate,  dis- 
tend, open. 

Antoni/m^:  see  shrink,  press. 
S.  develop. 

expanse,  n.  expansion  (less  usual  than 
"exixuisc"),  area,  stretch,  spread;  spec. 
contiguity,  continuity,  sheet,  field,  sea 
(Jig.),  outspread  {rare). 

expansion,  n.   1.  spread,  widening;  spec. 
stretch,  dilation,  diastole. 
2.  aSic  expanse,  development. 

expansive,  a.  wide;  spec,  comprehensive, 
elastic,  dilatable,  extensible. 
Antonyms:  see  confined. 

expatiate,  v.  i.  enlarge,  descant,  dilate, 
expand. 

expect,  V.  t.  contemplate,  anticipate,  think, 
trust,  await,  hope,  look,  calculate  {used 
icith  an  infinitive  clause  or  tvith  "that"; 
chiefly  locnl,  U.  S.),  apprehend. 

expectancy,  n.   I.  anticipation,  hopeful- 
ness, apprehension. 
2.  prospect,  abeyance  (law). 

expectant,  a.  anticipator,  anticipant, 
hopeful. 

expectation,  n.  anticipation,  contempla- 
tion, thought,  trust,  hope. 

expectorate,  v.  i.  1.  raise;  spec,  cough. 
2.  See  SPIT. 

expediency,  n.  advantage,  advisability, 
policy;  spec,  opportunism. 

expedient,  a.  wise  (contextual),  politic; 
spec,  timeserving,  opportunist;  see  wise, 
advantageous. 

expedient,  n.  device,  shift;  spec,  kink, 
trick,  stopgap,  dodge  (cnlloq.),  ruffle,  re- 
sort, resource,  makeshift,  subterfuge. 

expedite,  v.  t.  1.  dispatch,  hasten,  hurry, 
quicken;  spec,  facilitate. 
Antonyms:  see  hinder. 
2.  See  ACCOMPLISH. 

expedition,  n.  1.  haste,  dispatch,  hasten- 
ing, hurrying. 

2.  journey,  campaign,  quest  (medieval 
romance);  spec,  crusade,  commando 
(South  Africa). 

expel,  V.  t.  t.  eject,  extrude;  spec,  shoot, 
oust,  discharge,  evaporate,  excrete,  dis- 
lodge, dispel,  egest,  eliminate,  belch. 
Antonyms:  see  admit,  inject. 

2.  In  reference  to  putting  a  person  out  of 
some  place:  remove,  exclude;  spec,  evict, 
estampede  (rare),  exsibilate  (rare),  de- 
force (rare),  fire  (slang,  U.  S.),  bounce 
(slang  or  cant,  U.  S.),  disseize,  bolt,  oust. 

Antonyms:  .see  admit. 

3.  Referring  to  putting  out  of  some  organi- 
zation or  body:  exclude,  fire  (slang,  U.  S.); 


spec,  outcast  (rare),  excommunicate,  dis- 
parish,  unchurch,  drum  (used  ivith  "out"; 
csp.  mil.),  disfcUowship  (U.  S.),  disown 
(in  the  Society  of  P'riends). 
4.  banish,  exile,  exclude,  drive  (used  with 
"out");  spec,  deport,  expatriate,  epatriate 
(rare),  depatriate  (i-are  or  obs.),  transport, 
relegate,  ostracize,  denationalize,  exos- 
tracize  (rare),  ride  (chiefly  with  "from"). 

expend,  v.  t.  consume  (contextual) ,  outlay, 
disburse,  spend,  use,  employ. 

expenditure,  n.  consumption  (contextual), 
outlay,  outgo,  disbursement,  expense  (ar- 
chaic); spec,  profusion,  cost. 
Antonyms:  see  income. 

expense,  7i.  1.  expenditure,  outlay;  spec. 
cost,  charge. 

2.    See  CHARGE. 

experience,  v.  t.  have,  know,  see,  meet, 
encounter,  undergo;  spec,  suffer,  enjoy, 
share,  try,  realize,  taste,  lead,  receive, 
prove  (archaic). 

experience,  n.  knowledge,  acquaintance, 
encounter;   spec,   sufferance,   enjoyment, 
trial,  taste,  adventure,  time. 
Antonyms:  see  inexperience. 

experienced,  a.  Spec,  old,  practiced,  wise, 
salted  (slang  or  colloq.),  veteran,  expert. 
Antonyms:  see  inexperienced. 

experimental,  a.  trial. 

expert,  a.  adroit;  spec,  proficient,  scientific. 

expert,  n.  crack  (colloq.  or  slang),  adept, 
dabster  (colloq.),  dab  (colloq.;  chiefly 
spec),  proficient,  master,  sharp  (slang), 
sharper  (slang),  shark  (slang);  spec. 
specialist,  technician,  technicist  (rare), 
technologist,  virtuoso  (masc),  virtuosa 
(fem.),  connoisseur. 
Antonyms:  see  clown,  dabbler;  also  cf. 

BUNGLE. 

expiate,  v.  t.  To  atone  for:  redeem,  assoil 
(archaic),  purge  (chiefly  law);  spec,  mend, 
ransom. 
Antonyms:  see  aggravate. 

expiation,  n.  atonement,  redemption,  pia- 
tion  (rare);  spec,  cross  (of  Christ),  satis- 
faction, satispassion  (theol.),  ransom. 

expiatory,  a.  piacular  (rare),  redemptive; 
spec,  lustrative,  lustral. 

expired,  a.  run  (as  time;  often  with  "out"), 
over  (colloq.). 

explain,  v.  t.  expound,  solve,  elucidate,  re- 
solve, explicate  (rare),  unfold,  dissolve 
(rare);  spec,  demonstrate,  construe,  clear, 
interpret,  enucleate  (learned),  innuendo 
(law),  untie  (fig.),  undo  (rare),  unriddle, 
unravel,  untangle,  glossate,  gloss,  define, 
describe,  develop,  detail. 
Antonyms:  see  obscure. 


fc^"  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
expatriate:    expel. 
expense:    sumptuary. 


expensive:  costly. 
expert,  a.:  skillful. 
ezpertness:  skill. 


expiration:  exhalation,  end,  death. 
expire:   exhale,  die,  end. 
expiry:   death,  end. 


\W  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

170 


EXPULSION 


explainable,  a.  accountable,  interpret- 
able,  explicable. 

explainer,  n.  expounder;  spec,  hierophant, 
exponent. 

explanation,  n.  1.  account,  interpretation, 
elucidation,  exposition,  explication, 
cclaircissement  {French),  construction; 
spec,  definition,  description,  denotlment 
(French). 

2.  Referring  to  what  explains:  explication, 
key;  spec,  comment,  commentary,  exege- 
sis, secret,  innuendo,  catastrophe. 

explanatory,  a.  interpretative,  elucidative, 
elucidatory,  explanative  {rare),  expository, 
expositive,  expositional,  exegetical. 

explicit,  a.  1.   See  definite. 
2.  express;  spec,  written,  outspoken,  posi- 
tive, plain. 
Antonyms:  see  implied. 

explode,  v.  t.  1.   See  destroy. 
2.  burst,  detonate;  spec,  fire,  pop,  spring, 
deflagrate,  crack. 

exploit,  V.  t.  utilize  {contextual);  spec,  milk 
{colloq.),  work  {colloq.). 

exploration,  n.  search,  prospecting,  pros- 
pect, probe;  spec,  inquisition. 

explore,  v.  t.  search,  plumb  {fig.),  fathom, 
outsearch  {rare);  spec,  prospect. 

explosion, "n.  1.   Spec,  destruction. 

2.  bursting,  burst;  spec,  fulmination,  de- 
tonation, fulguration,  blast,  clap,  crack, 
shot,  report,  pop. 

3.  See  OUTBREAK. 

explosive,  n.  Spec,  lyddite,  cordite,  ful- 
minant {rare),  dynamogen,  rackarock, 
fulminate,  dynamite,  roburite,  gelignite, 
guncotton,  herculite,  gunpowder,  trinito- 
toluol,  TNT  {ahhr.). 

expose,  V.  t.  1.  disclose,  unearth  {fig.),  flay 
{fig.),  decorticate;  spec,  unmask,  bare. 
Antonyms:  see  hide,  seclude. 
2.  subject  {used  with  "to");  spec,  venture, 
risk,  post,  weather,  pitch,  gibbet  {fig.), 
bare,  abandon. 
Antonyms:  see  protect,  shelter. 

exposed,  a.  1.  bleak,  raw,  airy,  bare,  open, 
shelterless,  windy. 
Antonyms:  see  sheltered,  unexposed. 

2.  With  "to":  liable,  subject. 

3.  See  BARE. 
expostulate,  v.  t.  remonstrate. 
exposure,  n.  I.  disclosure;  spec,  show-up 

(colloq.),  unmasking. 

2.  Usually  ivith  "to":  subjection;  spec. 
abandonment. 

Antonyms:  see  protection,  shelter. 

3.  liability,  subjection  (used  with  "to"), 
liableness  (rare). 


express,  n.  1.   See  dispatch. 
2.  agency  (contextual),  dispatch. 
express,  v.  t.  1.  squeeze  (esp.  with  "ovi"). 

2.  See  extort,  send,  hasten. 

3.  represent,  symbolize,  present,  show, 
denote,  testify  (archaic),  betoken;  spec. 
dehneate. 

4.  Referring  to  the  conveying  of  an  idea  by 
words,  actions,  etc.:  spec,  state,  emit,  mani- 
fest, tell,  frame,  present,  have  (used  with 
"it"),  enunciate,  language  (rare),  broach, 
breathe,  dictate  (obs.  or  archaic),  ex- 
pound, dehver,  couch,  dash,  vent,  air, 
word,  utter,  voice,  clothe,  cough,  hoot, 
communicate,  blush,  nod,  signify,  smile, 
sound,  speak,  hymn,  figure,  write,  wave, 
pantomime  (rare),  look,  glance,  glare, 
gesticulate. 

Antonyms:  see  imply. 

5.  See  SEND. 

expression,  n.  1.  squeezing  (used  esp.  with 
"out"). 

2.  representation,  symbolization,  presen- 
tation, presentment,  show,  denotation; 
spec,  delineation,  token. 

3.  Spec,  statement,  utterance,  emission, 
wording,  breath,  communication,  vent, 
signification,  etc. 

4.  diction;  spec,  eloquence,  idiom,  brev- 
ity, etc. 

5.  Referring  to  the  thing  expressed:  spec. 
effusion,  phraseology,  locution,  phrase, 
term,  word,  look;  see  saying. 

expressionless,  a.  unmeaning,  null  (rare), 
wooden  (fig.),  vacant,  blank;  spec,  soul- 
less, fishy  (fig.),  dull. 

Antonyms:  see  expressive. 
expressive,    a.    demonstrative,    eloquent, 
significant,     significatory,     significative, 
meaning  (rare);  spec,  forceful,  wise,  em- 
phatic, epigrammatic. 
Antonyms:    see   meaning,    blank,    ex- 
pressionless. 
expulsion,  n.  1.  ejection,  ejectment  (chief- 
ly law);  spec,  explosion,  defenestration, 
ehmination,  dislodgment,  discharge. 
Antonyms:  see  admission,  injection. 

2.  banishment,  exile,  exilement,  deporta- 
tion, relegation  (chiefly  Roman  law), 
transportation  (chiefly  spec),  expatria- 
tion, ostracism,  petalism  (ancient  hist.), 
rustication. 

Antonyms:  see  admission. 

3.  ejectment,  exclusion,  eviction,  ousting. 

4.  excommunication  (eccl.)  , exclusion,  ex- 
cision (rare). 

5.  excretion,  discharge,  catharsis  (tech.); 
spec,  diuresis,  evacuation. 


XW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
expletive:    oath. 
explicable:   explainable. 
explicate:    explain. 


exploded:  obsolete. 
exploit:    deed. 
export:    ship. 
exposal:  disclosure. 


exposition:      explanation,   exe- 
gesis, show,  statement.        [atory. 
expositive:    disolosing,  explan- 
expound:  state,  express,  explain. 


%3r'  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

171 


EXPULSIVE 


expulsive,  a.  Spec,  expiilson'  (rare),  cjcct- 
ivo,  oliminant,  olimiiiative  {physiol.  and 
chem.),  explosive,  ccbolic  {med.;  rare),  cx- 
communicative,  cxcommunicatory. 

expurgate,  v.  i.  cmiisculatc,  cxpurge  (rare), 
castrate;  .s-pcr.  bowdlerize. 

extemporaneous,  a.  I.  extemporized,  un- 
premeditated,   spontaneous,    extempore, 
improvised,  improvisatory,  improvisator- 
ical  (rare),  offhand,  impromptu. 
2.  See  OCCASIONAL. 

extempore,  adv.  impromptu,  extempo- 
raneously. 

extemporize,  v.  compose  (contextiml) ,  im- 
provise. 

extemporizer,  n.  improvisator,  impro- 
viser,  improvisatore  or  (the  Italian  spell- 
ing) improwisatore,  improvisatrice  or  {the 
Italian  spelling)  improvvisatrice  (fern.). 

extend,  !',  t.  1.  Spec,  continue,  lengthen, 
elongate,  widen,  drag,  enlarge,  pass 
(chiefly  with  "to"),  run,  stretch,  produce 
(chiefly  with  "to"),  draw,  distend,  protend 
(rare),  prolong,  protract,  coextend,  string, 
deployt(miZ.),  diffuse,  carry,  wiredraw. 
Antonyms:  see  abridge. 

2.  Spec,  reach,  protrude,  thrust,  out- 
stretch (chiefly  poetic),  shoot,  portend 
(rare),  porrect  (rare). 

3.  See  enlarge. 

extend,  v.  i.  reach,  go,  come,  continue, 
range,  run,  proceed;  spec,  (physically) 
ride,  project,  protrude,  ramify,  cross,  out- 
lie  (rare),  lie,  outreach  (poetic),  outspan 
(rare),  grow,  stream,  stretch. 
Antonyms:  see  shorten,  withdraw. 

extensible,  a.  produceable,  productile 
(rare),  extendible,  extensile,  protractile; 
spec,  ductile,  malleable,  plastic,  pliable, 
dilatable. 

extension,  n.  1.  Spec,  continuation,  con- 
tinuance, lengthening,  widening,  enlarge- 
ment, stretching,  production,  protraction, 
prolongation,  distention,  coextension,  de- 
ployment, diffusion,  deploy. 

Antonyms:   see   abridgement,    retire- 
ment, ABSTRACT. 

2.  Spec,  protrusion,  projection,  porrec- 
tion  (rare),  pro  tension  (rare),  ramifica- 
tion, wing. 

3.  See  COMPREHENSION. 

extensive,  a.  Spec,  wide,  widespread,  far- 
reaching,  nationwide,  statewide. 

extent,  re.  1.   See  valuation. 
2.  extension,  measure;  spec,  reach,  con- 
tinuance,   amplitude,    size,   expanse,   di- 
mension, measurement,  proportions,  de- 


gree, compass,  stretch,  content  (tech.), 
gauge,  length  (also  fi^.),  field,  latitude, 
range,  scope,  breadth,  width,  height,  dis- 
tance, area. 

extenuative,  a.  excusatory,  palliatory; 
sjxr.  euphemistic. 

extenuative,  re.  palliative;  spec,  euphem- 
ism. 

exterior,  o.   1.  outer,  external,  outward, 
outside,  extern  (rare);  spec,  outmost,  out- 
ermost, superficial,  outlying. 
Antonyms:  see  interior. 
2.  See  foreign. 

exterior,  re.  outside;  see  surface. 

externalize,  v.  t.  objectify,  objectize  (rare), 
entify  (rare);  see  visualize. 

externally,  a.  outwardly,  outside,  out- 
ward, outwards. 

extinction,  re.  destruction  (contexttml) ; 
spec,  annihilation,  death,  suffocation. 

extinguish,  v.  t.  destroy  (contextual);  spec. 
annihilate,  quench,  choke  (often  with 
"out"  or  "off"),  quell,  subdue,  douse 
(slang  or  cant),  dout  (now  dial.),  remove, 
suppress,  slake  (rare),  stifle,  smother,  suf- 
focate ;  see  snuff. 

Antonyms:  see  kindle,  create,  breed, 
foster,  preserve. 

extinguished,  a.  destroyed  (contextual); 
spec,  dead,  out. 

extirpate,  v.  t.  destroy,  abolish,  deracinate 
(rare),  weed  (chiefly  used  with  "out"),  up- 
root; spec,  annihilate. 
AntonyTns:  see  plant. 

extort,  V.  t.  elicit,  extract,  exact,  draw, 
wring,  wrest,  pinch,  screw,  shave  (colloq. 
or  slang),  force,  squeeze. 

extortion,  re.  elicitation,  exaction;  spec. 
tribute,  expression,  blackmail,  chantage 
(French),  garnish  (hist.). 

extortionate,  a.  unreasonable  (contextual), 
exacting,  vampire  (fi^.),  vampiric  (fig.), 
blood-sucking  (fig.). 
Antonyms:  see  moderate. 

extortioner,  re.  exacter,  extortionist, 
wringer,  wrester,  caterpillar  (fig.),  blood- 
sucker (fig.),  vulture  (fig.),  flayer  (fig.), 
fleecer,  griper  (rare),  vampire  (fig.),  harpy 
(fig.);  spec,  striker,  shaver  (colloq.  or 
slang) . 

extra,  a.  additional,  accessory,  spare. 

extra,  re.    Spec,  accessory,  et  ceteras  (pi.; 
Latin),    sundries    (pi.),    additions    (pi.), 
paraphernalia  (pL),  odd. 
Antonyms:  see  deficiency. 

extract,  v.  t.  1.  derive,  elicit,  draw,  remove; 
spec,  distil,  squeeze,  extort. 


t^°  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

exquisite,  a.:  accurate,  fastidi- 
ous, choice,  accomplished,  in- 
tense, excellent. 

exquisite,  n.:    dandy. 


exsiccant:   drying. 
exsiccate:   dry. 
exsiccous:    dry. 
extant:   being. 
extenuate:    mitigate. 


exterminate:   abolish. 
external:     exterior,  accidental, 
foreign. 

extol:   praise,  celebrate. 
extolment:  praise. 


(W  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

172 


FABULOUS 


Antonyms:  see  inject. 

2.    See  REMOVE,  WITHDRAW. 

extract,  7i.  1.  Spec,  essence,  decoction, 
magistery  (rare),  distillate,  distillation. 

2.    See  QUOTATION. 

extraction,  ?i.  1.  elicitation,  derivation; 
spec,  distillation,  squeezing,  etc. 

2.    See  DESCENT. 

extraordinary,  a.  unusual,  singular,  un- 
common, remarkable,  exemplary  (ar- 
chaic), portentous  (humorous),  phenom- 
enal, prodigious  (humorous,  exc.  spec); 
spec,  transcendent,  parlous  (colloq.  or  hu- 
morous), inconceivable,  distinguished, 
amazing,  monstrous,  marvelous,  abnor- 
mal, enormous. 
Antonyms:  see  common. 

extravagance,  n.  1.  excess,  profusion,  pro- 
fuseness,  prodigality,  lavishness,  exuber- 
ance; spec,  superabundance,  enormity, 
monstrosity,  wildness,  furor,  etc. 

Antonyms:  see  economy. 
2.  hyperbolism    (rhet.);    spec,    bombast, 
fantasticality,  fantasticalness,  grotesque- 
ness,  grotesquerie,  etc. 

extravagant,  a.  1.  profuse,  profusive 
(rare),  prodigal,  lavish;  spec,  wasteful, 
profligate,  rampant,  wild,  rank. 

Antonyms:  see  economical,  stingy. 
2.  Spec,  bombastic,  fantastic,  fantastical, 
wild,  furious,  eccentric,  bizarre,  grotesque, 
odd,  baroque,  rococo. 

Antonyms:    see  matter-of-fact,    mod- 
erate. 

extravasation,  n.  stigma. 

extreme,  a.  1.  remotest,  utmost  (becoming 
rare,  exc.  spec),  farthest,  uttermost  (ar- 
chaic or  formal),  last,  ultra  (chiefly  tech.), 
limitary. 
Antonyms:  see  nearest. 

2.  See  FINAL. 

3.  greatest,  utmost,  uttermost  (archaic  or 
formal),  supreme,  outside  (colloq.);  spec. 
precious  (colloq.),  horrible  (colloq.). 

4.  excessive,  deep  (chiefly  spec);  spec. 
bad,  drastic,  intense,  desperate  (colloq.), 
egregious,  impossible,  outrageous,  im- 
moderate, deadly  (colloq.),  eternal  (now 
vulgar),  heroic,  high,  radical,  unspeakable 
(colloq.),  monstrous  (colloq.),  etc. 

extreme,  n.  1.   See  end. 

2.  utmost,  hmit,  extremity;  spec,  excess, 

pink,  height. 
extremely,  adv.  very,  so  (chiefly  colloq.). 
exudation,  n.  emission,  discharge,  sweat 

(chiefly  spec),  weep  (colloq.  or  cant),  ooze 

(only  of  what  exudes),  percolation. 


exude,  v.  i.  &  t.  emit,  transude,  discharge, 
sweat  (chiefly  spec),  ooze;  spec  weep,  per- 
colate, infiltrate,  filter,  strain,  lixiviate. 
Antonyms:  see  absorb. 

exult,  V.  i.  rejoice,  vaunt,  insult  (archaic), 
crow  (colloq.),  jubilate,  maffick  (colloq.); 
spec,  gloat,  triumph,  glory. 
Antonyms:  see  mourn. 

exultant,  a.  rejoicing,  jubilant. 

exultation,  n.  gladness,  rejoicing,  insulta- 
tion  (archaic);  spec,  gloat,  gloating,  tri- 
umph, jubilation. 
Antonyms:  see  mourning. 

exuvium,  n.  skin,  cast,  slough.  "Exuvium" 
is  tech.  or  learned. 

eye,  n.  1.  oculus  (tech.  or  spec),  orb  (poetic 
or  rhetorical),  optic  (chiefly  in  plural,  and 
colloq.  or  slang),  glim  (slang),  peeper 
(slang),  lamps  (pi.;  slang;  formerly  po- 
etic), piercer  (slang),  goggler  (slang),  or- 
bit (an  erroneous  use);  spec,  eyelet,  oculus, 
cock-eye,  wall-eye,  stemma,  facet. 

2.  See  vision,  look. 

3.  eyehole;  spec  collar,  eyelet,  peephole. 
eye,  v.  t.  Spec,  watch,  ogle. 

eyeball,  n.  apple  (of  the  eye). 

eyebrow,  n.  brow,  superciUum  (tech.). 

eyeglass,  n.  Spec,  monocle,  pince-nez 
(French),  nippers  (pi.;  slang),  lorgnette, 
lorgnon  (French). 

eyelashes,  n.  pi.  cilia  (technical),  eye- 
winkers. 

eyeless,  a.  exoculated  (learned),  blind. 

eyelid,  n.  fid,  palpebra  (anat.);  spec.  haw. 

eyesore,  n.  dissight  or  desight  (rare). 

eyewash,  n.  coUyrium,  eyewater. 


fable,  n.  1.  apologue. 

2.  See  untruth,  story. 
fable,  V.  t.  feign,  invent; — referring  to  what 

is  told  in  words. 
fabric,  n.  1.  building. 

2.  cloth,  texture  (archaic),  contexture, 
stuff  (chiefly  spec),  tissue  (chiefly  spec), 
toile  (French),  web  (chiefly  spec),  woof 
(rare),  material,  medley;  spec  textile 
(chiefly  tech.),  network,  homespun,  twill, 
drill,  diagonal,  duvetyn,  webbing,  etc. 

3.  See  texture. 

fabricate,  v.  t.    1.  See  construct. 
2.  Referring  to  a  made-up  tale,  story,  etc.: 
devise,  compose ;  spec  spin,  coin,  forge. 

fabulous,    a.    fictitious;   spec   romantic, 
legendary,  feigned. 
Antonyms:  see  actual. 


l^"  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
extradite:  deliver. 
extraneous:  foreign. 
extricate:  free.  [lernal. 

extrinsic:  foreign,  accidental,  ex- 


extrude:  expel. 

exuberance:  abundance,  excess. 

exuberant:  abundant,  excessive, 

prolix. 
exuberate:  sound. 


eyeshot:  sight. 
eyesight:  sight. 


fable:  narrative. 


\^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

173 


FACE 


face,  n.  1.  countenance  (lilerory  or  learned), 
features  (pl.),  visage,  favor  (archaic), 
front  {slang  or  fig.),  physiognomy,  maz- 
ard  (archaic  and  jocular),  phiz  (colloq.  and 
jocular),  mug  (slang),  brow  (rare  or  obs.); 
spec,  grimace. 

2.  Sec  BOLDNESS,  APPEARANCE,  COVER, 
EDGE,  ASPECT,  PRESENCE,  SURFACE,  FACET. 

S.  front,  forefront  (chiefly  spec);  spec,  es- 
carpment, breast,  disk,  pedion,  obverse, 
head. 
lace, !'.  /.  1.  To  have  the  face  towards:  front, 
confront,  envisage  (rare);  spec,  respect, 
frontier. 

2.  oppose,  front,  breast,  confront,  buck 
(slang,  U.  S.),  brave,  cope  (rare);  spec. 
outbrazen,  nose,  beard,  buffet,  defy,  dare. 

Antonyms:  see  avoid. 

3.  To  show  to  the  face  of  (a  person):  con- 
front;— often  with  "with." 

4.  cover;  spec,  veneer,  revet,  line,  camp- 
shed  (local,  Eng.). 

5.  See  BRAZEN. 

face,  V.  i.  front,  head  (chiefly  spec),  give 

(a  Gallicism) ;  spec,  look  (often  fig.). 
facet,  n.  face  (contextual) ;  spec,  templet, 

lozenge,  table  (in  gems),  cut,  culet. 
facetious,  a.  humorous. 
face-to-face,  a.   Spec,  tete-a-tete  (French), 

vis-a-vis  (French),  respectant  (her.). 
facing,  n.  1.  cover  (contextual);  spec  lining, 

envelope,  shoe,  veneer,  skin. 

2.  frontage,  outlook ;  spec,  exposure. 

3.  confrontation,  confrontment  (rare). 
faction,  n.  1.  combination,  division,  side; 

spec,  clique,  sect;  see  party. 
2.  See  DISSENSION. 

factory,  n.  workshop,  shop,  manufactory 
(formal),  oflficina  (Spanish),  works  (chiefly 
spec),  mint  (often  spec);  spec,  battery, 
pottery,  bloomery,  bakery,  confectionery, 
brickyard,  etc 

faculty,  n.  1.   See  ability,  art. 

2.  Of  the  mind's  faculties:  power,  sense, 
wits  (pi.;  chiefly  spec);  spec,  instinct,  in- 
tellectuals (pi.;  archaic),  reason. 

3.  department,  school  (hist.);  spec  semi- 
narists (pi.). 

fad,  n.  castom,  craze,  rage,  hobby,  mania, 
monomania,  frenzy,  delirament  (rare), 
whim-wham  (archaic  or  rare),  furor;  spec. 
fashion,  pursuit,  tulipomania,  vinomania, 
crotchet,  dipsomania,  etc. 

fade,  V.  i.  1.  See  decline,  wither. 
2.  vanish  (often  used  with  "away"),  faint; 


spec  die  (used  with  "out"),  dim,  pale,  dis- 
solve, disperse. 

Antonyms:  see  intensify. 
fail,  V.  i.  1.  lack,  collapse,  miss,  miscarry, 
abort,   fizzle    (chiefly    U.   S.);  spec   err, 
flunk  (school  slang,  U .  S.),  default. 

Antonyms:  see  succeed. 

2.  break,  bankrupt,  default,  defalcate 
(rare),  smash  (.dang),  swamp  (colloq.). 

Antonyms:  see  succeed. 

3.  See  decline,  sink,  sicken. 
failure,  ?;..   1.  fail   (obs.,  exc  in  "without 

fail"). 

2.  See  decline. 

3.  deficiency,  default,  omission,  nonact 
(rare),  nonexecution;  spec  abortion,  col- 
lapse, fizzle  (colloq.),  miscarriage,  flunk 
(If.  S.;  school  slang),  lapse,  muff,  fiasco, 
breakdown,  slip,  negligence,  frost  (.slang), 
dereliction,  delinquency,  nonsuccess. 

Antonyms:  see  success. 

4.  bankruptcy  (in  U.  S.  spec),  insolv- 
ency (in  U.  S.  spec),  break,  default,  de- 
falcation (rare);  spec,  smash  (colloq.), 
crash. 

5.  might-have-been  (colloq.). 
faint,  a.  1.   See  timid. 

2.  weak,  languid,  listless,  dolche-farni- 
ente  (Italian),  sickly,  gone  (colloq.). 

Antonyms:  see  powerful. 

3.  See  indistinct,  dim. 

4.  Referring  to  sounds:  soft,  small,  gentle, 
thin. 

faint,  n.  swoon,  deliquium  (archaic);  spec. 

lipothymia. 
faint,  V.  i.  1.  decline,  fade. 

2.  swoon,  go  (contextual),  swelter  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  revive. 
faintness,  n.    Spec,  swoon,  lassitude. 
fair,  a.  1.  good-looking,  dexter  (rare);  spec. 

beautiful,    shapely,    clean,    clear,   glossy, 

smooth,  sweet. 

2.  See  desirable,  impartial,  favor- 
able, auspicious,  just,  unobstructed, 
clear. 

3.  medium,  passable,  fairish  (rare),  so-so 
(colloq.),  moderate,  indifferent,  tolerable, 
respectable,  reasonable,  decent,  ordinary; 
spec,  average. 

Antonyms:  see  excellent,  bad. 

4.  blond,  blonde,  clear,  white  (colloq., 
U.  S.);  spec,  lily,  lihed. 

Antonyms:  see  dark. 
fair,  n.     Spec,  bazaar,  exchange,  kermis, 
show. 


XW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
facetiae:  ■pleasantry. 
facetious:  funny. 
facetiousness:  pleasantry. 
facile:  easy,  complaisant,  ready, 
fluent,  skillful. 
facilitate:  aid,  ease. 
facsimile:  copy,  duplicate. 


fact:  occurrence,  actuality,  truth. 
factious:  disagreeing, dissentient. 
factitious:  artificial,  false. 
factor:  agent,  element. 
factorage:  agency. 
factual:  actual. 
ta.ct\iT6Z  creation,  making, doing. 
facultative:  optional. 


faecal:  fecal. 

faeces:  excrement. 

fag:  drudge,  tire. 

fag-end:  end. 

fagot:  bundle. 

fail.  r.  t.:  desert. 

falling:  fault. 

ia.lTi.t-iiea.Tt^:  cowardly,  timid. 


XS^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

174 


FAMILIAR 


fairly,  adv.  fair,  well,  middling  {usually 
qualifying  an  adjective,  as  "good"). 

fairy,  n.  demon  {often  spec.),  spirit  {con- 
textual), fay,  sprite  or  {archaic)  spright; 
spec.  Titania,  browny,  elf,  nix,  fairyhood 
(a  collective). 

fairyland,  n.  faerie  or  faery  {archaic), 
fairydom;  spec,  dreamland. 

fake,  V.  t.  falsify  {contextual),  sophisticate, 
counterfeit  {contextual);  spec,  deacon 
{cant  or  colloq.),  doctor  {colloq.),  duff 
{slang  or  colloq.),  nobble  {slang),  fudge, 
cook  {slang),  edit  {euphemistic),  pack. 

fake,  n.  contrivance,  fakement;  spec,  adul- 
teration, fraud,  cheat. 

fakir,  n.  ascetic  {contextual),  dervish. 

falcon,  n.  hawk  {contextual);  spec,  tercel- 
gentle  {male),  merlin,  lanner  (esp. /cm.), 
lanneret  (masc),  tartaret  {obs.),  sakeret 
{masc;  archaic),  saker  {csp.  fern.),  shahin 
or  shaheen,  sore-falcon. 

fall,  V.  i.  1.  descend  {formal),  drop,  sink, 
lapse  {literary  and  rare);  spec,  drop,  calve 
{dial,  or  tech.),  cave  {used  with  "in'  ),  pitch, 
drip,  slump  {dial.),  plop,  rain,  plump, 
squab,  cataract,  topple,  drizzle,  droop, 
tumble,  slant,  distill,  lodge,  collapse,  shed. 
Antonyms:  see  rise,  stand. 

2.  See  DESCEND   {come  to  a  loiver  level), 

END,  ACCRUE,  BECOME,  APOSTATIZE,  DE- 
CLINE, DIE,  DEPRECIATE,  LOWER  {refciring 
to  the  countenance),  surrender,  abate, 

SUBSIDE,  OUTGO,  PASS,  OCCUR. 

3.  Referring  to  prices,  etc.:  decline,  drop, 
sink;  spec,  slump  {ca7it  or  colloq.),  tumble. 

Antonyms:  see  advance. 
fall,  n.  1.  descent,  downfall,  downcome, 
comedown  {colloq.),  labefaction  {rare), 
drop  {often  spec);  spec,  shower,  downrush, 
downpour,  deluge  {hyperbolical),  cropper 
{colloq.;  chiefly  in  "to  come  a  cropper"), 
discharge,  cave-in  {chiefly  colloq.) ,  dripple, 
flap  {colloq.),  flop,  plop,  tumble,  spill  {col- 
loq.), plump  {colloq.),  squash,  dogfall, 
eavesdrip,  eavesdrop,  eboulement  {French) , 
crowner,  collapse. 

Antonyms:  see  rise. 

2.  See  descent,  ruin,  surrender, 
tackle,  waterfall. 

3.  Referring  to  prices,  etc.:  decline,  drop; 
spec,  slump  {colloq.  or  cant),  tumble. 

Antonyms:  see  advance. 
fallacy,  n.  1.  error,  deception;  spec,  soph- 
ism,    absurdity,     sorites,     bubble,     idol, 
idolum  or  idolism.  paralogism. 

Antonyms:  see  truth. 
2.  deceptiveness  (rf.  deceptive). 


fallible,  a.  errable  {rare),  deceivable  {rare). 

Antonyms:  see  infallible. 
falling,  a.  descending,   cadent   {archaic); 
spec,    precipitant,    deciduous,     incident, 
dripping,  etc. 
Antonyms:  see  rising. 
falling,  71.  descent;  spec,  dripping,  distilla- 
tion,  drip-drop,  incidence,  ptosis  {rare), 
prolapsus. 
fallow,    a.    uncultivated,    unplowed,    un- 
tilled,  lea,  ley  or  lay  {Eng.). 
Antonyms:  cidtivated  {see  cultivate). 
false,  a.  I.  See  untruthful,  unfaithful, 

UNTRUE,  ERRONEOUS,  DECEPTIVE,  AB- 
SURD, DISHONEST. 

2.  pseudo  {chiefly  learned  or  in  combina- 
tion), spurious,  bastard  {chiefly  in  con- 
tempt), counterfeit,  supposititious,  hol- 
low, bogus,  fictitious,  Active  {rare);  spec. 
pretended,  forged,  made-up,  impostrous 
{rare),  artificial,  factitious. 
Antonyms:  see  true,  native. 

falsify,  V.  t.  alter,  sophisticate;  spec,  fake, 
cook  {slang),  interpolate  {by  adding),  doc- 
tor; see  adulterate,  fake. 

falsity,  n.   1.  falsehood;  spec,  absurdity, 
deceptiveness,  etc.;  see  dishonesty. 
2.  spuriousness,    supposititiousness,    hol- 
lowness,  fictitiousness,  fictiveness  (rare); 
spec,  pretension,  artificiality. 

falter,  v.  i.  1.  stumble,  stagger,  dodder, 
hobble,  totter,  hesitate,  waver. 

2.  Referring  to  speech:  hesitate,  halt;  spec. 
stammer,  stutter,  stumble,  quaver,  waver, 
lisp,  hem. 

3.  See  hesitate. 

falter,  7i.  1.  stumble,  stagger,  dodder,  tot- 
ter, hesitation,  waver. 

2.  balbuties  {tech.),  halt,  hesitation  {con- 
textual); spec,  stammer,  stutter,  stumble, 
quaver,  waver,  lisp. 

3.  See  hesitation. 
fame,  n.  1.   See  reputation. 

2.  honor  {contextual),  repute  or  reputa- 
tion {contextual),  renown,  illustriousness, 
luster,  illustration  {rare),  distinction,  ku- 
dos {peda7itic  or  hiwiorous;  Greek),  celeb- 
rity, lionism,  lionhood  or  lionship  {fig.), 
note,  consideration ;  spec,  glory,  eminence, 
greatness,  conspicuousness,  tongue  {fig.). 
Anto7iyms:  see  obscurity. 

fame,  v.  t.  1.  See  report. 
2.  eternize  {rare),  immortalize.    The  verb 
"fame"  is  rare. 

familiar,  a.  1.   See  domestic,  aware. 
2.  intimate,   homely    {archaic),    common 
{contextual);  spec,  hobnobby  {rare),  hail- 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
fair -seeming:  plau.iible. 
faith:  belief,  constancy,  trust. 
faithful:      constant,      accurate, 

trustworthy,  conscientious. 
faithless:    unfaithful,    untruth- 


ful, dishonest,  treacherous. 
falcade:  front. 
falcate:  curved. 
falchion:  sword. 
falderal:  trifle,  gewgaw. 
fall,  V.  t.:  drop. 


fallacious:    absurd,    erroneous, 

deceptive. 
falsetto:  voice. 
famed:  famous. 
familiar:     associate,    domestic, 

demon,  friend. 


%S^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

175 


FAMILIARITY 


fellow   (rare),  frof,  overfamiliar,   uncon- 
strained. 
Anttuit/ins:  see  unfamiliar,  formal. 

S.    ^V«'  COMMON. 

familiarity,  ii.  1.  intimacy,  homeliness 
(archaic);  spec,  freedom,  conversation 
(literary). 

2.    See  KNOWLEDGE,   ACQUAINTANCE. 

family,  n.  1.  household,  brood  (contemptu- 
ous), cletch  or  clutch  (contemptuous), 
people  (used  with  "my,"  "his,"  etc.), 
stock,  house;  spec,  mine,  his.  theirs,  etc. 
(all  these  uses  being  chiefly  colloquial). 

2.  lineage  (formal),  house,  race,  kin, 
strain,  blood  (fig.),  breed  (chiefly  con- 
temptuous); spec,  dynasty. 

3.  See  KINDRED,  KIND,  CLASS. 

fam.ily,  a.  Spec,  patronymic;  see  domes- 
tic. 

famish,  v.  t.  &  i.  starve,  pinch,  clam  (dial). 
Antonyms:  see  nourish,  feast,  feed. 

famishment,  n.  starvation,  pinch. 
Antonyms:  see  nutrition. 

famous,  a.  distinguished,  celebrated,  re- 
nowned, noted,  notable,  great  (confext- 
iial),  illustrious,  bright,  brilliant,  lustrous, 
famed,  Roscian  (fig.);  spec,  fabled,  his- 
toried,  storied,  heroic,  glorious,  historical, 
immortal  (forever). 
Antonyms:  see  obscure. 

fan,  n.  Spec,  punkah  or  punka  (East  In- 
dies), flabellum,  fanner  (chiefly  tech.), 
winnower,  blower,  colmar  (hist.),  van, 
thermaatidote  (rare  or  local). 

fan,  V.  t.  1.  clean  (contextual),  blow,  win- 
now (chiefly  spec). 
2.  See  stimulate,  increase. 

fanatic,  n.  enthusiast,  bigot,  zealot,  vi- 
sionary; spec,  sectarian. 

fanaticism,  n.  enthusiasm,  bigotry,  zeal- 
otry. 

fanciful,  a.  1.  capricious,  fantasied,  con- 
ceited (dial,  or  archaic),  maggoty  (now  con- 
temptuous),   chimerical,    fantastic,    fan- 
tasque  (rare),  curious,  crotchety. 
Antonyms:  see  unimaginative,  m.\tter- 

OF-FACT. 

2.  See  odd. 
fancy,  n.  1.  See  TRAGI'S ATIOV!  (the  faculty). 
2.  The  thing  imagined:  imagination,  fan- 
tasy, phantasy,  notion,  idea,  thought; 
spec,  antic,  phantasm,  hallucination,  de- 
lusion, megrim,  reverie,  vapor,  specter, 
vision,  belief,  chimera  or  chimsera,  day- 
dream. 


8,  See  conceit,  caprice,  approval,  lik- 
ing, TASTE. 

fan-shaped,  a.  flabellate  (tech.),  flabelli- 
forin  (tech.). 

fantastic,  a.  1.  See  imaginary,  capri- 
cious. 

2.  fanciful,  romantic;  spec,  grotesque,  bi- 
zarre; see  ODD. 
Antonyms:  see  plain. 

fantasy,  n.  1.    See  imagination,  fancy, 
caprice. 
2.  fantasia  (music). 

far,  adv.  widely,  wide,  remotely,  distantly, 
long,  etc. 
Antonyms:  see  near. 

fare,  v.  i.  1.  See  go,  occur,  live. 
2.  do,  come  on  (colloq.).    "Fare"  is  more 
formal  than  "do." 

fare,  n.  1.  See  fortune. 
2.  food,  table,  board  (becoming  archaic). 

farewell,  n.  goodby,  conge  (formal; 
French),  adieu,  leave  taking,  leave  (short 
for  "leave  taking"),  parting,  valediction 
(properly  the  words  said),  valedictory  (the 
words) . 
Antonyms:  see  greeting. 

farm,  n.  grange;  spec,  plantation,  bar- 
ton (Eng.),  estansia  (Sp.),  location  (Aus- 
tralia), fazenda  (Sp.),  farmstead,  haci- 
enda (Sp.  Amer.),  ranch  (western  U.  S.  dfc 
Canada),  stud,  dairy,  mains  (Scot.). 

far-sighted,  a.   I.  hypermetropic  (tech.), 
long-sighted,  hyperopia  (tech.) ;  spec,  pres- 
byopic. 
Antonyms:  see  near-sighted. 
2.  provident;  see  sagacious. 

farther,  a.  further  (chiefly  in  secondary  or 
fig.  senses);  spec,  beyond,  past. 

farthest,  a.  furthest  (chiefly  in  secondary 
or  fig.  senses),  uttermost,  final,  extreme, 
endmost,  last. 
Antonyms:  see  nearest. 

fascinate,  v.  t.  1.  bewitch,  charm,  spell- 
bind (chiefly  cant);  spec,  dare  (only  in  "to 
dare  larks"). 
Antonyms:  see  repel. 
2.  See  captive. 

fast,  a.  1.  See  firm,  constant,  unfading, 
rapid,  dissipated,  deep. 
2.  ahead  (referring  to  time). 

fasten,  v.  t.  1.  fix,  secure  (formal),  confine; 
spec,  catch,  tie,  lock  gird,  infix,  marl,  bolt, 
chain,  belay,  pin,  lace,  strap,  cobble, 
cleat,  bond,  clasp,  infibulate  (rare),  but- 
ton, batten,  tether,  paste,  cement,  stick, 


IW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
fancy,  v.  t.:  imagine,  believe,  like. 
fane:  church,  temple. 
fanfare:  call. 
fantastic:  oddity. 
fantom:  phantom. 
far-away:  distant. 
farce,  v.  t.:  season. 


farcical:  comic. 
farm,  v.  t.:  cultivate,  lease. 
farmer:  agriculturist. 
farming:  agriculture. 
farmish:  rustic. 
far-o9:  distant. 
farrier:  veterinarian. 
farrow,  a.:  barren. 


farrow,  v.  t.:  bear. 
farther:  also. 
farthest:  extreme. 
fasciated:  banded. 
fascicle:  bunch.  [ety,  fad. 

fashion,  n.;  custom,  style,  soci- 
fasbion,  v.  t.:  make,  create. 
fashionable:  stylish. 


(W  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
176 


FAVORABLE 


peg,  screw,  seal,  seize,  spike,  surcingle, 
skewer,  toggle,  wedge,  tack,  lash,  latch, 
rivet,  rope,  mortise,  knot,  key,  fish,  dowel, 
forelock,  hasp,  hoop,  collar,  crank,  cotter, 
cramp,  cable,  clinker,  buckle,  stanchion, 
halter,  gum,  bind,  dog. 
'  Antonyms:  see  loose,  unfasten. 

2.    See  ATTACH,  HOLD,  KEEP,  IMPOSE. 

fastening,  n.  confinement;  spec,  clinch, 
clip,  breeching,  lace,  lacing,  tie,  tether, 
clasp,  tacking,  latch,  lashing,  lock,  fast, 
headfast,  holdfast. 

fastidious,  a.  particular,  nice,  dainty,  deli- 
cate, exquisite,  fine,  precise;  spec,  finical, 
finicking,  chary,  picksome  (Eng.),  prig- 
gish, pernickety  (contemptuous),  overnice, 
starch,  niminy-piminy,  squeamish,  cock- 
ney (Eng.),  missish,  proper  (a  euphem- 
ism), precieuse  (French);  see  precious. 
Antonyms:  see  negligent,  gross. 

fat,  a.  1.  greasy,  pinguedinous  (rare),  fatty, 
unctuous  or  unguinous  (chiefly  spec),  se- 
baceous (physiol.;  often  spec),  pinguid 
(rare);  spec,  lardy,  oily,  tallowy. 

2.  corpulent,  gross,  stocky  (contextual), 
polysarcous  (rare;  tech.),  fleshy,  ventricose 
(rare),  obese  (a  formal  or  book  word);  spec. 
puffy,  paunchy  (inelegant),  pot-bellied 
(vulgar),  pursy,  portly,  pudgy,  fubby, 
squab,  plump,  plumpy. 

Antonyms:  see  thin,  lanky. 

3.  See  DULL,  PRODUCTIVE,  profitable. 
fat,  n.    Spec  grease,  sebum  (tech.),  blub- 
ber, tallow,  seam  (obs.  or  rare),  sperma- 
cetti,    suet,    oil,    yolk,    lumber    (esp.   in 
horses) . 

fate,  n.  1.  necessity,  destiny,  die  (fig.). 

2.  destiny,  dispensation,  cup  (fig.;  chiefly 
Scriptural),  experience,  portion  (one's 
share;  usually  spec),  doom  (spec  or  fig.). 

3.  fortune. 

4.  weird  (archaic),  Moerse  (Greek;  pi.), 
Parcae  (Latin;  pi.);  spec.  Clotho,  Lathesis, 
Atropos,  Norn. 

fateful,  a.  fatal,  inevitable,  necessary,  pre- 
destined, predestinate  (archaic),  doornful, 
karmic  (spec,  or  fig.;  rare);  spec,  tragic. 

father,  n.  1.  parent  (contextual),  sire  (chief- 
ly poetic,  exc  of  beasts,  esp.  horses),  getter 
(obs.,  exc.  of  horses),  genitor  (rare),  father- 
ling  (nonce  word),  governor  (slang),  dad 
(childish  or  familiar  and  undignified), 
daddy  (pet  form  of  "dad"),  papa  (now 
chiefly  childish  or  affected),  pater  (Latin  or 
slang),  dada  (child's  word);  spec,  (in  a 
loose  use  of  "father")  stepfather,  father- 
in-law,  foster-father,  pater-familias.  These 
words  except   "parent,"   "sire,"   "getter," 


"genitor"   and,  occasionally,  "father"  arc 
used  only  of  the  human  parent. 
Antonyms:  see  child,  mother. 

2.  See  ANCESTOR,  GOD,  priest,  CONFESSOR. 

father,  v.  t.  1.  beget,  sire. 

,2.    See  ADOPT,  ACKNOWLEDGE. 

3.  attribute,  impose;  see  affiliate. 
fatherhood,  n.   paternity,  progenitorship 

(rare) . 

fatherless,  a.  orphan  (contextual),  un- 
fathered, sireless,  dadless  (nonce). 

fatherly,  a.  parental  (contextual),  paternal, 
fatherlike,  gubernatorial  (slang). 

fathomless,  a.  1.  immeasurable,  measure- 
less, deep,  abyssal,  abysmal. 
Antonyms:  see  shallow. 

2.    See  UNINTELLIGIBLE. 

fatness,  n.  fleshiness,  obesity,  obeseness, 
corpulence,  corpulency,  polysarcia  (tech.), 
grossness  (rare),  pinguitude  (rare),  pin- 
guidity  (rare),  plumpness;  spec  embon- 
point (French). 

fatten,  v.  i.  &  t.  fat  (esp.  used  with  "up"), 
pinquefy    (rare);    spec,    saginate    (rare), 
brawn  (dial.),  batten,  plump. 
Antonyms:  see  waste. 

faucet,  n.  cock,  tap;  spec  spigot,  spile, 
stopcock. 

fault,  n.  1.  Spec,  failing,  default,  obli- 
quity, blemish,  peccadillo,  defalcation,  de- 
linquency, vice,  cloud  (fig.),  spot,  flaw, 
shortcoming,  defect,  imperfection,  de- 
merit, infirmity,  offense. 
Antonyms:  see  excellence,  worth. 
2.  See  blame,  negligence,  cleft. 

faultfinding,  a.  censorious,  captious,  cyn- 
ical or  cynic  (now  chiefly  spec),  critical, 
carping. 

faultless,  a.  1.  See  correct,  blameless. 
2.  perfect,  irreproachable,  immaculate, 
spotless. 

faulty,  a.  vicious,  bad;  spec,  ill,  blame- 
worthy, transgressive,  blamable,  imper- 
fect. 
Antonyms:  see  good,  excellent. 

favor,  n.  1.  Spec,  esteem,  benignity,  popu- 
larity ;  see  approval. 

2.  See    AID,     APPEARANCE,     GIFT,     BADGE, 

letter. 

3.  Spec,  benefaction,  grace,  boon,  bene- 
fit, obligement,  kindness,  dispensation, 
indulgence. 

favor,  V.  t.  1.    See  approve,  oblige. 

2.  countenance,  patronize;  spec,  see  aid. 
Antonyms:  sec  discourage. 

3.  See  SAVE,  support,  indulge,  re- 
semble, EASE. 

favorable,  a.  1.  See  auspicious. 


t^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
fatal:  deadly,  fateful. 
fate,  V.  t.:  destine. 
fatherhood:  paternity. 


fathom:  sound,  understand,  ex- 
plore. 
fatigue,  n.:  weariness. 
fatigue,  V.  t.:  tire. 


fatiguing:  tiresome. 
fatty:  fat. 

fatuous:    foolish,    stupid,    de- 
ranged. 


tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

177 


FAVORITE 


2.  advantag;pous;  spec,  fair,  helpful,  good, 
golden,  salutory. 

Antonijwf::  see  unfavorable. 
S.  well-inolincd,     well-minded,     benign, 
friendly,  favoring,  gracious,  propitious. 
Antimijms:  sec  opposed. 

favorite,   n.    1.   dear,   minion    (now  con- 
temptuous); see  DARLING,  PET. 
8.  See  CHOICE. 

favoritism,  n.  partiality;  spec,  nepotism. 

fawn,  ;•.  i.  cringe,  crawl,  toady,  truckle. 
Antonytfis:  sec  domineer. 

fawner,    /?.    cringer,    toady,    sycophant, 
truckler,  toadeatcr,  bootlicker  (colloq.  or 
slang);  spec,  flunky. 
Antonyms:  see  bully. 

fawning,  a.  cringing,  abject,  servile,  syco- 
phantic,   toadying,    truckling,    toadyish; 
see  OBSEQUIOUS. 
Antonyms:  see  domineering. 

fawning,  n.  cringing,  sycophantism,  toady- 
ism. 

fear,  n.  alarm,  dread,  phobia  (tech.  or  rare 
and  humorous);  spec,  consternation,  panic, 
funk  (slang),  misdoubt,  misgiving,  affright 
(rare),  terror,  terrification,  trepidation, 
scare,  fright,  fray  (archaic),  horror,  eeri- 
ness,  awe,  apprehension,  pantophobia, 
mysophobia,  agoraphobia,  hydrophobia, 
superstition,  reverence. 
Antonyms:  see  boldness,  hope. 

fear,  v.  t.  apprehend,  dread,  redoubt  (obs. 
or  rare);  spec,  misdoubt,  revere. 

fear,  v.  i.   Spec,  misgive. 

feared,  a.  dread,  redoubted  (rhetorical). 

fearful,  a.  1.  See  afraid. 

2.  dreadful,  fearsome  (rare),  terrible, 
ghastful  (archaic),  ghastly  (obs.),  redoubt- 
able (rhetorical);  spec,  dire,  awful,  grim, 
grisly,  awesome,  gruesome  or  grewsome, 
frightful,  horrible,  appalling,  horrendous 
(rare),  eerie  or  eery,  apprehensive  (rare), 
tremendous  (noiv  rare). 

Antonyms:  see  bold. 

3.  See  TIMID,  great. 

feast,  n.  1.  See  festival,  meal. 
2.  Spec,  banquet,  regale  (rare),  junket 
(often  spec;  U.  S.).  gaudy  (Eng.),  fete 
(French),  tuck-out  (slang),  barbecue, 
brideale  or  bridale,  Gregory  (Anglo-Irish), 
wine,  potlatch,  give-ale  (hist.),  infare  (lo- 
cal Eng.),  hockey  or  hookey  (dial.  Eng.), 
symposium. 

feast,  a.  epulary  (rare). 

feast,  V.  i.  feed  (inelegant;  contextual),  epi- 


curize  (rare);  spec,  fete  (rare),  cosher  (Ire- 
land), luxuriate. 
Antonyms:  see  famish. 

feast,  V.  t.  feed  (contextual);  spec,  banquet, 
regale,  fete,  wine. 
Antonyms:  see  famish. 

feastday,  n.  fiesta  (Italian). 

feasting,  n.  epulation  (rare);  spec,  ban- 
queting, regalement  (rare). 

feat,  n.  1.   See  accomplishment,  deed. 
2.  stunt  (colloq.);  spec,  split  (gymnastics), 
giant  swing,  cartwheel. 

feather,  n.  1.  plume  (poetic  or  rhetorical, 
cxc.  spec.),  pen  (obs.);  spec,  plumule,  cov- 
ert, scapular,  down  (a  collective),  eider- 
down (a  collective),  beam,  quill,  filoplume, 
interscapular,  remex,  primary,  principal, 
pinion,  streamer,  flag. 

2.  See  PLUMAGE,  TUFT. 

3.  In  mechanics:  spec,  spline,  rib,  flange, 
key,  web,  fin,  tongue,  vane. 

4.  Referring  to  part  of  an  oar:  blade,  fiat, 
broad. 

feather,  v.  i.   Spec,  fledge. 

feather,  v.  t.  1.  implume  (rare  or  rhetorical) , 

plume  (rare  or  rhetorical,  exc.  spec.);  spec. 

(of  an  arroiv)  flight,  fledge,  wing,  fletch. 

2.  To  remove  the  feathers  from:  deplume, 

deplumate;  spec,  pinion. 
feathered,  a.  plumed  (chiefly  spec),  plum- 

ous  (rare);  spec,  winged, penniferous (rare), 

pennigerous  (rare),  plumate;  see  feathery. 
feather- footed,  a.      Referring  to  a  dog: 

rough-footed,  rough-legged. 
featherless,  a.  impennate  (chiefly  spec); 

spec,  unfledged,  callow. 
featherlike,  a.  penniform,  pennate  (rare), 

pinnate,  plumiform; — all  four  learned  or 

tech. 
feathery,  a.  1.  feathered,  plumose  (chiefly 

spec),  plumy  (chiefly  spec);  spec  plum- 
ate,  fledgy  (rare),  downy. 

2.  Referring  to  a  dog:  curly-haired. 
feature,  n.  I.  lineament,  point. 

2.  (See  FACE,  characteristic. 
febrifuge,  a.  antifebrile,  antipjTetic. 
fecal,  fsecal,  a.  dungy  (chiefly  spec),  ster- 

coraceous  (literary  or  tech.),  excrementi- 

tious  (literary  or  tech.)'. 
fee,  n.  1.  benefice,  fief,  feud,  feudatory. 

2.  *See  ESTATE,  PAY,  TIP. 

3.  payment  (contextual),  allowance  (eon- 
textual);  spec,  portage,  entrance,  tuition, 
toll,  towage,  ferriage,  honorarium,  costs 
(pi.),  premium,  procuration,  retainer. 


t^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
favorite,  a.:  darling,  pet. 
faTorltism:  partiality. 
favose:  cellular. 
fawn,  n.:   deer. 
fawn,  V.  t.:  bear. 
fawn,  a,:  brown. 
fawning,  a.:  obsequious. 


ia.y:  fairy. 

faze:  disconcert,intimidate,  tcorry. 

feal:  constant. 

fearless:  bold. 

feasance:  doing. 

feasible:  possible. 

feat:  elegant,  skillful. 

febrile:  feverish. 


feces:  execrement. 

feckless:  spiritless,  weak. 

fecund:  fruitful. 

fecundate:  frutify. 

federal:  confederate,  united. 

federate:  unit£. 

feeble:  weak,  indistinct.         [live. 

feeble-minded:  irresolute,  defec- 


IW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
178 


FENDER 


feed,  V.  t.  1.  aliment  {rare);  spec,  gorge, 
nurture,  meal  (rare),  grub  (slang),  mess, 
fodder,  forage,  suckle,  diet,  breakfast, 
dine,  dinner  (rare),  lunch  (colloq.),  sup- 
per (colloq.),  graze,  hay  (rare),  soil,  corn 
(rare),  bait,  water,  pap. 

'  Antonyms:  see  famish. 
2.  Spec,  fuel  (a  stove  or  fire),  fire  (an  en- 
gine),  supply,  gratify,  nourish. 

feed,  V.  i.  1.  Referring  to  the  action  as  tak- 
ing place:  eat. 

2.  Referring  to  an  action  as  contemplated 
or  habitual:  eat,  fare,  live  {contextual); 
spec,  subsist,  board,  meal,  diet,  gorge, 
dine,  breakfast,  lunch,  etc.  "Feed"  in  this 
sense  is  rare  or  slang. 
Antonyms:  see  famish. 

feeding,  n.  feed,  cibation  {obs.  or  rare), 
eat  (slang). 

feel,  V.  t.  1.  See  perceive. 

2.  examine,  test,  touch;  spec,  handle,  fum- 
ble, palpate,  sound,  probe,  thumb,  finger. 

3.  experience,  entertain,  make,  taste, 
find,  bear;  spec,  believe,  discover. 

feel,  V.  i.  1.  See  perceive,  seem. 

2.  Spec,  grope,  fumble. 
feeler,  n.  tactor  (tech.);  spec,  palp,  palpus, 

whisker,  vibrissa,  tentacle,  antlia,  barbel, 

pedipalp. 
feeling,  n.  1.  sentience;  spec,  touch. 

2.  experience;  spec,  sensation,  perception, 
consciousness,  affection. 

3.  The  faculty  or  capacity:  sensibility, 
emotionality,  soul,  feelingness,  blood  (fig.; 
human  feelings) ;  spec,  heart  strings  (pi.), 
demonstrativeness,  unction,  sympathy, 
antipathy,  csenesthesis. 

Antonyins:  see  insensibility. 

4.  emotion,  sentiment,  affection;  spec,  fire 
(fig.),  hate,  hatred,  hope,  despair,  sym- 
pathy, pathos,  love,  gladness,  anger,  pang, 
pain,  sorrow,  joy,  etc. 

Antonyms:  see  insensibility. 

5.  See  attitude. 

feint,  n.  pretense;  spec,  artifice,  stratagem, 
expedient,  trick. 

felicity,  n.  1.  See  gladness,  appropriate- 
ness, GOOD,  FORTUNE,  READINESS. 

2.  Referring  to  a  speech,  action,  etc.:  in- 
spiration, hit,  stroke,  bull's-eye  (colloq.). 

feline,  a.  cattish,  catty  (colloq.),  feliform 
(rare) . 

fell,  V.  t.  drop  (especially  with  a  blow  or 
shot),  down,  floor,  ground;  spec,  prostrate, 
throw,  grass  (chiefly  slang),  sandbag,  cut 
(unth  "down"),  hew  (with  "down"),  saw 
(tvith  "down"),  etc. 


Antonyms:  see  raise. 
fellow,  n.  1.    See  associate,  equal,  per- 
son. 

2.  dog  (playful,  humorous,  or  contemptu- 
ous), customer  (colloq.;  usually  with 
"queer,"  "ugly,"  etc.),  cove  (slang  and  vul- 
gar in  U.  S.),  Jack  (contemptuous),  Gill 
(slang),  cull  or  cully  (slang  and  contemptu- 
ous), gaffer  (rural  Eng.),  joker  (slang), 
Johnny  or  Johnnie  (contemptuous  or  famil- 
iar), cuss  (in  reproach,  contempt,  or  humor- 
ously; slang  and  colloq.,  U.  S.),  cuffin 
(thieves'  cant),  codger  (disrespectful  and 
chiefly  vulgar),  devil  (colloq.  or  slang), 
wight  (noiv  chiefly  jocose),  varlet  (a  laio 
fellow;  archaic),  coistrel  (in  contempt;  ar- 
chaic), knave  (a  low  fellow;  archaic),  chal 
(Gipsy),  wallah  (Anglo-Indian),  shaver 
(colloq.). 

3.  don  (Eng.  universities),  dean  (in  Ox- 
ford and  Cambridge;  British) . 

fellowship,  n.  Spec,  brotherhood,  com- 
radeship, membership. 

female,  n.  she  (rare,  exc.  as  attributive), 
petticoat     (colloq.    or    humorous);    spec. 
woman,    girl,    cow,    hen,    bitch,    queen, 
worker. 
Antonyms:  see  male. 

female,   a.   she    (chiefly  in   combination), 
feminine  (usually  spec);  spec,  pistillate. 
Antonyms:  see  male,  manly. 

feme- sole,  n.  Spec,  widow,  spinster; — re- 
ferring to  a  woman  at  the  time  unmarried. 

femininity,  n.  femineity  (rare),  feminal- 
ity  (jare),  femality  (rare  and  humorous), 
muliebriety  (rare),  feminacy  (rare),  fem- 
inineness,  feminility  (rare),  feminity 
(rare),  womanliness  (the  ivord  in  ordinary 
use  and  chiefly  spec;  "femininity"  being  the 
more  formal  word  and  also  usually  spec), 
womanishness  (usually  derogatory). 
Antonyms:  see  manliness. 

fence,  n.  1.   See  protection. 

2.  In  fencing:  guard;  spec  parry. 

3.  inclosure,  hay  (archaic);  spec  barri- 
cade, stockade,  paling,  palisade,  hoarding, 
counter,  pale  (archaic),  barrier,  palisado 
(rare),  hedge,  ha-ha,  weir. 

4.  As  to  stolen  goods:  receiver,  lock  (cant). 
fence,  v.  i.  guard  (against);  spec,  parry, 

evade. 

fence,  v.  t.  inclosure;  spec  wire,  pale  (rare), 
palisade,  palisado  (rare),  hedge  (often 
with  "in"  or  "about"),  impale  (chiefly  lit- 
erary), picket. 

fender,  n.  duffer;  spec,  pudding,  pad,  hurt- 
er,  Scotchman,  shield. 


t^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
feel,  n.:  touch.  [emotional. 

feeling,    a.:   sentient,  affecting, 
feign:  imagine,  ■pretend,  assume. 
felicitate:  congratulate. 
felicitous:  glad,  appropriate. 


felicity:  gladness,  appropriateness. 
feline,  n.:  cat. 

fell,  a.:  fierce,  cruel,  harmful,  pain- 
ful, deadly,  destructive. 
fell,  n.:  skin,  down. 
felly:  rim. 


felon,  a.:  wicked,  cruel. 

felon,   /(.;  convict. 

felony:  crime. 

feminine:  female,  womanish. 

fen:  marsh. 

fond:  repel,  protect. 


%S^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

179 


FENNY 


ferment,  n.  1.  zyme  (tech.  or  rare);  spec. 
enzyme,  diiistaso,  pepsin,  yeast,  leaven 
(now  chic  fly  Bib.),  barm. 

2.    Nt'C  FERMENTATION,  EXCITEMENT,  AGI- 
TATION, UPROAK,  FRET. 

ferment,  v.  i.  1.  work. 
2.  Spec,  fret,  simmer. 

fermentation,  /;.  1.  ferment,  working; 
.s/xr  zymosis  {rare). 

2.    .Sec  EXCITEMENT. 

fern,  71.  Spec,  brake,  osmund,  bracken, 
hart's-tongue,  maidenhair. 

fern-shaped,  a.  filiciform  (tech.),  filicoid 
(tech.),  fernlike. 

ferny,  a.  bracky,  brackeny. 

ferocity,  n.  I.  See  violence,  ardor,  im- 
petuosity. 

2.  unkindness,  ferociousness,  truculence, 
savageness,  savagery,  dourness  (Scot.), 
grimness  (literary) ;  spec,  vandalism,  stern- 
ness, angriness,  malignancy,  pitilessness, 
murderousness,  brutality. 
Anto)iyms:  see  kindness,  gentleness. 

ferrule,  n.  band  (contextual),  ring,  shoe, 
collet,  virole  (rare);  spec,  thimble,  cap. 

ferrule,  v.  t.  bind,  shoe,  cap,  ring. 

ferry,  n.  bac  (French);  spec,  ghaut  or  ghat 
(Anglo-Indian) ,  pont  (So.  African). 

ferry,  v.  t.  transport  (contextual);  spec,  row, 
sail,  steam,  pull. 

ferryman,  n.  waterman  (contextual);  spec. 
Charon. 

fertilize,  v.  t.  1.  See  fructify. 
2.  enrich,  fat   (rare  or  literary),  fatten; 
spec,     manure,     compost,     bone,     warp 
(Eng.),  guano,  salt,  phosphate,  nitrify. 

fertilizer,  n.  dressing;  spec,  compost, 
marl,  manure,  dung,  phosphate,  bone- 
dust,  lime,  guano. 

ferule,  n.  palmer  (obs.  or  rare);  spec,  rod, 
ruler. 

fester,  n.  sore  (contextual),  ulcer,  pustule. 

fester,  v.  i.  ulcerate,  rankle  (literary),  sup- 
purate (tech.). 

festival,  n.  1.  carnival  (properly  spec),  feast 
(chiefly  spec),  fiesta  (Italian);  spec  fete 
(French;  on  a  large  scale),  fete  champetre 
(French),  hightide  (archaic  or  rare),  Visi- 
tation, holiday  (now  usually  called  a  "holy 
day"),  Vinalia,  Candlemas,  Christmas, 
Xmas,  Corpus  Christi,  purim  (Hebrew), 
Bairam  (Mohammedan),  pardon  (Roman 
Catholic  Church  or  obs.),  Easter,  epiphany. 


gaudy  day  (Eng.),  gala  day,  jubilee,  fes- 
tivity, harvest  home,  kirn  (Scot.),  hoolee 
or  hooli  (East  Indian),  dusserah  (Hiiulu), 
hypajiante,  encaenia,  panegyris  or  pane- 
gyry,  Panathensea  (pi.),  Lupercalia  (pi.). 
Saturnalia  (pL),  Vulcanalia  (pi.),  Bac- 
chanalia (pi.),  Dionysia  (pi.). 

2.   Sec  FESTIVITY. 

festive,  a.   1.   convivial,  festal,  festivous 
(rare),  feastful  (archaic);  spec  jolly,  up- 
roarious, carnival. 
Antonyms:  see  mournful. 
2.  As  being  fond  of  merriment;  see  gay. 

festivity,  n.  1.  festiveness,  conviviality, 
merrymaking. 

2.  festival,  merrymaking;  spec,  celebra- 
tion, rejoicing,  revel. 

fetid,  a.  malodorous,  foul,  olid  (rare),  rank, 
nidorous  (rare),  stinking,  graveolent  (liter- 
ary; rhetorical,  affected,  or  euphemistic); 
spec,  gamy,  rancid. 
Antonyms:  see  fragrant. 

fetish,  n.  fetich  (a  variant),  charm;  spec. 
juju,  medicine. 

feudatory,  n.  vassal,  beneficiary;  spec. 
prince,  palatine. 

fever,  n.  1.  heat,  fire  (fig.),  pyrexia  (rare); 
spec,  feveret,  febricula,  ague,  typhus,  ty- 
phoid, dengue,  hectic,  remittent,  calen- 
ture, intermittent,  quintan,  tertian,  quo- 
tidian, quartan. 

2.  Referring  to  a  feverish  state:  febricity 
(rare),  feverishness,  febrility  (rare),  fieri- 
ness. 

3.  See  DESIRE,  ardor. 

fevered,  a.  excited;  spec,  angry. 

feverish,  a.  1.  febrile,  feverous  (rare),  fe- 
vered, pyretic  (rare),  pyrectic  (rare),  py- 
rexial  (rare),  pyrexic  (rare),  pyrexical 
(rare),  febricitant  (rare),  febricose  (rare); 
spec,  febriculose  (rare),  inflamed,  fiery. 

2.    See  EXCITED,  ARDENT. 

few,  a.  sparse,  small  (with  "number"). 
Antonyms:    see   all,    many,   number- 
less. 

few,  n.  handful ; — a  collective. 

fewness,  n.  paucity  (learned  or  formal), 
scarcity,  sparsity,  sparseness. 

fiber,  n.  I.  filament;  spec  staple,  fibrile  or 
fibrilla,  strand,  bast,  sunn,  oakum,  istle, 
henequen,  hemp,  jute,  cotton,  pina,  rafia, 
ramie,  pita,  manila,  coir. 

2.    See  TEXTURE. 


l^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
fenny:  marshy. 
feodary:  rasBcU 
f«ral:  wild. 
ferine:  wild. 
ferocious:  fierce. 
ferret:  drive, 
tertile:  fruitful. 
fervent:  hot,  arderit. 
fervid:  hot,  ardent. 
fervor:  heat,  ardor. 


festal:  festive,  holiday. 
festoon,  n.:  wreath. 
festoon,  V.  t.:  vcreathe. 
fetch,    V.   t.:     bring,    captivate, 

draw,  heave,  deal,  elicit. 
fetch:  artifice. 
fetch:  apparition. 
fetching:  effective. 
fete,  n.:  entertainment,  festival. 
fete,  V.  t.:  entertain,  feast. 
fetich:  fetish. 


fetter,  n.:  shackle. 

fetter,  v.  t.:  shackle,  hamper. 

fettle,  V.  t.:  groom. 

fettle,  n.;  condition. 

feud:  fee. 

feud:  quarrel. 

fevered:  feverish,  excited. 

fiance,  fiancee:  bethrothed. 

fiasco:  failure. 

flat:  bidding. 

fib:  lie. 


tS^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

180 


FIGUREHEAD 


flberlike,  a.  fibrous,  fibriform  {rare),  fi- 
brine  [rare),  fibry;  s-pec.  fibrilliform 

fiction,  n.  1.  <Scc  imagination  {the  action). 
2.  The  thing  imagined:  imagination,  in- 
vention, forgery,  figment,  fantasy,  con- 
coction, fabrication,  story,  fable,  novel, 
allegory,  epic,  assumption. 
Antonyms:  see  actuality. 

fictitious,  a.   Spec,  mythical,  dummy,  in- 
vented, imaginary,  assumed,  fabled,  fabu- 
lous, artificial;  spec,  paper. 
Antonyms:  see  actual. 

fiddle,  V.  i.  1.  play;  spec.  bow.  Curiously, 
though  fiddle  as  a  verb  has  no  equivalent  ex- 
cept the  general  term  "play,"  the  verb  "fid- 
dle," as  well  as  the  noun,  is  now  rather  con- 
temptuous or  familiar. 
2.  See  POTTER,  fidget. 

fidget,  V  i.  fidge;  spec,  fiddle,  twiddle. 

field,  n.  1,  Spec,  clearing,  glebe  {poetic  or 
eccl.),  paddock  {chiefly  dial.  Eng.;  in  Aus- 
tralia not  spec),  croft  {British),  meadow, 
patch. 

2.  See    COMPETITOR,    EXTENT,    EXPANSE, 
SPHERE. 

3.  battlefield;  spec,  plain  {chiefly  poetic), 
Armageddon  {flg.). 

fiend,  n.  1.  See  demon,  monster. 
2.    demon  {of  cruelty),  shaitan    {colloq.), 
brute,  hellhound,  cat  {esp.  of  a  woman), 
wolf,  tiger;  see  monster. 

fierce,  a.  1.  See  violent,  ardent,  impetu- 
ous. 

2.  unkind  {contextual),  ferocious;  spec. 
glaring,  dragonish,  truculent,  catawam- 
pous  {slang,  chiefly  U.  S.),  fell  {chiefly  po- 
etic), savage,  Vandalic  {hist.),  breme  {obs. 
or  poetic),  dour  {Scot.),  grim,  cruel,  stern, 
angry,  malignant,  pitiless,  merciless,  mur- 
derous, inhuman,  tigerish,  wolfish. 
Antonyms:  see  kind,  gentle. 

fiery,  a.  1.  hot,  igneous  {literary  or  tech.), 
red  {fig.),  empyreal  or  empyrean  {fig.); 
spec,  flaming,  lurid. 
2.  See   ardent,    impetuous,    feverish, 

IRRITABLE,  ANGRY. 

fight,  n.  1.  contention  {contextual),  con- 
test {contextual),  encounter,  rencounter 
{rare),  conflict  {formal),  combat  {prima- 
rily spec),  affair  {contextual);  spec,  cuff 
{rare),  bicker  {now  chiefly  Scot.),  bustle 
{archaic),  brawl,  battle,  affray,  fray, 
m^lee  {French),  mellay  {archaic),  ruffle, 
engagement,  action,  quarrel,  sciamachy, 
digladiation  {rare),  duomachy  {rare),  pell- 
mell  {rare),  duel,  brush,  theomachy,  tour- 


ney, just  or  joust,  tilt,  spar,  scrap  {colloq.), 
scrimmage,  naumachia,  skirmish. 

2.  Sec  CONTENTION,  CONTEST. 

3.  pugnacity,  pluck,  game  {rare). 
fight,  V.  i.  1.  contend,  conflict  {rare),  com- 
bat, battle,  warfare  {rare);  spec  ruffle 
{archaic),  camp  {obs.  or  dial.),  war,  battle, 
scuffle,  box,  spar,  strike,  tilt,  just  or  joust, 
bicker,  brawl,  duel,  militate,  crab,  claw, 
scratch,  buffet,  skirmish,  strive,  fistify 
{nonce  word). 

2.    See  CONTEND. 

fight,  V.  t.  1.  encounter,  combat  {now  chief- 
ly fid-),  engage;  spec,  buffet  {chiefly  fig.), 
war  {rare),  worry. 

2.  Cause  to  fight:  pit,  match. 

3.  See  oppose. 

fighter,  n.  combatant,  contestant,  cham- 
pion {archaic,  rare,  or  spec),  contender 
{contextual),  combater  {rare);  spec,  bat- 
tler, warrior,  militant  {rare),  duelist,  du- 
eler {rare),  slasher,  tilter,  juster,  jouster, 
gueriUa,  gladiator,  skirmisher,  pugilist, 
boxer,  sparrer,  cuffer,  pancratiast. 
Antonyms:  see  pacifist. 

fighting,  a.  Spec  combatant,  militant, 
belligerent,  pugilistic,  skirmishing,  box- 
ing, etc. 

fighting,  n.  contention  {contextual);  spec. 
combating,  warring,  duel  {with  "the"), 
duello  {Italian),  fisticuffs  {pi.). 

figlike,  a.  ficoid  {tech.),  caricous  {rare), 
ficiform  {tech.). 

figural,  a.   Spec  graphic,  diagrammatic. 

figurative,  n.  1.  descriptive;  spec  sym- 
bohc. 

2.  Rhet.:  metaphorical,  figured  {rare  or 
spec);  spec  allegorical,  fabular. 

3.  See  FLORID  {of  speech),  ornate  {in 
art). 

figure,  n.  1.  character  {contextual),  num- 
ber, digit;  spt-c.  cipher,  one,  two,  etc 

2.  See  FORM,  PERSON,  SYMBOL. 

3.  Referring  to  the  thing  having  a  particu- 
lar form:  shape;  spec,  image,  effigy,  de- 
sign, diagram,  sculpture,  cylinder,  square, 
ball,  triangle,  ellipse,  ovoid,  oval,  parab- 
ola, diamond,  parallelogram,  rhombus, 
ghost,  sector  {geom.),  carving,  casting, 
molding,  etc 

4.  In  dancing:  evolution;  spec  entrechat 
{French),  quadrille. 

5.  In  rhetoric:  image,  trope,  ecbasis  {rare); 
spec,  metaphor,  similitude,  simile,  me- 
tonymy, irony,  litotes,  diasyrm,  aporia, 
diaporesis,  hendiadys,  etc 


C^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
fictile:  plastic. 
fiddle,  n.:  violin. 
fiddle-faddle,  n.:  trifle,  trifling. 
fiddler:  violinist.  [accuracy. 

fidelity:  constancy,  truthfulness, 
fidgety:  uneasy. 


fiducial:  trustful,  confidential. 
fiduciary:  confidential. 
net:  fee. 

fiendish:  devilish,  cruel. 
fleriness:  ardor,  heat,  fever,  iras- 
cibility. 
fig:  trifle. 


figment:  fiction. 

figure,  V.  t.:  depict,  delineate,  de- 
scribe, ornament,  compute,  sym- 
bolize. 

figure,  V.  i.:  appear,  compute. 

figured:  ornamented. 

figurehead:  dummy. 


13 


t^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

181 


FILAMENT 


filament,  /?.  fihor  (contcrtunl);  spec. 
throiul,  film,  straml,  cirrus,  barbel,  gossa- 
mor,  hair,  throadlet,  cobweb,  harl,  wire. 

filamentous,  n.  filamentary;  spec,  thread- 
like, tibrous,  stringy,  filar,  thready,  hair- 
like, filiform  (tech.),  capillary,  fibrillose, 
filose.  cirrous  {tech.). 

file,  V.  t.  Spec,  record,  lodge,  pigeonhole, 
thread,  string. 

filibuster,  >i.  obstructionist. 

filigree,  n.  wirework. 

filing,  n.  abrasion  (contextual);  spec,  lima- 
tioii  (Jig.;  rare). 

filings,  n.  pi.  limail  (tech.). 

fill,  /'.  t.  1.  Spec,  inject  (chiefly  used  ivith 
"with"),  stuff,  cram,  pack,  line,  congest, 
crowd,  crown,  overflow,  fulfil  (archaic), 
infill  (rare),  brimful,  brim,  bumper,  re- 
plenish, chink  (colloq.,  U.  S.),  saturate, 
sufTuse,  plug,  stop,  charge. 
Antonyms:  see  deplete,  drain,  empty, 

EVACUATE. 

2.  See  DISTEND,  PERVADE. 

3.  trim  (a  sail). 

4.  Referring  to  orders,  commissions,  etc.: 
execute,  discharge,  do,  perform. 

fillet,  n.  1.  band  (contextual);  spec,  {for  tlte 
hair)    bandeau,    vitta    {literary),    snood, 
sphenodome,  infula  (Roman  antiq.). 
2.  In  architecture:  spec,  orlo,  tsenia,  plat- 
band, stria. 

filling,  n.  Spec,  packing,  replenishment, 
repletion,  fill,  charge,  stuffing. 

film,  n.  skin  (contextual);  spec,  membrane, 
nebula,  scale,  veil,  pellicle,  scum,  lamina, 
gauze,  cloud. 

filmy,  a.  Spec,  clouded,  flimsy,  cloudy, 
fine-spun,  gauzy,  peUicular. 

filter,  V.  t.  &  i.  1.  strain,  filtrate,  percolate 
(usually  spec). 
2.  See  EXUDE. 

filth,  n.  1.  dirt,  sordes  {tech.),  sordor  {rare), 
\dleness,  foulness,  obscenity  (literary), 
filthiness,  ordure  {archaic),  nastiness. 

2.    See  DIRTINESS,  CORRUPTION. 

filthy,  a.  1.  dirty,  foul,  nasty,  sordid  (liter- 
ary), obscene  {literary),  vile;  spec,  impure, 
mucky,  dungy,  hoggish. 

2.    See  INDECENT. 

fin,  71.  1.  flipper,  pinna  {zool.);  spec.  sail. 
2.  See  FEATHER  (in  mechanics). 

final,  a.  end  {the  noun  used  attributively), 
last,  terminal,  latest,  ultimate,  extreme; 
spec,  eventual,  conclusive,  decisive,  un- 
appealable. 

finality,  n.  terminality,  ultimateness,  ex- 


tremity; spec,  decisiveness,  eventuality, 
conclusiveness. 

finances,  n.  pi.  circumstances  {contextual), 
atTairs  (contextual). 

financial,  a.  fiscal  {chiefly  U.  S.  &  spec); 
spec.  Iiursal. 

financier,  n.  Spec  investor,  lender,  cam- 
bist, capitalist. 

fine,  n.  punishment  {contextual),  penalty, 
mulct,  amercement,  assessment,  forfeit 
(often  spec);  spec,  geld,  wite,  bloodwite, 
wergild. 

fine,  V.  t.  penalize  {contextual),  amerce, 
mulct,  sconce  {Oxford  University) ;  spec. log. 

fine,  a.  1.  refined,  clear,  pure.  See  pure. 

2.  admirable,  brave  (literary),  choice,  su- 
perior, handsome;  spec,  glorious,  grand, 
imposing,  delicate,  nice,  subtle,  nifty 
{slang;  U.  S.),  divine,  heavenly,  superfine 
(an  intensive),  fancy,  splendiferous  {col- 
loq.), bully  (slang;  U.  S.,  and  Eng.  col- 
leges), dandy  (slang  or  colloq.),  nobby 
(colloq.,  slang,  or  cant),  finical,  surpass- 
ing, magnificent,  superb,  transcendent, 
spanking  (colloq.),  rum  (cant),  crack 
(slang  or  colloq.),  recherche  (French).  As 
slang  or  colloq.  intensives:  adorable,  tear- 
ing, ripping,  splendid,  rattling,  stunning, 
elegant,  great,  boss,  smashing,  tearing, 
bouncing,  etc 

Antonyms:  see  bad,  inferior. 

3.  See  SMALL,  slender,  sensitive,  nice, 

fastidious,  exact,   CLEAR. 

fine,  inter j.  bravo !  Many  of  the  words  under 
"fine"  and  "excellent"  are  more  or  less  used 
as  interjections  in  corresponding  senses. 

fineness,  a.  excellent,  delicacy,  superiority, 
subtlety,  subtility  {now rare),  etc.  Cf.  fine. 

fine  one.  crack  {colloq.),  rattler  {slang), 
screamer  (slang),  clipper  {slang),  bouncer 
(colloq.),  dandy  (colloq.). 
fS"  An  almost  innumerable  number  of 
words  meaning  primarily  something  noisy, 
big,  or  the  like,  are  used  as  slang  or  collo- 
quial terms  to  express  the  idea  of  something 
fine. 

finery,  n.  ornament;  spec,  frippery,  gaud- 
ery  (rare),  gewgawry  (rare),  gimcrackery. 

finger,  n.  1.  digit  (chiefly  tech.),  mudhooks 
{pi.;  slang);  spec,  minimus,  index,  pointer, 
fingerlet. 

2.  technique; — in  music 

3.  See  pointer. 

finial,  n.  In  architecture:  ornament  {con- 
textual), terminal;  spec.  crop. 
finish,  V.  t.  1.  See  end,  dress,  kill. 


t^="  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
filch:  steal. 
filcher:  thief. 
file,  n.:  list,  line. 
file,  n.  &  v.:  march. 
filibuster,  v.  i.:  delay. 
filiform:  filamentous. 


fiUy:  colt. 
filtrate:  filter. 
fine,  V.  t.:  purify. 
finedraw:  sew,  attenuate. 
fine-gained:  smooth. 
fine-spun:   attenuated,  slender, 
subtle,  filmy. 


finesse:  art,  artifice. 
finger,  v.  t.:  handle,  steal. 
finger,  r.  i.:  play,  toy. 
finical:  fastidious. 
finicking:  fastidious. 
finis:  end,  death. 
finish,  V.  i.:  end. 


XS'  See  Notes  of  Explaaation. 

182 


FISSURE 


2.  accomplish,    crown,    complete,    con- 
summate, fulfill,  do,  execute,  round  (esp. 
with  "out"). 
Antonyms:  see  begin. 
finish,  V.  i.  1.  conclude,  end; — in  the  sense 
of  "to  have  done." 

2.    See  END,  DIE. 

finish,  n.  1-  See  end,  death,  perfection, 

ELEGANCE. 

2.  surface  {contextual);  spec,  dress. 

finished,  a.  1.  done,  accomplished,  over  (in 
predicative  use;  colloq.),  complete,  round- 
ed, round. 
Antonyms:  see  incomplete,  unfinished. 
2.  perfect;  spec,  fine,  elegant. 
Antonyms:  see  unfinished. 

finishing,  n.  Spec,  end,  conclusion,  ter- 
mination, completion,  etc. 

finite,  a.  definable,  limited,  terminable. 
Antonyms:  see  infinite. 

finiteness,  n.  limitedness,  limitation,  fini- 
tude,  finity  (rare). 

fin-shaped,  a.  pinniform  (tech.),  finny. 

fire,  n.  1.    Spec,  flame,  coal,  blaze,  con- 
flagration,  beacon,   bale   (archaic),   bale- 
fire,   ingle,    bonfire,    smudge,    needfire, 
spark,  smother. 
2.  See  BURNING,  fever,  ardor. 

fire,    V.  t.    1.  See    ignite,    heat,    eject, 
expel,  excite,  enliven. 
2.  discharge,  explode;  spec.  play. 

firearm,  n.  piece,  gun  (colloq.,  exc.  as 
spec),  popgun  (contemptuous) ;  spec,  pis- 
tol, revolver,  rifle,  mitrailleuse  (French), 
Martini,  musket,  jezail,  bulldog,  es- 
copette  (U.  S.),  fusil  (obs.  or  hist.),  fusee 
(obs.  or  hist.),  galloper,  harquebus,  gin- 
gall,  jingall,  ciuverin,  hackbut,  hagbut, 
chassepot  (French),  carbine,  carabine, 
cannon,  gun,  petronel,  saket,  falconet. 

fireman,  n.    Spec,  stoker. 

fireplace,  n.  hearth,  fireside,  grate  (fig.); 
spec,  range,  hob,  cupola,  cockle,  tisar. 

firework,  n.  1.  pyrotechnic;— 6o</i  usually 
in  pi. 

2.  Spec,  squib,  girandola,  rocket,  pin- 
wheel,  petard,  bomb,  serpent,  saucisson 
(French),  jack-in-the-box,  maroon,  flower- 
pot, fizgig,  wheel,  jet,  gerbe. 

firm,  a.  1.  See  fixed,  constant,  courage- 
ous. 

2.  stable,  solid,  coherent,  consistent,  con- 
sistency, steady,  stout,  stanch,  strong, 
stiff,  tight,  secure,  fast;  spec,  hard, 
braced,  tied,  inflexible,  nailed,  bolted,  etc. 
Antonyms:  see  shaky,  tottering,  weak, 

UNSTEADY,  RICKETY,  LOOSE. 

firm,  V.  t.  1.  steady,  stabilize,  stabilify 
(rare),  solidate  (rare);  spec,  consolidate. 


brace,  jack   (U.   S.),  nail,    bolt,   screw, 

etc. 
Antonyms:  see  weaken. 

2.  See  establish. 
firm,  71.  association,  concern,  house;  spec. 

partnership,  corporation,  company. 
firmness,  n.  1.  Spec,  fixedness,  courage. 

2.  constancy,  unyieldingness,  backbone 
(colloq.). 

3.  stability,  solidity,  steadiness,  stout- 
ness, stanchness,  strength,  stiffness, 
tightness,  consistency,  security,  fastness, 
solidness;  spec,  coherence. 

Antonyms:  see  instability. 
first,  a.  1.   Referring  to  time  or  order:  earli- 
est, premier  (rare),  erst  (obs.);  spec,  pri- 
mary,   primal,    prime,    pristine,    eldest, 
aboriginal,  maiden,  original. 

Antonyms:  see  last,  final. 

2.  foremost,  front,  head. 

3.  See  chief. 

first,  adv.  firstly  (avoided  by  some),  im- 
primis (Latin),  erst  (archaic  and  literary); 
spec,  formerly. 

first-class,  a.  excellent,   prime,   scrump- 
tious (U.  S.;  colloq.),  palmary  (rare),  pal- 
marian  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  inferior. 

fish,  n.  fin  (fig.);  spec,  fishlet,  fishing,  fry 
(collective  pi.). 

fish,  a.  piscine  (learned  or  tech.),  ichthyic 
(rare) . 

fish,  V.  i.  1.     Spec,  angle,  bob,  dap,  dib, 
dibble,   torch,   flyfish,   troH,    gig,    guddle 
(Scot.),  grig,  drive,  shrimp,  spoon,  whiff, 
spin. 
2.  See  SEEK. 

fisher,  n.  fisherman,  piscator  (learned,  often 
pedantic),  piscatorian  (rare),  piscatorial- 
ist  (rare);  spec,  angler,  peterman  (local 
Eng.),  wormer  (colloq.),  jacker,  dibber, 
drifter,  trawler,  trapper. 

fishery,  a.  1.  piscary  (tech.). 
2.  See  pishing. 

fishhook,  n.  angle  (literary  or  rare);  spec. 
sockdolger  (slang,  U.  S.),  hmerick,  car- 
lisle,  sproat,  kirby,  etc. 

fishing,  n.  piscatory  (learned),  piscatorial 
(learned),  halieutic  (rare). 

fishing,  n.  fishery,  piscation  (rare),  halieu- 
tics  (the  art;  rare). 

fishlike,  a.  fishy,  ichthyomorphic  (learned 
or  tech.),  ichthyoid  (learned  or  tech.),  pisci- 
form  (learned  or  tech.). 

fishline,  n.  line  (contextual);  spec,  drail, 
boulter,  bultow,  greatline,  gimiJ,  spiller, 
whiffing. 

fishpond,  n.  piscina  (rare). 

fishway,  n.  zigzag. 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
finisher:  settler. 
firmament:  heaven. 


first-rate,  a.:  fine. 
fiscal:  financial. 
fissile:  cleavable. 


fissility:  cleavane. 
fissure,  n.:  crack,  cleft. 
fissure,  V.  t.:  cleave,  split. 


fW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

183 


FIST 


flst,  n.  1.  hand  (conlixtiKjl),  nieve  or  nicf 
(archaic),  duke  (slang),  dadillo  (dial.). 

2.    ^NVc  clutch,  HANDWRlTlNHi. 

fit,  H.  1.  sit,  set  (by  »tantj  condemned  as  not 
in  good  usage);  spec,  hang,  drape. 

2.    ^^Vc  PREPARATION. 

fit,  r.  t.  1.  Sec  BECOME,  prepare,  qualify. 
2.  adapt;  spec,  adjust,  justify,  dovetail, 
fay  {U.  S.  or  shipbuilditig),  joint,  concin- 
nate  [rare). 

fit,  c.  i.  1.  sit,  set  (by  many  condemned  as 
not  in  good  usage);  spec.  hang. 
2.  See  SUIT. 

fit,  n.  1.  Referring  to  a  disorder:  access 
(tech.  or  literary),  attack,  qualm,  luncs 
(pi.;  archaic),  paroxysm;  spec,  touch,  out- 
break. 

2.  Refeiring  to  a  nervous  upset:  spec,  pet, 
heat,  tantrums  (pi.),  freaks  (pL),  fury, 
fume,  passion,  huff,  gale  ([/.  S.),  spell, 
con\'ulsion,  spasm,  turn. 

five,  n.  Of  five  things  grouped;  with  "a"  or 
"an":  spec,  quinary  (rare),  quintuple 
(rare),  quintuplet,  quintet,  quintette, 
pentad,  quincunx,  cinque. 

five-angled,  a.  pentangular,  pentagonal; 
— both  learned  or  tech. 

fivefold,  V.  t.  quintuple,  quintuplicate 
(rare). 

fix,  V.  t.  1.  fasten,  immobilize  (rare),  plant, 
firm;  spec,  lock,  root,  bind,  stay,  cement, 
ship,  nail,  screw,  congeal,  freeze,  clinch 
("clench"  is  now  rare  in  this  sense),  tie, 
bind,  etc. 
Antonyms:  see  dislodge,  displace. 

2.  See  establish,  place,  adjust. 

3.  decide,  seal,  nettle;  spec,  appoint,  de- 
fine, harden. 

Antonyms:  see  change,  convert,  alter. 

4.  Spec,  (in  figurative  or  transferred  uses) 
set,  corroborate,  enchain,  rivet,  nail,  con- 
firm, implant,  fossilize,  grave  or  engrave, 
impress,  imprint,  number,  concentrate, 
absorb,  settle,  harden. 

fix,  V.  i.  set  (which  see) ;  spec,  harden. 

fixation,  n.    Spec,  congelation,  implanta- 
tion,  fixture    (rare),   immobiUzation,  es- 
tablishment. 
Antonyms:  see  displacement. 

fixed,  a.  1.  firm,  set,  secure,  fast,  immov- 
able (rare),  immobile;  spec,  certain  (as  in 
"a  day  certain"),  sessile,  irremovable,  sta- 
tionary, inerratic,  etc.  Cf.  fix,  v.  t. 
Antonyms:  see  changeable,  portable, 
protrusile. 


2.  constant;  spr(^.  intransformable,  in- 
eradicable, concentrated,  luichangeablc, 
settled,  unchanging,  definite,  certani,  un- 
shakable, upset,  steadfast. 

Antonyms:  see  changeable,  convert- 
ible. 

fixture,  n.  attachment,  fittings  (pL), 
equipment. 

flaccid,  a.  limp,  baggy,  soft  (contextual). 

flag,  n.  layer  (contextual),  flagstone,  flag- 
ging (collective  sing.),  slab. 

flag,  n.  1.  bunting  (collective  sing.);  spec. 
streamer,  pennon,  pendant,  pennant,  col- 
ors (pi.),  bluepeter,  banderole,  bandrol, 
burgee,  brattach  (Gaelic),  raven,  jack, 
union,  fanion,  guidon,  Dannebrog,  tri- 
color (French). 
2.  See  tail. 

flagon,  n.  stoup,  gim  (slang,  Eng.). 

flagrancy,  n.  grossness,  outrageousness, 
etc.;  spec,  notoriety. 

flagrant,  a.  1.   See  flaming. 
2.  gross,  glaring,  grievous  (archaic),  mon- 
strous, outrageous;  .spec,  violent,  shame- 
ful, notorious,  wicked,  scandalous. 

Antonyms:  see  excusable,  unimpor- 
tant. 

flame,  n.  1.  blaze,  light,  flare,  low  (chiefly 
Scot.);  spec,  flake,  flamelet. 
2.  See  ARDOR,  sweetheart. 

flame,  v.  i.  1.  burn  (contextual),  blaze. 
2.  »SVe  BURN  {with  zeal) ,  shine. 

flaming,  a.  1.  blazing;  spec,  flaring. 
2.  bright   (contextual),   flaring,  lambent, 
blazing. 

flange,  n.  flanch  (rare),  rib,  rim;  spec. 
feather,  collet. 

flank,  v.  t.  1.  border;  spec.  wing. 
2.  See  attack. 

flap,  n.  1.  Spec,  lap,  lappet,  leaf,  lug,  lapel, 
fly,  tab,  tuck,  apron. 
2.  beat   (contextual),  stroke   (contextual), 
flaff  (chiefly  Scot.);  spec,  flutter,  slat,  flop. 

flap,  V.  t.  &  i.  beat  (contextual),  strike  (con- 
textual), flaff  (chiefly  Scot.);  spec,  flutter, 
slat,  flop,  bate,  winnow. 

flapper,  n.  Spec,  flytrap,  chowry  (India), 
whisk,  swingle. 

flare,  v.  t.  1.  See  display. 
2.  spread;  spec.  bell. 

flaring,  a.  1.   See  flaming. 
2.  spreading;    spec,    funnel-shaped,    in- 
fundibuliform,  bell-mouthed. 

flash,  V.  i.  blaze  (contextual),  burst  (as 
"out,"  "into  flame,"  etc.),  fulgurate  (liter- 


XW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

fit,  n.:  appropriate,  becoming, 
qualified,  prepared. 

fitful:  intermittent. 

fitting,  a.:  appropriate,  becom- 
ing. 

fitting,  n.:  equipment. 

fizz,  V.  i.:  hiss. 

fizz,  n.;  hiss,  energy. 


fizzle,  V.  i.:  hiss,  burn,  fail. 
fizzle,  n.:  hiss,  failure. 
fjord:   arm. 
flabbergast:  confuse. 
flagellate,  a.:  whip-shaped. 
flagellate,  v.  t.:  whip. 
flaggy:  cleavable. 
flagitious:  wicked. 
flail,  V.  t.:  beat. 


flake,  n.:  rack. 

flake,  n.:  hurdle,  scale,  lamina, 

flame. 
flake, !).  !.;  scale. 
flaky:  cleavable,  laminate. 
flam:  deceive. 
flambeau:  torch. 
flamboyant:  wavy,  bright. 
flank,  n.:  side. 


t^°  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

184 


FLEXIBILITY 


ary;  rare,  exc.  fig.):  spec,  gleam,  blink, 
fulminate,  flicker,  bicker,  glimpse  (ar- 
chaic), glimmer,  shimmer,  glisten,  glance, 
scintillate,  sparkle,  corruscate,  glint, 
twinkle. 

flash,  n.  blaze  {contextual) ;  spec,  flicker, 
flaught  (cJdefly  Scot.),  burst,  fulguration 
{literary;  rare,  exc.  fig.),  gleam,  blink,  ful- 
mination,  bicker,  glimpse,  glimmer, 
shimmer,  glisten,  glance,  spark,  scintilla- 
tion, corruscation,  sparkle,  glint,  flip 
(rare),  twinkle. 

flashing,  ?i.  bright  (contextual),  blazing 
(contextual),  fulguration  (rare  or  fig.), 
glistening,  glittering,  etc. 

flashy,  a.  showy,  brilliant,  Bowery  (fig.), 
loud. 

flask-shaped,  a.  lageniform  (tech.  or  rare). 

flat,  a.  1.  plane  (tnore  technical),  plain  (an 
unusual   spelling),    level;    spec,    flattish, 
complanate,  homaloid. 
Antonyms:  see  uneven,  hilly. 

2.  See  HORIZONTAL,  UNIFOKM,  MONOTO- 
NOUS, DULL,  BLUNT,  DIRECT. 

flat,  adv.  1.  See  absolutely,  exactly. 
2.  flatly   (rare),   flatling   (literary);    spec. 
horizontally,    lengthwise,    flatways,    flat- 
wise, broadside,  etc. 

flat-footed,  a.  In  tool.:  plantigrade  (tech.). 

flatten,  v.  t.  flat  (rare  or  spec);  spec. 
smooth,  level,  lower,  fell,  depress,  abate 
(of  wind),  squash,  squelch,  strike. 

flattened,  a.  Spec,  deplanate  (tech.),  com- 
pressed, flatted,  oblate. 

flatter,  v.  t.  1,  Spec  adulate  (learned), 
compliment,  gloze  (rare),  butter  (fig.), 
beflatter  (intensive),  blarney,  beslobber 
(intensive),  blandish,  smooth,  soft-soap 
(colloq.;  fig.),  slaver  (fig.),  oil  (fig.);  see 

CAJOLE. 

Antonyms:  see  insult,  abuse,  discredit. 
2.  Reflectively:  congratulate. 

flatterer,  7i.  adulator  (learned),  pickthank 
(archaic)  proneur  (French),  flattercap 
(rare  or  dial.),  Damocles  (fig.). 

flattering,  a.  1.  adulating  (learned),  but- 
tery (colloq.;  fig.),  silken  (fig.),  silky  (fig.), 
sweet,  candied  (fig.),  fair,  pickthank 
(archaic) . 

Antonyms:  see  abusive. 
2.  See  promising,  auspicious. 

flattery,  n.  Spec,  adulation  (learned),  lip- 
salve (fig.),  gloze,  blandiloquence  (rare), 
flamm  (cant),  daub  (dial.),  flummery 
(fig.),  slaver  (fig.),  taffy  (slang,  U.  S.), 
sugar  plum  (fig.;  an  instance  of  flatterTj), 


sugar  (fig.),  soap  (slang;  fig.),  soft  soap 
(slang;    fig.),    honey    (fig.),   soft  sawder 
(fig.;  slang,  U .  S.),  blarney;  see  cajolery. 
Antonyms:  see  insult,  abuse. 

flat-topped,  a.  tabular  (formal  or  learned) . 

flatulent,  a.  windy,  gassy,  ventose 
(learned). 

flavor,  n.  I.  See  smell,  taste. 
2.  admixture  (contextual);  spec  dash,  lac- 
ing, lace,  seasoning. 

flavor,  V.  t.  taste  (rare);  spec  spice,  be- 
spice  (intensive),  curry,  lace,  pepper,  salt, 
saffron  (rare),  lemon,  ginger,  onion,  sea- 
son, dash. 

flavoring,  n.  Spec,  seasoning,  relish,  zest, 
spice,  salt,  condiment,  pepper,  etc. 

flaw,  n.  1.  crack;  spec  brack,  feather,  wind 
shake,  honeycomb. 
2.  See  fault. 

flea,  a.  pulicine  (learned). 

fleay,  a.  pulicous,  pulicose; — both  tech.  or 
learned. 

flee,  V.  i.  depart  (contextual);  spec,  run, 
slope    (slang),    skedaddle    (colloq.;    orig. 
U.  S.),  fly  (now  the  more  common  term; 
"fiee"  being  rhetorical  or  archaic). 
Antonyms:  see  stay. 

flee,  V.  t.  avoid  (contextual),  run  (rare),  fly. 

fleece,  n.  I.  toison  (rare  or  literary). 
2.  See  WOOL. 

fleece,  v.  t.  cheat,  pluck  (colloq.  or  fig.), 
shave  (colloq.),  plunder,  sweat  (slang  or 
cant);  spec  bleed  (colloq.;  fig.),  skin  (col- 
loq.; fig.),  strip,  Qsiy  (fig.). 

fleet,  n.  Spec,  division  (contextual),  ar- 
mada, caravan,  convoy,  flotilla,  marine, 
navy  (poetic  or  rhet.,  exc.  spec). 

flesh,  n.  1.  muscle,  beef  (spec  or  colloq.); 
spec  brawn,  carrion,  game. 
Antonyms:  see  skin. 

2.  Referring  to  fruit:  pulp,  meat;  spec. 
sarcocarp. 

3.  See  MEAT,  kindred. 

flesh,  a.  creatic  (tech.;  rare);  spec,  fleshy, 

fleshly. 
flesh- eating,  a.  carnivorous. 
flesh- eating,  n.     Spec,  hippophagy,  hip- 

pophagism; — both  formal  or  tech. 
fleshlike,  a.  Spec,  sarcoid  (tech.). 
fleshy,  a.  1.  *S'ce  fat,  bodily. 

2.  sarcous  (tech.),  carnose  (rare),  car- 
nous  (rare),  carneous  (rare),  meaty  (rare 
or  spec). 

3.  Referring  to  roots:  carnose  (rare),  pulp- 
ous  (rare),  pulpy. 

flexibility,   n.     flexility  (rare),    pliability. 


i'W  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

flashy:  showy. 

flaunt:  disclose,  wave. 

flaunty:  showy,  boastful. 

flaw,  V.  t. :  crack. 

flaw,  n.:  wind. 

flay,  V.  t.:  skin,  criticize. 


fleabitten:  spotted. 
fleck,  V.  t.:  spot,  streak,  speckle, 
freckle,  dot. 
fledge:  feather. 
fleecy:  fluffy. 
fleeing:  fugitive. 
fleer:  smile,  jeer. 


fleet,  V.  i.:  glide,  hasten,  speed, 

vanish. 
fleet,  a.:  rapid,  transitory. 
fleeting:  transitory. 
fletch,  V.  t.:  feather. 
flews:  chop. 
flex,  V.  t.:  bend. 


tS^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

185 


FLEXIBLE 


f)liantncss,  pliancy;  spec,  supplonoss, 
itlu'uoss.  limbornoss,  withiness,  willowi- 
ness,  lissomonoss. 
flexible,  a.  1.  Hexilo  {chiefly  tech.),  bcMid- 
able,  pliable,  ]>liant;  spec,  supple,  lithe, 
limber,  withy,  willowy,  lissom  (poetic), 
buxom  (archaic  and  poetic),  limp. 
Antonyms:  see  stiff,  brittle,  rigid. 

2.    See  AD.\PT.\BLE. 

flicker,  r.  i.  1.  See  flutter,  move. 
2.     flame     (contextual),    flutter,     waver, 
glimmer   (less  suggestive  of  dying  out  than 
the  other  words),  blink. 

flicker,  n.  1.  See  flutter,  motion. 
2.  flame  (contextual),  flutter,  waver,  wav- 
ering, glimmer,  blink. 

flickering,  a.  flaming  (contextual),  inter- 
mittent (contextual),  fluttering,  wavery 
(rare),  wavy,  glimmering. 

flight,  n.  departure  (contextual),  fleeing; 
spec,  sauve  qui  pent  (French),  stampede, 
rout,  scurry,  helter-skelter,  scamper,  de- 
bacle, hegira  or  hejira,  regifuge  (rare). 

flight,  n.  1.  flying,  volation  (rare),  fly,  vo- 
lition (rare),  wing,  volatility  (the  power  of 
flight;  rare);  spec,  soaring,  soar,  mounting, 
flit,  flutter,  hover,  glide. 

2.  See  FLOCK,  ARROW. 

3.  Referring  to  utterance  of  wit,  venting  of 
tears,  etc.:  spec,  sally,  burst,  strain, 
stretch. 

4.  Referring  to  motion  of  missiles,  falling 
leaves,  etc.:  spec,  rain,  shower,  storm, 
flutter. 

5.  Referring  to  steps:  pair,  gradatory  (rare); 
spec,  ghaut  or  ghat  (Anglo-Indian). 

flLighty,  a.  1.  volatile,  barmy  (rare  or  liter- 
ary), giggish  (rare),  shuttle-witted  (ar- 
chaic; fig^,  bird-witted  (fig.). 

2.    See  DERANGED. 

flimsy,  a.  unsubstantial,  slight,  thin  (con- 
textual), frail;    spec,  filmy,  sleazy,  sleezy, 
paper,     papery,     gossamer,     gossamery, 
jerry-built. 
Antonyms:  see  firm,  strong. 

flipper,  n.  limb  (contextual),  pinna  (tech.), 
flapper  (rare);  spec.  wing. 

flirt,  V.  i.  1.  See  moat:,  dart. 
2.  Spec,  coquet,  gallant,  philander  (used 
of  the   male;    with   "with"),   dally,   plaj-, 
wanton. 

flirt,  n.  1.  See  throw,  jerk,  movement, 
dart. 

2.  Spec,  coquet  (male  or  female),  co- 
quette (female),  wanton;  spec,  philander- 
er (male). 


flirtation,  n.  Spec,  coquetry,  flirting,  dal- 
liance, wantonness,  philandering. 

flirtatious,  a.  flirtish  (rare),  flirty  (rare); 
spec,  coquettish,  coquet. 

flit,  V.  i.  1.  hasten,  dart. 

2.  See  depart. 

3.  fly,  flutter,  flicker,  twinkle,  skit. 
float,  ('.  i.  1.  buoy  (rare,  exc.  spec);  spec. 

live,  swim,  ride,  waft,  drift  (contextual), 
drive,  tide. 

2.  Referring  to  objects  poised  in  the  air,  in 
ivater,  etc.:  buoy,  hang;  spec,  swim,  trail, 
stream,  watch  (of  a  buoy),  fluff",  waft,  fly. 

Antonyms:  see  sink. 

3.  See  glide. 

float,  V.  t.  1.  support  (contextual),  buoy; 
spec,  swim,  launch,  flash,  flush,  waft. 

Antonyms:  see  sink. 
2.  See  overflow. 

float,  n.  1.  floatage,  floater;  spec,  raft, 
catamaran,  swimmer,  camel,  buoy,  out- 
rigger. 

2.  In  fishing:  dobber  (local,  U.  S.);  spec. 
cork,  quill,  darby. 

3.  Of  a  wagon  with  its  display,  in  a  proces- 
sion: pageant  (archaic  or  hist.). 

floating,  a.  1.  afloat,  natant  (tech.  or  rare), 
superfluitant  (rare),  supernatant  (rare), 
swimming. 

2.  See  wandering. 

3.  unfunded;  spec,  variable; — referring  to 
a  debt,  etc. 

flocculent,  a.  gossypine  (rare),  cottony 
(chiefly  spec),  flocky  (rare),  floccose, 
woolly  (jyrimarily  spec.) . 

flock,  n.  1.  See  company,  multitude, 
group. 

2.  Referring  to  a  group  of  gregarious  ani- 
mals: plump  (archaic  or  dial.  Eng.);  spec. 
troop,  herd,  pack,  drove,  swarm,  shoal  or 
school,  bevy,  covey,  team,  wing,  flight, 
fling  (Brit.),  game,  kit  (cant),  gaggle,  loft. 
All  the  terms  are  secondarily  applied  to  hu- 
man  beings,  with  implications  of  respect, 
fear,  contempt,  etc,  implied  by  the  literal 
senses,  as  "bevy"  to  maidens  and  ladies, 
"herd"  to  a  rabble  of  persons,  etc. 

flock,  V.  i.  congregate;  spec,  school,  herd, 
swarm,  shoal. 

flock,  n.  clump  (contextual);  spec,  lock, 
flake,  tuft,  dag,  floccule,  flocculus. 

flock,  V.  i.  gather  (contextual) ;  spec.  tuft. 

floe,  n.   Spec  field,  sheet,  pan,  cake,  flake. 

flogging,  a.  plagose  (humorous). 

flood,  n.  1.  Spec,  deluge.  Niagara  (fig.), 
wave,  rage,  flush,  inundation,  confluence, 


t^^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
flezioii,  n.:  bend. 
flexuous:  sinuous,  wavy. 
flexure,  n.:  bend. 
flick,  r.  t.:  whip.  snap. 
flick,  V.  i.:  flutter. 
flick,  n.:  stroke,  snap. 


flightless:   wingless. 
flimflam,  n.:  deception. 
flimflam,  r.  i.:  deceive. 
flinch:  shrink. 
flinder:  splinter. 
fling,  V.  i:  flounce. 
flip:  throw,  snap. 


flippant:  frivolous. 
flirt,  r.  t.:  throw   dart. 
flite,  V.  i.  &  n.:  dispute. 
flite,  1'.  t.:  abuse. 
floaty:  buoyant. 
flog,  V.  t.:  beat.  lash. 
flood,  r.  t.:  overflow. 


(W  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

186 


FLURRY 


cataclysm,  tide,  debacle,  torrent,  freshet 
or  (less  usual)  fresh,  overflow,  waterfall, 
cloudburst,  countertide,  spate  {chiefly 
Scot.),  downpour,  water  (contextual), 
bore,  eagre. 

2.    See  FLOW,  ABUNDANCE,  EXCESS. 

flood,  a.  diluvial  or  diluvian  (chiefly  spec); 

spec,  cataclysmic  or  cataclysmal  (tech.  or 

learned) . 
floodgate,  n.   Spec,  stanch,  weir,  penstock. 
floor,  n.  1.  bottom  (contextual),  flooring; 

spec,    pavement,    parquet,    stage,    deck, 

contignation  (rare  or  obs.). 

2.  See  STORY. 
floor,  V.  t.  1.  cover  (contextual),  lay;  spec. 

deck,  plank,  pave. 

2.  See  FELL. 
floorcloth,  n.  covering  (contextual);  spec. 

carpet,  linoleum,  oilcloth,  rug,  etc. 
florid,  a.  1.  flowery,  ornate,  embellished; 

spec,  rococo,  figurative,  figured,  luxuriant. 
Antonyms:  see  prosaic. 

2.    See  RED,  RED-FACED. 

flotation,  n.  floatage;  spec,  supernatation. 

flounce,  V.  i.  &  n.  1.  Spec,  flounder,  fling, 
throw,  whop,  flop,  struggle,  tumble, 
fling,  toss,  plunge,  blunder,  slosh,  twitch, 
plouter  (chiefly  Scot.). 

2.    See  RUSH,  JERK. 

flounce,  n.  &  v.  t.  furbelow. 

flour,  n.  powder  (contextual),  meal  (now 

chiefly  spec);    spec   sujee  or  suji   (East 

India),  tapioca,  farina,  cones  (cant). 
flourish,  V.  t.  swing  (contextual),  upsway 

(rare);  spec  brandish,  wave,  whisk,  sweep, 

flaunt,  shake. 
flourish,  n.  1.  See  show. 

2.  swing  (contextual);  spec  shake,  bran- 
dish, brandishment,  wave,  whisk,  sweep, 
flaunt. 

3.  Referring  to  writing,  etc.:  stroke,  quirk; 
spec,  paraph. 

4.  In  music:  floriation  (rare);  spec  ca- 
denza, fanfare  or  fanfarade,  tantara,  tar- 
antara,  blast,  tantivy. 

flow,  V.  i.  I.  run;  spec,  stream,  spew,  spring, 
gutter,  dribble,  pour,  purl,  gurgle,  drain, 
draw,  flush,  trickle,  gush,  rush,  ripple, 
flood,  tide,  regorge  (rare),  reflow  (rare), 
outflow,  effuse,  extravasate,  well  (used 
with  "out"  or  "up"),  inflow  (rare),  in- 
flood,  interflow,  bleed,  discharge,  roll, 
glide,  geyser. 
2.  See  PASS,  GO,  glide,  issue,  emanate, 

ARISE,  WAVE,  RISE. 

8.  abound,  run; — as  with  gold,  milk  and 
honey,  etc. 


flow,  n.  1.  run  (rare  or  spec);  spec,  tide, 
stream,  dribble,  pour,  drain,  trickle,  gush, 
geyser,  rush,  flowage,  determination,  cur- 
rent, flash,  flood,  fluxion  (rare,  exc  med.), 
flux  (rare,  exc  med.  or  fig.),  flush,  drib- 
bling, streaming,  bore,  wave,  guggle,  dis- 
charge, tide,  ripple,  defluence  (rare),  de- 
fluxion,  catarrh. 

2.  Spec  passage,  glide,  issue,  emanation, 
blow,  abundance,  rise. 

flower,  n.  I.  blossom,  bloom,  blowth 
(rare),  blow  (rare);  spec  floweret,  flos- 
cule,  flowerage  (collective),  floret,  inflores- 
cence (collective;  tech.),  drop. 

2.  In  pi.:  bloom  (a  collective). 

3.  Referring  to  the  state:  see  bloom. 

4.  See  BEST,  ESSENCE,  ELITE. 

flower,  V.  i.  I.  blossom,  bloom,  effloresce 
(rare);  spec,   emblossom,    tassel    (chiefly 
U.  S.). 
2.  See  DEVELOP. 

flowery,  a.  1.  bloomy,  blossomy,  flowerful 
(rare),  florulent  (chiefly  in  decorative  art); 
spec    floscular    (rare),    flosculous    (rare, 
florigerous  (rare). 
2.  See  FLORID. 

flowing,  a.  1.  running,  current  (now  rare), 
fluent  (rare  and  fig.,  exc.  spec);  spec. 
quick  (rare),  dribbling,  gushing,  flux- 
ional,  living  (Biblical  usage),  decursive 
(rare),  confluent,  decurrent  (rare),  de- 
fluent  (rare),  refluent,  interfluent  (rare), 
influent,  pro  fluent  (rare),  excurrent  (chief- 
ly tech.),  scaturient  (rare),  circumfluent 
or  circumfluous. 
Antonyms:  see  stagnant,  motionless, 

STILL. 

2.  See  abundant. 

flue,  n.  duct  (contextual);  spec,  chimney, 
tunnel. 

fluent,  a.  1.  See  flowing. 
2.  Referring   to   speech,   expression,   etc.: 
ready,  facile,  flowing,  easy,  voluble;  spec. 
glib. 
Antonyms:  see  dumb. 

fluff,  n.  down,  fuzz,  floss;  spec,  flue,  lint. 

fluffy,  a.  downy,  fuzzy;  spec,  fleecy,  cot- 
tony, linty,  woolly. 

fluid,  a.  1.  running,  fluent  (rare),  fluxible 
(archaic);  spec,  gaseous,  liquid. 
Antonyms:  see  solid. 

2.    See  UNSTABLE. 

fluid,  n.     Spec,  liquid,  gas,  aura,  humor 

(archaic). 
fluidify,  V.  t.   Spec  gasify,  liquefy. 
flurry,  n.  1.  excitement,  agitation,  bustle, 

fluster,  confusion. 


fW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
flooded:  afloat. 
flossy:  silky,  downy. 
fiourishing:  prosperous,  luxuri- 
ant. 
flow,  V.  t.  <&  n.:  throw. 


flown:  gone. 

fluctuate:  vary,  waver,  swing. 

flue:  fluff. 

fluke:  arm.  lobe. 

flume:  channel. 

flummery:  nonsense,  porridge. 


flattery. 
flunk,  i'.  i.:  fail. 
flunk,  n.:  failure. 
flunkey:  manservant,  footman. 
fluorescent:  luminescent. 
flurry,  v.  t.:  bustle. 


tP^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

187 


FLURRY 


2.    Sec  UAIX,  SNOW,  WIND. 

flurry,  r.  t.  oxcito,  agitato,  confuse. 
flush,  ('.  ;".  1.   Ntf  FLOW. 

2.  redden    {contextual),    mantle    (of   the 

check);  spec,  blush,  tiuster. 
flush,  r.  t.  1.  flood;  s{kc.  wash. 

2.  redden  {contextual),  inflame. 

3.  N(t'    ELATE. 

flush,  n.  1.    See     flow,  flood,  thrill, 

ELATION,   HEIGHT. 

2.  redne.ss  {contextual),  color  (contextual), 
rubicundity    {rare;   rhetorical  or   stilted), 
glow;  spec,  blush,  bloom,  hectic  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  pallor. 

flush,  V.  t.  start  {iised  esp.  wUh  "up"),  rise; 
spec,  retrieve. 

flushed,  a.  1.  red  (contextual),  flush,  rubi- 
cund {rare;  rhetorical    or  stilted),  ruddy, 
glowing;  spec,  hectic,  blushing,  blushful 
(rare),  blowsed  or  blowsy,  blooming. 
Antonyms:  see  pale. 

2.    See  ELATED.  ■ 

flute,  n.  1.  pipe  (chiefly  spec,  or  colloq.), 
flauto  (Italian);  spec,  diaulos  (Greek 
antiq.),  fife,  tibia,  flautine  (Italian), 
poog>'e  (Hindu  nose  flute),  piccolo. 
2.  channel  (contextual),  groove;  spec,  gof- 
fer, gauffer,  crimp. 

flute,  V.  i.  play  (contextual),  pipe  (co7i- 
tcxtual);  spec,  tibicinate  (rare),  fife. 

flutist,  n.  player  (contextual),  fluter  (rare), 
piper  (contextual),  flautist;  spec,  fifer, 
tibicen. 

flutter,  n.  1.   See  flap. 
2.  agitation,  twitter  (colloq.  or  dial.),  flut- 
teration    (colloq.   or   slang),   twatteration 
(slang);  spec,  play,  tremble,  confusion. 

flutter,  V.  i.  play,  wave. 

fly,  V.  i.  1.  Spec,  wing,  flit,  clip  (archaic), 
flitter,  sail,  flutter,  soar,  kite,  glide,  flick- 
er, hov'er,  rode,  outfly  (poetic),  rocket, 
sweep,  flush,  hang. 

2.    See     MOVE,      GLIDE,      FLOAT,      DEPART, 
SPREAD,  VANISH,  DISAPPEAR. 

fly,  V.  t.  1.  In  hunting  with  a  hawk:  chase. 
2.  See  FLEE. 

fly,  n.  1.  Spec,  tsetse,  bot,  bott,  dun,  gran- 
nom,  dunfly,  dipter  (tech.),  drake,  gnat, 
midge,  bluebottle,  ichneumon,  breeze. 
2.  Referring  to  artificial  flies:  spec. 
hackle,  harl,  palmer,  butcher,  governor, 
grackle,  grannom,  Dobson  (U.  S.),  dun, 
dunfly,  dropper,  heckle,  goldfinch,  hornet. 

flyer,  n.  1.  volator  (rare);  spec,  bird,  bat, 
squirrel,  sauropter,  saurian. 


2.  See  AVIATOR. 

flying,   /;.    1.   volation    (rare),   volitation 
(rare),  flight. 
2.  See  AVIATION. 

flying,  a.  volant  (rare),  volitant  (rare); 
spec,  circumvolant. 

foam,  71.  froth  (less  dignified  than  "foam,"); 
spec,  scum,  cream,  mantle,  head,  spume, 
lather,  suds  (colloq.;  pi.). 

foam,  V.  i.  froth;  spec,  scum,  cream,  man- 
tle, spume,  head. 

foam,  i>.  t.  befoam  (an  intensive),  froth; 
spec,  scum,  mantle,  spume  (rare). 

foamy,  a.  frothy;  spec,  creamy,  spumous, 
spumy,  spumescent,  lathery, 

focus,  V.  t.   center,   concenter,  converge, 
concentrate,  focalize; — all  but  "focalize," 
contextual. 
Antonyms:  see  scatter. 

fodder,  n.  feed,  pro  vend  (archaic);  spec. 
provender,  chaff,  browse,  wintering,  ensi- 
lage, silage,  ramoon  (East  India),  hay, 
oats,  beans,  etc. 

fog,  n.  1-  cloud  (contextual),  mist  (context- 
ual), brume   (rare),  nebula  (rare);  spec. 
haze,  smother. 
2.  See  haze. 

'oggy,    a.    1.    cloudy    (contextual),    thick, 
misty  (contextual),  hazy,  brumous  (liter- 
ary), nebulous  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  clear. 
2.  See  hazy,  dim,  confused. 

fogy,  n.  fogram,  fogrum,  fossil,  foozle; — 
all  colloq.  or  slang,  and  used  esp.  with 
"old." 

foil,  n.  1.  See  sheet. 

2.  foliation;     spec,     trefoil,     quatrefoil, 
cinquefoil,  sexfoil. 

3.  In   art,   etc.:   contrast,   set-off;   spec. 
blank. 

foist,  V.  t.  1.  See  introduce. 
2.  palm. 

fold,  n.  1.  folding,  double,  doubling,  turn, 
plication  (tech.),  plicature  (tech.);  spec. 
lap,  coil,  induplication  (rare),  foldure 
(rare),  ply,  plait  or  pleat,  tuck,  wimple 
(archaic  or  Scot.),  plica,  ruga,  folio,  anti- 
cline, isocline,  syncline,  wrap,  bosom, 
nook  (Scot.),  wrinkle. 
2.  See  CLASP,  embrace. 

fold,  V.  t.  1.  double,  turn,  plicate  (tech.); 
spec,  lap,  coil,  plait  or  pleat,  tuck,  ruckle 
(rare),  interfold,  wrap,  infold. 
Antonyms:  see  unfold. 

2.    See  CLASP,  EMBRACE. 


t^^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

flush,  V.  i.:  rise. 

flush,  a.:  abounding,  abundarit, 

flushed,  even. 
fluster,  n.:  confusion. 
fluster,  V.  i.:  flurry,  hustle. 
fluster,  V.  t.:  flush,  confuse. 
flustery:  confused. 


flustrate:  cnnfu.^e. 

fluted:  channeled. 

flutter,  r.  t.:  agUnle,  confuse. 

fly,  n.:  flight,  length,  loft. 

flyte,  V.  i.  &  n.:  dispute. 

flyte,  V.  t.:  ahicse. 

foal,  V.  t.:  bear. 

fob,  n.:  pocket,  chain. 


fob,  V.  t.:  deceive. 

foe:  enemy. 

fcetus:  embryo. 

fog:  aftermath. 

tog,  i\  t.:  cloud,  perplex. 

foil:  defeat. 

foison:      abundance,      strength. 


tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

188 


FOOTMAN 


folded,  a.  plicate  (tech.);  spec,  lapped,  in- 
duplicate,  double,  etc. 

follow,  V.  t.  1.  accompany  {contextual),  at- 
tend {contextual);  spec,  heel,  dodge,  tag 
{colloq.),  dog,  hound,  hunt,  bedog  {inten- 
sive), trail. 
Antonyms:  see  lead,  precede,  preface. 

2.  trace,  run;  spec,  retrace. 

3.  See    PURSUE,    succeed,    adopt,    ob- 
serve, COPY. 

follow,  V.  i.  1.  Spec,  heel,  tag,  attend,  hunt. 
2.  come  {contextual),  attend,  succeed,  en- 
sue, emanate  {rare);  spec,  result. 

follower,  n.  1.  sectary  or  sectator  {rare); 
spec,  successor,  pursuer,  heeler. 
Antomjms:  see  forerunner,  predeces- 
sor. 
2.  See  adherent. 

following,  a.  sequent  {chiefly  spec),  sub- 
sequent {chiefly  spec),  sequacious  {rare), 
sequential  {rare),  succeeding,  successive, 
attendant,  ensuing,  consecutive. 
Antonyms:  see  preceding,  prefatory. 

following,  n.  1.  followers  {pi.);  spec. 
clientele,  clientelage,  clientage,  clientry, 
retinue. 

2.  Of  the  act:   spec,  succession,  consecu- 
tion, pursuing. 
Antonyms:  see  precedence. 

foment,  v.  t.  1.  bathe;  spec,  embrocate. 
2.  See  foster,  incite. 

fond,  a.  1.  See  foolish,  pet. 

2.  affectionate;  spec,  {as  implying  excess 
or  had  judgment)  overfond,  doting. 

Antonyms:  see  cold. 

3.  partial  {used  with  "to";  colloq.);  spec. 
greedy  {used  with  "of"). 

fondness,  n.  1.  affection. 
2.  desire  {contextual),  appetite,  partiality 
{used  with   "to"   or   "for"),   taste,   gout 
{French),  relish. 

font,  n.  Of  type:  fount,  letter  {tech.). 

font,  n.  1.  Eccl.:  laver,  delubrum  {rare). 
2.  See  fountain,  spring. 

food,  n.  nourishment,  nutriment,  nutri- 
tion, nurture  {literary  or  learned),  aliment 
{chiefly  tech.),  nouriture  {rare),  foodstuff 
{chiefly  spec,  and  commercial),  ingesta 
(pi.;  tech.),  meat  {archaic,  exc.  in  "meat 
and  drink"),  victuals  {pi.;  now  chiefly 
tech.  or  somewhat  inelegant),  viands  {pL), 
tackle  {.slang),  scran  {slang),  scraps  {pi.), 
creature  {literary  or  dial.),  provisions  (pi.), 
provant  {rare),  provand  {rare),  proviance 
{literary  or  rare) ,  pro  vend  {archai'),  prov- 
ender {now  humorous  or  referring  to  food 
for  animals),  pabulum  {referring  to  food  for 


animals  or  plants,  exc  as  humorous) ,  prog 
{slang),  peck  {slang),  grub  {slang,  dial.,  or 
cant),  cram  {dial.  Eng.),  belly  timber  {ar- 
chaic or  dial.),  bellycheer  {archaic),  tuck 
{slang),  crug  {slang,  Eng.),  tack  {chiefly 
in  "hardtack");  spec,  ration,  board,  fare, 
cates  or  acates  {pi.;  archaic),  bit  {chiefly 
dial.),  livery  {hist.),  diet,  dish,  dietary, 
slops  {pL;  slang  or  cant),  bait,  delica- 
tessen {pL),  mash,  manna,  flummery, 
scrapple  {U.  S.),  browse,  bite,  bread, 
flesh,  greens,  etc.    Cf.  feed. 

food,  a.  cibarious  {rare),  cibarian  {rare). 

fooling,   n.    1.  foolery,  tomfoolery;  spec. 
nonsense,  buffoonery. 
2.  See  deception. 

foolish,  a.  1.   See  unwise. 

2.  senseless,  silly,  empty-headed,  fatuous, 
fond  {archaic),  inane,  goosish  {rare;  col- 
loq.), goosy  {rare;  colloq.),  desipient  {rare), 
brainless,  weak,  light-minded,  empty, 
daft,  harebrained;  spec,  lunatic,  soft, 
buffoonish,  crazy,  idiotic,  imbecile,  vain, 
inept. 

Antonyms:  see  wise. 

3.  deranged  {contextual),  sawney  (colloq.); 

see  IMBECILE. 

foolishness,  n.  1.  See  unwisdom. 
2.  foolery  {chiefly  concrete),  folly,  fond- 
ness {archaic),  desipience  {rare),  silli- 
ness, jackassery  {contemptuous),  fatuity, 
fatuousness  {chiefly  the  quality);  spec. 
lunacy,  inanity,  vanity,  dotage,  idiocy 
{colloq.),  infatuation,  ineptness,  madness, 
levity. 
Antonyms:  see  wisdom. 

foot,  n.  1.  extremity  {affected  or  humorous), 
pedal  {humorous  or  affected),  dewbeater 
{slang;  chiefly  in  pi.),  paw  {esp.  spec); 
spec,  pad,  heel  {fig.,  or  the  hind  foot),  hoof, 
barefoot,  splayfoot,  clubfoot. 

2.  See  bottom,   base,   end,   infantry, 

AGGREGATE. 

3.  In  prosody:  unit;  spec  dactyle,  tri- 
brach, trochee,  iambus,  diabrach,  pyr- 
rhic,  dochmiac,  dichoree,  diiamb,  etc 

foot,  a.  pedal  {affected  or  humorous,  exc  as 

spec). 
foot,  V.  i.   Spec,  walk,  hoof  (slang); — used 

unth  "it." 
football,  n.   1.  pigskin   (colloq.),  leather 

(colloq.). 

2.  Of  the  game:  spec  rugger  (slang),  rugby, 

soccer  (slang),  association. 
footlights,  n.  pi.  floats  (cant). 
footman,  n.  servant  (contextual),  Jeames 

(hutnorous). 


fW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

loliaceous:  leafy. 

foliage:  leafane. 

foliation:  foil,  leafage,  leafing. 

folio:  word,  leaf. 


folk:  kindred,  people,  nation, 
folly:  foolishness. 
fondle:  caress. 
fondling:  pet. 
foodstufl:  food. 


fool,  n.:  simpleton,  buffoon,  im- 
becile. 
fool,  V.  t.:  deceive. 
foolhardy:  venturesome. 
foot,  V.  t.:  add. 


^^W  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

189 


FOOTPATH 


footpath,  n.  footway;  spec,  sidewalk,  berin. 

footprint,  t>.  stop  or  footstop,  vestige  (///- 
irary):  spec,  prick,  track,  trace,  pug 
{Anglo-Indian),  seal,  pad,  ichnite,  ich- 
nol>te.  ornithichnite. 

foot-shaped,  a.  podiform  (tech.). 

footsoldier,  infantryman,  footman  (rare), 
peon  (India),  grabby  (slang  atui  opprobri- 
oits),  infantry  (a  collective);  spec,  peltast. 

footstep,  n.  1.  footfall,  tread  (chiefly 
spec):  spec,  clamp,  tramp,  pad. 

2.    See  FOOTPRINT,  STEP. 

footstool,  n.    Spec,  ottoman,  buffet,  has- 
sock. 
for,  prep,  after. 
forbearance,    n.    abstention,    desistance; 

.sfC  EN'DURANCE,   PATIENCE,  TOLERATION. 

forbearing,  a.  Spec,  patient,  sparing, 
mild:  see  toler.^vnt. 

forbid,  V.  t.  1.  prohibit,  enjoin;  spec,  inter- 
dict, ban,  taboo,  proscribe,  debar,  inhibit, 
disallow,  veto,  embargo. 
Antonyms:  see  bid,  ask,  appoint,  permit. 
2,  See  prevent. 

forbiddance,  n.  prohibition  (formal),  for- 
biddal;  spec,  veto,  interdiction,  ban,  in- 
hibition, debarment,  proscription,  taboo, 
disallowance,  embargo. 

Antonyms:  see  bidding,  APPOiNTiMENT, 
permission. 

forbidden,  a.  prohibited  (Jormal);  spec. 
interdicted,  taboo,  prescribed,  contra- 
band, unlawful. 

forbidding,    a.    1.    prohibitory    (formal); 
spec,  interdictory,  interdictive  (rare),  in- 
hibitory or  inhibitive. 
2.  See  repellent. 

force,  n.  1.  energy,  power;  spec,  principle, 
dyname,  vehemence,  strain,  head,  might, 
birr  (chiefly  Scot.),  cram,  dint  (in  "by 
dint  of"),  vim  (colloq.),  vis  (Latin),  rap- 
ture (rare),  wTench,  twist,  stress,  tension, 
compression,  shear,  brunt;  see  energy. 

2.  Of  language,  ideas,  etc.:  energy;  spec. 
emphasis,  pith,  nervousness,  sway,  effi- 
cacy, cogency,  snap  (colloq.),  pithiness. 

3.  See  violence,  compulsion,  con- 
straint. 

4.  body,  corps,  array  (rhetorical);  spec. 
crew,  posse,  posse  comitatus  (Latin), 
army,  command,  tercio,  impi  (Kaffir),  de- 
tachment, patrol,  regiment,  squadron, 
battalion,  fleet,  convoy,  etc. 

force,  V.  t.  1.  effect  (rare);  spec,  squeeze. 


press,  elbow,   pinch,  drive,  burst,  bear, 

inch,  rush,  hustle,  repel,  inject. 

2.  Sec  violate,  compel,  enter,  extort, 

develop. 

forced,  a.  artificial,  unspontaneous  (rare); 
spec,  harsh,  strained,  constrained,  com- 
pulsory. 

forceful,  a.  1.  energetic,  mighty;  spec,  ac- 
tive, dynamic,  vigorous,  virile,  etc. 
2.  See    efficacious,    expressive,    co- 
gent, emphatic,  violent. 

forcible,  a.  1.  energetic;  spec,  vehement, 
heady;  see  energetic. 
Antonyms:  see  weak. 

2.  See  violent. 

3.  efficacious,  forceful;  spec,  (of  language, 
ideas,  etc.)  sinewy,  nervous,  pithy,  ro- 
bustious (rare),  important;  see  cogent, 

EMPHATIC. 

ford,  71.  crossing  (contextual),  shallow  (con- 
textual), fordage,  wade  (colloq.);  spec. 
ghaut  or  ghat. 

ford,  V.  t.  cross  (contextual),  wade. 

fore,  a.  anterior,  forward;  spec,  first,  front, 
foregoing. 
Antonyms:  see  hind. 

forebode,  v.  t.  1.  anticipate  (contextual); 
spec,  threaten,  croak,  misbode,  presage, 
surmise,  mistrust.  "Forebode,"  "forebod- 
ing," etc.,  are  often  used  as  implying  ex- 
pected evil. 
2.  See  PREDICT,  signify. 

foreboding,  a.  anticipative  (contextual), 
forebodeful,  presageful,  presentient (rare); 
spec,  croaking,  croaky,  etc.  Cf.  forebode. 

foreboding,  n.  anticipation  (contextual), 
presage,  presentiment  (dignified),  boding, 
premonition,  presension  (rare),  bode  (ar- 
chaic), bodement  (rare);  spec,  preappre- 
hension  (rare),  croaking,  etc.  Cf.  fore- 
bode. 

foreground,   n.  front,  fore  (rare);   spec. 
forefront. 
Antonyms:  see  background. 

forehead,  n.  metopon  (tech.),  brow,  front 
(poetic  or  rhetorical) . 

forehead,  a.  metopic  (tech.),  frontal. 

foreign,  a.  1.  exterior,  outside,  external, 
peregrine  (rare),  strange  (archaic,  exc. 
spec),  outlandish  (chiefly  spec),  outland 
(archaic),  alien  (chiefly  spec);  spec,  exotic, 
extraneous,  extrinsic,  barbaric,  barbar- 
ian, oversea,  tramontane  (rare),  unnative 
(rare),  metic. 


t^"  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

forbear,  v.  t.:  check. 

foreclose,  v.  t.:  appropriate,  bar 

foozle:  bungle. 

forbear,  v.  i.:  abstain. 

foredoom:  destine. 

fop:  dandy. 

forcing:  compulsion. 

forefather:  ancestor. 

foppish:  dandy. 

fore,  71..'  front. 

forefoot,  n.:  bow. 

forage,  n.:  food. 

forebear,  n.:  ancestor. 

forefront,  n.:  front,  beginning. 

forage,  v.  t.:  search,  feed. 

forecast,   n.:  foresight. 

predic- 

forego:  precede. 

forage,  t.  i.:  plunder,  search. 

tion. 

foregone:  previous. 

foramen:  opening. 

forecast,  v.  t.:  foresee. 

predict. 

foreground:  front. 

forasmuch:  because. 

devisf. 

forehand:  advantage. 

foray,  r.  t.  &  i.:  plunder. 

forecastle:  how. 

forehold,  n.:  how. 

t^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

190 


FORGOTTEN 


Antonyms:   see  native,   domestic,    in- 
land. 

2.  see  unnatural,  apart,  irrelevant, 
unrelated. 

foreigner,  n.  alien  {chiefly  spec),  stranger 
(Qhiefly  Bib.),  outsider  (contextual),  out- 
lander  (archaic  or  poetic),  extern  (rare); 
spec,  exotic  (rare),  ultramontane,  bar- 
barian, tramontane  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  native,  citizen. 

foreignism,  n.  alienism  (chiefly  spec); 
spec  exoticism,  Gallicism,  Briticism, 
Irishism,  etc 

foreknow,  v.  t.  foresee,  precognize  (rare). 

foreknowledge,  n.  prognostication  (liter- 
ary), prescience  (chiefly  spec),  presension 
(rare),  presensation  (rare),  precognition 
(learned  or  literary),  prenotion  (rare); 
spec,  preacquaintance  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  ignorance. 

forensic,  a.  controversial,  argumentative, 
rhetorical. 

forerun,  v.  t.  precede,  precourse  (rare), 
precurse  (rare);  spec,  anticipate,  fore- 
shadow, introduce,  prelude. 

forerunner,  n.  1.  predecessor,  precursor; 
spec  apparitor  (tech.  or  hist.),  pioneer, 
prelude  (only  fig.),  harbinger  (chiefly  lit- 
erary), outrunner,  avant  courier  (French), 
prodromus  (rare),  herald. 
Antonyms:  see  follower, 
2.  See  ancestor. 

forerunning,  a.  precursory,  precurrent 
(rare),  prodromal  (rare). 

foresee,  v.  t.  anticipate,  previse  (rare), 
forelook  (rare),  preview  (rare),  prevision 
(rare);  spec  prognosticate,  forecast. 

foreseeing,  a.  prescient  (chiefly  spec),  pre- 
cognizant  (rare),  previsive  (rare). 

foreshadow,  v.  t.  signify,  indicate,  shadow, 
prefigure,  foreshow,  adumbrate  (learned); 
spec  presage. 

foreshadow,  n.  antitype. 

foresight,  n.  anticipation,  prescience 
(chiefly  spec),  preview  (rare),  prevision 
(rare),  onsight  (rare),  prospection  (rare), 
forelook,  prospect  (learned  or  literary); 
spec  providence,  forecast. 

forest,  n.  woodland,  wildwood  (poetic  or 
rare) . 
Antonyms:  see  prairie. 

forester,  n.  woodman;  spec,  woodward, 
landreeve. 

forestry,  n.  woodcraft,  silviculture;  spec 
dendrology. 

foretaste,  n.  earnest,  pregustation  (rare). 


antepast  (literary),  handsel  (chiefly  Eng.); 

spec  prelibation  (chiefly  fig.). 
foretaste,  v.  t.  pregust  (rare),  anticipate. 
forethought,    n.    forecase    (rare);    spec. 

providence,   anticipation,   premeditation. 
Antonyms:  see  afterthought. 
forfeit,  n.  fine  (contextual),  forfeiture;  spec. 

deodand. 
forfeit,  V.  t.  lose;  spec,  escheat. 

Aritonyms:  see  gain. 
forfeitable,    a.    In   law:    spec    lapsable, 

escheatable,  caducary. 
forge,  ?i.  furnace,  smithy  (now  chiefly  liter- 
ary), smithery  (rare),  stithy  (rare);  spec. 

bloomery,  hearth. 
forge,  V.  t.  1.  smith  (rare),  stithy  (rare); 

spec,  tilt,  extund  (rare). 

2.  See  devise,    construct,    fabricate, 

invent,  counterfeit. 
forger,  n.   1.  worker  (contextual),  smith; 

spec,  blacksmith,   whitesmith,  goldsmith 

(archaic),     silversmith     (archaic),    filter, 

Cyclops,  Vulcan,  Hephaestus,  Hephaistos. 

2.  See  counterfeiter. 
forgery,  n.   1.  smithing  (rare),  smithery 

(rare) . 

2.  See  fiction,  counterfeit. 
forget,  V.  t.  1.  disremember  (chiefly  dial.), 

bury   (fig.  or  colloq.),   oblivionize   (rare), 

unknow  (rare);  spec  unlearn. 
Antonyms:  see  remember,  recall. 

2.  See  omit. 
forgetful,  a.  1.  forgetting  (rare,  exc  spec), 

leaky     (contemptuous     or      undignified), 

short  (referring  to  the  memory),  oblivious, 

unmindful. 
Antonyms:  see  retentive. 

2.  See  neglectful. 

3.  Lethean ; — causing  forgetting. 
forgetfulness,    n.    forgetting,     oblivion, 

Lethe  (fig.),  forgetness  (rare),  oblivious- 
ness, obliviscence  (rare),  forget  (rare); 
spec,  amnesty,  limbo. 

forgiveness,  n.    remission  (rare),  pardon 
(spec  or  fig.);  spec,  absolution,  amnesty. 

forgiving,  a.  excusing,   remissive   (rare), 
placable. 
Antonyms:  see  unforgiving. 

forgo,  V.  t.  abandon,  forbear  (by  the  exer- 
cise of  self-restraint);  spec,  remit. 
Antonyms:  see  keep. 

forgoing,  n.    abandonment,  forbearance; 
spec  remittal,  remission. 

forgotten,  a.  unremembered,  gone,  disre- 
membered  (chvflij  dial.),  lost. 
Antonyms:  see  retribution. 


t-W  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
foremost,  a,:  first,  chief. 
foreordain:  appoint,  destine. 
forepart:  front. 
toresliow:  foreshadow,  signify. 
forestall:  anticipate,  prevent. 
foretaste:  anticipate. 


foretell:  predict. 
forethink:   consider. 
foretoken,  n.:  sign. 
foretoken,  v.  t.:  signify. 
forever:  eternally,  always.   Also 

cf.  constant. 
forewarn:  warn. 


foreword:  preface. 
forgather:    gather,  meet,  asso- 
ciate. 
forge,  V.  I.:  invent,  devise. 
forge,  V.  I.:  overreach. 
forgive:  excuse,  absolve. 
forgiveness:  excuse,  absolution. 


fW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

191 


FORK 


fork,  n.  1.  divarication  (literary),  crotcli  (a 
honuly  iron/,  now  cliivjly  I'.  S.  and  (//<//. 
Eng.;  cliicjly  tech.  ar  spec),  crutch  {rare): 
spec,  tormentor. 

2.    See  BRANCH. 

fork,  J',  i.  branch  (contextual),  furcate  (lit- 
eniry  or  tech.),  divaricate  {literary  or  tech.); 
.s/xr.  bifurcate,  trifurcatc. 

forked,  a.  forky  {rare  or  spec),  crotched 
(Me  fokk),  furcate  (literary),  divaricate 
(literary);  spec  bifid,  biforked,  bifurcate, 
trifurcatc,  Htuate. 

forking,  o.  branching;  spec,  dichotomous. 

forking,  n.  branching,  furcation  (literary), 
divarication  (literary  or  tech.);  spec 
dichotomy,  trichotomy,  bifurcation. 

form,  ii.  1.  shape  {more  concrete  and  a  less 
derated  term  than  "form"),  figure,  mold 
{orig.  spec);  spec,  galbe  (French),  model, 
impression,  cast,  tournure  (French,  chiefly 
cant),  conformation,  fashion  (a  word  that 
is  becoming  archaic  in  this  sense),  figura- 
tion, configuration,  outline,  build,  format 
(French;  tech.),  get-up  (colloq.),  cut,  con- 
tour, confection,  crystal,  etc. 

2.  ceremony,  rite  (chiefly  spec),  cere- 
monial, observance,  formality;  spec,  con- 
ventionality, office,  mystery  (chiefly  in 
pi.),  ordinance,  performance  (often  con- 
temptuous), liturgy,  sacrament,  sacra- 
mental, use,  augury,  baptism,  etiquette, 
cult,  hierurgy,  punctilio. 

3.  See  BODY,  PATTERN,  KIND,  ESSENCE, 
DICTION,  SEAT,  STATE,  ARRANGEMENT,  OR- 
DER, CLASS,  TYPE. 

form,  V.  t.  make,  produce,  efform  (rare), 
shape,  fashion  (dignified) ,  inform,  consti- 
tute; spec,  coin  (often  depreciatory),  de- 
velop, organize,  conceive,  create,  fabri- 
cate, found,  emboss,  describe,  block, 
model,  mold,  mingle,  mix,  arrange,  con- 
struct, reconstruct,  generate,  compose, 
build,  turn,  cause,  contract. 

form,  V.  i.  Spec,  develop,  make,  come, 
grow. 

formal,  a.  1.  ceremonial,  ritual,  ceremoni- 
ous; spec,  official,  conventional,  func- 
tional, perfunctory,  perfunctionary  (rare), 
set,  modal,  outward,  solemn,  academic, 
liturgical,  Pharisaic  or  Pharisaical,  exter- 
nal, sacramental. 
Antonyms:  see  informal. 

2.    See  DEFINITE. 

8.  Referring  to  manners,  actions,  lan- 
guage, etc.:  rigid,  ceremonious,  stiff,  un- 
bending, precise ;  spec,  prim,  starch,  punc- 
tiUous,  buckram  (fig.),  stilted,  rigid,  af- 
fected, bombastic,  etc. 


Antonyms:  see  uncerkmoniou.s,  collo- 
quial,    HOMELIKE,     INTIMATE,    FAMILIAR. 

formality,  /;.  1.  convention^  conventional- 
ity, formulism,  custom,  circumstance,  red 
tape  (chiefly  spec),  wiggery  (fig.;  rare), 
punctuality  (archaic),  punctualness  (ar- 
chaic), red-tapism  (chiefly  spec);  spec 
punctilio,  jjerfunctoriness. 
2.  See  FORM. 

formalize,  v.  t.  1.   See  define. 
2.  Spec  conventionalize,  ceremonialize. 

formation,  n.  formature  (rare);  spec  in- 
vention, coinage,  malformation,  produc- 
tion, contrivance,  development,  composi- 
tion, creation,  growth,  coagulation  (fig.), 
conformation,  generation,  genesis,  con- 
struction, potence,  echelon,  terrane. 

formative,  a.  fashioning,  informative 
(rare);  spec  creative,  morphotic,  plastic, 
shaping,  modeling,  cosmoplastic. 

former,  a.  earlier,  prior,  previous,  ci- 
devant  (French),  sometime  (indefinite), 
whilom  (archaic  or  literary),  past,  bygone, 
heretofore  (rare),  quondam  (indefinite; 
literary) ;  spec  preceding,  late. 
Antonyms:  see  subsequent. 

formerly,  a.  heretofore,  quondam  (rare), 
erst  (archaic  or  poetic),  erstwhile  (archaic), 
once  (colloq.). 

formidable,  a.  fearful,  redoubtable  (often 
humorously  ironical);  spec,  doughty  (ar- 
chaic or  rhetorical),  difficult,  dangerous, 
impassable,  etc. 

formless,  a.  inform,  chaotic,  shapeless, 
amorphous  (tech.  or  learned). 

formula,  n.  1.  form,  formulary,  rule;  spec, 
(eccl.)  credo,  belief,  confession. 
2.   recipe    {used   chiefly  in  medicine    or 
cookery),  receipt  (used  chiefly  in  cookery), 
prescription  (med.). 

formtilate,  v.  t.  state,  formularize,  formu- 
lize,  frame,  devise;  spec,  schematize,  draw, 
institute. 

formulation,  n.  statement,  devising,  for- 
mularization,  formulization. 

fortification,  n.  defense,  stronghold,  fast- 
ness, bulwark  (literary),  fort  (chiefly 
spec);  spec,  fieldwork,  citadel,  fortlet, 
hold  (archaic),  capitol,  fortalice,  fortress, 
rampart,  rampire  (archaic),  redoubt, 
breastwork,  redan,  earthwork,  tower, 
martello-tower,  bastile,  sconce,  keep,  don- 
jon, curtain,  surtout,  lodgment,  lunette, 
tenaUle,  gabionade,  traverse,  tambour, 
contravallation,  flanker,  castle,  star,  cir- 
cumvallation,  tetragon,  rath  (Irish  hist.), 
mount  or  mound  (hist.),  presidio  (Span- 
ish), burg  (German),  Kremlin  (Russian), 


t^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
forlorn:   abandoned,  depressed, 

hopeless,  lamentable,  devoid. 
formalist:  precisian. 


forsake:  abandon. 
forsooth:  truly. 
forswear:      abjure, 
deny. 


abandon. 


forswearing:  denial;  cf.  abjure. 
fort&:  ahead,  out. 
forthcoming:  coming. 
forthwith:  immediately. 


(^"  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

192 


FOWL 


zareba  (in  the  Sudan),  gurry  (Anglo- 
Indian),  pillbox  (slang),  post. 

fortify,  V.  t.  1.  strengthen;  spec,  brace 
(oneself  or  one's  spirits),  encourage, 
brandy. 

2.  fence  (literary  or  a  rchaic),  fort  (rare), 
fortress;  spec,  rampart,  rampire  (archaic), 
fraise,  stockade,  wall,  mound,  battle  (obs. 
or  poetic),  embattle,  mure,  entrench, 
counterscrap,  countermure. 

fortunate,  a.  1.   See  auspicious. 
2.  prosperous,    chancy    (Scot.),    happy, 
lucky,   blessed;  spec,  successful,  timely, 
providential. 

Antonyms:  see  unsuccessful,   unfor- 
tunate, UNLUCKY. 

fortunately,  adv.  happily,  well,  etc. 

fortune,  n.  1.  accident,  chance,  luck,  hap 
(archaic);  spec,  goodhap  (archaic);  see 
misfortune. 

2.  luck,  cast  (obs.  or  dial.),  lines  (pi.;  after 
Ps.  xvi.  6),  fare;  spec,  prosperity,  success, 
felicity,  misfortune. 

Antonyms:  see  misfortune. 

3.  See  FATE,  WEALTH. 

4.  competence,  sufficiency,  pile  (colloq.); 
spec,  independence,  plum  (obsolescent 
slang,  Eng.). 

forward,  a.  1.  onward,   advancing,    pro- 
gressive, progressing. 
Antonyms:  see  backward, 
2.  See  FORE,  ready,  bold. 

forward,  adv.  onward  or  onwards  (esp.  in 
space),  on,  along,  forth,  forthward  (ar- 
chaic); spec,  before,  ahead,  frontward, 
frontwards,  forthright  (archaic),  ad- 
vanced, advancing. 
Antonyms:  see  backward. 

foster,  V.  t.  aid  (contextual),  promote, 
cherish,  nurture  (rare,  exc.  spec),  nurse 
(Jig.  or  spec);  spec,  foment,  cosset,  nuz- 
zle (Jig.;  rare),  mother  (Jig.),  cultivate, 
patronize,  cradle,  nourish,  harbor,  en- 
courage. 
Antonyms:  see  extinguish. 

fosterage,  n.  aid  (contextual),  promotion, 
nurture,  nourish,  nourishment;  spec,  fo- 
mentation, cultivation,  patronage,  en- 
couragement. 

foul,  a.  1.  dirty  (contextual),  impure, 
filthy,  immund  (rare),  sordid  (ivith  Jilth  or 
offensive  dirt;  a  rather  literary  word), 
tetrous  (rare),  obscene  (archaic  or  rare); 
spec,  rank,  festering,  squalid,  loathful 
(rare),  noisome,  feculent,  loathsome, 
loathly  (literary),  loathy  (rare),  dreggy, 
polluted,  disgusting,  fetid,  muddy. 


Antonyms:  see  clean. 

2.  See  dirty,  abominable,  entangled, 
unfair,  discreditable. 

3.  Of  weather;  spec,  unfavorable  (context- 
ual), black,  dirty,  nasty,  rough,  wet. 

Antonyms:  see  clear. 

foul,  V.  t.   1.  dirty,  defile,  contaminate; 
spec,  bemire,  pollute,  sully. 
Antonyms:  see  clean. 
2.  See  contaminate. 

fouling,  n.  dirtying,  defilement,  etc. 

foulness,  n.  1.  dirtiness,  impurity,  filth; 
spec  feculence,  squalor,  squalidity  (rare), 
squalidness,  loathsomeness,  loathfulness, 
pollution,  bilge,  putridity,  etc. 
2.  See  contamination. 

foundation,  n.  1.  base,  basis,  support, 
groundwork,  bottom,  substruction  (rare), 
substructure  (rare),  tablement  (rare); 
spec,  ground,  rest,  bed,  bedding,  ground- 
sel, stereobate,  socle,  pierre-perdu 
(French),  sill,  grillage,  riprap  (U.  S.), 
fond  (French). 

2.  See  ENDOWMENT,  BASIS,  REASON. 

3.  Spec   college,  fellowship,  monastery, 
church,  etc. 

foundational,  o.  fundamental,  basic, 
basal. 

founder,  n.  establisher,  author,  projector, 
father,  patriarch,  organizer,  foundress 
(fem.),  builder;  spec  oecist  (rare),  heresi- 
arch. 

four,  n.  1.  quatre  (French),  tetrad; — re- 
ferring to  the  number. 
2.  Referring  to  a  group:  quartet,  quar- 
tette, quartetto  (Italian;  chiefly  in  music) , 
tetrad,  quaternion,  quarternity  (rare); 
spec,  quatre  (rare),  tiddy,  quatuor  (music; 
rare) . 

four-angled,  a.  quadrangular  (learned). 

fourfold,  a.  quadruple,  quaduplicate ; — 
both  learned. 

four-footed,  a.  quadruped,  quadrupedal 
(rare),  four-foot  (poetic  or  obs.). 

four-handed,  a.  quadrumanous,  quad- 
rumane,  quadrumanal;  —  all  three  tech. 
or  learned. 

fourpence,  n.  groat,  flag  (colloq.  or  cant, 
Eng.). 

four -sided,  a.  quadrilateral,  tetrahedral; 
— both  tech.  or  learned. 

fourth,  n.  quarter,  quartern  (obs.  or  rare). 

f ourway,  a.  quadrivial  (of  roads;  learned 
or  rare) . 

fowl,  n.  1.  See  bird. 
2.  gallinacean  (tech.),  chicken  (primarily 
spec),   poultry    (a  collective);  spec,   hen. 


i-j^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
fortitude:  courage. 
fortnightly:  biweekly. 
fortress:  fortification . 
fortuitous:   accidental. 
fortuity:  chance. 


forum:  court. 

forward,  a.:  fore,  precocious,  as- 

.'iumini/,  impudent. 
forward,  v.  I.:  advance,  send. 
fossil:  remains,  fogy. 
fossilize:  petrify. 


fossorial:  digging. 
fouled:  dirtied. 
found,  V.  t.:  cast. 
found,  V.  t.:  base,  establish,  colo- 
nize. 
found,  V.  i.:  rely. 


t:W  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

193 


FOX 


biddy  (note  cfiictb/  colloq.  or  litiniorous), 
I'ook,  canon,  chirk,  pullet,  broiler,  roaster. 

fox,  H.  Charley  or  Charlie  [used  as  a  prop, 
name),  rcynard  (quasi  proper  name),  low- 
rie  (quasi  proper  name;  Scot.);  spec,  vixen, 
whelp,  cub. 

iox  hunter,  pink  (conl). 

foxy,  a.  I.  alopecoid  (tech.),  vulpine 
(learned  or  tech.),  vulpecular  (rare). 

2.    ^JfC  AHTFUL. 

fragment,  n.  1.  part  (contextual),  division 
(contextual),  fraction  (rare);  spec,  crumb, 
flinders  (pi.),  fritters  (pL;  rare),  smithers 
(pL;  cx)lloq.),  smithereens  (pL;  colloq.), 
orts  (pL),  frustum  (rare),  calf,  sliver, 
shiver,  splinter,  morsel,  chip,  shard, 
shred,  brickbat,  potsherd,  crock,  siijpet. 
2.  Sec  PAKT. 

fragrant,  a.  sweet;  spec,  aromatic,  spicy 
(a  stronger  term  than  aromatic),   balmy, 
ambrosial  or  ambrosian,  perfumy  (rare). 
Antonyms:    see    fetid,     ill-smelling, 

RANK. 

frame,  n.  1.  See  structuhe. 

2.  framework;  spec,  case,  curb,  yoke, 
griff,  gate  (rare),  tenter,  sash,  easel,  rack, 
cadge  or  cage,  casement,  chase,  brake,  cof- 
fin, hurst,  crib. 

3.  See  DISPOSITION. 

frame,  v.  t.  1.   See  adapt,  INCLINE. 

2.  construct,  enframe  (rare),  form;  spec. 
set,  build,  erect. 

3.  devise,   form;  see  invent,   compose, 

PRONOtTNCE. 

4.  See  EXPRESS. 

frank,  a.  free,  ingenuous,  plain,  plain- 
spoken,  outspoken,  free-spoken,  direct, 
point-blank,  unequivocal,  outright,  Dun- 
stable (fig.;  literary),  candid,  downright, 
unreserved,  open-hearted,  naive,  sincere, 
liberal,  open,  undisguised,  guileless,  art- 
less, genuine,  unartful,  free-hearted. 
Antonyms:  see  hypocritical,  affected, 

ARTFUL,  deceitful,  SECRET,  DISSEM- 
BLING, INTRIGUING,  LYING,  SNEAKING. 

frank,  i'.  t.  send,  transport; — both  context- 
ual. 

frankincense,  n.  incense  (contextual), 
olibanum;  spec,  thus  (not  a  real  frankin- 
cense) . 

frantic,  a.  excited  (contextual),  frenzied, 
phrenetic  (rare),  desperate,  transported, 
crazy  (spec,  or  colloq.),  distraught  (liter- 
ary), distract  or  (more  usually)  distracted; 
spec,  passionate,  ecstasied  or  ecstatic, 
mad,  horn-mad,  infuriate,  delirious,  mad- 
ding (poetic),  moenadic,  must,  daft,  giddy. 


furibund  (literary),  raging,  furious,  mani- 
ac, ilcranged,  zealous,  rabid  (literary). 

franticness,  n.  excitement,  desperateness,  . 
desperation,  distractedness,  frenzy,  furor, 
fury,  mania,  etc. 

fraternity,  ;(.  brotherhood;  spec,  friary, 
soci(>ty  (contextual),  club  (contextual), 
synomasy  (rare). 

fray,  v.  t.  rub,  wear,  frazzle  (U .  S.  and  dial. 
Eiig.);  spec,  fret,  shred,  tatter,  ravel. 
"Fray"  is  often  used  with  "out." 

freak,  7i.  1.  See  caprice. 
2.  lusus    naturjE    (Latin),    abnormality, 
monstrosity    (chiefly  spec);  spec,   sport, 
mutation,  comicality,  Judy  (fig.),  abor- 
tion. 

freaky,  a.  1.  See  capricious. 
2.  abnormal,  sportive,  monstrous  (chiefly 
spec);  spec,  abortive. 

freckle,  7i.  spot  (contextual),  blemish  (a 
contextual  sense),  fleck,  lentigo  (tech.), 
fernticle  (obs.  or  dial.). 

freckle,  i>.  t.  spot  (contextual),  discolor 
(contextual),  fleck. 

free,  a.  I.  independent,  frank;  spec,  eman- 
cipated (rare),  emancipate  (rare),  manu- 
mitted, liberated,  unenslaved,  libertine 
(obs.  or  hist.),  frank  (obs.),  ransomed,  sui 
juris  (Roman  law),  free-born. 

2.  self-governing,  autonomous  (learned  or 
tech.),  independent. 

3.  Referring  to  physical  freedom:  loose, 
unconfined,  unrestricted,  bondless,  un- 
trammeled,  unrestrained,  quit,  uncon- 
trolled, inadherent,  unimpeded,  unat- 
tached, uncombined,  solute,  clear  (as  a 
rope),  unentangled. 

Antonyms:  see  confined. 

4.  costless,  expenseless.  gratuitous,  gratis 
(o  less  dignified  term  than  "gratuitous"), 
chargeless. 

5.  exempt;  spec,  immune,  privileged. 

6.  See  AFFABLE,  GENEROUS,  CARELESS, 
AVAILABLE,  DEVOID,  EMPTY,  LIBERAL, 
LOOSE,  BOLD,  FAMILIAR,  VOLUNTARY, 
SPONTANEOUS,  FRANK. 

free,  v.  t.  1.  liberate,  release,  deliver,  res- 
cue, loose  (chiefly  spec);  spec,  redeem, 
ransom,  manumit,  emancipate,  disen- 
slave  (rare),  disenthrall  (literary),  enfran- 
chise (tech.  or  literary),  forisfamiliate  (Ro- 
man law),  unvassal  (rare),  enlarge  (rare  or 
law),  discharge,  parole  (fig.),  slip,  disen- 
twine,  disimprison,  disincarcerate  (rare), 
disimmure  (rare),  disbody  (rare),  disem- 
body (rare),  relax  (Scots  law),  unbind, 
clear,  extricate,  unleash,  uncloister  (rare), 


t^=  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
foyer:  lobby. 
fracas:  disturbance. 
fractional:  partial. 
fracture,  n.:  breaking,  crack. 
fracture,  v.  t.:  break,  crack. 


fragile:  hnttte,  weak. 
fragmentary:  dividual. 
fragrance:  .smell. 
fragrant:  odorous. 
frail:  brittle,  weak,  slight,  deli- 
cate. 


franchise:  pririlege. 
frangible:  breakable. 
fraternal:  brotherly. 
fraternize:  associate. 
fraudulent:  deceitful,  dishone 
tray:  fight. 


tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

194 


FREQUENTER 


unchain,   unpen,    unfetter,   uncage,   dis- 
embed,  disyoke,  eliminate,  evolve,  disem- 
barrass, disencumber. 
Antonyms:  see  pledge,  pawn,  fasten, 

CATCH,  GRASP,  CLASP,  CONFINE,  CON- 
STRICT, IMPRISON,  IMPOUND,  SHACKLE, 
TRAP. 

2.  Referring  to  freeing  from  what  holds 
fast:  disengage,  liberate,  clear;  spec,  dis- 
entangle. 

3.  Referring  to  freeing  from  evil,  oppres- 
sion, etc.:  deliver,  relieve  {rare,  exc.  spec), 
rid  (emphatic) ;  spec,  disburden,  unburden, 
debarrass  {rare),  disencumber,  dispossess, 
emancipate,  discharge,  clear,  disengage, 
disembroil. 

Antonyms:  see  bind,  commit,  enslave. 

4.  exempt;  spec,  privilege,  excuse,  im- 
munize, frank  {rare). 

freebooter,  n.  desperado  {contextual); 
spec,  pirate,  berserk,  berserker,  viking, 
buccaneer. 

free-born,  a.  ingenuous  {chiefly  Roman 
hist.). 

freedman,    n.    libertine    {Roman    hist.); 
spec,  deditician  {Roman  hist.). 
Antonyms:  see  bondsman. 

freedom,  n.  1.  independence,  liberty;  spec. 
emancipation,  manumission,  release,  de- 
livery, ransom,  rescue,  etc. 
Antonyms:  see  bondage,  slavery. 

2.  liberty,  unrestraint,  play,  disengage- 
ment, enlargement,  discharge,  disimpris- 
onment,  disembodiment,  etc. 

Antonyms:  see  confinement. 

3.  self-government,  independence,  auton- 
omy {learned  or  tech.). 

4.  liberty,  license,  swing  {often  colloq.), 
latitude,  breadth;  spec,  ease,  discretion. 

5.  exemption,  impunity;  spec,  immunity 
privilege. 

6.  See  ease,  familiarity,  readiness, 
boldness. 

freeholder,  n.  franklin  {obs.  or  hist.), 
charterer  {hist.);  spec,  yeoman. 

freeing,   n.    1.   liberation,    emancipation, 
manumission,    deliverance,    enfranchise- 
ment, release,  ransom,  disenthrallment, 
etc. 
Antonyms:  see  enslavement. 

2.  Spec,  discharge,  disembarrassment, 
exemption,  clearing,  quittance,  disen- 
cumberment,  disengagement,  delivery, 
releasement  {rare),  riddance,  loosing, 
dispensation,  relief,  deliverance,  enlarge- 
ment, elimination,  disembodiment,  dis- 
incarceration,  disimprisonment,  disen- 
gage, immunization,  redemption,  etc. 

3.  exemption ;  spec,  privileging. 
freely,  adv.    Spec,  gratis.     Cf.  free,  a. 


freeman,  n.  Spec,  noble,  ceorl  {Eng. 
hist.),  burgess,  burgher,  liveryman,  citi- 
zen. 

free-thinker,  n.  libertine  {disparaging), 
antinomian  {learned);  spec,  skeptic,  un- 
believer. 

free-will-ist,  n.  libertarian  {disparaging), 
indeterminist. 

freeze,  v.  t.  1.    congeal  {contextual),  chill 
{contextual) ,  befreeze  {intensive). 
Antonyms:  see  boil. 
2.  See  stick. 

freeze,  v.  i.  1.  cool;  spec,  regelate. 
Antonyms:  see  boil. 
2.  See  stick. 

freeze,  n.  congelation,  cooling;  spec,  frost. 

freightage,  n.  Spec,  cartage,  wagonage, 
ferriage,  etc. 

freighter,  n.  Spec,  loader,  forwarder, 
shipper,  vessel. 

French,  a.  Gaulish  {poetic  or  humorous), 
Gallic  {somewhat  humorous),  Gallican 
{learned  or  hist.).  Parleyvoo  {humorous); 
spec.  Romance,  Creole,  Frenchy,  Frenchi- 
fied. 

Frenchify,  v.  i.  &  t.  Gallicize. 

Frenchman,  n.  Parleyvoo  {humorous), 
Froggy  {slang);  spec.  Creole. 

frenzy,  n.  excitement  {contextual),  passion, 
transport,  ecstasy  {chiefly  spec);  spec 
rapture,  fury,  delirament  {rare),  heat, 
rage,  furiosity  {rare),  furor,  orgasm 
{rare),  furiousness,  burn  {fig.),  chafe 
{archaic),  rave  {rare),  oestrus  or  oestrum, 
must,  distraction,  delirium,  derangement, 
enthusiasm,  fanaticism,  fad;  see  also 
transport. 

frenzy,  v.  t.  excite,  transport,  ecstasy 
{chiefly  spec),  rap  {chiefly  spec);  spec 
ravish,  rapture,  distract,  enrapture,  im- 
passion, furify  (rare),  madden,  enrage. 

frequency,  n.  1.  oftenness  {rare),  oftness 
{archaic),   thickness    {in   space  or  time), 
quotiety     {rare),     howmanyness     {rare); 
spec  repetition,  habitualness. 
Antonyms:  see  infrequency. 
2.  commonness  {cf.  common). 

frequent,  a.  1.  often  {archaic  or  rare), 
thick  {in  space  or  time);  spec,  many,  daily, 
hourly,  rapid,  minutely,  momentary. 

Antonyms:  see  infrequent. 
2.  See  common. 

frequent,  v.  t.  haunt  {often  spec);  spec 
infest,  affect,  visit,  use  {rare),  attend, 
ghost  {rare),  overrun. 

frequentation,  n.  haunting,  infestation, 
visitation,  use  {rare,  exc.  spec),  attend- 
ance. 

frequenter,  n.  haunter,  resorter,  habitu6 
{French),  etc. 


E^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
free-handed:  generous. 


free-hearted:  frank. 
free  lance:  adventurer. 


freight:   load. 
frenzied:  frantic. 


tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

195 


FRESH 


fresh,  a.  1.  new,  reccut;  spec,  green,  wanu, 
uiifaded. 
Antonyms:  see  ancient. 

2.  Referring  to  meal,  vegetables,  etc.:  caller 
{Scot.);  spec,  green,  uncured,  unsuioked, 
undried,  crisp. 

Antonyms:  sec  withered. 

3.  unsalted,  sweet; — referring  to  water, 
foixi,  etc. 

4.  Of  the  air,  etc.:  spec,  pure,  sweet,  re- 
freshing. 

Antonyms:  see  close. 

5.  Spec,  unexhausted,  energetic,  bloom- 
ing, clear,  strong,  vivid,  brilliant,  addi- 
tional, green,  dewy,  unobliterated,  brisk. 

Antony?ns:  see  exhausted,  tired,  wea- 
ried. 

freshen,  v.  t.  refresh,  revive,  liven;  spec. 
renew,  brighten,  quicken,  brisk  or 
brisken. 

freshman,  n.  novice;  spec,  plebe  (17.  S.; 
colloq.),  puny  (Eng.),  bejan  (Scot.,  but  obs. 
at  Edinburgh). 

freshness,  Ji.  1.  newness,  recency;  spec. 
greenness. 

2.  Spec,  brilliance,  bloom,  dewiness,  ver- 
dure, vigor,  flush,  glow,  energy,  strength, 
etc. 
Antonyms:  see  weariness. 

fret,  V.  t.  I.  erode,  gall,  chafe;  see  fray. 
2.  See  agitate,  annoy,  irritate. 

fret,  V.  i.  1.  erode,  chafe;  spec.  fray. 

2.  chafe,  fume,  stew  (colloq.);  spec,  worry, 
repine,  ferment,  boil  (colloq.  or  slang). 

3.  roughen,  ripple,  babble; — referring  to 
water,  etc. 

fret,  n.  1.  erosion,  chafe;  spec,  breach. 
2.  agitation,  chafe,  stew  (colloq.),  fume; 
spec,  ferment,  fermentation,  worry. 

friar,  n.  1.  ecclesiastic  (contextual),  frate 
(Italian),  shaveling  (opprobrious),  broth- 
er; spec,  mendicant,  brevigcr  (hist.),  car- 
mehte,  Franciscan  (Gray  Friar),  Domin- 
ican (Black  Friar),  Augustinian,  Mini- 
mite  (rare).  Minim,  Minor,  tertiary,  dis- 
calceate,  limiter  (hist.),  cordelier  (Fran- 
ciscan), calender  (Mohammedan;  a  loose 
use). 
2.  See  MONK. 

friary,  n.  association  \contextual) ,  friars 
(pi.),  convent. 

friend,  n.    1.   intimate   (contextual),   Da- 
mon (fig.),  famihar. 
Antonyms:  see  enemy. 
2.  approver  (cf.  approve)  . 

friendliness,  n.  amicability,  amity,   cor- 


diality;   spec,    brotherliness,    neighborli- 
ness,  kindness,  etc. 

Antonyms:  see  opposition. 
friendly,   a.    1.    amicable,    cordial;   spec. 
brotherly,    kindly,    neighborly,    lovcsome 
(archaic),  friendlike. 

Antonyms:  see  unfriendly. 

2.    See  FAVORAHLE. 

frighten,  v.  t.  fright  (rare  or  poetic),  fear 
(archaic),  affray  (rare),  affright  (chiefly 
literary),  alarm,  scare,  fray  (archaic), 
funk  (slang);  spec,  appall,  shoo,  terrify, 
terrorize,  dismay,  gaily  (dial,  or  whaling), 
horrify,  freeze,  cow,  daunt,  startle,  con- 
sternate, intimidate,  stampede,  drive. 
Antonyms:  see  encourage,  entice. 

frill,  n.  1.  edging;  spec,  jabot,  purl,  ruch- 
ing,  ruche  (French). 
2.  See  affectation. 

fringe,  n.  border,  edge,  fimbriation  (tech.), 
fimbrilla  (dim.;  tech.);  spec,  phylactery 
(erroneous),  bullion,  macrame,  bang,  fim- 
bria. 

fringe,  v.  t.  border,  edge,  fimbriate  (tech.). 

fringed,  a.  bordered,  edged,  fimbriate 
(tech.),  fringy,  jubate  (tech.;  rare);  spec. 
ciliate  or  ciliated,  cirrated. 

frisky,  a.  lively  (contextual),  antic;  see 
frolicsome. 

frivolity,  n.  frivolousness,  lightness,  emp- 
tiness, foolishness,  fribble,  levity,  flip- 
pancy, trifling,  flimsiness,  silliness,  vola- 
tility, fhghtiness,  giddiness,  frippery, 
trumpery. 

frivolous,  a.  light,  empty,  foolish,  light- 
minded,  light-headed,  friblDle,  contemptu- 
ous, trifling,  frippery  (contemptuous), 
giddy,  flimsy,  silly,  volatile,  flighty,  frivol 
(colloq.  or  slang),  fribblish  (rare),  butter- 
fly (fig.),  unideaed  (rare),  jiggish  (rare), 
trumpery;  spec,  overlight,  flippant,  hoity- 
toity. 

frock,  n.  Spec,  gown,  dress,  overaU,  coat, 
jersey. 

frog,  n.  1.    amphibian  (contextual;  tech.), 
paddock  (Scot.);  spec,  frogling,  tadpole. 
2.  Referring   to    part   of  a   horse's  foot: 
cushion,  frush. 

froglike,  a.  batrachoid,  raniform; — both 
tech. 

frolic,  n.  play,  caper,  sport,  lark,  sky- 
lark (colloq.),  prank,  trick  (colloq.);  spec. 
romp,  rollick,  escapade,  racket  (slang), 
spree  (colloq.),  hoity-toity  (rare),  gambol, 
curvet,  frisk,  merrymaking,  cantrip 
(chiefly  Scot.). 


CF°  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

freshet:  flood. 

fresWy:  again. 

fret:  ornament,  variegate. 

trettvil:  irascible,  agitated,  gusty. 

friable:  crumbly. 

friction:  rubbing,  dissension. 


fright: /ear. 
frightened:  afraid. 
frightful:  alarming. 
frigid:  cold,  dull,  distant. 
frigorific:  cooling, 
trippery:  finery,  show. 
frisk:  caper,  frolic. 


fTit:^ralcine. 

fritter,  n.:  fragment. 

fritter,  v.  I.:  break,  waste,  trifle. 

frivol. !'.  i.:  trifle. 

friz,  frizz:  curl. 

frizzle:  curl,  cook. 

frizzly:  curly. 


't^'  Sue  Notes  of  Explanation. 

196 


FULL 


frolic,  V.  i.  play,  prank  (rare),  sport;  spec. 
rollick,  caper,  romp,  lark,  skylark  (colloq.), 
freak,  frisk,  gambol,  curvet,  wanton, 
spree  (colloq.). 

frolicsome,  a.  playful,  frolic,  sportful, 
sportive,  prankful  (rare),  prankish  (rare); 
spec,  frisky,  frisk,  larkish  (colloq.),  larky 
(colloq.),  larking  (colloq.),  rompish,  rump- 
ing,  rompy,  wild,  skittish,  hoity-toity, 
capersome. 

from,  prep,  fro  (Scot,  and  dial.);  spec,  with, 
off,  of. 
Antonyms:  see  toward. 

front,  n.  1.  Spec,  forehead,  face,  look. 

2.  fore  (chiefly  tech.  or  a  quasi  noun), 
forepart,  forefront  (emphatic),  foreside 
(obs.  or  tech.);  spec,  van,  head,  beginning, 
foreground,  proscenium  (tech.,  exc. 
learned  as  fig.  or  transferred),  heading, 
breast,  frontage,  belly;  see  foreground. 

Antonyms:  see  back. 

3.  Referring  to  a  building:  face,  fagade, 
frontal,  frontispiece  (rare). 

Antonyms:  see  back. 

4.  Referring  to  an  army,  etc.:  van;  spec. 
vanguard. 

5.  See  CARRIAGE. 

front,  V.  t.  1.     See  face,  oppose,  meet, 

COVER. 

2.  lead  (go  in  front),  head  (by  having  the 
front  place),  face. 

frontier,  n.  border,  coast  (archaic). 

frontlet,  n.  band,  frontal;  spec,  cham- 
frain,  forestall. 

frost,  n.  1.   See  freeze. 
2.  Referring  to  white  frost:  hoarfrost,  rime 
(literary  or  tech.),  cranreuch  (Scot.),  hoar 
(rare) . 

frosted,  a.  hoary. 

frown,  V.  i.  scowl,  lower  or  lour,  gloom, 
glout  (rare),  glower,  cloud  (contextual). 
Antonyms:  see  smile. 

frown,  n.  scowl,  lower  or  lour,  gloom 
(chiefly  Scot.),  flout  (rare),  glower,  cloud 
(contextual) . 

frowning,  a.  scowling,  lowering  or  lour- 
ing, lowry  or  loury,  glooming,  glowering, 
clouded  (contextual),  cloudy  (contextual). 

fructification,  n.  fecundation,  fertiliza- 
tion, impregnation;  spec,  masculation,  or- 
thogamy,  heterogamy,  autogamy,  self- 
fertilization. 

fructify,  v.  t.  fecundate,  fertilize  (chiefly 


spec),  impregnate  (cause  to  become  preg- 
nant; chiefly  spec);  spec,  fruit. 

fructifying,  a.  fructificative  (rare),  fecun- 
datory  (rare  or  tech.),  fertihzing,  fructifer- 
ous (rare). 

frugal,  a.  1.  sparing,  chary;  spec,  abstemi- 
ous, economical. 
2.  *S'ee  scanty. 

fruit,  n.  1.  Spec  fruitlet,  fruitling  (rare), 
fruitage  (a  collective),  follicle,  drupel, 
drupelet,  key,  samara,  legume,  mericarp, 
cremocarp. 

2.  produce  (a  collective  sing.),  vegetable 
(with  no  deflnite  distinction  from  "fruit"  in 
popular  use) . 

3.  See  product,  effect,  outcome,  good, 

PROFIT. 

fruit,  V.  i.  fructify;  spec.  bear. 

fruit- bearing,  a.  frugiferous  (rare),  fruc- 
tuous  (chiefly  spec). 

fruit -eating,  a.  frugivorous,  f  ructivorous ; 
— both  tech. 

fruitful,  a.  1.  productive,  fertile,  fecund 
(archaic  or  rare),  prolific,  feracious  (rare), 
fructuous  (chiefly  spec);  spec,  teeming, 
polyphorous  (rare),  teemful,  uberous 
(rare),  plenteous  (chiefly  poetic),  good, 
broody  or  breedy  (dial,  or  colloq.),  exuber- 
ant, eugenesic  (rare),  fat  or  fatty,  rich, 
gleby  (rare),  proliferous; — 7nany  of  these 
terms  being  used,  figuratively  or  by  trans- 
fer, of  the  mind,  imagination,  etc. 
Antonyms:  see  barren,  unproductive. 
2.  See  productive. 

fruit  grower,  horticulturist  (contextual); 
spec,  orchardist,  orchardman. 

fruit  growing,  horticulture  (contextual); 
spec  pomiculture  (rare),  pomology. 

fruiting,  n.  fruitage. 

fry,  V.  t.  cook  (contextual);  spec  saut6 
frizzle,  fricassee. 

fry,  n.  Spec  fricandeau,  frizzle,  fricassee. 

fuel,  n.  firing  (Eng.  or  archaic);  spec 
kindling,  breeze. 

fugitive,  a.  1.  fleeing;  spec,  runaway,  hide- 
away (rare). 
2.  See  transitory,  ephemeral. 

fugitive,  n.  fleer  (rare);  spec,  runaway, 
vagabond,  wanderer,  refugee,  runagate 
(contemptuous). 

fulcrum,  n.  support. 
Antonyms:  see  lever. 

full,  V.  t.  thicken  (contextual);  spec.  mill. 


t^=  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

frontage:  front. 

frontal:  frontlet,  front. 

frosty:  cold,  gray. 

froth,  n.:  foam,  nonsense. 

froth,  V.  i.:  foam. 

frothy:  foamy. 

frounce:  curl. 

froward:  perverse.  [moldy. 

frowzy:  slovenly,  red,  red-faced, 

frozen:  congealed,  cold. 


fructify:  fruit. 

fruitage:  fruiting. 

fruition:  enjoyment. 

fruitless:  barren,  ineffectual. 

frustrate:  defeat. 

fubby :/(!«. 

fuddle,  V.  t.:  confuse. 

fuddle.  V.  i.:  drink. 

fuddle,  n :  confusion,  carouse. 

fudge,  V.  t.:  fake. 

fudge,  «..■  nonsense. 


fudge,  inter}'.:  bosh. 

fugacious:  transient. 

fulcrum,  n.:  support. 

fulfill:  accomplish,  satisfy,  obey, 
perform. 

fulfillment:  accomplishment, 
satisfaction,  obedience,  perform- 
ance. 

fulgent:  luminous. 

fulgurate:  flash. 

fuliginous:  dark,  smoky. 


14 


fS"  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

197 


FULL 


full,  a.  1.  replete  {a  stronger  ami  inore 
formal  term  than  "full"),  plenitiuiinary 
(rare),  pleuitudinous  (rare);  spec,  brim- 
ful, flush,  swollen,  ciiock-full  or  choke- 
full  (somewhat  colloq.),  crammed,  crowded, 
packed,  stuffed,  overflowing,  puffy. 

Antonifms:  see  empty. 
2.  satisfied,     sated     or    satiated;     spec. 
gorged    [implying    gross    gormandizing), 
crammed  (colloq.),  stuffed. 

5.  loose,  flowing;  spec,  baggy,  foldy 
(rare),  pouched,  pouchy. 

4.  Referring  to  the  voice:  rounded,  oro- 
tund (literary),  rotund  (formal  or  tech.). 

6.  See  ABSOLUTE,  ABOUNDING,  COMPLETE, 
EXHAUSTIVE,  DETAILED,  CIRCUMSTANTIAL, 
PLUMP,  STRONG. 

lull,  n.  completion,  utmost. 
full-blooded,   a.    1.   plethoric,   sanguine, 

sanguineous,  haematose  (rare); — all  four 

in  formal,  learned,  or  literary  use. 

2.  Referring  to  breed,  etc.:  pure,  true. 
Antonyms:  see  hybrid. 
fuller,    n.    hammer    (contextual),    hardy 

(hlackstnilhing) . 
fullness,  n.  1.  repletion,  repleteness  (less 

iisual),   impletion    (rare),    plenitude 

(learned  or  literary),  plenum  (rare);  spec. 

circumstantiality,  puffiness,  satiety. 
Antonyms:  see  emptiness,  vacancy. 

2.  Spec,  completeness,  absoluteness, 

plumpness,  rotundity,  abundance,  etc. 
fulvous,    a.    yellow,    fulvic    (rare);   spec. 

tawny,  tan. 
fumigate,  v.  t.  1.  reek,  suffumigate  (rare), 

fume;  spec,  smoke,  match,  disinfect. 

2.  See  perfume. 
fun,  n.    1.      Spec,  humor,  wit,  drollery, 

waggishness,  waggery  (rare). 

2.    See  DIA'ERSION,  PLAY. 

function,  n.  1.  activity,  duty,  office,  prov- 
ince, service. 
2.  See  ACTION,  ceremony. 

5.  In  math.:  spec,  sine,  cosine,  secant,  cose- 
cant, logarithm,  intermediate,  faculty,  etc. 

function,  v.  i.  act  (contextual),  function- 
ate (rare),  serve. 

fund,  n.  accumulation,  stock,  supply;  spec. 
box,  reserve,  pool ,  bank ,  capital ,  endowment. 

fundamental,  a.  basic,  basal,  underlying, 
ground,  bottom,  basilar  (rare);  spec,  car- 
dinal ;  see  elementary,  essential. 


Antonyms:  see  accidental. 
funeral,  a.  1.  burial  (contextual),  funeral, 
feral    (rare),    exequial    (rare),    epicedial 
(rare),  funebrial  (rare),  sepulchral;  spec. 
funerary,  elegiac. 

2.    See  DARK,  GLOO.MY,  SORROWFUL. 

fungus,  n.  Spec,  mushroom,  toadstool, 
bunt,  fuzzball,  bullfist,  puffball,  mold, 
rust,  smut,  agaric,  mildew,  tuckahoe, 
champignon,  truffle,  morel,  etc. 

funnel,  n.  channel,  tunnel  (rare);  spec,  in- 
fundibulum. 

funnel-shaped,  a.  choanoid  (tech.),  in- 
fundibuliform  (tech.). 

funny,  a.  Spec,  humorous,  facetious,  gro- 
tesque; see  comic,  laughable,  odd. 

fur,  n.  skin  (contextual),  coat  (contextual); 
spec,  flix  (rare),  flick  (dial.),  calaber,  er- 
mine, ermines,  erminites,  erminois,  budge, 
miniver,  pean,  pashm,  sable,  kolinsky, 
w^oom  (cant),  vair,  beaver,  seal,  etc. 

furl,  V.  t.  Naut.:  stow,  hand. 

furled,  a.  in  (used  predicatively) . 

furnace,  n.  Spec,  cupola,  forge,  calcar, 
kiln,  chauffer,  reverberatory,  revolver,  re- 
tort, roaster. 

furnish,  v.  t.  1.  provide,  supply,  dight  (ar- 
chaic or  dial.);  spec,  equip,  accommodate, 
endow,  store. 

2.  supply,  produce,  give,  yield,  find,  pro- 
vide, afford  (a  rather  bookish  term);  spec. 
advance,  lend,  sell,  rent,  etc. 

furnished,  a.  equipped,  found,  beseen  (ar- 
chaic), etc. 

furnishing,  n.  I,  Referring  to  the  action: 
provision,  supplial,  suppliance  (rare),  fur- 
nishment  (rare);  spec,  purveyance,  equip- 
ment, accommodation,  endowment. 

2.  Often  in  pi.:  equipment. 

3.  provision,  supply,  yield;  spec,  product, 
find,  advance,  loan,  etc. 

furniture,  n.  furnishing  (often  in  pi.), 
equipment;  spec,  drapery,  coverlet,  hang- 
ings, bedding. 

furrow,  n.  depression  (contextual);  spec. 
trench,  channel,  track,  seam,  groove,  rut, 
cut,  wrinkle,  line,  drill,  scratch. 

furrow,  V.  t.  Spec,  channel,  seam,  plow, 
wrinkle,  intrench  (rare),  trench,  ditch, 
rut,  corrugate,  cleave,  cut. 

f urrowy,  a.   Spec,  guttery,  rutty,  wrinkly, 

further,  adv.  besides,  beside,  else;  see  also. 


t^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

fulminate,  v.  t.;  explode,  flash, 
cur.'se.  [nounce. 

falminate,   r.    t.:   explode,   de- 

fulsome:  excessive. 

fulsomeness:  excess. 

fumble:  feel,  mismanage. 

fume,  V.  i.:  smoke,  exhale,  fret. 

fume,  V.  t.:  smoke,  exhale,  fumi- 
gate. 

fume,  n.:  smoke,  exhalation, 
smell,  fret,  fit. 


fumy:  smoky,  vaporous. 
functionary:  officer. 
fundament:  buttocks. 
fundamental,  n.:    basis,    ele- 

ment. 
fundus:  base. 
funicle:  cord,  stalk. 
funk,  n.:  fear. 
funk,  V.  t.:  evade. 
funk,  V.  i.:  shrink. 
furbish:  polish,  renovate,  renew. 
furcate,  a.:  forked. 


furfuraceous:  scurfy. 

furiosity:  anger,  frenzy,  vio- 
lence. 

furious:  angry,  violent,  frantic, 
extravagant. 

furor:  frenzy,  fad. 

further,  a.:  farther,  additional. 

further,  v.  t.:  aid,  advance. 

furtherance:  aid. 

furthermore:  besides. 

furtive:  thievish,  secret,  sneak- 
ing, stealthy. 


tS^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

198 


GAME 


lury,  n.  1.  See  frenzy,  anger,  fit,  vio- 
lence. 

2.  Dirse  {Latin;  pi.),  Erinnyes  {Greek; 
pi.),  Eumenides  {Greek,  euphemistic;  pi.); 
spec.  Tisiphone,  Megsera,  Alecto. 

3.  See  TERMAGANT. 

furze,  n.  gorze,  whin. 

fusible,  a.  meltable   {rare),  fluxible   {ar- 
chaic), fusile  {rare). 
Antonyms:  see  refractory. 

fuss,  n.  disturbance,  ado  {chiefly  literary), 
to-do  {colloq.),  pucker  {colloq.),  fidge  {col- 
loq.);  spec,  commotion,  tumult,  stir, 
pother,  boggle,  fizz  {colloq.),  bustle,  flus- 
ter, fiddle-faddle,  fidfad  {rare),  fret,  worry. 

fuss,  V.  i.  pucker  {colloq.;  rare),  fike  {Scot.), 
fidge  {colloq.);  spec,  potter,  boggle,  fizz 
{colloq.),  bustle,  fret,  worry. 

future,  a.  coming,  forward  {commercial) ; 
spec,  prospective. 
Antonyms:  see  past. 

future,  n.  futurity  {dignified),  futuri- 
tion  {philos.),  by-and-by  {chiefly  poetic  in 
suggestion),  to-come  (rare),  yet  {used  with 
"the";  rare),  to-be  {rare);  spec,  tomorrow 
{often  fig.),  ulterior,  hereafter. 
Antonyms:  see  past,  present. 


gadfly,  n.  fly  {contextual),  breeze,  gadbee 
{dial,  or  literary),  clog  {Scot.  &  dial.  Eng.). 

gaflf,  V.  t.   Spec,  spear,  hook,  gambeer. 

gain,  n.  1.  See  acquisition,  benefit, 
profit. 

2.  addition  {contextual),  accretion  {con- 
textual); spec,  advantage,  graft,  plunder, 
booty,  clean-up  {U.  SS),  winning,  emolu- 
ment, gettings  {pi.;  archaic),  superlu- 
cration  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  loss. 

gain,  V.  t.  1.  get,  acquire,  reap  (fig.),  ob- 
tain; spec,  procure,  earn,  gather,  superlu- 
crate  {rare),  net,  clear,  profit. 
Antonyms:  see  forfeit. 
2.  See  INCUR,  win,  reach. 

gait,  n.  1.  step;  spec,  slouch,  swing,  clip 
{colloq.),  amble,  hobble,  canter,  dog  trot, 
gallop,  jog,  jog  trot,  rack,  pace,  single- 
foot  {U.  S.),  lope,  trot,  run,  walk,  sham- 


ble, saunter,  stalk,  stride,  hobble,  swing, 

roll,  volley,  piaffer. 

2.  See  carriage. 
gaiter,    n.    legging    {contextual),    contina- 

tions    {pi.;    slang);    spec,    squatterdash, 

spats  {pi.),  gambado. 
gallant,  n.    Spec,  blade,  escort,  cicisbeo  (a 

gallant  of  a  married  woman), 
gallery,  n.  1.  Spec,  corridor,  loft,  balcony, 

veranda,     portico,     cantarina,    traverse, 

triforium,  loggia,  dedans  {French),  drift. 

2.  Referring  to  part  of  an  audience:  spec. 

gods  {pi.;  cant  or  slang). 
gallop,  V.  t.  &  i.    Spec,  canter,  run. 
gallop,  n.  gait  {contextual);  spec,  tantivy, 

canter. 
gallows,  n.  bough  (archaic),  tree  (archaic), 

gibbet  (obs.). 

gallows,  a.  patibulary  (rare). 
gallowsbird,     n.     criminal     (contextual), 

hempstring,    hempseed    (nonce;    Shake- 
speare).   "Gallowsbird"  is  colloq. 
gamble,  v.  i.  1.  play  (contextual),  game, 

gaff  (Eng.  slang  or  colonial);  spec,  dice, 

throw,  punt,  plunge. 

2.  See  WAGER. 
gamble,  v.  t.  risk  {contextual),  wager. 
gamble,    n.    chance;    spec,    wager,    risk, 

plunge,  pyramid. 
gambler,  n.  1.  player  (contextuxil) ,  sport 

(cant);  spec,  gamester,  gamestress  (fern.), 

dicer,  hazarder,  plunger,  punter. 

2.  wagerer  (cf.  wager). 
game,  n.  quarry. 
game,  7i.  1.  See  sport. 

2.  diversion  (contextual);  spec,  contest, 
agonistics,  bowls,  ball,  quoits,  backgam- 
mon, cards,  checkers,  dominoes,  check- 
stones,  chess,  cricket,  croquet,  dibs,  fan- 
tan,  faro,  football,  hazard,  the  graces, 
hockey,  hopscotch,  jackstraws,  jack- 
stones,  John  Bull,  kino  (U.  S.),  Krieg- 
spiel,  lacrosse,  lansquenet,  lanterloo  (obs.), 
leapfrog,  letters,  loggats,  lotto,  mall,  ping- 
pong,  racing,  reversi,  tiddly-winks,  etc. 

3.  See  ridicule,  plan. 

4.  Referring  to  a  single  contest:  spec,  pan- 
cratium, Olympic,  Marathon. 

5.  hunt,  chase,  gibier  (French). 
Antonyms:  see  hunter. 


tS^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
fuse,  V.  t.:  liquefy,  smelt,  unite. 
fusiform:  spindle-shaped. 
fusillade:  discharge. 
fusion:  liquefaction,  union. 
fuss,  V.  t.:  disturb,  confuse. 
fustian,  n.:  bombast. 
fustian,  a.:  bombastic. 
fusty:    moldy,    close,    old-fash- 
ioned. 
futile:  ineffectual,  trivial, 
tutuiity:  future,  event. 
fuzz:  fluff. 
fuzzy:  curly,  fluffy. 
fylfot:   swastika. 


gab:  talk. 

gabble:  babble,  chatter,  cackle. 
gad:  wander. 
gag,  V.  t.:  choke. 
gag,  V.  i.:  retch. 

gag,  n.:  deception,  interpolation. 
gage:  pledge,  surety.  \vance. 

gain,    V.    i.:   benefit,    graft,    ad- 
gainful:    advantageous,    profit- 
able, beneficial. 
gainsay:  contradict. 
gait,  V.  t.:  adjust. 
galaxy:  assembly. 
gale:  wind,  fit. 


gall,  n.:  annoyance,  impudence. 
gall,  V.  t.:  fret,  vex. 
gallant,  a.:  showy,  brave,  polite. 
gallant,  v.  t  :  court,  escort. 
gallant,  v.  i.:  flirt. 
gallantness:  bravery,  amour. 
gallantry:  bravery,  show,  polite- 
ness. 
galled:  vexed. 
gaily:  bitter. 
galore:  abundantly. 
gambado:  caper. 
game,  a.:  disabled. 
game,  v.  i.:  gamble. 
game,  a.:  brave,  constant. 


XW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

199 


GAMEKEEPER 


gamekeeper,    n.   ranger    (archaic);   spec. 

vonerer  {rare). 
gang,  11.  1.  company,  crew. 

2.    k^ff  SET,  ASSOCIATION. 

gangrene,  n.  death  {cotitextual),  necrobio- 
sis (tech.),  mortification,  necrosis  (tech.). 

gangrene,  v.  i.  die,  mortify,  necrose 
(tech.). 

gangrenous,  a.  dead,  mortified,  necrose 
(tech.),  cankerous  (rare). 

gap,  H.  1.  See  breach. 
2.  opening  (contextual),  break,    vacancy, 
gape  (rare),  space;  spec,  lacuna,  jump, 
hiatus,  chasm,  pass,  ravine,  rictus,  yawn. 

gape,  i\  i.  open  (contextual),  hiate  (rare), 
gaup  or  gawp  (dial.),  inhiate  (rare);  spec. 
yawn,  dehisce. 

gaping,  a.  agape,  hiant  (chiefly  hist.); 
spec,  yawning,  ringent,  patulous,  patulent 
(rare),  dehiscent,  loculicidal. 

garden,  n.  Spec,  potagerie  (French),  her- 
bary,  nursery,  Lyceum. 

gardener,  n.  mallee  (Anglo-Indian);  spec. 
horiculturist,  florist. 

gardening,  a.  hortulan  (rare),  hortensial 
(rare),  hortensian  (rare);  spec,  topiary. 

gardening,  n.  horticulture;  spec,  floricul- 
ture, olericulture,  viniculture. 

gargle,  v.  t.  rinse  (contextual),  wash,  gar- 
garize  (rare). 

gargle,  n.  wash  (contextvxil) ,  gargarism 
(med.;  rare),  collutory  (tech.). 

garment,  n.  I.  confection  (a  Gallicism), 
rag  (derogatory),  cloth  (obs.),  vestment 
(rhetorical  or  spec),  wearable  (colloq.); 
spec,  shroud  (poetic  or  archaic),  abolla, 
slops  (pi.),  blouse,  cape,  cardigan,  coat, 
coat-hardy  (obs.;  hist.),  corselet,  cowl,  cy- 
mar  (poetic  or  fictional),  dalmatic,  doub- 
let, ephod,  flannels  (pi.),  frock,  fur,  gar- 
berdine,  gambeson  (obs.;  hist.),  grego, 
gown,  haqueton,  jersey,  jerkin,  jumper, 
jupe  (Scot.),  kaross,  kimono,  kirtle,  kilt, 
knickerbockers  (pi.),  hnens  (pi.),  linge- 
rie (collective  sing.),  mackintosh,  mandil- 
ion,  maniple,  manta,  mantelet,  mantlet, 
mantua,  mohair,  nightingale,  overall, 
peUsse,  shirt,  singlet,  slip,  trousers  (pi.), 
vest,  waist,  waistcoat,  weed,  teddy  bear 
(cant  or  slang) ,  envelope,  combination,  etc. 
2.  In  pi.:  see  clothing. 

garret,  n.  attic,  soler  (obs.  or  rare),  sky 
parlor  (colloq.  or  humorous). 

garrison,  n.  post  (U.  S.). 

gas,  n.   1.  fluid  (contextual);  spec,  choke 


damp,  flatus,  mafette,  argon,  o.xj'gen, 
hydrogen,   nitrogen,  chlorine,  etc. 

2.    See  BOMBAST. 

gaseous,  a.  fluid  (contextual),  gassy,  gasi- 
form, airy  (now  rare  or  spec);  spec,  aeri- 
form. 

gash,  V.  t.  &  n.  cut  (contextual),  crimp  (chief- 
ly spec),  scratch,  score,  slash,  scotch. 

gasoline,  n.  petrol  (British),  gas  (cant  or 
colloq.). 

gasp,  V.  i.  breathe  (contextual),  catch;  spec. 
chink,  pant,  labor,  choke  (contextual). 

gastronomic,  a.  esurient  (an  incorrect  use; 
properly  ^'pertaining  to  love  of  eating  or 
appetite"). 

gate,  n.  1.  opening  (contextual) , passageway 
(contextual),  portal  (elevated  term),  gate- 
way, port  (now  chiefly  Scot.),  pylon 
(archceol.),  arch,  toran,  porte-cochere 
(French),  floodgate,  sluice,  turnpike, 
wicket,  lich-gate. 

2.  door  (contextual),  shuttle,  portcullis, 
wicket,  lattice,  hatch. 

gatekeeper,  n.  porter  (the  more  formal 
term). 

gather,  v.  t.  1.  assemble,  collect,  group; 
spec  lump,  mass,  huddle,  herd,  rake  (vrith 
"up"),  crowd,  congregate,  rally,  aggre- 
gate, flocculate  (rare),  forgather,  ingather, 
cluster,  drum,  whip,  cull,  glean,  shock, 
clump,  stack,  bunch,  convene,  mobihze. 
Antonyms:  see  scatter,  separate,  dis- 
perse. 

2.  In  serving,  etc.:  spec,  shirr,  pucker,  full. 

3.  See  accumulate,  win,  infer,  gain. 
gather,  v.  i.  1.  assemble,  collect,  group, 

congregate,    forgather,    aggregate;    spec. 
bunch,  convene,  huddle. 
Antonyms:  see  disperse,  scatter, 
stray. 
2.  See  INCREASE,  suppurate. 

gather,  n.  gathering;  spec,  shirr,  pucker. 

gathering,  n.  1.  The  act  or  action:  assem- 
bly, assemblage,  collection,  forgathering, 
grouping;  spec,  congregation,  convention, 
aggregation,  mobihzation,  clustering,  etc. 

2.  Those  gathered,  considered  collectively: 
assemblage,  body,  collection,  group;  spec. 
crowd,  throng,  bunch,  drum,  convention, 
congregation,  aggregation,  rally,  herd, 
flock,  cluster;  see  assembly,  convention. 

3.  See  accumulation. 

gaudy,  a.  showy;  spec,  tawdry,  tinsel,  gar- 
ish, flashy,  gimcrack,  brummagem,  cheap. 
Antonyms:  see  simple,  modest. 


(^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
gamesome:  frolicsome,  merry. 
gamester:  gambler. 
gamut:  scale,  compass. 
gamy:  brave,  constant,  ill-smell- 
ing. 
gang:  set,  association. 
gaol:  prison; — var.  of  jail. 
gap:  breach. 


garb,  u..'  costnme,  clothing. 
garb,  V.  t.:  clothe. 
garble:  deface,  pervert. 
garish:  showy,  bright. 
garland:  wreath. 
garment:  clothe. 
garner,  n.:  granary. 
garner,  v.  t.:  accumulate,  store. 
garnisb,  n.:  ornament. 


garnishment:  ornamentation. 
garret:  attic. 
garrison,  v.  t.:  man. 
garrote:  strangle. 
garrulous:  talkative. 
gascon,  a.:  boasting. 
gascon,  n.:  boaster. 
gauche,  a.:  awkward. 
gaud:  gewgaw. 


fW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

200 


GENTLE 


gauge,  V.  t.  t.  measure, 
2.  adjust. 

gauge,  n.  1.  See  measure,  extent. 
2.  Spec,  templet,  fence,  manometer. 

gawk,  n.  simpleton  (contextual),  clown, 
gawky,  booby,  jay  {colloq.  or  slang);  spec. 
calf  {colloq.),  sight  {colloq.). 

gay,  a.  1.  lively,  vivacious,  airy,  gaysome 
{rare),  merry,  jolly,  jovial  {more  bookish 
than  "jolly"),  mirthful,  galliard  {archaic); 
spec,  wild,  riotous,  festive,  mad,  hilarious, 
gleeful,  jaunty,  sportive,  sprightly,  con- 
vivial, frolicsome,  gamesome,  merry- 
making, frivolous,  jubilant. 
Antonyms:  see  sad,  sullen. 

2.    See  BRIGHT. 

gayety,  n.  1.  Uveliness,  vivacity,  vivacious- 
ness,  airiness,  joyance,  merriness,  merri- 
ment, mirth,  mirthfulness,  galliardise  (ar- 
chaic); spec,  hilarity,  hilariousness,  jaun- 
tiness,  sportiveness,  merrymaking,  frivol- 
ity, jubilance. 
Antonyms:  see  ennui. 

2.    See  BRIGHTNESS. 

gaze,  V.  i.  look  (contextual);  spec,  muse, 
(literary),  pore,  stare,  ogle,  gape,  glower, 
gloat,  glare,  leer. 

gelatinous,  a.  colloid  (tech.),  tremeUose 
(tech.);  spec,  gelatiniform. 

gelding,  n.  neuter  (rare);  spec,  ridgeling, 
ridgel. 

gem, n.  jewel,  stone;  spec,  solitaire,  scarab, 
hyacinth,  diamond,  ruby,  3ardine,  sap- 
phire, tiger's-eye,  moonstone,  bloodstone, 
opal,  amethyst,  topaz,  turquoise,  pearl, 
emerald,  garnet,  carbuncle,  etc. 

gemlike,  a.  gemmy,  gemmeous  (rare). 

genealogy,  n.  history  (contextual),  genera- 
tion (rare);  spec,  pedigree,  tree. 

general,   a.    I.   universal    (more  emphatic 

than   "general"),   catholic   (chiefly  eccl.); 

spec,   cosmic,    oecumenical,    heavenwide, 

nationwide,  statewide. 

Antonyms:    see    particular,    minute, 

NARROW,  individual,  LOCAL. 

2.  In  a  less  inclusive  sense:  widespread, 
wide,  broad  (less  emphatic  than  "wide"); 
spec,  generic,  main,  impersonal,  popular, 
current,  indefinite,  bird's-eye. 
Antonyms:  see  circumstantial,  par- 
ticular. 

generalize,  V.  t.  broaden,  universalize, 
spread. 

generate,  v.  t.  1.  beget  (chiefly  spec), 
breed  (chiefly  spec),  create  (contextual), 
reproduce  (biol.),  produce  (young),  pro- 
create, conceive  (in  the  womb),  engender. 


propagate;   spec,   spawn    (contemptuous), 
bear,  pullulate,  inbreed. 
Antonyms:  see  kill. 
2.  See  cause. 

generate,  v.  i.  breed,  reproduce,  grow,  pro- 
duce, conceive,  propagate  (chiefly  tech.); 
spec,  hatch,  segment,  increase,  proliferate, 
teem,  multiply,  inbreed. 
Antonyms:  see  die. 

generation,  n.  1.  begetting,  breeding,  pro- 
duction, genesis  (rare),  reproduction,  pro- 
creation, propagation  (^chiefly  tech.);  spec. 
increase,  prohferation,  isogamy,  theogony, 
ontogeny,  histogenesis,  heterogenesis. 
2.  Referring  to  those  living  during  a  ceC' 
tain  period:  age,  descent. 

generative,  a.  1.  reproductive,  progenitive, 
creative,    genial    (rare),    genital    (chiefly 
spec);  spec  proligerous  (rare),  proliferous, 
conceptive,  germinative,  gametal. 
2.  See  productive,  causative. 

generosity,  n.   1.  greatness,  large-heart- 

edness,  magnanimity    (formal),  nobiUty, 

magnanimousness ;  spec,  loftiness,  courage. 

Antonyms:     meanness    (see  mean);    see 

selfishness. 

2.  generousness,  free-heartedness,  liberal- 
ity, handsomeness  (rare),  bounty,  frank- 
ness (obsolesc),  freedom  (rare);  spec. 
benevolence,  royalty,  munificence,  prodi- 
gality, lavishness. 

Antonyms:  stinginess  (see  stingy). 

3.  See  abundance. 

generous,  a.  1.  great  (contextual),  mag- 
nanimous    (formal),     ingenuous,     large- 
hearted,  great-hearted,  noble;  spec,  lofty, 
courageous,  chivalrous,  beneficent. 
Antonyms:  see  mean. 

2.  Referring  to  the  opposite  of  "stingy": 
free-hearted,  open-hearted,  open-handed, 
open  (colloq.),  free,  Hberal,  free-handed, 
frank  (obsolescent),  handsome,  large  (ar- 
chaic) ,  bounteous,  bountiful ;  spec  munifi- 
cent, lavish,  prodigal,  benevolent,  stintless. 

Antonyms:  see  stingy,  greedy,  paltry, 
selfish. 

3.  See  ABUNDANT. 

genius,  n.  l.'demon  (contextual),  spirit  (con- 
textual); spec  python  (New  Testament), 
jinni,  jinn  (pi.;  improperly  used  as  sing.). 

2.  angel  (chiefly  with  "good"  or  "bad"), 
spirit  (chiefly  with  "a  good"  or  "a  bad"). 

3.  See  capacity,  spirit. 
gentile,  n.  1.  See  heathen. 

2.  non-Jew,  uncircumscision  (with  "the"). 
gentle,  a.  1.  well-born,  generous  (archaic), 
good. 


t^^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
gauge,,v.  t.:  measure,  adjust. 
gaunt:  thin,  repellent. 
gauzy:  filmy. 
gawky:  awkward. 
gazingstock:  spectacle. 


gear,   n.:  dress,  clothing,  equip- 
ment,     apparatus,       cogwheel, 

(loocls. 

gelid:  cold. 
geminate:  double. 
generic:  general. 


genie:  demon. 

genre:  style. 

genteel:   polite,   noble,   elegant, 

stylish. 
gentile,  a.:  heathen,  racial. 
gentle,  v.  t.:  handle. 


tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
201 


GENTLEMAN 


2.    5«T  TAME. 

S.  mild   {a    weaker  word  than  "gentle"), 
light,  soft,  moderate ;  sper.  benign,  silken, 
soothing,  kind,  lenient,  low,  complaisant, 
amiable,  etc. 
Antonyms:  sfc  rough,  severe,  sharp, 

STERN,  VIOLENT,  HARSH,  FIERCE,  CRUEL, 
AUSTERE,  BLOODTHIRSTY,  BLUNT,  OUT- 
K.\GEOUS. 

4.  Referring  to  a  slope,  climb,  etc.:  mod- 
crate,  gradual,  slight,  easy. 

Antonyms:  see  precipitous. 
gentleman,  n.  1.  gent  {ridgar),  aristocrat, 
caballero   (Spanish),  duniwassal   (chiefly 
spec.;  Scot.);  spec,  esquire  (Eng.),  hidalgo 
(SiKinish),  cavalier. 

Antonyms:  see  boor. 
2.  See  MAN. 
gentleness,  n.  1.  mildness,  lightness,  soft- 
ness, moderateness,  moderation;  spec. 
easiness,  benignity,  faintness,  soothing- 
ness,  kindness,  lenience,  complaisance, 
amenity,  douceur  (French),  milkiness 
(rare). 

Antonyms:    see    violence,    sharpness, 

CRUELTY,  FEROCITY,  SEVERITY. 

2.  Referring  to  a  slope,  climb,  etc.:  moder- 
ateness, gradualness,  slightness,  easiness. 
genuine,  a.  1.  true,  right,  real,  veritable, 
proper  (rare),  indeed  (predicative);  spec. 
Simon  Pure,  honest,  true-blue;  see  au- 
thentic. 
Antonyms:  see  artificial. 

2.    See  SINCERE,  FRANK. 

germ,  TO.  1.  germen  (now  only  fig.),  embryo, 
seed  (now  chiefly  spec),  seminium  (rare), 
seminary  (rare). 

2.  See  ELEMENT. 

3.  microorganism,  seed  (spec,  or  fig.); 
spec,  microbe,  bacterium. 

germicide,  a.  Spec,  antiseptic,  bacteri- 
cide. 

germinate,  v.  i.  grow  (contextual),  germ 
(now  fig.),  burgeon,  germin  (archaic),  ger- 
minate (rare),  generate;  spec,  sprout, 
shoot,  pullulate  (rare),  blade,  bud,  vege- 
tate, catch,  set. 
Antonyms:  see  die. 

germinate,  v.  t.  cause  (contextual),  germ 
(rare);  spec,  sprout. 

gestural,  a.  gesticulative,  gesticular,  ges- 
ticulatory,  pantomimic  (chiefly  spec), 
pantomimical  (rare). 

gesture,  n.    1.   motion   (contextual),   gest 
(archaic);  spec,  gesticulation,  beck,  sign, 
fig.  wave,  puff,  signal. 
2.  In  a  generic  sense:  gesticulation,  chir- 


onomy   (rare),  dumb  show,   pantomime 
(chiefly  spec). 

gesture,  v.  %.  motion,  gesticulate,panto- 
miine  (rare),  sign;  spec,  wave,  ramp, 
beckon,  signal. 

gesturing,  a.  gcsticulant  (rare). 

get,  V.  t.  1.  obtain,  procure,  raise,  gain,  se- 
cure, have,  acquire;  spec  achieve,  take, 
win,  glean,  borrow,  sponge,  impetrate, 
find,  draw,  elicit,  wheedle,  coax,  derive, 
learn,  attain,  forage,  mine,  snatch,  hire, 
catch,  capture,  etc 

Antonyms:  see  miss. 
2.  See    NONPLUS,    induce,    take    (one- 
self), BEGET. 

gettable,  a.  obtainable,  come-at-able  {colr 
loq.),  havable  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  inaccessible. 

getting,  n.  obtainment,  obtainal  (rare), 
obtcntion  (rare),  procurement,  secure- 
ment  (rare),  procuration;  spec,  impetra- 
tion,  acquirement,  elicitation,  derivation, 
etc.;  see  acquisition. 

gewgaw,  n.  trifle,  trinket,  toy  (obs.,  exc. 
spec);  spec,  kickshaw,  knickknack,  gim- 
crack,  fizgig,  gaud  (literary),  bauble, 
falderal  or  folderol,  fallal,  flapdoodle  (con- 
temptuous; colloq.),  flamfew  {rare). 

ghastly,  a.  1.   See  fearful. 
2.   pale,   deathly,   corpselike,   ghast   (ar- 
chaic or  poetic);  spec,  cadaverous,  lurid. 

ghost,  n.  1.  See  soul,  demon,  appearance. 
2.  apparition,  larva  (obs.  or  hist.),  larve 
(hist.),  spirit,  specter,  phantom,  phantasm 
(poetic  or  rhetorical),  phantasme  (rare), 
revenant  (rather  learned  or  cant),  shadow 
(rare),  shade  (chiefly  spec),  sprite  or  (ar- 
chaic) spright  (rare),  spook  (colloq.). 
Antonyms:  see  body. 

ghostly,  a.  1.  See  spiritual. 
2.  ghostlike,  spectral,  spookish  (colloq.), 
phantasmal,  phantom,  shadowy,  ghosty 
(jocular),  spooky  (colloq.). 
Antbnyms:  see  bodily. 

giant,  71.  1.  Referring  to  giants  of  litera- 
ture: spec.  Goliath,  Colossus,  Brobding- 
nagian  or  (incorrectly)  Brobdignagian, 
Hercules,  ogre,  Antaeus,  Briaeus,  Briareus, 
Polyphemus,  Cyclops,  Titan,  Titaness, 
Norn,  jinni. 

Antonyms:  see  dw^\rf. 
2.  Referring  to  any  very  large  person:  spec. 
giantess,  colossus,  jumbo  (colloq.),  Goliath 
(fig.),  polyheme  (rar»^. 
Antonyms:  see  dwarf. 

gibbet,  ti.  gallows,  patible  (rare);  spec. 
cross,  rood  (archaic). 


IW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
gentoo:  heathen,  Hindu. 
genuine:  authentic. 
geetate:  develop. 
gestation:  pregnancy. 
gesticulate:  gesture. 


get,  V.  i.:  become. 

get,  n.:  offspring,  begetting. 

get-up:  form. 

geyser:  spring. 

ghoul:  demon. 

gib:  disembowel. 


gibber:  chatter. 

gibbose:  convex. 

gibbous:    convex,    humpbacked, 

protuberant. 
gibe:  jeer. 
giddy:  dizzy,  frivolous. 


\CW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

202 


GLADDEN 


gift,  n.  1.  See  giving. 

2.  present,  liberality  {rare),  donation 
{chiefly  spec.);  spec,  bonus,  premium, 
prize,  dole,  contribution,  mite,  favor,  tes- 
timonial, gratification,  offering,  boon,  ob- 
lation, gratuity,  bounty,  propine  {ar- 
chaic or  Scot.),  largess,  fairing,  benevo- 
lence, cadeau  (French),  donary  (rare), 
grant,  douceur  (French),  tip,  benefaction, 
cumshaw  (Chinese  ports),  baksheesh,  con- 
cession, honorarium,  merced  (Spanish), 
dash  or  dashee  (African  coast),  pittance, 
alms,  charity,  pilon  (southwestern  U.  S.), 
pilonce  (Texas),  pilon villo  (Texas),  lag- 
niappe  (New  Orleans),  donative,  legacy, 
bequest,  devise,  benefit,  enam  (India), 
batta  (Anglo-Indian),  bribe,  handsel,  fa- 
vor, mortuary,  khilat  or  khelat  (East 
India),  feu,  ormolu,  congiary  (Roman 
hist.),  nuzzer  (Anglo-Indian) . 

Antonyms:  see  demand. 

3.  See  ENDOWMENT,  ABILITY. 

gig,  n.  chaise;  spec,  whisky,  tilbury. 

gigantic,  a.  1.  immense,  colossal,  elephan- 
tine. Titanic  (spec,  or  fig.),  Herculean 
(spec,  or  fig.),  Cyclopean  (spec,  or  fig.), 
Brobdingnagian  or  (incorrectly)  Brobdig- 
nagian  (spec,  or  fix),  and  ironical). 
Antonyms:  see  dwarf. 
2.  See  ENORMOUS. 

gild,  V.  t.  adorn,  deaurate  (rare),  engild 
(literary;  often  fig.);  spec,  begild,  overgild. 

gilded,  a.  aureate  (learned  or  literary), 
inaurate  (rare). 

gin,  n.  liquor  (contextual),  ribbon  (slang; 
cant),  satin  (slang),  eyewater  (slang), 
deadly  (slang),  juniper  (slang),  jacky  or 
jackey  (slang);  spec,  schiedam,  Hollands, 
schnapps. 

gird,  V.  t.  I.  encircle  (contextual);  spec,  girt, 
bind,  belt,  surcingle. 

2.  See  INVEST,  PREPARE,  BRACE,  SUR- 
ROUND, BESIEGE. 

girdle,  n.  band  (contextual),  girth,  cin- 
gle  (literary;  chiefiy  spec);  spec,  brail, 
cincture  (bookish),  belt,  cingulum  (tech.), 
truss,  sash,  cummerbund  (Anglo-Indian), 
scarf,  cestus  (Roman  antiq.),  zone  (liter- 
ary or  Greek  antiq.),  zoster  (Greek  antiq.). 

girdle,   v.    t.    bind    (contextual),    encircle 
(contextual),  girth,  engird   (literary),  en- 
girdle (literary),  circuit  (contextual). 
2.  Referring  to  a  tree:  ring,  ringbark. 

girdled,  a.  precinct  (rare);  spec,  succinct. 

girl,  n.  1.  child  (contextual),  maid  (archaic 
or  playful),  lass  (chiefly  dial.),  lassie  (chief- 
ly   Scot.),     maiden     (elevated),    damsel. 


damoiselle  (French),  colleen  (Anglo- 
Irish),  wench  (archaic  or  derogatory), 
girly  (colloq.),  tot  (obs.  or  rare);  spec. 
girleen  (Anglo-Irish),  giglet,  dell  (archaic 
cant),  flapper  (slang),  lassock  (Scot.), 
missy,  min.x,  hussy,  baggage,  cummer 
(Scot.),  gill  (rare,  exc.  in  "Jack  and  Gill"), 
whelp  (contemptuous),  cub. 
2.  See  DOMESTIC. 

girlhood,  7i.  lassiehood  (chiefly  Scot.), 
maidenhood,  girlishness  (rare),  maidhood 
(rare) . 

girlish, a.  childish,  maidenish,  girly  (colloq.), 
maidenly  (commendatory). 

girth,  n.  1.  band  (contextual),  girdle,  belly- 
band  (sometimes  spec);  spec,  roller,  cinch, 
surcingle. 

2.    See  CIRCUMFERENCE,  GIRDLE. 

gist,  n.  1.  reason,  ground,  basis; — referring 
to  a  legal  action. 
2.  See  ESSENCE. 

givable,  a.  dative  (law),  grantable,  con- 
ferable,  bestowable,  etc. 

give,  V.  t.  I.  present,  confer,  bequeath  (ar- 
chaic or  spec),  grant;  spec,  donate  (chiefly 
U.  S.),  contribute,  dole,  lend,  heap  (with 
"upon"),  distribute,  begrudge,  club,  of- 
fer, produce,  emit,  utter,  entail,  devise, 
entrust,  etc. 
Antonyms:  see  beg,  demand, 
2.  In  various  secondary  senses:  see  af- 
ford, COMMUNICATE,  REQUITE  (give  in  re- 
turn), ADMINISTER,  ADDICT,  APPLY,  AT- 
TRIBUTE, DELIVER,  DEAL,  SHOW,  GRANT, 
ADJUDGE. 

give-and-take,  n.  giff-gaff  (Scot,  and  dial. 
Eng.). 

giver,  n.  presenter,  donor  (tech.,  spec,  or 
formal),  donator  (rare),  conferrer,  grant- 
er;  spec  contributor. 

giving,  n.  1.  gift  (chiefly  of  a  single  act), 
presentation,  conferment,  present  (rare), 
conferral,  largition  (rare),  bestowal,  be- 
stowment,  grant  (chiefly  spec,  or  formal), 
donation  (chiefly  spec);  spec,  disposal, 
disposition,  dation,  conveyance,  dealing, 
colportage,  collation. 

2.  See  COMMUNICATION,  DELIVERY,  PRO- 
DUCTION, etc 

glad,  a.  happy,  content,  joyful;  spec,  blithe, 
festal,  blessed,  blithesome,  beatific,  bliss- 
ful;   see  ECSTATIC. 

gladden,  v.  t.  please  (contextual),  happify 
(noti)  rare),  happy  (obs.),  content,  con- 
tented, rejoice;  spec,  gratify,  beatify, 
blithen,  exhilarate,  transport;  see  cheer. 
Antonyms:  see  sadden,  grieve,  depress. 


i^r  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

gifted:   able. 

giggle:  laugh. 

gilding:  gold. 

gilt:  gold. 

gimcrack:  gewgaw. 


gin:  trap. 

ginger:  spirit. 

gingerly:  careful. 

girt,  v.:  gird. 

girt,    n.:   circumference,  dimen- 


given:  addicted,  assumed. 
gizzard:  stomach. 
glabrous:  smooth. 
glace:  smooth,  iced. 
glacial:  crystal. 
glacis:  bank,  slope. 


fS"  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

203 


GLADE 


glade,  /).  opoiiiiig,  hiiiiui  (archaic),  lawn 
(archaic). 

gladiator,  a.  Spec,  rctiarius,  swordsman, 
aiuhihato,  socutor. 

gladness,  /;.  pleasure  {contextual),  felicity, 
happiness,  content,  rejoicement  (rare),  re- 
joicing; spec,  joy,  joyance  (literary),  bliss, 
blitheness,  transport,  etc.;  see    ecstasy. 

glance,  r.  i.  1.  strike  (contextual),  slant, 
plint  (chiefly  Eng.);  spec,  skip,  ricochet, 
glide,  skim. 

2.  Sec  FLASH. 

3.  look  (contextual);  spec,  flash,  run, 
glimpse,  bhnk,  peep,  peek. 

glance,  n.  1.  stroke  (contextual),  glint 
(chiefly  Eng.);  spec,  glide,  skip,  skim, 
ricochet,  graze. 

2.  See  FL.^SH,  INTIMATION. 

3.  look  (contextual);  spec,  flash,  blink, 
glimpse,  cast,  blush  (only  in  "at  first 
blush"),  ray,  beam,  coup-d'oeil  (French), 
peep,  ogle,  peek. 

gland,  71.  kernel  (rare  or  dial.);  spec,  glan- 
dule, prostrate,  sweetbread,  thymus,  pan- 
creas, liver,  parotid. 

glass,  n.  I.  Spec,  glazing  (collective),  ob- 
sidian, crystal,  Pele's  hair,  chark  (Rus- 
sian), haematinon,  smalt,  etc. 
2.  Referring  to  a  thing  made  of  glass:  spec. 
bumper,  tumbler,  goblet,  lens,  mirror, 
sUde,  goggles  (pi.),  blinkers  (pi.;  colloq.), 
telescope,  microscope,  eyeglass,  specta- 
cles (pi.),  binocle,  binocular,  hourglass, 
chromatic,  etc. 

glasshouse,  n.  Spec,  hothouse,  green- 
house, coolhouse,  conservatory,  serre 
(French),  stove. 

glassy,  a.  vitreous  (more  tech.  than 
"glassy"),  \atric  (chiefly  as  opposed  to 
"ceramic"),  hyaline  (chiefly  tech.  and 
spec),  hyaloid  (rare,  exc.  anat.);  spec. 
hyalescent,  subvitreous. 

glaze,  n.  1.  coat  (contextual),  coating  (con- 
textual);   spec,    glost,    varnish,    enamel. 
"Glaze"  is  often  in  the  U.  S.  specifically 
iised  of  thin  ice  or  the  surface  of  ice. 
2.  See  LUSTER. 

glide,  V.  i.    Spec,  lapse  (chiefly  fig.),  glis- 
sade, fleet,  illapse  (rare),  sUde,  shp,  sail, 
fly,  float,  flow,  coast,  skate,  swim,  skim. 
Antonyms:  see  bustle,  jerk. 


gliding,  a.  Spec,  lapsing,  slipping,  slid- 
ing, preterlabent,  flowing,  etc. 

globular,  a.  globose,  globate;  spec,  pilular, 
pilulous. 

globule,  n.  sphere,  spherule,  globelet 
(rare);  spec,  drop,  bulb,  bead,  pill,  pellet, 
button,  bullet. 

gloom,  n.  1.  gloominess,  shade,  shadow, 
obscurity;  see  dark,  darkness. 

2.    See  CHEERLESSNESS. 

gloomy,  a.  1.  dreary,  drear  (chiefly  liter- 
ary), cheerless,  doleful;  spec,  bleak,  fune- 
real, desolate,  morbid. 
Antonyms:    see    cheerful,    cheering, 

GLAD. 

2.  See  CHEERLESS,  DARK,  DEPRESSED,  DE- 
PRESSING. 

glory,  n.  1.     See  faaie,  dignity,  honor, 

BEAUTY,  BRILLIANCE,  PROSPERITY. 

2.  Spec,  gloriole  (rare),  aureole,  halo, 
nimbus,  vesica. 

gloss,  n.  1.  See  luster. 
2.  Spec,     (in    figurative    or    transferred 
senses)  veneer,  whitewash  (colloq.),  color, 
varnish,  veil,  smooth. 

glove,  71.  Spec,  gauntlet,  muffler  or  muflBe, 
mousquetaire,  mitt,  mitten. 

glow,  V.  i.  1.  radiate  (contextual),  incan- 
desce (tech.);  spec.  burn. 

2.  Referring  to  colors:  spec,  blaze,  fire, 
bloom,  blush,  flush. 

3.  Referring  to  bodily  feeling:  spec,  burn, 
swelter,  sizzle  (colloq.) ,  toast,  roast  (colloq. ) , 
cook  (colloq.),  bake  (colloq.),  boil  (colloq.). 

4.  Referring  to  the  emotions:  spec,  burn, 
fire,  inflame  (rare),  consume. 

glow,  n.  I.  luminosity,  incandescence 
(tech.);  spec,  burning. 

2.  Referring  to  colors:  warmth,  flush;  spec. 
blaze,  brilliance,  bloom,  redness,  flush. 

3.  See  ARDOR. 

4.  Referring  to  bodily  feeling:  warmth; 
spec,  heat,  swelter,  toast  (colloq.),  roast 
(colloq.),  sizzle  (colloq.). 

glowing,  a.  1.  bright  (contextual),  lumi- 
nous, candent  (tech.  or  learned),  excan- 
descent  (rare),  incandescent;  spec,  burn- 
ing. 

2.  Referring  to  colors:  bright  (contextual), 
warm;  spec,  blazing,  rutilant  (rare), 
blushing,  blooming,  red. 


t^"  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

glair,  n.:  white,  shine. 

glair,  a.:  smooth. 

glamour:  magic,  attraction,  he- 
witchery  bewitchment,  captiva- 
tion. 

glare,  v.  i.:  shine,  gaze. 

glare,  n.;  brightnes/t,  show. 

glaring,  a.:  fierce,  bright,  showy, 
conspicuous. 

glaucous:  greenish. 

glaze,  t.  t.:  polish. 

gleam,  n.:  light,  flash,  appear- 


gleam,  v.  i.:  shine,  flash. 

glean:  harvest,  get. 

glebe:  earth,  field. 

gleeful:  pleased,  gay. 

glen:  valley. 

glib:  fluent,  smooth. 

glimmer:  flash,  flicker. 

glimpse,  n.:  flash,  appearance, 

vieu\  glance,  sight. 
glimpse,  V.  i.:  flash,  glance. 
glimpse,  r.  t.:  see. 
glint,  71.:  flash,  luster,  glance. 
glint,  V.  i.:  flash,  glance. 
glisten,  n.:  flash. 


glisten,,  V.  i.:  flash,  shine. 

glitter:  flash. 

glittering:     lustrous,     shining 

flashing. 
gloat:  exult,  rejoice,  gaze. 
globe:  ball,  earth. 
gloom,  r.  i.:  frown,  darken. 
glorious:  /amous,  fine. 
glory:  exult. 
gloss,  71.:  annotation. 
gloss,  V.  t.:  annotate. 
gloss,  I',  t.:  polish,  gloze. 
glossary:  dictionary. 
glossy:  lustrous,  smooth. 


t^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

204 


GOLDEN 


Antonyms:  see  dull. 

3.    See  ARDENT. 

gloze,  V.  t.  1.   See  annotate. 
2.  In  figurative  or  transferred  senses:  spec. 
gloss,  veneer,  varnish,  veil,  color,  smooth, 
whitewash  (colloq.). 

glutton,  n.  sensualist  (contextual),  gor- 
mandizer {more  emphatic  than  "glutton"), 
gourmand  {obs.),  hog  {scornfully  con- 
temptuous), gorger  {rare),  pig  {contempt- 
uous; often  playful),  surfeiter,  gorger, 
cormorant  (fig.),  belly  god  {archaic),  gas- 
trophile  {rare),  crammer  {colloq.),  stuffer 
(colloq.),  gastrophilist  (rare),  gastrophiUte 
(rare),  ravener  (literary),  guttler  (rare), 
helluo  (literary),  poke-pudding  (Scot.; 
humorous). 
Antonyms:  see  ascetic. 

gluttonous,  a.  1.  gourmand,  greedy,  rav- 
enous   (intensive),     piggish     (contemptu- 
ous;   often   playful),    hoggish    (scornfully 
contemptuous),  gormandizing. 
Antonyms:  see  abstemious,  ascetic. 
2.  See  DESIROUS. 

gluttony,  n.  I.  gormandizing  (of  the  act), 
gulosity  (rare),  bellycheer  (archaic),  hog- 
gishness  (contemptuous),  piggishness  (con- 
temptuous); spec,  gastrophilism  (rare). 
2.  See  DESIRE. 

gnawing,  a.  1.  rodent  (rare,  exc.  tech.) 
2.  See  CORROSIVE,  distressing. 

go,  V.  i.  1.  move  (contextual),  gang  (chiefly 
literary;  Scot.);  spec,  repair,  proceed,  pass 
(chiefly  used  with  "on."  "along,"  "down," 
"through,"  etc.),  draw  (with  "on,"  "along," 
"through,"  "back,"  etc.),  rampage,  hie 
(archaic  or  poetic),  stalk,  take  (used  with 
"to"),  labor,  jaunt,  run,  rip  (colloq.),  fore- 
reach  (chiefly  naut.),  range,  carry,  round, 
idle,  jog,  egress  (rare),  extra vagate  (rare), 
lollop  (colloq.),  mill,  bolt,  pat,  fare  (ar- 
chaic or  poetic),  determine,  gallivant, 
step,  happen,  hap  (rare  or  archaic), 
strike,  march,  bundle  (chiefly  iised  with 
"off"),  clump,  force,  advance,  retreat,  re- 
sort, depart,  flow,  speed,  return,  revert, 
exceed,  transgress,  dip,  boat,  ride,  falter, 
glide,  crawl,  ferry,  ply,  travel,  glance, 
walk  (see  gait,  n.),  amble,  canter,  pace, 
gallop,  lope,  rack,  trot,  hasten,  hop,  leap, 
sail,  steam,  float,  fly,  swarm  (in  a  multi- 
tude), tiptoe,  tumble,  etc. 
2.  In  flgurative  or  transferred  senses:  see 

DEPART,      enter,      AVERAGE,      CIRCULATE, 
BE,   BECOME,    APPEAL,    EXTEND,    CONTRIB- 


UTE, END,  ACT,  DESCEND,  PASS,  DISAP- 
PEAR, RESORT. 

goal,  n.  1.  Spec,  mark,  bye,  post,  port, 
home,  bourne  (chiefly  literary),  bourn, 
hail  (Scot.),  meta  (Roman  antiq.). 

2.    See  OBJECT,  DESTINATION. 

go-as-you-please,    n.    1.     laisser-aller 
(French). 
2.  See  RACE. 

goat,  n.  Spec,  buck,  billy-goat  (colloq.), 
nanny  (colloq.),  nanny-goat  (colloq.),  kid, 
goatling,  angora,  jaal-goat,  ibex,  pasan, 
pasang,  markhor. 

goatlike,  a.  caprine  (tech.  or  literary),  goat- 
ish, goatly  (nonce  word),  hircine  (chiefly 
spec),  hircinous  (rare),  goaty  (chiefly 
spec);  spec,  capriform. 

go-between,  n.  agent  (contextual);  spec. 
broker.    Mercury    (fig.),   dealer,   middle- 
man, pander. 
Antonyms:  see  principal. 

goblin,  n.  demon  (contextual),  sprite  or 
(archaic)  spright  (contextual),  bogy,  bogle, 
boggle,  bogey;  spec,  kobold,  nix,  brownie, 
trull. 

god,  n.   1.  See  deity. 
2.  [cap.]  Rpferring  to  the  Christian  god: 
Deity  (with  "the"),  King-of-Kings  (with 
"the"). 
Antonyms:  see  devil. 

godparent,  n.  sponsor,  gossip  (obs.);  spec. 
godfather,  godmother. 

goer,  n.  Spec,  proceeder,  farer,  traveler, 
speeder  (colloq.),  exodist  (rare),  walker, 
runner,  etc. 

goggle-eyed,  a.  bulging-eyed. 

goglet,  n.  guglet,  serai  (India),  surahee 
(India),  chatty  (India),  olla  (Spanish 
America),  monkey  pot. 

going,  a.  1.  Spec,  traveling,  proceeding, 
bound,  outward-bound. 

2.    See  AFLOAT. 

going,  n.  1.  See  departure. 

2.  Spec,  proceeding,  traveling,  travel, 
troop,  tour,  exit,  troll,  progress,  march, 
walk,  run,  etc. 

3.  Referring  to  the  condition  of  the  ground, 
etc.,  for  going:  spec,  wheeling  (colloq.),  rac- 
ing, walking,  running,  rowing,  skating,  etc. 

gold,  n.  1.  aurum  (tech.;  chem.);  spec,  dust, 
gilding,  gilt,  or  (her.). 

2.    See  WEALTH. 

golden,  a.  I.  aureate  (literary),  Pactolian 
(fig.);  spec,  auriferous,  prime  (number; 
archaic) . 


X^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
gloze,  n.:   annotation. 
glum:  sullen,  depressed. 
glut:  surfeit,  satiate,  oversupply, 

obstruct. 
glutinous:  sticky. 
gnarl:  protuberance. 
gnarled:  distorted. 
gnash:  bile. 


gnaw:  bile. 

gnome:  demon. 

gnomon:  pointer. 

go, !).  (..-  afford,  wager. 

go,  n.:  energy,  turn,  success,  fad. 

goad,  V.  t.:  prick,  incite,  urge. 

go-ahead,  a.:  enterprising. 

go-ahead,  n.:  energy. 

gobbett:  piece. 


gobble,  V.  t.:  swallow. 
gobble,  n.  &  v.  i.:  cry. 
goddess:  deity. 
godhead:  divinity. 
godless:  atheistic,  irreligious. 
godlike:  divine. 

godly:   divine,   religious,   right- 
eous. 
goggle,  V.  i.:  turn. 


t^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

205 


COLDNESS 


S.  yellow,  inaurato  {rare;  cfiiefly  zobl.). 

8.    ^>rc  EXCKLLKNT. 

goldness,  n.  aureity  {literary). 
gone,  a.  1.  departed;  spec.  flowTi. 

2.    Sec    ABSENT,     WORKOUT,    FAINT,     FOR- 
liOTTEX. 

good,  a.  buckra  {southern  U.  S.;  negro 
dialect);  spec,  goodly,  goodish,  satisfac- 
tory, excellent,  favorable,  admirable,  ade- 
quate, beneficial,  advantageous,  agree- 
able, appropriate,  considerable,  compe- 
tent, healthy,  sound,  real,  honorable, 
responsible,  righteous,  becoming,  kind, 
hone^st,  frank,  convivial,  religious,  well-be- 
haved, etc.  "Good"  is  used  as  a  synonym 
of  almost  any  adjective  denoting  a  quality 
that  is  approved. 
Antonyms:  see  bad,  faulty. 

good,  inter j.  bravo. 

good,  n.  1.  Spec,  boon,  godsend;  spec. 
kalon  {Greek),  fruit,  benefit,  advantage, 
blessing,  benison  {archaic  or  poetic),  bhss, 
beatitude,  felicity. 
Antonyms:  see  evil,  disadvantage,  ca- 
lamity, PEST. 
2.  In  pi. :  see  goods. 

goodby,  interj.  adieu  {archaic,  affected,  or 

used  in  pleasantry) ,  iavewell  (now  archaic 

or   rhetorical;    chiefly    spec),    vale    (rare; 

Latin),  bye-bye  {colloq.),  so-long  {slang). 

Antonyms:  see  greeting. 

good-for-nothing,  n.  ne'er-do-well,  scala- 
wag. 

good-looking,  a.  Spec,  comely,  fair  {chief- 
ly literary  or  rhetorical),  beautiful,  hand- 
some, pretty,  prettyish,  minion  {rare), 
dainty,  goodly,  seemly  {rare  or  archaic), 
sightly,  personable  {chiefly  literary),  bon- 
ny {Scot.,  exc.  as  used  in  Eng.  for  local  or 
lyrical  effect),  well-favored  {archaic),  spe- 
cious {archaic),  likely  {rare),  proper  {ar- 
chaic), shapely,  canny  {dial.;  not  Scot.), 
fine,  graceful,  elegant,  delicate,  etc. 
Antonyms:  see  homely. 

good-lookingness,  n.  Spec,  comeliness, 
handsomeness,  beauty,  fairness,  bonni- 
ness,  prettiness,  daintiness,  goodliness, 
seemliness  {archaic),  sightliness,  person- 
ableness,  shapeliness.  "Good-lookingness" 
is  rare. 

good  nature,  kindness  {contextual);  spec. 
amiability,  cleverness  {U.  S.,  colloq.), 
bonhomie  {French),  good  humor,  good 
temper,  grace,  complaisance,  accommo- 
datingness. 


Antonyms:  see  ill-temper. 

good-natured,  a.  kind  {contextual);  spec. 
clever,  amiable,  good-humored,  good- 
tempered,  complaisant,  accommodating, 
agreeable. 
Antonyms:  see  ill-tempered,  acrimo- 
nious, SULLEN. 

goodness,  7i.  Spec,  satisfactoriness,  excel- 
lence, favorableness,  admirableness,  ade- 
quacy, beneficence,  advantageousness, 
agreeableness,  appropriateness,  sound- 
ness, reality,  honorableness,  responsibil- 
ity, righteousness,  etc. 

goods,  n.  pi.  chattels,  commodity  {a  single 
article),  gear  (a  collective),  effects,  things, 
movables  {law);  spec,  traps  {colloq.),  con- 
traband, invoice,  consignment;  —  the  last 
three  collectives. 

goose,  n.  1.  honker  {U.  S.  &  Can.;  colloq.  or 
slang);    spec,     gander,     cagmag,     goslet 
{U.   S.),  gosling,  wavey,  solan,   graylag, 
gannet,  barnacle,  whitehead,  brant. 
2.  See  simpleton. 

gore,  V.  t.  pierce  {contextual);  spec,  tusk, 
horn,  stab,  hook. 

Gorgon,  7i.  Spec.  Stheno,  Euryale,  Me- 
dusa. 

gormandize,  v.  i.  stuff,  cram,  gorge. 

gospel,  71.  news  {co7itextual) ,  evangel,  evan- 
gely  {archaic);  spec.  Protevangel,  Pro- 
tevangelium. 

gospel,  a.  evangelic,  evangelical;  spec. 
synoptic. 

gossip,  71.  1.   See  godparent. 

2.  busybody,  gossiper,  tattler,  talebearer, 
tittle-tattler,  quidnunc  {literary);  spec. 
granny  {contemptuous). 

3.  conversation,  tittle-tattle,  small  talk, 
talk,  by-talk,  gup  {Anglo-Indian),  gossipry 
(rare  or  archaic),  gossipred  (rare),  gossip- 
ing, tales  (pi.);  spec,  chit-chat,  claver, 
report  or  (rare)  reportage. 

gossip,  V.  i.  converse,  talk,  tattle,  tittle- 
tattle,  chatter,  prattle,  clatter;  spec,  com- 
ment. 

gourd,  71.  cucurbit  (tech.),  calabash  {chief- 
ly spec);  spec,  pumpkin,  squash,  cusha, 
crookneck,  Hubbard,  luffa,  melon. 

gouty,  a.  arthritic  (tech.),  podagral  {prop- 
erly spec). 

governess,  n.  teacher  (contextual),  tutor- 
ess, gouvernante  (French);  spec,  duenna. 

government,  n.  1.  control  (contextual), 
gubernation  (rare),  regency  (rare,  exc. 
spec),  dominion,  ordinance  (archaic),  rul- 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
good,  interj.:  bravo. 
goodby,  n.:  farewell. 
goodfellowship:  camaraderie. 
good-humored:  good-natured. 
goodish:  good,  considerable. 
goodly:  considerable. 
good  will:  cordiality. 


goody,  a.:  righteous. 

goody,  n.:  sweetmeat. 

gore:  blood,  triangle. 

gorge,  n.:  throat,  stomach,  ravine. 

gorge,!',  t.:  surfeit, devour,crowd. 

gorge,  V.  i.:  gormandize. 

gorged:  full. 

gorgeous:  bright,  shoivy. 


gorger:  glutton. 
gorget:  collar. 
gormandizer:  glutton. 
gory:  bloody. 
gorze:  furze. 
got-up,  a.:  affected. 
gourmand:  epicure. 
gourmet:  epicure. 


JSW^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
206 


GRAMMARIAN 


ership  (rare);  spec,  discipline,  self-govern- 
ment, autonomy. 
Antonyms:  see  anarchy. 

2.  Referring  to  some  particular  mode  or 
system,  of  organization  and  governing:  spec. 
archology  (the  science;  rare),  politics,  pol- 
ity (learned  or  tech.),  regimen,  economy, 
duarchy  or  (a  bad  spelling)  dyarchy,  diar- 
chy, triarchy,  tetrarchy,  pentarchy,  hept- 
archy, hecatontarchy,  timocracy,  dynasty, 
gerontocracy,  gynsecocracy,  gynarchy,  gy- 
nocracy  (rare),  kingship,  regency,  protec- 
torate, democracy,  hierocracy,  hierarchy, 
hagiocracy,  theonomy,  hetaerocracy,  stra- 
tocracy (rare),  logocracy,  mesocracy, 
hamarchy,  communalism,  dulocracy,  im- 
perialism, Csesarism,  kingdom,  fooloc- 
racy  (rare),  episcopacy,  congregational- 
ism,  methodism. 

3.  Referring  to  the  governing  body:  signory 
(chiefly  spec);  spec,  administration,  du- 
umvirate, triumvirate. 

4.  See  STATE. 

5.  In  grammar:  regimen  (tech.),  rection 
(rare) . 

governmental,  a.  1.  controlling. 
2.  political;  spec,  dynastic. 

governor,  n.  1.  See  controller. 
2.  ruler;  spec,  regent,  viceregent,  prefect 
(Roman  hist.),  president  (chiefly  hist.),  pro- 
veditor  (Venetian),  reis  or  rais,  satrap,  bey, 
dey,  emir,  killadar,  kehaya,  monarch, 
mudir,  politarch,  sirdar,  proconsul,  podesta 
(Italian),  resident,  eparch,  beglerbeg,  bur- 
grave,  harmost,  toparch,  castellan. 

governorship,  n.  Spec,  regency,  vicege- 
rency,  prefecture,  etc. 

gown,  n.  garment  (contextual);  spec,  dress, 
robe,  smock  frock,  cassock,  gaberdine, 
frock,  slip,  sack  (obs.),  peignoir,  negligee, 
neglige  (French),  mantua,  caftan,  night- 
gown, nightdress. 

grace,  n.  1.  See  favor,  mercy,  virtue,  at- 
tractiveness. 

2.  Spec,  embellishment,  elegance,  easi- 
ness, honor. 

3.  Referring  to  saying  grace  at  table:  spec. 
petition,  blessing,  thanks. 

grace,  v.  t.  become,  beautify,  endow, 
adorn. 

graceful,  a.  1.  easy,  elegant;  spec,  (of  physi- 
cal action.^)  gainly  (rare),  sylphlike,  sylph- 
ine,  sylphish,  lightsome  (rare). 

Antonyms:  see  awkward,  clumsy. 
2.  See  appropriate,  happy. 

gracile,  a.  slender.  The  use  of  "slender"  as 
implying  gracefulness  is  erroneous;  it  is  not 
connected  with  the  word  "grace." 


gracious,  a.  1.  See  acceptable. 

2.  kindly  (contextual);  6pec.  affable,  good- 
natured,  complaisant,  condescending. 

Antonyms:  see  curt,  surly. 

3.  Referring  to  God,  Christ,  or  the  Virgin 
Mary:  mild  (archaic  or  poetic),  benignant, 
benign. 

gradual,    a.     1.    gradational,    gradatory 

(rare) . 
Antonyms:  see  abrupt,  sudden. 

2.  See  slow,  gentle. 
graduate,   n.   alumnus    (masc),    alumna 

(Jem.);  spec,  postgraduate. 
graduate,  v.  t.  1.  laureate  (hist.). 

2.  See  pass,  classify,  calibrate. 
graft,  n.  1.    In  horticulture:  scion  (tech.), 

slip,  graff  (archaic). 

2.  See  GAIN. 
graft,  V.  t.  1.  engraft,  ingraft,  inoculate, 

graff  (archaic),  imp  (archaic);  spec,  in- 
arch, bud. 

2.  get  (contextual). 
grail,  n.  platter,  sangrail. 
grain,  n.    1.  fruit   (contextual),   coryopsis 

(bot.;  tech.),  berry  (chiefly  spec.),  seed  (a 

popular  usage;  the  "seed"  botanically  being 

the  part  inside  of  the  husk  or  hull);  spec. 

kernel. 

2.  As  a  collective  sing.:  corn  (British),  ce- 
real (tech.);  spec,  grist,  sharps  (pi.),  hards 
(pi.),  middlings  (pi.),  cracklins  (pi), 
groats  (pi.). 

3.  As  the  name  of  a  kind  of  fruit  or  the 
plant  bearing  it:  cereal  (the  more  tech. 
term),  corn  (British);  spec,  wheat,  corn 
(U.  S.),  maize  (learned,  tech.,  or 
British),  rye,  oats  (pi.),  spelt,  millet, 
dhurra,  tsamba,  cuscus,  lentil,  ragi,  rag- 
gee.  "Grain"  and  "cereal"  in  the  ordinary 
narrow  use  refer  only  to  grasses  or  their 
fruits;  in  an  extended  sense  they  include 
others  besides  grasses,  as  "peas,"  "beans," 
"buckwheat." 

4.  particle  (contextual),  kernel  (chiefly 
spec),  kern  (rare). 

5.  See  MEASURE,  texture,  disposition. 

6.  Referring  to  a  dye:  spec,  kermes,  cochi- 
neal. 

7.  Referring  to  a  small  hard  particle:  spec. 
granule,  granulation,  sand,  granula  (rare), 
pellet. 

grain,  v.  t.  1.  See  granulate,  dye, 
paint. 

2.  roughen  (contextual),  granulate;  spec. 
pebble. 

grammarian,  n.  grammatist  (chiefly  dis- 
paraging), grammaticaster  (contemptu- 
ous); spec,  chorizontes  (pi.;  Greek  antiq.). 


IC^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
gown,  V.  t.:  clothe. 
gownsman:  civilian. 
grab,  V.  t.:  seize,  capture. 
grab,  n.:  seizure,  clutch. 


grace,  v.  t.:  beautify,  honor. 
gradate:  blend,  shade. 
gradation:  series,  degree,  rank. 
grade,    n.;   degree,    class,    slope, 
brand,  rank,  intensity. 


grade,  v.  t.:  graduate,  even. 
grade,  v.  i.:  change,  shade. 
gradient:  slope. 
graf:  count. 
grainy:  granular. 


t'-ir"  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
207 


GRANARY 


granary,  H.  storehouse  {contextual),  garner, 
grange  (archaic). 

grand,  a.  chief,  tine;  spec,  grandiose,  noble, 
eminent,  majestic,  cosmic,  magniticent, 
magnitic,  elevated,  dignified,  impressive, 
courtly,  Miltonic,  stately,  Michelangel- 
esque,  grandisonant  [rare),  splendid, 
splendent,  large,  bombastic,  imperial,  pa- 
latial, superb. 
Anton !/ms:  see  small,  mean,  insignifi- 

CWNT. 

grandchild,  n.  oy  or  oe  (Scot.);  spec. 
granddaughter,  grandson. 

grandeur,  n.  Spec,  dignity,  impressiveness, 
glory,  magnificence,  splendor,  majesty, 
noblhty,  grandiosity,  greatness,  pomp. 

grandfather,  n.  grandparent,  belsire  (ar- 
chaic), goodsire  {Scot,  or  obs.),  grandsire 
{archaic  or  dial.,  exc.  of  animals),  grand- 
dad or  grandad  {childish  or  in  familiar  af- 
fection), grandpa  or  grandpapa  {familiar). 

grandmother,  n.  grandparent,  beldam  or 
beldame  {archaic  or  literary),  grannam 
{obs.  or  dial.),  grandmamma  {colloq.), 
granny  {familiar,  endearing,  or  contettiptu- 
ous),  grandam  or  grandame  {archaic). 

grandness,  n.  fineness;  spec,  eminence, 
elevation,  dignity,  impressiveness,  courtli- 
ness, grandeur. 

grant,  v.  t.  1.  Referring  to  a  request,  desire, 
etc.:  give  {contextual) ;  spec,  allow,  indulge, 
gratify,  satisfy,  fulfill,  concede,  hear,  humor. 
2.  See  CONCEDE,  give,  transfer,  ac- 
knowledge. 

grant,  n.  1,     Spec,  indulgence,  gratifica- 
tion, fulfillment,  satisfaction,  concession. 
2.  See  CONCESSION,  gift,  giving,  trans- 
fer, ACKNOWLEDGMENT. 

grantee,  n.  recipient  {contextual);  spec. 
licensee,  lessee,  releasee,  beneficiary,  de- 
visee, legatee,   concessionnaire   {French). 

grantor,  n.  giver  {contextual);  spec,  ceder 
{rare),  lessor,  releasor,  devisor,  legator. 

granular,  a.  grainy,  graniform;  spec,  gran- 
ose  {rare),  granulose,  saccharoid,  saccha- 
rine. 
Antonyms:  see  massive. 

granulate,  v.  t.  1.  comminute  {learned  or 
tech.),    corn    {chiefly   tech.),    grain;   spec. 
pearl,  grate. 
2.  See  GRAIN. 

granulated,  a.  Spec,  grumous  {bot.). 

grape,  n.    fruit    {contextual),   berry;   spec. 
cutthroat    {local,    U.    S.),    raisin  {bot.), 
concord,  delaware,  niagara,  etc. 
grapelike,  a.  botryoid  (tech.),  grapy. 


graphic,  a.  1.  delineative  (a  bookish  word); 
spec,  drawing,  pointing,  descriptive,  pic- 
torial, etching,  picturesque,  figural,  dia- 
granunatic. 

2.    See  DESCRIPTIVE. 

graphite,  n.  plumbago  {tech.),  lead  (popu- 
lar). 

grapple,  v.  t.  &  i.  &  n.  close  (chiefly  v.  i.), 

clutch;  spec,   tackle   (U .   S.),   clinch  or 
clench  (U.  S.),  lock,  embrace. 
Antonyms:  see  free. 

grasp,  V.  i.  reach  (contextual);  spec,  clutch; 
— all  used  chiefly  with  "at"  or  "after." 

grass,  n.  Spec,  cereal,  bent,  eddish,  hay, 
couch,  florin,  fog,  drawk,  drauk,  timothy, 
redtop,  etc. 

grassland,  n.  green  (rare,  exc.  spec),  sward 
(more  literary  than  "grassland'  );  spec. 
grass-spot,  lawn,  greensward,  pasture, 
meadow,  mead  (chiefly  poetic  or  dial.). 

grassy,  a.  grasslike,  herby;  spec,  gramine- 
ous, graminaceous,  gramineal,  gramini- 
form,  swardy,  benty,  conchy,  foggy. 

grate,  v.  t.  1.  See  abrade. 
2.  emit    (contextual),    utter    (contextuM); 
spec,  grind  (used  with  "out"),  rasp. 

grate,  v.  i.  1.  See  rub. 
2.  Referring  to  the  noise:  spec,  jar,  grind, 
creak,    scroop,    rasp,    screak,    scrunch, 
squeak,  crank  (rare),  stridulate,  groan. 

grate,  n.  frame  (contextual);  spec,  grating, 
screen,  basket. 

grating,  a.  1.  rubbing  (cf.  rub,  v.  i.). 
2.  scrapy;  spec,  grinding,  rusty,  screaky, 
creaky,  scrooping,  squeaky,  raspy. 

grating,  n.  1.  rubbing  (cf.  rub,  v.  i.). 
2.  Spec,    grind,    scroop,    screak,    creak, 
squeak,  scratch,  rasp,  stridulation. 

grating,  n.    1.   frame   (contextual),   grate 
(now  unusual),  grid  (chiefly  spec);  spec. 
grille  or  grill,  crotch  (local  Eng.),  hurdle, 
portcullis,  heck  (chiefly  Scot.),  grizzly. 
2.  In  optics:  gitter. 

grave,  n.  burial  place,  hearse  (archaic), 
cell  (chiefly  poetic),  chamber  (contextual), 
tomb  (often  spec),  sepulcher  (more  pre- 
tentious than  "grave"),  sepulture  (archaic); 
spec,  charnel-house,  Davy  Jones's  locker 
(naut.  cant),  mausoleum,  mastaba  (Egypt- 
ology). "Grave"  as  strictly  used  applies 
only  to  an  excavated  cavity  in  the  ground. 

gravel,  n.  1.  stone  (contextual;  a  collective), 
stones  (contextual;  pi.),  chesil  (Eng.),  grit 
(now  rare),  grail  (archaic  or  poetic);  spec. 
shingle  (chiefly  Eng.),  beach  (Eng.),  al- 
luvium, ballast. 


t^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
grandee:  magnate. 
grandiloquence:  bombaxt. 
granny:  gossip,  grandmother. 
graph:  diagram. 
grasp,  V.  t.:  take,  hold,  under- 
stand. 


grasping:  _ 

grateful:  thankful,  acceptable. 

gratify:  please,  gladden,  grant. 

gratifying:  acceptable,  pleasant. 

gratis,  adv.:  freely. 

gratis,  a.:  free. 

gratuitous:  free,  groundless. 


gratuity:  gift. 
gratulate:  congratulate. 
grave,    a.:    important,    serious, 

dignified,  low   (in  sound),  dull 

(in  color). 
gravel,  v.  t.:  stone,  disable,    dull 

plus. 


f^'  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
208 


GRIDDLECAKE 


2.  See  CALCULUS. 

gravestone,  n.  stone,  monument,  tomb- 
stone; spec,  ledger,  headstone,  footstone, 
shaft,  cross,  etc. 

gray,  a.  1.  grey  {var.  spelling,  by  some  used 
with  different  implications  from  "gray" ; 
"gray"  is  chiefly  U.  S.,  "grey"  chiefly 
British);  spec,  grayish,  grizzly  or  grisly, 
grizzled,  hoar,  hoary,  griseous  (learned), 
blae  (obs.  or  Scot,  and  dial.  Eng.),  ashen, 
ash-colored,  pearly,  leaden,  lead-colored, 
cloudy,  clouded,  misty,  foggy,  perse  {ar- 
chaic), pearled,  leady,  frosty,  canescent, 
gray-haired,  drab. 

2.    See  DEPRESSING,  DULL. 

gray,  v.  t.  Spec,  cloud,  pearl,  grizzle. 

gray- haired,  a.  gray,  hoar  (literary),  hoar- 
headed  (literary);  spec,  silver-haired, 
grizzly,  grizzled. 

graze,  v.  t.  &  i.  1.  rub  (contextual);  spec. 
shave,  brush,  raze  (rare),  scrape,  scratch, 
glance. 

2.    See  ABRADE. 

graze,  n.  1.  rub  (contextual);  spec,  shave, 

brush,  scrape,  scratch,  glance. 

2.  See  ABRASION. 
graze,  v.  i.  1.  feed  (contextual);  spec,  pas- 
ture, browse,  depasture  (tech.). 

2.  See  TEND. 
grazing,  n.  1.     Referring  to  the  act:  spec. 

pasture  (rare),  pasturage,  depasturation 

(tech.),  depasture  (tech.). 

2.  Referring  to  what  is  fed  on:  pasture, 

pasturage,  range  (U.  S.). 
grease,  a.  fat;  spec,  lard,  axung,  tallow, 

butter,  slush,  suet,   oil,   drippings  (pi.), 

dubbing. 
grease,  v.  1. 1.  lubricate  (literary,  exc.  spec); 

spec,  butter,  oil,  dub,  lard,  anoint,  gar- 
nish. 

2.  See  BRIBE. 
greasy,   a.    1.   fat,    unctuous;   spec,   oily, 

lardy,  yolky  (of  wool). 

2.  See  SMOOTH,  slippery. 
great,  a.  1.  See  big. 

2.  See  PREGNANT,  LONG,  CHIEF,  FINE, 
DEEP,  GENEROUS,  OUTRAGEOUS,  EXCEL- 
LENT, IMPORTANT,  FAMOUS. 

3.  Referring  to  degree,  intensity,  etc.:  spec. 
passing  (archaic),  pronounced,  decided, 
mighty  (rhetorical  or  chiefly  colloq.),  vast, 
fearful  (colloq.),  dense,  desperate  (colloq.), 
deuced  (slang  or  colloq.),  plaguey  (slang), 
devilish  (slang),  thundering  (slang  or  col- 
loq.), mortal  (colloq.),  magnificent  (obs., 
exc.  a^  a  title  or  slang),  terrible  (colloq.), 
terrific  (colloq.),  dreadful  (colloq.),  divine 
(colloq.),  rousing. 


Antonyms:    see    small,    unimportant, 

MINUTE. 

greater,  a.   more,   major    (not   used  with 

"than");  spec,  better. 
greatest,  a.  1.  most,  best  (in  "best  part"), 

maximum,  maximal. 

2.    See  EXTREME. 

greatly,  a.  well,  vastly  (colloq.),  highly, 
hugely,  immanely  (rare). 

greatness,  n.  1.  See  size. 
2.  Spec,  dignity,  distinction,  fame,  much- 
ness, grandeur,  generosity,  importance,  etc. 

greed,  n.  desire,  greediness,  cupidity,  avid- 
ity; spec,  omnivorousness,  avarice,  covet- 
ousness,  graspingness,  rapacity,  rapa- 
ciousness,  insatiableness,  pleonexia  (rare), 
hunger  (often  fig.),  thirst  (often  fig.),  ex- 
orbitancy, gluttony. 

greedy,  a.  desirous,  cupidous  (rare),  covet- 
ous; spec,  avid,  avaricious,  omnivorous, 
insatiable,  pleonectic  (rare),  ravenous, 
rapacious,  grasping,  gripple  (archaic), 
hungry,  thirsty,  exorbitant,  gluttonous, 
piggish  (colloq.),  hoggish  (vulgar  or  inten- 
sive) . 
Antonyms:  see  generous. 

Greek,  a.  Grecian  (chiefly  spec),  Hellenic 
(chiefly  spec),  Hellenian  (rare),  Helladian 
(rare),  Helladic  (rare);  spec  Greekish, 
Dorian,  Doric,  Ionian,  Ionic,  Spartan, 
Boeotian,  Thracian,  Romaic,  Itahc. 

Greek,  n.  Grecian  (rare),  Hellene,  Hellenic 
(the language) ,  Greekling  (contemptuous). 

green,  a.  1.  Verdant  (cfiiefly  spec);  spec. 
glaucous,  porraceous  (rare),  citrine  or  cit- 
trinous,  caesious,  chlorine  or  chlorochrous, 
olivaceous,  olive,  smaragdine. 
2.  See  fresh,  immature,  inexperi- 
enced, IGNORANT. 

green,  n.  1.  vert  (her.);  spec,  viridian,  ver- 
diter,  reseda,    celadon,   mignonette,  pis- 
tachio, bice,  corbeau  (French). 
2.  *See  verdure. 

greenish,  a.  green,  glaucous,  virescent  (lit- 
erary), viridescent  (rare). 

greet,  v.  t.  1.  address  (contextual),  receive; 
spec,  accost,  salute,  hail,  welcome. 
2.  See  receive. 

greeting,    n.    1.    address  (contextual),  re- 
ception;   spec,  accost,  salutation,  salute, 
hail,  ave,  welcome,  colors  (pL);  see  re- 
spect, n. 
Antonyms:  see  farewell,  goodby. 
2.  See  reception. 

greyhound,  n.  grew  or  grewhound  (Scot.); 
spec,  sapling,  tumbler. 

griddlecake,  n.  slapjack  (U.  S.);  spec. 
scone,  crumpet. 


C^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
graven:  engraved. 
gravid:  pregnant. 
gravitate:  descend,  tend. 
gravitation:  descent,  tendency. 


gravity:    seriousnes.'i,    sobriety, 
dignity,  importance,  attraction. 
gravy:  dressing,  juice. 
greaten:  enlarge. 
Grecian:  Greek. 


greenery:  verdure. 
greenliorn:  novice. 
greenhouse:  glasshouse. 
gregarious:  social. 
grewsome:  fearful. 


tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

209 


GRIDIRON 


gridiron,  n.  prill,  brander  (Scot.),  brand- 
iron  {dial.},  brandreth  (obs.). 

grief,  n.  discomfort  (contextual),  dole 
[archaic). 

grieve,  v.  t.  discomfort  (contextual),  dis- 
tress (contextual),  pain  (chiefly  spec),  hurt 
(chiefly  spec),  sadden,  sorrow  (rare); 
spec,  agonize,  torture,  torment,  aggrieve, 
trouble,  oppress,  afflict. 
Antonyms:  see  please,  gladden. 

grimace,  n.  face,  mow  (noio  rare),  mop 
[now  rare);  spec,  mouth,  mug  (theatrical 
slang). 

grimace,  v.  i.  mow  (now  rare),  mop  {now 
rare);  spec,  mouth  {rare),  mug  (theatrical 
slang) . 

grind,  v.  t.  1.  comminute  (contextual; 
learned),  crush;  spec  whet,  triturate,  mas- 
ticate, crunch,  bray,  mull  (dial.  Eng.), 
pestle  (rare),  roll,  mill. 

2.  See  ABRADE,  SHARPEN,  GRATE,  OPPRESS. 

grind,  v.  i.  1.  comminute  (contextual; 
learned),  crush;  spec,  triturate,  roll,  mill, 
lap. 

2.    See  TURN,  GRATE,  DRUDGE,  STUDY. 

grit,  n.  dirt  (contextual) ;  spec,  sand,  gravel, 

powder. 
grits,  n.  pi.  grain  (contextual;  a  collective), 

groats  (pi.);   spec,  oatmeal    (a  collective; 

sing.),  hominy  (a  collective;  sing.). 
gritty,  a.  dirty  (contextual),  calculous  (rare); 

spec,  muddy,  sandy,  stony,  gravelly. 
groan,  i'.  i.  1.  moan. 

2.    See  SUFFER,  COMPLAIN,  GRATE. 

groan,  n.  moan. 

groin,  n.  angle  (contextual),  edge,  rib. 

groom,  n.  1.  hostler  or  ostler  (orig.  spec), 
coistrel  (archaic);  spec  palfrenier  (ar- 
chaic), nagsman  (cant),  tiger  (in  livery), 
equerry. 

2.    See  BRIDEGROOM. 

groom,  V.   t.    1.  tend   (contextual),  fettle 
(dial);   spec,   brush,   rub,   comb,   curry, 
currycomb. 
2.  See  TIDY. 

groove,  n.  1.  channel  (contextual);  spec. 
furrow,  rut,  flute,  cannelure,  channelure, 
canaHculation,  sulcus,  gutter,  charnfer 
(obs.  or  rare),  chase,  rebate,  rabbet,  rifle, 
croze,  mortise,  vallecula,  cut,  score,  gain, 
glyph,  coulisse  (French). 
2.  See  ROUTINE. 


groove,  V.  t.  channel  (contextual);  spec,  fur- 
row, gouge,  chase,  croze,  rebate,  throat, 
quirk,  rifle,  dado,  ditch  (rare),  e.xcavate, 
mill,  score. 

grooved,  a.  channeled  (contextual);  spec 
sulcate,  guttered,  fossulate,  canaliculate, 
contorniate,  valleculate. 

groove-shaped,  a.  sulciform  (tech.). 

grope,  t'.  i.  feel,  search,  grabble  (chiefly 
spec),  puzzle  (only  fig.). 

gropingly,  a.  blindly. 

gross,  a.   crass   (chiefly  spec);  spec,  big, 

bulky,  coarse,  dense,  fat,  flagrant,  dull, 

stupid,  brutal,  unrefined,  whole,  vulgar, 

obscene,  sensual,  earthy. 

Antonyms:  see  nice,  delicate,  refined, 

FASTIDIOUS. 

grossness,  n.  crassness;  spec,  size,  bulki- 
ness,  coarseness,  fatness,  flagrancy,  dull- 
ness, stupidity,  brutality,  vulgarity,  ob- 
scenity, sensuality. 

ground,  n.   1.     See  earth,  land,  base, 

BASIS,      FOUNDATION,      REASON,      EXCUSE, 

GIST,   (in   pi.),  DREG,  (in   pi.),   deposit, 

VIEW'POINT. 

2.  As  in  "on  that   ground,"  etc.:   basis, 
reason ;  spec,  antecedent. 
ground,  v.  t.  1.  See  base,  establish,  fell, 

TEACH. 

2.  In  a  nautical  sense:  strand  (orig.  spec; 
more  dignified  than  "ground");  spec. 
beach,  sand,  shore  (rare). 

groundless,  a.  causeless  (as  having  no 
valid  cause),  uncalled-for,  baseless,  un- 
founded, ungrounded,  reasonless,  unsolid 
(rare),  gratuitous  (chiefly  spec);  spec 
misgrounded,  idle,  unprovoked,  unasked, 
unsought,  unsolicited,  unjustifiable,  wan- 
ton (willful  as  well  as  unjustifiable) . 
Antonyms:  see  reasonable. 

group,  n.  Spec  assembly,  assemblage, 
combination,  block,  bunch,  family,  nest, 
knot,  body,  cluster,  flock,  flight,  plexus, 
division,  clump,  round,  roundlet,  bundle, 
claque,  flush,  shock,  shook,  stack,  sheaf, 
gens,  clan,  sept,  tribe,  race,  party,  clique, 
system,  species,  genus,  variety,  horde,  or- 
der, class,  phylum,  kingdom,  force,  army, 
array,  corps,  battaUon,  regiment,  com- 
pany, squadron,  battery,  fleet,  command, 
glomerule,  school,  class,  etc  "Group"  in 
its  original  sense  was  a  term  of  the  fine  arts, 


t^=  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

grief:  sorrow. 

^ievance:  complaint. 

grieve:  sorrow. 

grieved:  sorrowful. 

grievous:  depressing,  sad,  in- 
tense, flagrant,  sorrowful,  trou- 
blesome. 

grill:  broU. 

grill,  grille:  grating. 

grim:  fierce,  stem,  fearful. 

grime,  n.:  dirt. 

grimy:  dirty. 


grin:  snarl,  smile. 

grip,  n.:  hold,  clutch,  control, 
handle,  handbag,  handclasp. 

grip,  V.  t.:  seize,  clutch,  impress, 
control. 

grip,  V.  i.:  hold,  close. 

gripe,  V.  t.:  seize,  hold,  pain,  con- 
trol, affect. 

gripe,  n.:  hold,  control  (in  pi.), 
pain,  colic. 

gripsack:  handbag. 

grisly:  gray,  fearful. 

grist:  grain. 


gristly:  cartilaginous. 
grizzle,  V.  t.  &  i.:  whiten. 
g^rizzly,  a.:  gray. 
groggy:  intoxicated,  weak. 
groomsman:  bridesman. 
gropingly:  blindly. 
gross:  bulk. 
grotesque:  funny. 
grotto:  cave. 
grounded:  aground. 
groundward:  down. 
groundwork: /oundaJt'on,  basis, 
background. 


{S"  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
210 


GUESS 


and  referred  to  an  assemblage  of  two  or  more 
persons  or  objects  forming  a  complete  design 
or  a  unit  in  a  design;  hence,  its  use  as  refer- 
ring to  any  assemblage  considered  as  a  unit. 

group,  a.  gentile  (as  the  gentile  name),  gen- 
tilitial  (rare),  gentilitious  (rare);  spec. 
family. 

group,  V.  t.  &  i.  assemble;  spec,  arrange, 
classify,  cluster,  clump,  tuft. 

grove,  n.  wood  {contextual),  tope  {Anglo- 
Indian),  tuft  {literary  or  rare);  spec, 
pinery,  pinetum. 

grow,  V.  i.  1.  live,  wax  {archaic  or  literary), 
form;  spec,   luxuriate,   fungus,    f ungate, 
spindle,  shoot,  vegetate,  develop. 
Antonyms:  see  die. 

2.  See  ARISE,  DEVELOP,  BECOME,  THRIVE, 
ACCRUE,  GERMINATE,  INCREASE,  EXTEND, 
GENERATE. 

grow,   V.   t.   produce,    raise    {referring   to 

plants  or,   U.  S.,  animals),  rear  {chiefly 

spec);  spec,  cultivate. 
growl,  V.  i.  1.  gnarl  {rare),  gnar  {literary), 

girn  {Scot.);  spec,  grumble,  snarl. 

2.  See  COMPLAIN. 
growl,  n.  1.  gnarl  {rare),  gnar  {literary), 

girn  {Scot.);  spec,  grumble,  snarl. 

2.    See  COMPLAINT. 

grown,  a.  adult,   mature  {chiefly  spec), 

full-grown;  spec.  ripe. 

Antonyms:  see  immature. 
growth,  n.  1.  development,   thrift 

{healthy);  spec,  germination,  increase.  Cf. 

GROW. 

2.  production,  rearing  {chiefly  spec); 
spec  cultivation,  culture,  etc.  Cf.  grow. 

3.  Something  that  has  grown:  formation, 
product;  spec,  sprout,  spire,  shoot,  flush, 
accretion,  excrescence,  vegetation,  sucker, 
fleece  {in  fig.  sense  of  feathery  part  of 
grasses,  etc),  stand  {relative  number  on  a 
given  area).  Cf.  grow. 

4.  See  increase. 

5.  adulthood. 

grudge,  V.  t.  1.  give,  begrudge,  grutch  {rare 
or  archaic) . 
2.  See  envy. 

grudge,  n.  ill  will.  "Grudge"  is  now  rarely 
used  of  the  general  feeling  of  "ill  will,"  but 
rather  of  a  particular  instance,  with  syno- 
nyms as  follows:  grutch  {rare),  down  {col- 
loq.);  spec,  spite. 

guarantee,  v.  t.  undertake,  insure  or  en- 
sure, assure,  guaranty  {rare),  warrant; 
spec,  secure,  vouch. 


guarantee,  v.  i.  undertake,  vouch;  spec. 
agree,  contract. 

guarantee,  n.  1.  guarantor;  spec,  surety, 
voucher,  warrantor,  insurer,  bailor,  bail, 
contractor. 
2.  guaranty; — referring  to  the  act  or  thing. 

guaranty,  n.  1.  Of  the  act:  guarantee,  un- 
dertaking, warranty;  spec  security,  in- 
surance, assurance,  vouch  {archaic), 
voucher. 

2.  Of  the  thing:  guarantee,  warrant;  spec. 
security,  voucher,  agreement,  contract. 

guard,  V.  t.  1.  protect,  keep  {now  chiefly 
spec),  ward  {archiac);  spec,  watch,  over- 
watch,    safeguard,    escort,    attend,    tile 
{Freemasonry),  patrol,  picket. 
2.  watch,  check. 

guard,  V.  i.  watch,  ward  {archaic);  spec 
beware,  patrol,  sentry  {rare). 

guard,  n.  1.  Of  the  act  or  fact:  protection, 
watch,  ward  {archaic),  keep  {chiefly 
spec);  spec,  custody,  escort. 

2.  Referring  to  persons:  protector,  watch, 
keeper  {chiefly  spec),  safeguarder,  guar- 
dian {more  formal  than  "guard"),  warden 
{literary  or  archaic,  exc  spec),  warder 
{literary  or  archaic,  exc.  spec);  spec,  picket 
(of  one  or  more),  death  watch,  escort,  pa- 
trol {chiefly  collective  sing.),  watchman, 
safeguarder,  safeguard,  sentinel,  sentry 
{the  usual  military  term),  vanguard  {col- 
lective sing.),  wardsman  {rare),  cordon 
{collective  pi.),  rearguard  {collective  pi.). 

3.  Referring  to  things:  spec,  protection, 
protector,  shooter,  pad,  ward,  tsuba 
{Japanese),  button,  cowcatcher,  pilot 
{U.S.). 

4.  See  conductor. 

guarded,  a.  Spec,  protected,  close,  cau- 
tious, careful. 

guardian,  n.  1.  protector,  guard;  spec. 
custodian. 

2.  In  law:  spec,  curator,  conservator, 
tutor. 

guardianship,  n.  1.  care,  protection;  spec 
custody. 

2.  In  law:  spec,  curatorship,  tutorship, 
tutelage,  tutorage,  tutory  {rare),  ward, 
wardship,  matronage. 

guess,  V.  t.  &  i.  1.  conjecture,  surmise,  sus- 
pect {chiefly  spec),  jalouse  {Scot.),  suspi- 
cion {colloq.  for  "suspect");  spec,  mistrust, 
divine,  predict,  theorize,  imagine,  foresee. 
Antonyms:  see  know. 
2.  See  believe. 


|l^=  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
grovel:  creep,  cringe. 
groveling;  abject. 
grub,  V.  t.;  dig,  drudge,  eat. 
grub,  V.  t.:  dig,  clear,  uproot. 
grub,  n.:  larva,  food. 
grubby:  dirty. 
grubstake:  support. 


grudging,  n.:  envy. 
gruel,  n.:  porridge. 
gruesome,  a.:  fearful. 
gruff,  a.:  rough,  surly. 
grum,  a.:  ill-tempered,  sullen. 
grumble,  v.  i.:  complain,  mut- 
ter, growl,  rumble. 
grume,  n.:  blood,  clot. 


grumpy,   o.;  ill-tempered,   dis- 
satisfied. 
grunt,  V.  i.:  complain. 
guardhouse:  shelter,  ftrison. 
guddle:  catch. 
gudgeon:  pivot. 
guerdon:  reward, 
guerilla:  fighter. 


t2^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
211 


GUESS 


guess,  n.  conjocturo,  surmise,  shot  {col- 
loq.),  surinisal  (rare);  spec,  mistrust,  sus- 
picion, cast,  divination,  prediction,  the- 
ory, imagination,  foresight. 

guesser,  n.  conjocturer,  surmiser;  spec. 
CEiiipus  [Jig.),  mistruster,  diviner,  etc. 

guest,  n.  visitor;  s/xt.  convival  {at  a  feast, • 
obs.),  umbra  {Roinan  hist.),  shadow  (a 
Latitiism),  diner,  company  (a  collective), 
panisite. 

guidance,  n.  1.  direction,  conduction,  con- 
duct, pilotage  {chiefly  spec);  spec,  steering, 
leading,  lead,  marshaling,  manuduction 
{rare),  steerage  {naut.  or  rare),  escort. 

2.    See  MANAGEMENT. 

guide,  I',  t.  1.  direct,  conduct,  pilot  {chiefly 
spec),  show;  spec,  manuduct  {rare), 
cicerone,  lead,  run,  marshal,  steer  {naut. 
or  fig.),  escort,  motion,  misdirect,  mis- 
guide, rein. 

2.   See  MANAGE,  ADVISE. 

guide,  n.  1.  director,  directer,  conductor. 

Mercury  {fig.),  pilot  {chiefly  spec);  spec. 
marshaler,  leader,  cicerone,  sightsman 
(rare),  steersman,  steerer. 

2.  Referring  to  things:  spec,  landmark, 
lodestar,  cynosure  {literary),  key,  clew, 
clue,  thread,  directory,  index,  fence, 
screed,  trail,  trace,  guidebook,  bridle. 

3.  See  MANAGER,  ADVISER. 

guidebook,  n.    Spec.  Baedeker,  itinerary, 

roadbook,  ruttier  {archaic). 
guidepost,  n.  waypost;  spec,  fingerpost. 
guiltless,  a.  innocent,  blameless;  see  in- 
nocent. 
Antonyms:  see  blamable. 
guilty,  a.  blamable,  nocent  {rare);  spec. 

criminal,  self-accusing,  conscious. 
Antonyms:  see  blameless,  in^nocent. 
guitar,  n.     Spec,  vina,  sancho,  samisen 

{Japanese),  sitar  {Anglo-Indian) . 
gullet,  n.  1.  oesophagus  {tech.). 

2.  See  neck,  throat. 
guUy,  n.  valley  {contextual);  spec,  arroyo 

{local,  U.  S.). 
gummy,    a.    gumlike,    gummous    (rare), 

gummose  {rare);  spec,  mucilaginous. 
gun,   n.    1.    cannon;    spec,    pompom,   big 

Bertha  {colloq.). 


2.  firearm,  shooter  {colloq.),  peltcr  {hu- 
morous); spec,  musket,  rifle,  pistol,  re- 
volver, matchlock.  Catling. 

gunboat,  n.   Spec,  tinclad  {colloq.). 

gunner,  /(.  1.  shooter  (contextual);  spec. 
musketeer,  carbineer. 

2.  artilleryman,  artillerist,  cannoneer, 
gun  {colloq.  or  cant);  spec,  bombardier, 
culverincer. 

3.  hunter. 

gurgle,  V.  i.  tfc  n.  1.  guggle;  see  flow,  bub- 
ble. 
2.  See  LAUGH. 

gusty,  a.  unsteady,  fretful,  puffy. 

gutter,  71.  channel  {contextual);  spec,  can- 
ncl  or  kennel  {British). 

guttural,  a.  1.  throat  {the  noun  v^ed  at- 
tributively). 
2.  Of  sounds:  throat,  thick,  throaty. 

guzzle,  V.  t.  consume,  drink,  bum  {slang, 
U.  S.),  ingurgitate  {rare). 

gybe,  V.  i.  &  n.  shift. 

gymnasium,  n.  calisthenium  (rare), 
gymkhana  {Anglo-Indian  or  transferred), 
palaestra  or  palestra  {chiefly  Greek  antiq.). 

gymnast,  n.  athlete  {contextual);  spec. 
contortionist,  equiUbrist,  ropewalker, 
turner. 

gymnastic,  a.  athletic  {contextual),  gym- 
nic  {i^are) ;  spec  calisthenic. 

gymnastics,  n.  athletics  {contextual);  spec. 
calisthenics. 

gypsy,  a.  Egyptian,  Romanian  (rare),  Bo- 
hemian, Romany  (cant);  spec.  Tzigany. 

gypsy,  71.  1.  Egyptian,    Bohemian,    caird 
(Scot.),  rom  (7nale;  cant),  Romany,  faw 
(dial.  Eng.);  spec.  Tzigany. 
2.  Referring  to  the  language:  Roman. 

H 

habit,  n.  1.  See  dress. 
2.  custom,  use  (chiefly  literary  or  poetic 
for  "custom"),  wont  (chiefly  literary  for 
"custom"),  usage,  habitude  (rare),  con- 
suetude (rare),  practice,  rule;  spec. 
cacoethes,  knack,  trick. 

habitual,  a.  common  {contextual),  accus- 
tomed,  customary,  usual,  wonted,   con- 


X^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
guSaw:  latigh. 
guggle:  gurgle. 
guglet:  goglet. 
guidable:  directable. 
guild:  association. 
guile:  deceitfulness,  deception. 
guileful:  deceitful. 
guileless:  simple. 
guilt:  blame. 

guise:  costume,  appearance,  pre- 
tense. 
gulf:  inlet,  abyss. 
gull,  V.  t.:  deceive,  dupe. 
gull,  n.;  dupe. 
gully:  valley,  channel. 


gulp:  swallow,  choke. 
gumption:  common  sense. 
gush,  V.  i.:  flow,  emotionalize. 
gush,  n.:  flow,  effusiveness. 
gushing:  flowing,  effusive. 
gust:  taste,  enjoyment. 
gust:  vind. 
gustable:  appetizing. 
gusto:  enjoyment. 
gut,     n.:     intestine,     abdomen, 

channel. 
gut,  r.  ^.■  disembowel,  plunder. 
guttate:  drop-shaped. 
gutter,  V.  t.:  channel. 
gutter,  V.  i.:  flrnr. 
guttery:  channeled. 


guy,  n.:  eccentric. 
guy,  11.  t.:  ridicule. 
guy:  support. 
gyrate,  a.:  circular. 
gyrate,  v.  i.:  revolve. 
gyve:  shackle. 


habiliment:  clothing. 
habitable:  inhabitable. 
habitat:  abode. 
habitation:  occupation,  aboie, 

residence. 
habituate:  accustom. 
habitude:  habit. 
habitue:  frequenter. 


(^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

212 


HANDBREADTH 


suetudinary  (rare);  spec,  hackneyed,  set- 
tled, confirmed,  inveterate,  great. 
Antonyms:  see  occasional. 

hack,  n.  1.  See  horse. 
2.  author  {contextual),  drudge,  penny-a- 
hner,  hodman  (literary);  spec,  jobber. 

hag,  n.   beldam   or   beldame   {literary  or 
rare),  witch,  harridan  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  beauty. 

hail,  V.  t.  1.  See  greet. 
2.  call;  spec,  hollo. 

hail,  V.  i.  call ;  spec,  ave,  hollo,  hello. 

hail,  n.  call;  spec,  hollo,  hello,  ave. 

hair,  n.  filament  (contextual) ;  spec,  bristle, 
hairlet,  eyelash,  kemp,  whisker,  villus. 

hair,  n.  Referring  to  the  natural  covering  or 
coat  of  hair:  spec,  frizzle,  fur,  wool,  down, 
thatch  (fig.;  humorous),  carrots  (red;  hu- 
morous or  derisive),  crine  (rare),  beard, 
mustache,  pile,  grizzle,  mane,  pubes- 
cence, wool,  pubes. 

hair,  a.  pilar  (rare),  crinal  (rare). 

hair- dresser,  n.  coiffeur  (French;  affected 
as  fashionable),  friseur  (French;  rare); 
spec,  barber. 

haired,  a.   Spec,  (her.)  maned,  crined. 

hairiness,  n.  hirsuteness,  hirsuties  (tech.), 
hispidity,  crinosity  (rare),  pilosity  (rare). 

hairlike,  a.  hairy  (rare),  filamentous;  spec. 
capilliform,  capillaceous  (rare),  thread- 
like, villous. 

hairy,  a.  Spec,  hairish,  hispid  (chiefly 
tech.),  bristly,  hirsute  (learned  or  literary), 
shaggy,  crinite,  kempy,  comose  or  comous, 
pilose  or  (rare)  pilous,  peline  (rare),  pile- 
ous  (rare),  rough,  tomentose,  woolly, 
capillate,  capillose,  villous,  furry,  pu- 
bescent. 
Antonyms:  see  bald,  bare. 

halberd,  halbert,  n.  bill;  spec,  spontoon, 
brown  bill,  lochaber,  battle-ax. 

half,  n.  moiety  (legal  or  formal);  spec. 
hemisphere,  mediety. 

half  breed,  n.  Spec,  mestizo  (masc),  mcs- 
tiza  (fern.),  mulatto,  mule. 

half-fiedged,  a.  pin-feathered. 

halfpenny,  n.  bawbee  (Scot.),  make 
(slang),  mail  (obs.  or  hist.). 

hall,  n.  1.  See  abode. 

2.  building  (contextual);  spec,  dormitory, 
casino,  college,  burse  (Eng.),  pantheon, 
prytaneuin  (Greek  antiq.). 

3.  room  (contextual),  hallway;  spec,  ante- 
room, lobby,  divan,  atrium  (Roman  an- 


tiq.), impluvium  (Roman  antiq.),  durbar 

(East  India),  sala  (Spanish). 

4.  passage    (contextual);    spec,    corridor, 

gallery. 

hallowed,  a.  holy,  consecrated,  blessed. 
Antonyms:  see  unholy. 

hallucination,  n.  deception,  fancy;  spec. 
paraesthesia  or  paresthesia,  zooscopy, 
phosphene,  photism,  afterimage,  photo- 
gene. 

halo,  n.  1.  circle,  burr  (chiefly  spec),  aura, 
brough  (Scot.;  chiefly  spec);  spec,  corona. 
2.  See  glory. 

halter,  n.  1.  Spec,  hackamore  (U.  S.). 
2.  For  hanging  criminals:  rope,  rope's  end, 
tether  (rare). 

halve,  V.  t.  divide,  dimidiate  (rare);  spec. 
bisect. 

ham,  n.  1.  In  quadrupeds:  hock. 
2.  thigh;  spec,  gammon. 

hammer,  n.  Spec  beetle,  maul  or  mall, 
mallet,  tapper,  rammer,  commander, 
bush-hammer,  fuller,  woolstock,  sledge, 
skelper,  helve,  martel,  mash,  striker, 
plexor,  flatte,  bucker,  gavel,  cock. 

hammer,  v.  t.  strike  (contextual),  beat 
(contextual);  spec,  drive,  tilt,  ram,  draw. 

hammer- shaped,  a.  malleiform  (rare). 

hamper,  v.  t.  hinder,  embarrass,  trammel 
(primarily  spec;  a  stronger  word  than 
"hamper"),  entrammel  (intensive),  fetter, 
cumber  or  encumber  (primarily  spec); 
spec,  clog,  shackle. 

hamper,  n.  hindrance,  embarrassment, 
encumbrance,  encumberment  (rare), 
trammel. 

hamstring,  v.  f.  hough,  hock ;  spec  spade. 

hand,  n.  1.  extremity  (contextual),  manus 
(tech.),  paw  (in  contempt  or  jocular),  pud 
(a  child's  word),  daddle  (dial.),  mauley 
(slang),  famble  (slang);  spec  fist,  forefoot. 

2.  See  agency,  ownership,  control, 
ability,  handwriting,  signature, 
worker,  employee,  side,  pointer. 

3.  In  cards:  spec  dummy,  flush,  straight, 
full  house,  carte  blanche,  crib,  etc. 

handbag,  n.  grip  (colloq.),  gripsack  (col- 
loq.,  U.  S.);  spec,  portmanteau  (chiefly 
British),  Gladstone  bag  or  (for  short) 
gladstone,  satchel,  carpetbag,  suitcase, 
carryall  (Eng.),  scrip,  cachet  (French). 

handbook,  n.  manual,  vade  mecum  (Lat- 
in), enchindion  (learned);  spec,  guidebook. 

handbreadth,  n.  palm. 


C^  Cross  references 

see  Note. 

halcyon:  calm. 

hallowed:  holy. 

hack:  chop,  couph. 

hale,  a.:  healthy. 

hallucinate:  delude. 

haggard:  thin. 

hale,  V.  t.:  dram. 

hallucinative:  deceptive. 

haggle,  V.  I.:  chop. 

half-baked:  crude. 

halt,':),  i.  &  n.:  stop. 

haggle,  V.  i. :  cavil. 

bargain. 

half-blooded:  hybrid. 

halt,  a.:  disabled. 

hailstone:  pellet. 

half-hearted:     depressed,     in- 

halt, V.  i.:  limp. 

hairless:  hald. 

sincere,  timid. 

hamlet:  village. 

haifsplittlng,  a.: 

caviling. 

halloa,  hallo,  halloo: 

hollo. 

hampering;  hindrance. 

hairsplitting,  n.: 

refinement. 

hallow:  consecrate,  observe. 

hand,  v.  t.:  deliver. 

15 


{W  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
213 


HANDBRED 


handbred,  <i.    Sprc.  oailo. 

handclasp,  n.  }i;rip,  dutch,  p;r:is]i. 

handful,  it.   I.  gripe  (local,  Eikj.),  fistful; 
spec.  wisp. 
2,  See  FEW. 

handicap,  n.  1.  See  contest. 
2.  poiuilty  {cant). 

handicap,  v.  i.  penalize  (cant);  spec,  weight. 

handkerchief,  ii.  wiper  (rare),  wipe 
{slang),  sudarium  or  sudary  {primarily 
spec;  a  bookish  word),  fogle  (slang),  rag 
{cant  or  slang);  spec.  Barcelona  (obs.), 
bandanna,  Madras,  foulard,  romal  (Mex- 
ico and  southwestern  U.  S.),  vernicle. 

handle,  n.  grip,  stale  (dial,  or  tech.);  spec. 
spindle,  handstaff,  crop,  snead  (chiefly 
Scot,  cfc  dial),  grasp,  brake,  helm,  haft, 
loom,  helve,  lug,  hilt,  snath  or  snathe, 
bow,  bail,  tiller,  stalk,  ear,  palm,  crutch, 
withe,  shaft,  sally,  tote,  tale  (rare), 
rounce,  pull,  crank. 

handle,  v.  t.  1.  touch  (contextual),  paw 
(chiefly  spec,  or  contemptuous),  hand 
(rare),  manipulate;  spec,  feel,  fumble, 
finger,  thumb,  fist,  palm,  gentle,  man- 
handle, smooth. 

2.  haft,  hilt,  helve. 

3.  See  MANAGE,  TUEAT. 

handled,  a.  ansate  (rare). 

handling,  n.  touching  (contextual);  spec, 
manipulation,  thumbing,  fingering,  con- 
trectation  (rare). 

hand-propelled,  a.  manumotive  (rare). 

hand- shaped,  a.  maniform  (rare);  spec. 
palmate. 

handwriting,  n.  chirography,  paw  (colloq. 
or  jocular),  scription  (rare),  scripture 
(rare),  fist  (jocular  or  cant),  script,  hand, 
calligraphy  (primarily  spec);  spec  char- 
acter, cacography,  graphology,  penman- 
ship, courthand. 

hand-written,  a.  manuscript. 

hang,  V.  t.  1.  suspend,  depend  (rare);  spec 
dangle,  drape,  droop,  swing,  sky  (cant). 
2.  execute  (contextual),  patibulate  (humor- 
ous; nonce);  spec  gibbet,  truss (rore), super- 
collate  (rare  and  ludicrous),  noose,  halter. 

hang,  V.  i.  1.  depend,  suspend  (rare);  spec. 
dangle,  lop,  dingle-dangle  (intensive), 
stream,  flow,  trail,  droop. 

2.  die  (contextual),  swing  (colloq.), 

3.  Spec,  impend,  hover,  lean. 

4.  See  FLY,  STICK,  ATTEND,  DELAY,  STAY. 

hang,  n.  1.  Spec  dangle  (rare),  drape, 
droop. 

2.    See  ABILITY,  FIT. 


hanger-on,  n.  dependent,  parasite,  bur  or 
burr  (fig.);  spec  client. 
Antonyms:  see  supporter. 

hanging,  a.  1.  dependent;  .sy^cc.  pendulous, 
pendulant  (rare),  decumbent,  flaggy,  pen- 
dent or  pendant,  pensile,  penduline  (rare), 
drooping,  dangling. 
2.  supporting,  suspensory,  suspensorial. 

hanging,  n.  1.  dependence,  danglement 
(rare). 

2.  execution  (contextual);  spec,  gibbet. 

3.  See  drapery. 

hangman,    n.    Jack    Ketch    (a    popular 
7iame),  ketch  (colloq.). 
happen,  v.  i.  1.  See  occur,  chance. 

2.  With  an  indirect  object:  chance  (now 
rare),  bechance  (rare),  betide  (only  in  Sd 
person,  and  mostly  in  "woe  betide"),  befall 
(archaic), 

3.  come,  fall;  spec,  strike,  stumble; — ivith 
"on"  or  "upon." 

harangue,  n.  address  (contextual),  decla- 
mation, speech;  spec,  rigmarole;  see 
tirade. 

harass,  v.  t.  distress  (contextual),  badger; 
spec  dragoon,  heckle,  curse,  beset,  worry, 
annoy,  gall,  harry,  haggle,  embarrass,  af- 
flict, depress. 
Antonyms:  see  comfort,  protect. 

harassed,  a.  distressed  (contextual);  spec. 
hagridden. 

harbor,  n.  1.  See  refuge. 
2.  port,  haven  (a  word  now  becoming  liter- 
ary); spec  mole,  cothon,  seaport,  portlet, 
bunder  (Anglo-Indian). 

hard;  a.  1.  firm,  solid  (as  opposed  to  what  is 
"fluid,"  "gaseous,"  or  "liquid"),  rigid  (as 
opposed  to  "pliable,"  "soft"),  sclerous 
(tech.),  indurated,  dure  (literary),  dour 
(Scot.),  untender  (rare);  spec  adamantine 
(chiefly  literary  or  tech.),  resistant  (rare), 
stony,  marble,  iron,  steely,  icy,  flinty, 
brazen,  brassy  (often  fi^.),  dintless,  rocky, 
etc.;  see  rigid. 
Antonyms:  see  soft. 
2.  See  (in  almost  numberless  secondary  or 
flgurative  uses)  energetic,  difficult, 
alcoholic,  austere,  cruel,  unfeeling, 
stingy,    severe,    violent,    stubborn, 

HARSH,  strong,  TIGHT,  FIRM,  etc. 

harden,  v.  t.  &  i.  1.  firm  (chiefly  tech.  or 
literary),  solidify;  spec,  steel,  Dutch,  im- 
marble  (rare),  stone  (rare),  enharden 
(rare),  indurate,  crust,  braze,  callous, 
chill.  Harvey,  Harveyize,  crisp,  congeal, 
freeze,  case-harden,  vulcanize. 


t^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
handclap:  applause,  moment. 
handcuS:  manacle. 
handicraft:  art,  trade. 
handlness:  convenience,  skill. 
handsel:  earnest,  foretaste. 
hank:  coil. 


hanker:  desire. 

hap,  n.:  chance,  accident,  event. 

haphazard,  n.:  chance. 

haphazard,  adv.:  casually. 

happiness:  gladness. 

happy:  glad.  [ing. 

happy-go-lucky,    a.:    easy-go- 


happy-go-lucky,  adv.:  cas- 
ually. 

hara-kiri:  suicide. 

harangue,  v.  i.:  declaim. 

harbinger,  n.:  forerunner,  pred- 
ecessor. 

harbinger,  v.  t.:  signify. 


52^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
214 


HARPY 


Antonyms:  see  soften, 

2.  toughen,  inure,  indurate,  callous  {rare). 

3.  Referring  to  the  feelings,  morals,  etc.: 
obdurate  (rare),  obdure  (rare),  indurate, 
callous  (fig.);  spec,  sensualize,  brutalize, 
Molochize  {nonce  word),  savagize  {rare), 
braze  or  brazen  {rare),  stiffen,  confirm. 

Antonyms:  see  soften. 

hardiness,  n.  I.  See  boldness. 
2.  strength,  endurance,  robustness,  stur- 
diness,  stoutness,  vigor,  toughness. 

hardy,  adv.  1.    Spec,  severely,  harshly  (c/. 

SEVERE,  harsh). 

2.  scarcely,  barely,  merely,  just. 

hardness,  n.  1.  firmness,  solidity,  indura- 
tion; spec,  adamant,  etc.,  sclerosis,  scir- 
rhosity. 

2.  Spec,  austerity,  cruelty,  etc.  {cf.  aus- 
tere, CRUEL,  etc.). 

hardly,  a.  1.   See  bold,  courageous. 
2.  strong,  enduring,  robust,  robustious, 
sturdy,  stout,  tough,  rugged. 
Antonyms:  see  delicate,  weakly. 

hare,  n.  Bawd  (o  dialect  proper  name,  like 
"Reynard"  for  the  fox),  cutty  {Scot.),  puss 
or  pussy  {as  a  quasi  proper  name),  wat 
{now  chiefly  dial.);  spec,  leveret,  leparine, 
lagimorphic. 

harem,  n.  seraglio,  serail  {rare);  spec. 
zenana. 

harlot,  n.  prostitute  {chiefly  spec),  courte- 
san {rather  euphemistic),  harlotry  {chiefly 
literary;  often  used  as  a  term  of  opprobrium 
for  a  woman),  trull,  meretrix  {rare), 
whore  {now  becoming  vulgar),  limmer 
{Scot.),  strumpet;  spec,  hetaera  or  hetaira 
{Greek  aritiq.),  street  walker,  night  walker. 

harlot,  a.  1.  meretricious  {chiefly  spec). 
2.  See  LEWD. 

harlotry,  n.  prostitution  {esp.  for  hire), 
strumpetry;  spec,  hetserism,  hetairism. 

harm,  n.  I.  evil,  hurt,  ill,  injury,  damage,  le- 
sion {literary,  exc  spec  in  med.),  mischief, 
execution  {chiefly  in  "to  do  execution"), 
scathe  {archaic;  chiefly  as  a  generic  sing.), 
grame  {archaic);  spec,  bale  {literary),  dese- 
cration, abuse,  bane,  waste,  breaking, 
beating,  misfortune,  ruin,  etc. 

2.  Referring  to  the  violation  of  legal  rights: 
see  INJURY. 

3.  See  DETRIMENT. 

harm,  v.  t.  1.  hurt,  injure,  damage,  scathe 
{archaic);  spec,  abuse,  desecrate,  break, 
beat,  waste,  etc. 
Antonyms:  see  benefit. 
2.  Referring  to  legal  harm:  see  injure. 

harmful,  a.  I.  evil,  ill  {now  chiefly  rhetor- 
ical, exc.  as  occurring  in  proverbs  or  in  cer- 


tain phrases),  bad  {a  mild  word),  hurtful, 
injurious,  noisome  {chiefly  spec),  malefi- 
cent {chiefly  literary),  malefic  {chiefly 
spec),  mischievous;  spec,  damaging,  bale- 
ful, inimical,  dire,  direful,  fell,  baneful 
{poetic  or  rhetorical),  pestiferous,  malig- 
nant, sinister,  sinistrous  {rare),  noxious, 
nocent  {rare),  deleterious,  destructive, 
disadvantageous,  unfortunate,  pernicious, 
etc. 
Antonyms:  see  beneficial,  harmless. 
2.  See  injurious  {referring  to  harm  to 
legal  rights) . 

harmless,  a.  hurtless,  ill-less  (rare),  inno- 
cent, innocuous  {now  chiefly  stilted,  exc. 
spec),  innoxious  {rare),  safe,  inoffensive, 
unharmful  {rare),  unhurtful  {rare);  spec. 
woundless  {rare). 
Antonyms:  see  harmful. 

harmonious,  a.  1.    See  agreeable,  con- 
sistent, SMOOTH,  ORDERLY. 

2.  harmonial  {rare),  harmonic  {more  tech- 
nical than  "harmonious"),  symphonic  or 
symphonious,  consonant,  spheral  {poetic), 
melodious,  smooth  {co7itextual) ,  concin- 
nous  {rare),  tunable  {rare),  tuneful,  mu- 
sical, concordant,  undiscording  {rare); 
spec,  sympathetic. 

Antonyms:  see  inharmonious,  discord- 
ant. 

harmonize,  v.  i.  1.    See  agree,  sympa- 
thize. 
2.  tune,  chime,  blend,  chord. 

harmonize,  v.  t.  1.  attune,  melodize,  con- 
cent {rare). 

2.  unite,  reconcile,  conform. 

3.  See  ADJUST,  ADAPT. 

harmony,  7i.   1.      See  agreement,  con- 
sistency, unity,  smoothness,  ORDER. 

2.  smoothness  {contextual);  spec,  melody, 
concert  {now  rare),  tune  {as  in  "in  tune"), 
chord,  cadence,  concord,  monochord 
{rare),  concent  {archaic),  consonance, 
chime,  descant  {historical),  concentus  {lit- 
erary), symphony  {literary),  unison,  diapa- 
son, diaphony,  organum,  faburden  {hist.). 

Antonyms:  see  discord,  discordance. 

3.  Referring  to  a  literary  work  showing  con- 
sistency of  parallel  passages:  spec  diates- 
saron. 

harness,  v.  t.  hitch  {U.  S.);  spec,  saddle, 
inyoke,  yoke,  span,  inspan  {South  Africa), 
trap. 
Antonyms:  see  unharness. 

harp,  n.  Spec,  clairschach  {Celtic),  ka- 
noon. 

harpoon,  v.  t.  strike,  peg  {cant). 

harpy,    n.    1.    demon    {contextual);   spec. 


XW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
hardened:      insensible,     aban- 
doned. 
hard-hearted:  unkind,  cruel. 


hardihood:  boldness. 
harebrained:  changeable,  care- 
less, rash. 
hark,  harken,  v.  i.:  listen. 


hark,  harken,  v.  t.:  hear. 
harlequin:  buffoon. 
harness,  n.:  equipment. 
harp,  V.  »'.;  dwell. 


t^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

215 


HARROW 


AgUo,  Ocypetc,  Cela;no  or  Podarge;  — 
their  number,  however,  being  varioiusly 
given . 

2.    Sec  EXTORTIONER. 

harsh,  a.  1.  Spec,  rough,  acid,  acrimoni- 
ous, dure  [literary),  bearish,  brutal,  rude, 
churlish,  hard,  unkind,  ungonial,  sharp, 
crude,  coarse,  brute,  brutish,  intcnder 
{rare),  sour,  severe,  blunt,  round,  astrin- 
gent, acrid,  rugged. 

Antonyms:  see  gentle,  bland,  unctu- 
ous. 

2.  Referring  to  sounds:  cacophonous  {rare 
or  learned),  unmelodious ;  spec,  metallic, 
brazen,  hard,  hoarse,  strident,  iron,  sca- 
brous {rare),  raucous,  unsweet  {rare),  rag- 
ged, discordant,  grating. 
Antonyms:  see  smooth,  sweet. 

harshness,  n.  Spec,  hardness,  cruelty, 
crudity,  crudeness,  unkindness,  ungen- 
tleness,  acidity,  astringency,  dissonance, 
raucity  {rare),  etc. 

harvest,  n.   I.  yield,  product,  harvestry, 
crop,   gather   {rare);  spec,   vintage,   rabi 
{Anglo-Indian) . 
2.  See  PRODUCT. 

harvest,  v.  t.  crop  {rare),  reap  {primarily 
spec);  spec,  glean,  hay,  vindemiate  {rare), 
crop. 
Antonyms:  see  sow. 

harvester,  n.  haxvestman,  reaper;  spec. 
gleaner. 

harvest  home,  maiden  {Scot.),  kirn 
{Scot.). 

harvest  queen.  Spec,  harvest  doll,  kirn 
baby  {Scot.),  maiden  {Scot.). 

has-been,  n.  quondam  {obs.). 

haste,  n.  quickness,  hurry,  precipitation 
or  precipitancy,  precipitance  {rare),  speed, 
festination  {rare),  rush  {headlong  haste; 
often  in  a  slang  way,  any  haste),  press,  ex- 
pedition, dispatch,  expeditiousness;  spec. 
posthaste  {rare  as  a  noun),  rashness,  bus- 
tle, hustle,  impetuosity,  hastiness. 
Antonyms:  see  deliberation. 

hasten,   v.   t.    quicken,    hurry,    dispatch, 
speed,  urge,  press,  hurry-scurry,  precip- 
itate, express,  festinate  {rare);  spec,  rush, 
spur,  crowd,  bundle,  hustle. 
Antonyms:  see  detain,  retard. 

hasten,  v.  i.  quicken,  go,  hurry,  press,  hie 
{archaic  or  poetic),  dispatch,  expedite,  for- 
ward, haste  {literary);  spec,  scorch,  fleet, 
hustle  {colloq.),  spurt,  rustle  {colloq.),  fly, 
clip  {colloq.),  race,  spur,  wing,  crowd  {ar- 
chaic or  rare),  scurry,  run,  peg  {colloq.), 


powder     {colloq.),    drive,     post,     hurry- 
scurry. 
Anto7iyms:  see  delay. 

hastily,  adv.  quickly,  hurriedly,  expedi- 
tiously; spec,  hotfoot,  post  {archaic),  post- 
haste, rashly,  recklessly,  helter-skelter, 
hurry-scurry,  etc. 

hasty,  a.  (juick,  hasteful  {rare),  hurried, 
])recipitate;  s]>ec.  precipitant  {rare),  ex- 
peditious, rash,  brash,  running,  hot- 
headed, rapid,  passing,  cursory,  abrupt, 
helter-skelter,  pell-mell. 
Antonyms:  see  deliberate. 

hat,  n.  chapeau  {French);  spec,  cap,  derby 
{U.  S.),  bowler  {E^ig.),  billycock  {Eng.), 
gibus,  sombrero,  sundown  {U.  S.),  sugar 
loaf,  turban,  castor,  squam  {U.  S.), 
wideawake,  tiara,  tile  {slang),  petasus, 
kausia,  leghorn,  dicer  {slang),  slough 
{slang),  shovel,  mushroom  {slang),  felt 
{colloq.),  garibaldi,  miter,  turban,  mitra, 
busby  {Brit.),  shako,  capeline,  copintank 
{obs.),  Dolly  Varden,  caubeen  {Irish), 
chapeau-bras  {French),  kiss-me-quick, 
jerry,  Christie  {Canada). 

hat,  V.  t.  Spec.  cap. 

hatband,  n.  Spec,  weeper  {slang  or  colloq.). 

hate,  n.  This  word,  as  distinguished  from 
''hatred,"  denotes  especially  the  actual  feel- 
ing or  emotio7i;  while  "haired"  denotes  es- 
pecially merely  the  attitude  of  mind.  The 
word  "hate"  was  becoming  rare  or  poetic; 
but  since  the  beginning  of  the  World  War 
has  become  common  again.  See  hatred. 
Antonyms:  see  compassion. 

hate,  V.  t.  dislike  {contextual),  abhor,  de- 
test, execrate,  abominate;  spec,  loathe. 

hateful,  a.  1.  disagreeable  {contextual); 
spec,  spiteful,  rancorous;  see  malevo- 
lent. 

2.  disagreeable  {contextual),  offensive, 
cursed,  abominable,  detestable,  odious; 
spec,  spiteful,  annoying,  invidious. 
Antonyms:  see  kindly,  kind,  apathetic, 
affable,  affectionate,  agreeable, 
compassionate. 

hatred,  n.  dislike,  hate,  abhorrence,  heart- 
burn, detestation,  execration;  spec,  malev- 
olence, malignity,  enmity,  abomination, 
odium.     See  hate. 

Antonyms:  see  affection,  compassion, 
love. 

haughtiness,  n.  arrogance,  morgue 
{French),  hauteur  {French,  but  nearly  An- 
glicized), fierte  {French;  rare),  etc. 

haughty,  a.  proud  {contextuM) ,  arrogant. 


fW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
harrow:  plunder,  distress. 
harry:  plunder,  distress. 
bash,  V.  t.:  comminute. 
hasp,  n..'  clasp. 
hassock:  tuft,  footstool. 
hastiness:  hosts. 


hatch,  V.  t.:  engrave,  inlay. 
hatch,  V.  t.:  incubate,  devise. 
hatch,  V.  i.:  generate. 
hatch,  n.:  offspring. 
hatch,  n.:  door,  gate. 
hatchment:  escutcheon. 
hatchway:  doorway. 


haul:  dravK 
haulm:  stalk. 

haunch,  n.:  hip,  quarter,  coxa. 
haunt,  n.:  resort. 
haunt,  V.  t.:  frequent,  obsess,  at- 
tend. 
haunting:  recurrent. 


iW  See  Notes  of  Explanation^ 
216 


HEALTHY 


lordly,    supercilious,    overproud,    hoity- 
toity  {familiar  or  deprecating) . 
Antonyms:    see    affable,    agreeable, 

HUMBLE,  SERVILE. 

have,  V.  t.  1.  possess,  hold;  spec.  own. 
Antonyms:  see  lack. 

2>  See  GET,  EXPERIENCE,  ENJOY,  EXER- 
CISE, ENTERTAIN,  REMEMBER,  BEAR,  KEEP, 
DEFEAT,  STATE,  LEARN,  CAUSE,  EFFECT. 

hawk,  n.  Jack  {male;  chiefly  spec);  spec. 
eyas,  brancher,  buzzard,  kite,  windhover, 
falcon,  harrier,  gerfalcon,  haggard,  hobby, 
sore,  lanner,  intermewer,  staniel,  lanneret, 
kestrel,  henharrier,  henhawk,  goshawk, 
tercel  or  tiercel,  tercelet  or  tiercelet,  saker, 
sakeret. 

hawk,  V.  t.  sell,  peddle,  cry. 

hawker,  n.  seller,  dealer,  peddler;  spec. 
colporteur. 

hawking,  n.  falconry  {chiefly  spec). 

hazard,  n.  Spec  chance,  adventure,  dan- 
ger, stake,  bunker  {golf). 

haze,  n.  1.  Spec  cloud,  gauze  {rare),  fog, 
mist,  smoke,  fume,  miasma,  paU,  smother. 
2.  See  OBSCURITY,  dimness. 

hazy,  a.  1.  dim  {contextual),  thick,  misty, 
cloudy,  smoky,  foggy,  fumy;  spec,  mias- 
matic. 
Antonyms:  see  clear. 
2.  See  DIM,  indistinct. 

head,  n.  1.  headpiece  {archaic  or  colloq.), 
nob  {slang),  noddle  {colloq.  or  jocular), 
mazard  {archaic  and  jocular),  garret 
{slang),  poll  {obs.,  exc  colloq.,  dial.,  or  in 
"poll  tax,"  etc.),  pate  {chiefly  deprecia- 
tory), pash  {obs.),  sconce  {archaic  and 
jocular),  knob  {slang),  costard  {contempt- 
uous or  humorous),  coxcomb  {humorous; 
chiefly  spec),  brain  {fig.),  top  {colloq.), 
pow  {Scot,  and  dial.);  spec,  occiput  {tech.), 
sinciput  {tech.),  calvarium  {tech.),  jowl, 
gorgoneion,  skull,  face. 
Antonyms:  see  tail. 

2.  Referring  to  the  hair  of  the  head:  crop 
{slang);  spec,  mop,  bush,  shock. 

3.  See  understanding,  person,  individ- 
ual, FRONT,  antlers,  BOW,  SOURCE,  HEAD- 
ING, FORCE,  FOAM,  PROTUBERANCE,  TOP. 

4.  chief;  spec,  leader,  dean,  conductor, 
paterfamilias,  provost,  master,  prsepos- 
itus,  hegumen  {eccl.),  mother  {eccl.),  su- 
perior {eccl.),  cream,  face. 

5.  Referring  to  an  inflorescence:  spec,  ca- 
pitulum  {tech.),  spike,  glomerule,  cabbage. 


headache,  n.  cephalalgia  {tech.). 

headband,  n.  band,  vitta  {literary);  spec. 
fillet. 

headdress,  n.  headgear,  coiffure  {French), 
headtire  {archaic);  spec,  barb,  chignon, 
cob,  bridle,  tower,  butterfly,  stephane, 
commode,  headcloths  {pi.)',  capuchon, 
polos,  pouf  {French),  fontange  {French), 
tutulus,  hennin  {hist.). 

headed,  a.  Referring  to  plants:  spec,  cap- 
itate, capitellate,  kerned. 

heading,  n.  1.  See  front. 
2.  Referring  to  part  or  all  of  a  book,  manu- 
script,   etc.:    spec,    title,    head,    caption 
{chiefly   U.   S.;  rather  tech.   or  learned), 
lemma  {learned),  capitulary  {rare),  rubric. 

headland,  n.  head  {mostly  in  place  names), 
foreland;  spec  promontory,  cape,  cliff, 
bluff,  escarpment,  ness  {mostly  in  place 
names),  reach  {ohs.  or  U.S.),  peak  {local), 
horn  {rare),  nook  {rare),  tongue,  spit, 
hook,  reef,  maze  {rare). 

headless,  a.  acephalous  {tech.). 

headlong,  a.  headfirst;  spec,  pell-mell, 
hurry-scurry. 

headpiece,  n.  hat;  spec,  casque  {now  poetic 
or  hist.),  crest,  helmet,  headstall. 

headship,  n.  primacy  {dignified),  suprem- 
acy; spec,  chieftaincy,  captaincy,  chief  dom. 

heal,  V.  i.  Spec  incarn  {rare). 

health,  n.  soundness,  haleness  {rare),  eu- 
crasy  {rare),  healthfulness  {rare),  tone 
{chiefiy  spec),  euphoria  {rare),  sanity  {ar- 
chaic, exc.  spec),  heal  {Scot.);  spec,  vigor, 
hardiness. 
Antonyms:  see  unhealth. 

healthful,  a.  1.  Referring  to  things:  bene- 
ficial, healthsome  {rare),  wholesome, 
salutary,  salutiferous  {rare),  salubrious 
{chiefly  spec),  healthy  {a  use  avoided  by 
some);  spec,  laudable. 

Antonyms:   see   unhealthpul,    patho- 
logic, POISONOUS. 
2.  Referring  to  persons:  see  healthy. 

health  resort,  sanitarium,  sanatorium, 
.sanatarium  {an  erroneous  form) .  There  is 
no  etymological  reason  for  making  a  dif- 
ference between  these  terms,  yet  many  do  so. 
The  distinction,  hotvever,  has  not  become  an 
established  usage,  and  the  words  are  so  much 
alike  that  it  is  very  difficult  to  remember 
which  is  which. 

healthy,  a.  1.  Referring  to  persons:  sound 
{now  used  chiefly  in  the  predicate),  hale 


C^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
haven:  harbor,  refuge. 
haversack:    bag. 
having:  po-isession. 
havoc:  devastation. 
hawse,  n.:  bow  (pron.  bou). 
hawser:  rope. 
hay,  n.:  fodder. 
hay,  V.  i.:  harvest. 


haycock:  heap. 

hazard,  n.:  chance,  venture,  dan- 
ger, stake. 

hazard,  v.'t.:  endanger,  venture. 

haze,  V.  t.:  abuse. 

head,  a.:  chief. 

head,  v.  t.:  behead,  lead,  oppose, 
top,  direct. 

headfirst:  headlong. 


headgear:  headdress. 
headsman:  chief,  executioner. 
headstrong:  obstinate. 
headway:  advance,  motion. 
heady:  obstinate,  intoxicating. 
heal:  cure. 
healable:  curable. 
healall:  panacea. 
healing:  curative. 


tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

217 


HEAP 


(chit\fl!/    spec),    sano    {rare,    cxc.    spec.), 
hoaltliful    (a    use  aroidai  by  many),   hy- 
geian  {rare);  spec,  well,  lusty,  hearty. 
Antotiynis:  sec  ailing,  unhkalthv. 
2.  See  HEALTHFUL   {referring  to  things), 

GOOD. 

heap,  r.  t.  1.  pile,  coacervate  {rare);  spec. 
stack,  cop  (dial.  Eng.),  clamp  {tech.), 
dess  {Scot.),  hill,  huddle,  mound. 

2.    See  GIVE,  BESTOW. 

S.  Referring  to  that  on   ichich  things  are 
heaped:  spec,  overfill,  pile,  cumber. 

heap,  n.  1.  accumulation  {coidextual),  cu- 
mulus {rare),  coacervation  {rare);  spec. 
huddle,  pile,  entassement  {rare),  imbrog- 
lio (roir),  hill,  mound,  tumulus,  moun- 
tain, ruck,  stack,  cop  {Eng.),  barrow, 
cairn,  cache,  bing,  mow,  haymow,  rick, 
hayrick,  cock,  haycock,  haystack,  dump, 
kitchen-midden  {archaeology),  clam. 
2.  See  DEAL. 

heaped,  a.  tumulary  {rare),  cumulate  {con- 
textual), massed  {contextual). 

hear,  v.  t.  1.  perceive  {contextual),  hsten, 
hark  {attentively;  literary),  list  {archaic), 
drink  {used  itnth  "in"),  catch,  hearken 
{poetic);  spec,  forehear  {rare),  mishear, 
overhear,  receive. 
2.  See  DISCOVER,  grant,  try. 

hear,  v.  i.  perceive;  spec,  listen,  hark  {chief- 
ly as  an  imperative  or  interj.,  or  literary  or 
poetic),  hearken. 

heard,  a.  auricular  {learned). 

hearer,  n.  auditor,  audient  {rare),  listener; 
spec,  pittite. 

hearing,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  faculty  or 
sense:  audition  {tech.),  ear  {often  spec;  in 
sing,  only) . 

2.  Referring  to  the  opportunity  or  privilege 
of  being  heard:  audience. 

3.  See  TRIAL. 

4.  sound,  earshot,  ear,  range  {contextual) . 
hearse,  n.  1.   See  grave. 

2.  Spec,  catafalque. 

hearse,  r.  t.  enhearse  or  inhearse  {rare); 
spec  bury,  shroud. 

heart,  n.  Spec  mind,  soul,  reins  {pL;  a  Bibli- 
cal use),  spirit,  feeling,  courage,  tempera- 
ment, center,  essence,  breast,  meaning. 

heart,  a.  pectoral  {tech.  or  learned). 

heartburn,  n.  1.  cardialgia  {tech.). 

2.    See  HATRED,  DISTRUST. 

heartful,  a.   deep,   cordial   {now  rare  or 

learned);  spec.  dear. 
hearth,  n.  1.  fireplace,  hearthstead  (rare); 

spec  hearthstone. 

2.    See  FIREPLACE,  FORGE. 


heartily,  adv.  cordially,  sincerely,  inly. 

heart-shaped,  a.  hearted,  cordiform,  cor- 
tlate,  cardioid; — 7nostly  tech.  or  learned. 

heartwood,  n.  duramen  {tech.). 

hearty,  a.   1.  cordial  {chiefly  spec),  sin- 
cere; spec.  deep. 

2.  strong,  vigorous,  robust;  see  healtht. 
Antonyms:  see  ailing. 

heat,  /(.  1.  caloric  {archaic  or  literary), 
caloricity  {archaic  or  literary),  fire  {spec 
or  fig.),  fieriness  {spec  or  fig.);  spec,  hot- 
ncss,  fierceness,  warmth,  warmness,  tor- 
ridity,  ferventness,  fervidity  or  fervidness 
or  {more  covwwnly)  fervor  {literanj),  cal- 
orie, glow. 
Antonyms:  see  cold. 
2.  See  excitement,  ardor,  fit,  acrid- 
ity, GLOW,  fever,  frenzy,  AGITATION, 
round,  HEIGHT. 

heat,  V.  t.  I.  calorify  {rare),  calify  {rare  or 
obs.),  fire  {spec  or  fig.),  enchafe  {archaic 
and  literary),  hot  {colloq.  or  illiterate); 
spec,  bake,  warm,  inflame,  burn,  broil, 
scorch,  calcine,  decrepitate,  incandesce, 
stove,  superheat,  mull. 
Antonyms:  see  cool. 

2.    See  EXCITE,  INFLAME. 

heat,  V.  i.   calorify  {rare),  warm  {chiefly 

spec);  spec  incandesce. 
heated,  a.  1.    Spec,  warm,  fiery,  broiling, 

sizzling,  burning,  etc.;  see  hot. 
Aydonyms:  see  cold. 

2.  See  EXCITED,  angry. 
heater,  n.   Spec,  calefactory,  pome,  stove, 

etna. 
heathen,  a.  ethnic  (literary);  spec,  gentile, 

pagan,     infidel,     unchristian,     paganish, 

heathenish,  barbarous. 
heathen,  n.    Spec,  gentile,  pagan,  infidel, 

paynim,  gentoo. 

Antonyms:  see  Christian. 
heathendom,   n.   heathenism,   ethnicism 

{learned),     heathenry,     infidelity     {rare), 

heathenesse    {archaic);  spec,   pagandom, 

paganity  {rare),  gentilism. 
heather,    n.    ling    {northern   Eng.);  spec. 

brier,  briar,  white  heath. 
heathery,  a.  heathy,  lingy, 
heating,  a.  calescent,  calorific,  pyrogenic 

{rare),  calefacient,  calef active  or  calefac- 
tory (rare),  calorifacient,  incalescence; — 

all,  exc  "heating,"  learned  or  tech. 
Antonyms:  see  cooling. 
heating,  n.  calefaction  {rhetorical  or  tech.); 

spec,  incalescence  {rare),  warm  {colloq.), 

warming. 
heaven,  n.  1.    In  a  physical  sense:  sky  {in 


tSr"  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
hearken,  r.  t.:  hear. 
hearken,  v.  i.:  hear,  listen. 
hearsay:  report.  . 
heartache:  sorrow. 
heartbreak:  sorrow. 


hearten:  cheer,  encourage,  em- 
bolden. 
heartless:  vn feeling,  cruel,  cold. 
heartrending:  distressing. 
heart -sick:  depressed. 
heartsore:  sorrowful. 


heartstrings:  feeling. 
heartwhole:  cordial. 

heath:  moor,  heather.       [agitate. 
heave,  v.  t.:  lift,  raise,  utter, throw, 
heave,  v.  i.:  rise,  swell,  retch. 
heave,  n.:  lift,  rise,  wave. 


(W  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

21S 


HELMSMAN 


j)l.  with  "the,"  spec;  in  sing.,  chiefly  with 
"the,"  spec),  firmament  (riow  poetic  or 
rhetorical),  cope  (literary),  welkin  (archaic 
or  dial.),  sphere  (poetic);  spec  canopy, 
empyrean,  hyaline  (poetic),  crystalline. 

2.  Referring  to  the  abode  of  the  blessed: 
spec  Paradise  (chiefly  poetic),  Zion  (Bib- 
lical), Canaan  (chiefly  devotional);  spec. 
Asgard  (Scandinavian  religion),  Elysium 
(Greek  religion). 

Antonyms:  see  hell. 

3.  See  DEITY,  HAPPINESS. 

heavenliness,  n.  heavenhood  (rare),  celes- 
tiality  (rare),  celestitude  (humorous). 

heavenly,   a.    1.   celestial,    uranic   (rare); 
spec  ethereal,  empyreal  or  empyrean. 
Antonyms:  see  terrestrial. 
2.  divine  (contextual),  celestial,  supernal 
(literary),  heavenlike;  spec  ethereal  (po- 
etic), elysiac  (Greek  religion),  Paradisia- 
cal, Paradisiac,  Paradisaic,  Paradisaical, 
Paradisial,  Paradisian,  Paradisic   (rare), 
Paradisical   (rare),  Olympian   (Greek  re- 
ligion), Olympic  (rare),  angelic. 
Antonyms:     see    infernal,    devilish, 

WORLDLY. 

heavenward,  a.  1.  up,  upwards,  aloft,  sky- 
ward. 
Antonyms:  see  downward. 
2.  Zionward  (rare). 

heaviness,  n.  1.  weight,  heft  (dial,  or  col- 
loq.);  spec,  ponderousness,  ponderosity. 
2.  See  depression,  depth,  dullness,  etc. 
Cf.  heavy,  a.,  2. 

heavy,  a.  1.  weighty,  hefty  (dial.  Eng.  and 
colloq.  or  dial.  U.  S.),  sad  (dial.,  exc.  in 
comb,  or  in  spec  uses,  as  "sadiron"), 
leaden  (fig.  and  intensive);  spec  ponder- 
ous. 
Antonyms:  see  light,  airy. 
2.  See  burdensome,  bass,  oppressive, 

DULL,  depressed,  SOBER,  LOW,  IMPOR- 
TANT, STUPID,  sleepy,  coarse,  CLOSE, 
STIFF,  abundant,  DISTRESSING,  VIOLENT, 
DEPRESSING,  CLOGGY,  LOUD,  MASSIVE, 
STEEP,  STRONG. 

Hebrew,  a.  Semitic,  Jewish,  Judaic,  He- 
braic, Israeltish,  Israelitic. 

Hebrew,  n.  Semite,  Jew,  Israelite,  Israel 
(collective  pi.). 

hedge,  n.  1.  hedgerow,  hay  (archaic);  spec 
bullfinch  (Eng.),  frith,  quickset. 

2.    See  BARRIER. 

hedge,  v.  i.  evade,  dodge,  trim;  spec,  tem- 
porize, straddle  (colloq.). 
height,  n.  1.  elevation,  eminence  (poetic  or 


archaic),  highness  (rare),  celsitude  (rare; 
chiefly  fig.);  spec,  altitude,  head. 
Antonyms:  see  abyss,  depth. 

2.  Referring  to  distance  from  the  top  to  bot- 
tom: celsitude  (humorously  affected  or 
grandiose),  tallness,  loftiness;  spec  alti- 
tude, stature. 

Antonyms:  see  depth. 

3.  Of  a  high  place:  elevation. 

4.  Referring  to  the  greatest  extent  or  degree 
of  something,  as  heat,  feeling,  etc.:  top,  apex, 
noon  (fig.),  culmination,  climax,  vertex, 
pinnacle,  pitch  (rare),  crown,  meridian, 
summit,  acme,  zenith;  spec,  heyday,  heat, 
stress,  flush,  ne  plus  ultra  (Latin),  sub- 
limity (rare),  sum,  perfection,  consumma- 
tion. 

Antonyms:  see  depth. 
heighten,  7i.  1.  elevate  (by  raising). 

2.  See  STRENGTHEN,  INTENSIFY,  AGGRA- 
VATE. 

heir,  n.  inheritor,  heritor  (rare),  heiress 
(fern.),  inheritress  or  inheritrix  (fem.), 
heritress  or  heritrix  or  heretrix  (fem.); 
spec,  representative,  heir  apparent,  mas- 
ter (Scot.),  coheir,  coheiress,  coparcener, 
parcener. 

heirship,  n.  inheritance,  heritance  (rare); 
spec,  coparcenary,  coparcenery,  copar- 
ceny, parcenary. 

hell,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  place  of  the  de- 
parted souls:  spec.  Sheol  (Hebrew),  Hades 
(Greek),  shades  (Latin),  underworld, 
grave  (with  "the";  fig.),  inferno  (usually 
taken  in  sense  2,  below),  Elysium  (Greek). 

2.  As  the  place  where  the  damned  are  tor- 
mented: spec  abyss,  inferno  (now  chiefly 
in  allusion  to  Dante's  "Inferno"),  Tar- 
tarus (Greek),  Gehenna  (Hebreiv),  pit  (with 
"the";  often  called  "the  bottovdess  pit"). 
Hades  (an  erroneous  use,  chiefly  by  way 
of  a  euphemistic  oath),  Pandemonium 
(Greek),  Tophet  (fig.),  malebolge. 

Antonyms:  see  heaven. 

3.  See  DISTRESS. 

helm,  n.  tiller; — primarily  the  steering  gear 
as  a  whole. 

helmet,  n.  headpiece,  helm  (archaic  or  po- 
etic), casque  (now  only  hist.,  poetic,  or 
French);  spec,  crest,  skullcap,  sallet, 
salade,  burgonet,  basinet,  morion, 
heaume. 

helmeted,  a.  1.  galeated  (rare). 
2.  ZooL;  spec,  galeated. 

helmet-shaped,  a.  galeated ;  spec,  casside- 
ous,  cassidiform; — all  three  learned  or  tech. 


VW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

hecatomb:  slaughter. 

heckle:  harass,  question. 

hectic:  flushed. 

hectic,  n.:  consumptive. 

hector:  bully. 

heed,  V.  t.:  notice,  consider. 


heed,  v.  i.:  notice,  care. 
heed,    ?!.;    notice,   attention    con- 
sideration, care. 
heedful,  a.:  attentive,  careful. 
heedless,  a. :  disregardful,  careless. 
heel,  r.  t.:  arm. 
heel,  V.  i.:  follow. 


heft,  n.:  veiqht,  bulk. 

heft,  71.  t.:  lift. 

helical:  .■■■piral. 

helix:  aiiiral. 

hellish:  infernal,  devilish. 

hello:  hollo. 

helmsman:  steersman. 


tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

219 


HELPFUL 


helpful,  a.  aiding  (cvntcxtual);  spec,  as- 
sistant, contributory,  aidful  (rare),  fur- 
thersome  [chiejhj  Scot.),  beneficial,  com- 
fortable, favorable,  auxiliary,  serviceable ; 

.st'f   COOPKRATIVE. 

Antonyms:  sec  hindering,  ruinous. 

helpless,  a.  silly  {archaic),  unhelpful  (rare), 
impotent;  spec,  defenseless,  naked,  aban- 
doned,   blank,     prostrate,    resourcelcss, 
shiftless. 
Anlonijms:  see  ingenious. 

hem,  V.  t.  1.  sew  (contextual),  hemstitch; 
spec,  table  (naut.). 
2.  See  SURROUND. 

hemisphere,  n.  semiglobe  (rare),  semi- 
sphere  (rare). 

hemp,  n.  Spec,  bhang  (India),  hashish  or 
hasheesh,  hards. 

hempen,  n.  hemp  (the  noun  used  attribu- 
tively), hempy. 

hen,  n.  bird  (contextual),  fovv^l  (contextual), 
biddy  (coUoq.);  spec,  sitter,  pullet,  pou- 
lard. 

hence,  adv.  1.  away  (contextual),  hereout 
(.rare),  herefrom  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  here. 

2.    See  THEREFORE. 

heraldic,  a.  armorial. 

heraldry,  n.   Spec,  blazonry. 

herbaceous,  a.  herbous  (rare). 

herbage,  n.  vegetation  (contextual),  herb 
(rare  or  poetic),  verdure. 

herbarium,  n.  hortus  siccus  (Latin),  her- 
bary. 

herbivorous,  a.  poephagous  (rare);  spec. 
granivorous,  graminivorous. 

her  by,  a.  herbose;  spec,  grassy. 

herd,  n.  1.   Spec,  drove,  troop,  rout  (rare), 
pack,  game  (obs.  or  rare);  see  flock. 
2.  See  crowd. 

herd,  v.  i.  1.  associate  (contextual);  spec. 
pig,  crowd. 
2.  drove  (referring  to  the  action  of  a  drover) . 

herder,  n.  herdsman  (the  usual  term  for  a 
male  herder),  herd  (chiefly  in  composition); 
spec,  ranchero  (U.  S.),  gooseherd,  shep- 
herd, shepherdess,  pasturer  (rare),  pastor 
(rare),  pastoress  (rare),  pastoral  (rare), 
herdess  (rare),  herdboy,  cowboy  (U.  S. 
and  colonial  Eng.),  goatherd,  cowherd, 
hayward,  neatherd,  vaquero  (Western 
U.  S.). 

here,  adv.  1.  hither  (literary  or  affected), 
hitherward  or  hitherwards  (archaic). 

Antonyms:  see  hence. 
2.  See  NOW. 


hereafter,  adv.  henceforth,  henceforward. 
Antonyms:  see  now. 

hereditament,    n.     I.    heritage    (chiefly 
spec),  patrimony,  heritance,  birthright, 
inheritance;  spec,  heirloom. 
2.  See  inheritance. 

hereditary,  a.  1.  inheritable,  heritable, 
transmissible,  descendant  or  descendent, 
descensivc  (rare);  spec,  transmissible,  pa- 
trimonial. 

2.  Referring  to  disease,  traits,  etc.:  herit- 
able, transmissible. 

heredity,  n.  transmission;  spec,  telegony. 

heresy,  n.  unbelief,  heterodoxy,  dissenting, 
recusancy;    spec.   Lollardism,   Lollardry, 
Lollardy. 
Antonyms:  see  orthodoxy. 

heretic,  n.  unbeliever,  heterodox   (rare), 
recusant,  dissenter;  spec.  Lollard,  infidel. 
Antonyms:  see  believer. 

heretical,  a.  unbelieving,  heterodox,  dis- 
senting (chiefly  spec),  recusant. 
Antonyms:  see  orthodox. 

hermaphrodite,  a.  bisexual;  spec,  gynan- 
drous,  androgynic,  androgynous. 

hermit,  n.  recluse,  soHtaire  (rare),  solitary, 
anchoret,  anchoress  (fern.),  hermitess 
(fern.);  spec,  eremite,  Guillemen  (hist.), 
ascetic,  Hieronymite,  marabout. 

hernia,  a.  rupture  (less  tech.  than  hernia), 
ramex  (obs.);  spec,  epiplocele,  exompha- 
los,  bubonocele. 

hero,  n.  I.  See  demigod. 
2.  heroine  (fern.),  protagonist  (literary); 
spec,  lion,  paladin. 

herringlike,  a.  harengiform  {rare). 

herself,  pron.  her  (now  poetic  or  dial.). 

hesitate,  v.  i.  1.  stop,  pause,  scruple  (chief- 
ly spec);  spec  halt,  stand,  falter,  waver, 
stickle,  stick,  doubt,  crane  (colloq.,  Eng.), 
tiifle,  boggle,  demur,  shrink,  shilly- 
shally. 
Antonyms:  see  continue. 
2.  See  falter. 

hesitating,  a.  undecided  (contextual), 
doubtful  (contextual),  indecisive,  hesitant, 
hesitative,  Ijesitatory  (rare);  spec,  sus- 
pensive (rare),  faltering,  scrupling,  falter- 
ing, etc. 
Antonyms:  see  assured,  dogmatic,  cer- 
tain, decided,  ready. 

hesitation,  n.  1.  doubting,  doubt,  uncer- 
tainty, indecision ; — the  four  being  context- 
ual senses;  spec,  stop,  stick,  stickle,  boggle, 
scruple,  stand,  shrink,  falter. 
2.  See  falter. 


IW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
helter-skelter,      adv.:     about, 

confusedly,  hastily. 
helter-skelter,  a.:  hasty. 
helve:  handle. 
hem,  V.  X.:  cough,  falter. 
hem,  n.:  edge,  border. 


herald,  n.:  crier,  predecet^sor. 

herald,  d.  t.:  announce,  forerun. 

herb:  plant. 

herd,  v.  t.:  drive,  tend,  gather. 

herd,  n.:  herder. 

hereafter,  n.:  future. 

heretofore:  before. 


heritable:  hereditary. 
heritage:  hereditament. 
heritance:    hereditament, 

ship. 
heroic,  a.:  brave,  extreme. 
heroic,  n.:  poem,  bombast. 
hesitant:  hesitating. 


t^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

220 


HILL 


heterogeneous,  a.  diverse,  unhomogene- 
ous     (rare),     diversified,     miscellaneous, 
mixed ;  spec,  omnigenous,  hybrid  or  (rare) 
hybridous,  indiscriminate. 
Antonyms:  see  homogeneous. 

hexahedral,  a.  Spec,  cubic,  cubical,  cubi- 
form, cuboid,  cuboidal. 

hiatus,  n.  gap  (contextual);  spec,  lacuna 
(tech.),  blank. 

hiccup,  n.  hick  (rare);  spec,  (as  the  name  of 
the  ailment)  hiccups  (often  construed  as  a 
sing.),  singultus  (tech.). 

hidden,  a.  1.  Referring  to  physical  things: 
hid  (chiefly  predicative),  concealed,  cov- 
ered, covert  (obsolescent),  secreted,  secret 
(chiefly  archaic  or  poetic,  exc.  spec),  dern 
(archaic  or  Scot.);  spec,  close,  cloaked, 
masked,  screened,  ensconced,  planted 
(cant),  enshrouded,  obscure,  obscured, 
occult  (rare),  latent  (rare),  latitant  (rare), 
recondite  (rare),  undiscovered,  clouded, 
cloudy,  suppressed,  veiled,  blotted,  shad- 
owed, shrouded,  overlaid,  stored,  obum- 
brate  (tech.),  dark,  blind,  disguised,  lurk- 
ing, snug. 
Antonyms:  see  apparent. 
2.  Referring  to  things  seen  (perceived)  by 
the  mind:  hid  (chiefly  predicative),  inward, 
concealed;  spec.  covered,  screened, 
shrouded,  obscured,  disguised,  mysteri- 
ous, mystic  or  mystical,  oracular,  occult, 
esoteric,  covert,  latent,  secret,  clandes- 
tine, cryptic,  surreptitious,  underhand  or 
underhanded,  sly,  blind,  illegible,  unin- 
telligible, insidious,  lurking,  private, 
fraudulent,  unknown,  unacknowledged, 
unavowed,  etc. 

Antonyms:    see  apparent,  clear,  un- 
concealed. 

hide,  V.  t.  1.  Referring  to  physical  objects: 
conceal,  cover;  spec,  mask,  cloak,  bemask 
(rare),  stow,  screen,  bescreen,  secrete, 
ensconce,  plant,  shroud  or  enshroud  (lit- 
erary), den  (chiefly  reflexive),  obscure,  oc- 
cult (rare),  disguise,  protect,  bury,  cloud, 
becloud,  earth,  suppress,  veil,  embosom, 
bushel  (rare),  blot,  burrow,  shadow, 
eclipse,  overlay,  store. 

Antonyms:    see    disclose,    expose,  in- 
dicate, SHOW. 

2.  Referring  to  things  seen  by  the  mind: 
spec,  bury,  hoard,  gloze,  eclipse,  sweeten, 
repress,  smother,  omit,  cavern,  den, 
earth  (poetic,  rhetorical,  or  cant).    See  also 

definition,  1,  above. 


Antonyms:  see  indicate,  advertize,  an- 
nounce,   PROCLAIM,    CONFESS,    DISCLOSE, 

expose. 
hiding,   n.    concealment,    cover,    celation 
(rare;  chiefly  spec);  spec,  disguise,  occup- 
ation (rare  or  chiefly  astron.),  eclipse,  cov- 
erture, latitation  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  disclosure,  indication, 

SHOW. 

high,  a.  1.  elevated,  lofty  (often  rhetorical 
or  poetic),   eminent    (poetic  or  archaic); 
spec,     towering,     mountained     (poetic), 
aerial,  soaring. 
Antonyms:  see  low. 

2.  Referring  to  distance  from  top  to  bottom: 
lofty  (often  rhetorical  or  poetic),  tall. 

Antonyms:  see  low. 

3.  Referring  to  a  price:  fancy,  stiff  (slang); 
spec  costly. 

4.  Referring  to  sounds:  high-pitched, 
high-toned,  acute  (chiefly  music  and  pho- 
netics); spec,  shrill,  sharp,  piercing, 
cracked,  creaking,  intense,  forceful,  rank. 

Antonyms:  see  low. 

5.  See  ARBITRARY,  ARROGANT,  EXTREME, 
STRONG,  EXALTED,  ANGRY,  NORTHERN, 
SOUTHERN,  LATE,  ANCIENT,  LOUD,  IM- 
PORTANT, ABSTRUSE,  PLEASED. 

higher,  a.  upper,  superior,  supernal  (liter- 
ary). 
Antonyms:  see  lower. 

highest,  a.  I.  Referring  to  place:  upper- 
most, supreme  (rare),  top,  summit. 

Anto7\ym.s:  see  lowest. 
2.  Referring  to  degree,  rank,  etc.:  supreme, 
superlative,  utmost,   crowning,   consum- 
mating. 
Antonyms:  see  lowest. 

highest,  n.  Spec,  meridian,  maximum, 
zenith. 

highlander,  n.  Spec,  hillsman,  mountain- 
eer, tartan. 

high  priest,  pontiff  (literary  or  rhetor- 
ical); spec,  pope  (Roman  Catholic),  proto- 
papas  or  protopope  (Greek  Church). 

hill,  n.  1.  elevation,  ascent,  rise,  rising;  spec. 
monadnock  (chiefly  U.  S.),  knoll,  hillock, 
mound,  knob  (chiefly  U.  S.),  know  (Scot.), 
highland,  dune,  down,  hummock,  holt, 
monticule,  mount  (poetic  or  archaic), 
mountain,  butte  (loestern  U.  S.),  drum 
(local  or  geol.),  swell,  ridge,  kop  (South 
Africa),  kopje  (South  Africa),  drumlin, 
steep,  hilltop,  hillside,  Alpine,  Himalayan. 
Antonyms:  see  hollow,  valley,  plain. 


lE^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
heterodoxy,  a.:  heresy. 
heterogeneity:    divemity,    dif- 
ference. 

hew:  chop,  fell. 
heyday:  height,  prime. 
hibernate:  winter. 
hide,  II.:  skin. 


hidebound:  narrow. 

hideous:  uyly,  Iturrible,  abom- 
inable. 

hie:  go. 

hieratic:  priestly. 

high-flown:  bombastic. 

high-handed:  arbitrary,  will- 
ful, domineerinii. 


highland:  plateau,  hill,  moun- 
tain, [ual,  refined, 

high-minded:  arrogant,  spiril- 

high-priced:  coxtly. 

high-sounding:  pretentious 
homhastic. 

high-spirited:  spirited. 

high-strung:  spirited. 


tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

221 


HILLY 


3.    Sec  HEAP, 

hilly,  a.   rising  (confcxtual);  spec,  knolly, 
hiUish,    hillocky,    mountainous,    moun- 
tainy  (rare  or  ccUoq.). 
Antonyms:  sec  plain. 

hind,  a.  hinder  (in  reference  to  two),  pos- 
terior,  rear,   rearward   (rare),  postjacent 
(rare),  posterial  (rare);    spec,  posticous, 
hindmost,  after,  behind. 
Antoni/ms:  see  fore. 

hinder,  v.  t.  I.  delay,  retard,  impede  (prop- 
erly spec);  spec,  embarrass,  restrain,  ob- 
struct, clog,  encumber  or  cumber,  discour- 
age, belate,  hamper,  bar,  check, counteract. 
Antonyms:  see  expedite. 

2.    See  PREVENT. 

hindering,  a.  1.  delaying,  impedimental, 
impeditive  (rare);  spec,  obstructive,  cum- 
bering, cumbersome,  etc. 
Antonyms:  see  helpful,  contributory. 
2.  See  pre%-entive. 

hindermost,  a.  last,  back,  hindmost. 

hindrance,  n.  hinderance (rare),  hindering, 
let  (archaic),  remora  (rare),  delay,  delayal 
(rare),  retardation,  impediment  (jyroperly 
spec);  spec,  embarrassment,  obstruction, 
obstructive,  cumbrance,  encumberment, 
encumbrance,  incumbrance,  discourage- 
ment, cramp,  debarrent  (rare),  clog,  draw- 
back, hamper,  hampering,  counteraction, 
check,  difficulty,  contrariety,  bar,  balk,  dis- 
advantage, impedance  (elec),  .shoe,  brake, 
etc. 
Antonyms:  see  aid,  contribution. 

Hindu,  n.  Indian,  gentile  (rare)  or  gentoo; 
spec.  Mahratta  {man),  Mahratti,  Hindu- 
stani. 

hinge,  n.  1.  joint  icontextual) ;  spec,  butt, 
strap. 
2.  See  center,  crisis. 

hip,  n.  1.  Referring  to  one  side  only:  thigh. 
"Thigh"  and  "hip"  are  not  proper  syno- 
nyms, but  are  often  used  as  synonymous. 
2.  Referring  to  both  sides  tciken  together: 
haunch  (chiefly  spec),  coxa  (tech.;  rare); 
spec  rump. 

hip,  a.  ischiadic,  ischial,  sciatic,  ischiatic; — 
all  tech.,  "sciatic"  being  the  more  usual  term. 

hipped,  a.  hipshot. 

hire,  v.  t.  1.  get,  engage,  employ,  buy  (fig.); 
spec,  fee,  bribe,  ship,  job,  hack,  charter, 
lease.  "Hire"  emphasizes  the  idea  of  the 
payment  to  be  made. 
Antonyms:  see  buy,  discharge. 
2.  See  let  (a  icse  of  "hire"  not  recognized 
as  good  usage) . 


hire,  n.  reward,  pay;  spec,  salary,  wages, 
wage,  compensation,  rent,  stipend  (ar- 
chaic, exc.  Scot.),  bribe,  freight.  "Hire"  as 
a  noun  is  now  chiefly  archaic. 

hired,  a.  mercenary  (now  spec),  paid; 
spec,  hackney. 

hireling,  )i.  mercenary  {now  spec);  spec 
myrmidon. 

hiss,  V.  i.  Spec,  fizz,  fizzle,  siffle,  hizz  (rare), 
.sibilate,  si.ss  (dial,  and  col.,  U.  S.),  sizzle, 
sizz  (chiefly  U.S.),  goose  (theat.  cant),  spit. 

hiss,  71.  Spec  fizz,  fizzle,  siss  (dial.  Eng. 
and  colloq.,  U.  S.),  sizzle,  sibilation,  siffle 
(rare),  spit. 

hissing,  a.  sibilant,  sibilous  (rare). 

historian,  n.  historiaster  (in  contempt); 
spec,  memorialist,  biographer,  logog- 
rajiher  (Greek  antiq.),  chronicler,  histori- 
ographer. 

historic,  historical,  a.  Spec  authentic. 
"Hidoric"  is  chiefly  used  of  what  consti- 
tutes history;  "historical,"  of  what  relates 
to  history. 

Iiistoricize,  v.  t.  record  (contextual),  his- 
torize  (rare),  historify  (rare);  spec,  cele- 
brate. "Historicize"  israre. 

history,  n.  1.  See  narrative. 

2.  account  (contextual),  record,  story; 
spec,  memorials,  memoirs,  historiette, 
anecdote,  commentary,  chronicle,  biog- 
raphy, autobiography,  career,  genealogy, 
prehistory. 

3.  historiology. 
histrionics,  /(.  pi.  theatricals. 

hoard,  v.  t.  hide  (contextual),  accumulate 
(contextual),  store,  save;  spec  miser 
(rare),  treasure  (chiefly  with  "up"). 

hoard,  n.  accumulation  (contextual),  store, 
savings  (chiefly  spec);  spec,  treasure  (of- 
ten fig.). 

hoard,  n.  fence ;  spec,  billboard. 

hoarse,  a.  1.  throaty,  thick,  husky;  spec. 
roupy,  croaking. 
A  ntonyms:  see  clear. 
2.  See  harsh. 

hoax,  n.  deception  (contextual),  quiz  (now 
obsolescent),  hum  (sla7ig  or  colloq.),  hum- 
bug (rare;  now  chiefly  spec),  cod  (slang), 
gammon  (slang  or  colloq.),  string  (slang), 
sell  (colloq.),  trick,  take-in;  spec  canard, 
gag,  jolly,  josh  (slang),  rig. 

hoax,  V.  t.  deceive  (which  see),  trick  (which 
see),  .sell  (colloq.),  gammon  (colloq.),  hum 
(slang  or  colloq.),  string  (slang);  spec  rig, 
josh  (slang),  jolly,  gag  (cant  or  slang),  kid 
(slang). 


f^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
hilt:  handle. 
hind:  posterior. 
hinder:  posterior. 
hindermost:  last. 
hinge,  r.  i.:  turn,  depend. 
hint,  n.:  intimation,  tip,  trace. 


hint,  V.  t.:  intimate. 
hipped,  a.:  depressed. 
hippisb,  a.:  depressed. 
hipshot,  a.:  hipped. 
hipshot:  dislocation. 
hirsute:  hairy. 


hispid:  hairly,  brisUy. 
histrionic:  theatrical,  deceitful. 
hitherto:  before. 
hive:  swarm. 
hoar:  nray,  old. 
hoary:  gray,  old,  frosty. 


I3r'  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
222 


HOLY    SPIRIT 


hockey,  n.  bandy  or  bandy  ball  (rare),  shin- 
ny; spec,  hurley,  polo. 

hod,  n.  Spec,  boss  (a  plasterer's  term). 

hoe,  n.  sarcle  (a  Latinism);  spec,  scuffler, 
scuffle,  hacker. 

hoe,  V.  t.  cultivate  {contextual);  spec,  weed, 
stiuffle. 

hoist,  n.  1.  See  raise; — referring  to  the  act. 
2.  elevator  {which  see);  spec,  crane,  gin, 
shears,  derrick,  teagle,  sling,  whip. 

hold,  V.  t.  1.  keep,  retain;  spec,  grasp, 
clasp,  grip,  pin,  gripe,  clip  {rare  or  ar- 
chaic), pinion,  clutch,  embrace,  fasten, 
fix,  lock,  cramp,  catch,  seize,  bite,  stay. 

2.  Referring  to  a  meeting:  conduct. 

3.  contain,  receive;  spec,  carry,  accom- 
modate, stow. 

4.  See  HAVE,  KEEP,  CONTROL,  OBSERVE, 
OCCUPY,  MANAGE,  ABSORB,  DETAIN,  RE- 
STRAIN, ENTERTAIN,  CONSIDER,  BIND, 
CARRY,  CHECK,  DECIDE. 

hold,  V.  i.  Spec,  chng,  cleave,  stick  {as  to 
one's  post),  adhere  {as  to  one's  opinions), 
fasten. 

hold,  n.  1.  keeping,  retention ;  spec,  grasp- 
ing, gripe,  grip,  clasp,  anchor  {fig.),  bite, 
clutch,  purchase,  embrace,  handhold, 
holdfast,  control,  possession,  seizure. 

2.  Referring  to  the  thing  that  holds:  spec. 
lock,  mortise,  clutches  {pi.),  grip,  cinch. 

3.  See  CLAIM. 

4.  Referring  to  a  thing  that  one  may  hold 
to:  holdfast;  spec,  nail,  lodgment,  foot- 
hold, horn,  rooting. 

holder,  n.  I.  holding;  spec,  handle,  chuck, 
port-crayon,  holdfast,  container,  case,zarf. 
2.  See  POSSESSOR,  owner. 

holdfast,  n.  hold,  holder;  spec,  tentacle, 
sucker,  disk. 

holding,  n.  property  {contextual),  tene- 
ment, tenantry,  tenancy;  spec.  feu. 

hole,  n.  Spec,  void,  cavity,  perforation, 
hollow,  fenestra  {anat.),  crater,  slot,  cell, 
cranny,  chamber,  interstice,  eye,  pore, 
porosity,  depression,  eyelet,  mesh,  bore, 
bye,  concave,  cave,  pit,  den,  chasm,  abyss, 
gulf,  leak,  vug,  box,  mortise,  sinus  {anat.), 
limber  {naut.),  denehole  {archceology) , 
well,  finger,  burrow. 
Antonyms:  see  projection. 

holey,  a.  holy  {rare  or  dial,  variant);  spec. 
gulfy,  cuppy,  crannied,  chinky,  porous, 
chambered,  etc. 

holiday,  n.  1.  See  festival. 
2.  Spec,  playday,  playtime,  vacation. 

holiday,  a.  festal,  ferial  {rare). 


holiness,  a.  1.  sanctity  {learned),  sancti- 
tude  {rare),  sanctanimity  (rare),  sinless- 
ness,  perfection,  saintliness,  sanctimony, 
hallowedness,  consecration,  sanctification. 

Cf.  HOLY. 

2.  hallowedness  {cf.  hallowed). 

hollo,  V.  i.  hollow  {rare  or  obs.),  holla  {rare 
or  obs.),  hello  {by  many  considered  undig- 
nified; a  form  which  arose  about  1880), 
hallo,  halloo  {esp.  used  as  a  hunting  term 
or  of  shouting  to  call  attention),  halloa 
{rare);  spec.  soho. 

hollow,  a.  1.    Spec,   cavernous,  cavernu- 
lous,  cavitary  {rare),  cellular,  porous,  con- 
cave, cuppy,  holey,  empty,  dimply. 
Antonyms:   see  convex,  protuberant, 

PROJECTING. 

2.  Referring  to  a  sound:    reverberated, 
empty,  sepulchral,  deep,  muffled. 

Antonyms:  see  solid. 

3.  See  INSINCERE,  EMPTY,  UNFEELING. 

hollow,  n.  depression  {contextual),  hole, 
concave,  hollowness  {rare),  incavation 
{rare);  spec,  dish,  sinus,  bosom,  cove,  cup, 
pocket,  dimple,  sag,  dip,  cupule,  delve 
{literary),  basin,  pan,  bowl,  sink  (L''.  S.), 
scoop,  excavation,  punty  or  ponty,  punt, 
kick,  arch,  trough,  vola,  valley,  conch, 
conceptacle,  countersink,  indentation, 
scrobicule,  pit. 
Antonyms:  see  projection,  hill,  ele- 
vation, protuberance. 

hollow,  V.  t.  excavate,  concave;  spec,  dish, 
gull  {tech.  or  dial.),  recess,  slot,  pit,  cham- 
ber, scoop,  tunnel,  cup,  cave  {rare),  cav- 
ern {rare),  etc.;  see  indent. 
Antonyms:  see  emboss. 

hollow- backed,  a.  Referring  to  a  horse: 
sway-backed. 

hollowed,  a.  incavate  {rare),  depressed; 
spec,  cupped,  chambered,  etc. 
Antonyms:  see  protuberant. 

hollowness,  n.  1.  Of  the  state:  cavity,  con- 
cavity, depression,  emptiness;  spec,  cellu- 
losity,  porosity,  sunkenness,  cuppiness,  etc. 
2.  See  emptiness,  insincerity,  falsity. 

holly,  n.  hollin  or  hoUen  {archaic  or  dial.), 
Christmas  {fig.);  spec,  yapon,  toyon. 

holy,  a.  1.  sinless;  spec,  saintly,  sainted, 
hallowed,     blessed    or    blest,    sanctified 
{rare),  consecrated. 
Antonyms:   see  sinful. 
2.  See  HALLOWED,  devout. 

holy  spirit.  Paraclete,  Comforter  {alluding 
to  John  xiv:  16),  Third  Person  {theol.). 
Dove  {fig.). 


t^"  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
hobble,  V.  i.:  falter. 
hobble,  V.  t.:  shackle. 
hobble,  n.:  gait. 
hobby:  hor.'ie,  fad. 
hobbyish:  faddish. 
hobgoblin:  bogy. 


hobnob:  drink,  associate. 
hock:  hamflring. 
hocus-pocus:  deception. 
hodgepodge:  stew,  mixture. 
hog:  xirine,  beast,  glutton. 
hoity-toity,  n.:  frolic. 
hoity-toity:  frivolous,  haughty. 


hold,  71.:  cavity. 
hold,  )'.  i.:  apply. 
holocaust:     sacrifice,     c 

tion,  slaughter. 
holograph:  autographic. 
holophrastic:  concise. 
holy:  holey. 


13^^  See  Notes  o{  Explanation. 

223 


HOMAGE 


homage,  ».     Spec,  court,  devotion,  cult 

ijarnuil  or  litcmri/). 
home,  (1.  1.  Spec,  family,  domestic,  home- 

wjird,  homing. 

2.    ^Vf  INTIMATE. 
home-bred,  a.  plain,  rude;   see  TJNCULTi- 

\  ATKD. 

homeless,  a.      Spec,  outcast,  harborless 

(arc)taic  or  literary),  houseless. 
homelike,  a.  homish  {less  dignified  than 

homelike),    homely    (archaic),    homy    or 

homey   (coUoq.);  spec,   intimate,   simple, 

plain,  unpretending. 
Antonyms:     see   conventional,    stikf, 

FORMAL. 

homely,  a.  1.  See  domestic,  simple,  un- 
pretentious, UNCULTIVATED. 
2.  plain,  ill-favored;  spec,  unpretty,  un- 
i:)ersonable  (rare),  unlovely,  featureless 
(rare),  uncomely  (rare),  coarse,  ugly, 
homespun. 
Antonyms:  see  good-looking. 

homemade,  a.   Spec,  homespun. 

homicidal,  a.  murderous;    spec,  bloody, 
patricidal,  matricidal,  etc. 

homicide,  n.  1.  murder  (ohs.  or  hist.,  exc. 
spec),  manslaughter  (chiefly  spec);  spec 
matricide,  parricide,  patricide,  regicide, 
sororicide,  fratricide,  suicide. 
2,  manqueller  (archaic),  manslaughterer 
(chiefly  spec),  murderer  (ohs.  or  hist.,  exc. 
spec);  spec,  parricide,  patricide,  matri- 
cide, sororicide,  fratricide,  suicide,  regi- 
cide. 

homogeneous,  a.  alike  (contextual;  post- 
positive), uniform,  like;   spec  same,  sim- 
ilar,  congruous,    consubstantial    (learned 
or  tech.),  imigenous  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  heterogeneous. 

honest,  a.  good,  moral;   spec,  just,  right- 
eous,  square,   sound,   direct,   frank,   up- 
right,    conscientious,     sincere,     genuine, 
pure,  virtuous,  uncorrupted,  incorruptible. 
Antonyms-  see  dishonest. 

honesty,  n.  goodness,  probity,  morality; 
spec  justness,  justice,  righteousness,  up- 
rightness, virtue,  purity,  etc 
Antonyms:  see  dishonesty. 

honey,  n.  1.  nectar  (poetic  or  fig.). 
2.  See  sweetness,  lovableness,  dear. 

honey,    a.    melleous    (rare),    mellaginous 
(rare),  mellic  (rare). 

honey- bearing,  a.  melliferous  (rare). 

honor,  n.    1.      See  dignity,   fame,   con- 
stancy, uprightness,  virtue,  chastity, 
justice,  position. 
2.   Referring    to    what    does    one    credit: 


credit,  ornament ;  spec  distinction,  crown, 
glory. 

Antonyms:  see  discredit. 
3.  Referring  to  xohat  is  bestowed  in  order  to 
honor:    spec,  ornament,  title,  distinction, 
dignity,  decoration,  compliment,  worship, 
reverence. 

honor,  v.  t.  1.  dignify  (contextual) ;  spec 
adore,  worship,  idolize,  idolatrize,  grace, 
hallow,  credit,  decorate,  compliment. 

Antonyms:  see  violate,  contemn,  de- 
spise, discredit. 
2.  Referring  to  a  note,  bill,  etc.:  accept,  pay. 

honorable,  a.  1.  good  (contextual),  worthy; 
spec,  worshipful,  admirable,  famous,  es- 
teemed, respected,  noble,  elevated,  repu- 
table. 
Antonyms:  see  discreditable. 
2.  See  conscientious,  just,  upright, 
virtuous,  sincere,  creditable,  re- 
spectable. 

honoring,  n.  dignification  (contextual); 
spec  worship,  idolization,  hallowing,  cred- 
iting, decoration,  compliment. 

hood,  n.  1.    The  garment  for  the  head  and 
neck:     spec,    capuche,    capuchin,    calash 
(hist.),  coif,  cowl,  trotcozy  (Scot.). 
2.  Any  of  various  contrivances:   spec,  can- 
opy, chimneypot,  calash,  blower. 

hooded,  a.  cucullate  (tech.). 

hoodoo,  71.  I.  curse. 
2.  Of  what  brings  bad  luck:  spec,  genius 
(used  with   "bad"),   jinx   (slang),   Jonah 
(fig.;colloq.). 
Antonyms:  see  charm. 

hood-shaped,  a.  cucullate  (tech.) 

hoof,  n.  ungula  (tech.);  spec,  cloot  (Scot, 
and  dial.  Eng.),  dewclaw,  coffin. 

hook,  n.  1.  Spec  uncus  (tech.),  hamus 
(tech.),  uncinus  (tech.),  gaff,  cleek  (Scot.), 
buttonhook,  fishhook,  slingdog,  dog, 
agraffe,  crotchet,  tug,  strike,  clasp,  clamp. 
2.  See  headland. 

hook,  V.  t.   Spec  strike  (to  hook  a  fish) . 

hook- beaked,  a.  uncirostrate,  hamiros- 
trate; — both  tech. 

hooked,  a.  1.   See  hook-shaped. 
2.  Provided  urith  a  hook  or  hooks:  hamose 
or  hamous  (both  rare),  hamate  or  (rare) 
hamated  (tech.),  hamular  (tech.),  hamu- 
late  or  hamulose  (both  rare). 

hook- shaped,  a.  hooked,  hooklike,  unci- 
nate (learned  or  tech.),  unciform  (learned  or 
tech.),  uncinal  (learned  or  tech.),  ancistroid 
(tech.);  spec  unguiform. 

hoopskirt,  n.  skirt  (contextual),  hoop  (col- 
loq.);  spec,  crinoline,  farthingale. 


hoofed:  ungulate. 

hoop,  n.:  ring. 

hoop,  V.  t.:  bind. 

hoot,  n.:  cry. 

hoot,  V.  i.:  cry,  jeer. 

hoot,  V.  t.:  assail,  drive,  express. 


t^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
home:  abode,  goal. 
homespun:  homemade,  coarse, 

homely,  artless. 
homologate:  confirm. 
homologize:  correspond. 


homology:  correspondence. 
bone:  whetstone. 
honorarium:  fee. 
hoodlum:  rowdy. 
hoodoo,  V.  t.:  curse. 
hoodwink:  blind,  deceive. 


SW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

224 


HOSTILITY 


hope,  n.  feeling  (contextual),  desire  (con- 
textual),   expectation,    anticipation;  spec. 
trust,  belief. 
Antonyms:  see  fear;  also  cf.  hopeless. 

hope,  V.  t.  &  i.  desire  {contextual),  expect, 
anticipate;  spec,  trust. 
Antonyms:  see  despond. 

hopeful,  a.  expectant,  anticipative,   an- 
ticipatory;  spec,  sanguine,  rosy,  roseate, 
fond,     sanguineous     (rare),     optimistic, 
melioristic. 
Antonyms:  see  apprehensive,  hopeless. 

hopeless,  a.  1.  depressed  {contextual),  un- 
hopeful {rare);  spec,  abject,  despondent, 
disconsolate,  despairing,  despairful,  des- 
perate, forlorn. 
Antonyms:  see  buoyant,  hopeful. 
2.  Referring  to  things:  spec,  abandoned, 
desperate,  irredeemable,  irretrievable,  in- 
curable. 

hopelessness,  n.  Spec,  despondence,  de- 
spair, desperation,  etc. 

horizon,  n.  circle  {contextual),  sky  line, 
verge  {rare). 

horizontal,  a.  fiat,  even  {rare,  exc.  spec), 
level. 
Antonyms:  see  vertical. 

horizontal,  n.  flat,  level. 

horn,  n.  I.  Spec,  antler,  spike,  branch, 
dag,  broach,  cornicle. 

2.  Referring  to  wind  instruments:  spec. 
saxhorn,  althorn,  saxophone,  saxtuba, 
bugle,  conch,  cornet,  cornet-^-pistons 
{French),  krummhorn,  etc. 

3.  Spec,  cornucopia,  crest,  end,  alterna- 
tive, corner,  beak. 

4.  keratin. 

horned,a.  1.  cornigerous  {tech.),  cornuateor 
cornuted  {literary);  spec,  crescent-shaped. 
2.  See  cuckolded. 

hornless,  a.  Referring  to  cattle  or  sheep, 
etc. :  spec,  muley,  hummel  or  humble  {Scot.) , 
dodded  {dial.  Eng.),  polled,  pollard. 

horn-shaped,  a.  corniform  {learned). 

horny,  a.  corneous  {tech.);  spec,  hornish, 
cornified,  keratose  {tech.). 

horologist,  7i.  Spec,  clockmaker,  horolo- 
ger,  watchmaker. 

horoscope,  n.  ascendant,  nativity,  geni- 
ture  {rare). 

horoscopist,  n.  genethliac  {rare). 

horrible,  a.  1.  alarming  {which  see),  horri- 
fying, horrific  {bookish),  horrid  {now  rare 
in  this  sense),  shocking,  hideous  {rare,  exc. 


spec),  horrendous  {rare);  spec.  Gorgonian 
{fig.),  horrisonous. 
Antonyms:  see  assuring. 
2.  In  weakened  serise:  see  wicked,  out- 
rageous, MONSTROUS,  abominable. 
horse,  n.  1.  steed  {literary  or  rhetorical); 
spec,  pad,  prancer  {cant  or,  as  used  of  any 
horse,  slang),  caple  or  capul  {formerly 
chiefly  poetical;  now  dial.  Eng.),  dobbin, 
courser  {rhetorical),  charger,  bidet  {liter- 
ary), hobby  {archaic  or  historical),  cock- 
tail or  curtal,  Bucephalus  {fig.;  poetic  or 
rhetorical),  weed  {slang  or  cant),  screw, 
neigher  {rare),  crock,  prad  {slang),  geegee 
{colloq.),  pony,  barb,  daisy-cutter  {cant), 
cob,  stepper  {colloq.  or  slang),  clipper,  jade 
{contemptuous),  hack,  rip  {slang  or  colloq.), 
skate  {slang),  plug  {colloq.  or  slang),  pinto 
{Western  U.  S.),  mustang  {U.  S.),  nag, 
mount,  remount,  rouncy  {archaic),  runt, 
jennet  or  genet,  roadster,  naggy,  stallion, 
mare,  colt,  foal,  filly,  gelding,  pot  {cant), 
plater  {cant),  palfrey,  Pegasus,  punch, 
kyang,  Percheron,  hunter,  thoroughbred, 
gigster  {rare),  hackney,  clicker,  saddler 
{colloq.,  U.  S.),  Hambletonian,  Waler 
{Anglo-Indian),  Galloway,  drayhorse, 
Elouyhnhnm,  galloper,  dweller,  balker, 
filler,  rosinante,  roarer,  whistler,  thriller, 
wheeler,  leader,  rogue,  Turk,  Arab,  tar- 
pan,  tit  {obs.  or  rare),  trotter,  pacer,  am- 
bler, runner,  rider,  roan,  chestnut,  sorrel, 
gray,  bay,  black,  ginger,  grizzle,  stalking- 
horse,  dun,  cayuse,  ass,  mule,  hinny,  ze- 
bra. The  term  "horse"  is  specifically  tised 
of  an  adult  gelded  male  as  distinguished 
from  a  "stallion,"  "mare,"  or  "colt." 

2.  As  a  collective  pi.:  cavalry. 

3.  Spec,  clamp,  jack,  hobbyhorse,  clothes- 
horse,  sawhorse. 

horse,  v.  t.  mount;  spec,  remount. 

horseman,  n.  rider,  pricker  {archaic); 
spec,  cavalryman,  chevalier  {hist,  or  ar- 
chaic), knight  {hist.),  hussar,  gaucho,  yeo- 
man {Eng.),  demilance,  jockey. 

horsemanship,  n.  manage  or  manege 
{French);  spec,  equitation. 

horses,  n.  pi.  horseflesh  {a  collective). 

hospital,  n.  infirmary  {chiefly  spec);  spec. 
fermary  {obs.  or  hist.),  cockpit,  lazaretto  or 
lazaret,  pesthouse,  valetudinarium,  sani- 
tarium or  sanatorium. 

hospitality,  n.  xenodochy  {rare),  cordial- 
ity {contextual). 


fW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
hop:  leap,  dance. 
hopper:  chute. 
horal:  hourly. 
horde:  group,  crowd. 
horologe:  timepiece. 
horrent:  bristly,  bristling. 
horrid :      bristling,       repellent, 

abominable,  offensive,  bad. 
horrific:  horrible,  shocking. 


horrify:  frighten,  shock. 

horror:  tremble,  fear,  abhor- 
rence, aversion;  (in  pi.)  delir- 
ium tremens. 

horsy,  n.:  groomy. 

hortation,  n.:  exhortation. 

hortative,  a.:  exhorlatory,  ad- 
visory. 

hospitable,  a.:  cordial. 

host:  army,  multitude. 


host:  sacrifice,  element,  enter- 
tainer. 

hostage:  pledge. 

hostel:  inn. 

hostelry:  inn. 

hostess,  n.:  landlady. 

hostile,  a.. °  unfriendly,  opposed. 

hostile,  n.:  enemy. 

hostility:  unfriendliness,  oppo- 
sition: (in  pi.)  v)ar. 


tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

225 


HOT 


hot,  (1.  1.  hoatod  {amtc.rtudl't,  ardent  (litcr- 

ary).  torrid,  fervid  (litcninj),  icrvent  [litcr- 

ari/) ;  sfycc.  parchinc,  roast  ing,  incandescent 

or Vandent,  fiery,  fl:\ming,  boiling,  svveltry. 

Antoni/ms:  see  cold. 

2.  ^'^^0  EACiER,  ANCiUY,  ARDENT,  EXCITED, 
ACRID,  VIOLENT,   IMNUENT. 

hothead,  /(.  niadhrain,  hotspur. 

hound,  II.  1.  dog  (cotiicxtiial);  spec,  beagle, 
thu'hsliund,  talbot,  liiner  {archaic),  leash 
hound,  bloodhound,  kibble,  great  Dane. 

2.    Sec  WRETCH. 

hour,  n.  1.  bell  {naut.),  ghurry  (Anglo- 
India »). 

2.  time  (coutcttual) ;  spec,  prime  {eccl.), 
matin  {eccl.},  laud  {eccl.),  complin  {eccl.), 
vespers  {pL;  eccl.). 

hourly,  a.  1.  horal  {rare),  horary  {rare). 

2.  See  CONSTANT,  FREQUENT. 

house,  72.  1.  building  {contextual),  dwell- 
ing (contextual) ;  spec,  court,  cottage,  cot 
(chiefly  poetic),  hovel,  bungalow,  shack, 
chateau,  hutch,  shanty,  hut,  dome  (po- 
etic or  rhetorical),  barn  (fig.),  barrack,  bar- 
racoon,  kennel,  shed  (poetic),  rabbitry, 
cabin,  ranch  (U.  S.),  rancho  (Spanish), 
box,  lodge,  gatehouse,  humpy  (Australia), 
crib  (thieves'  slang),  cruive  (Scot.),  croo 
(Scot,  and  Irish),  sty. 

2.  See  ABODE,  TEMPLE,  LAIR,  THEATER, 
CHURCH,  FIRM,   ASSEMBLY,   FAMILY. 

house,  a.  domal  (rare). 

house,  V.  t.  shelter  (contextual);  spec,  booth 
(rare),  cote,  barrack,  roof  (rare),  hive, 
hut,  temple,  palace  (rare),  impalace  (rare), 
kennel,  hovel  (rare). 

housekeeper,  n.    Spec,  matron,  housewife. 

housekeeping,  n.  menage  (French)  or 
menage  (chiefly  spec),  householdry  (rare); 
spec,  housewifery,  notability  (obsolescent). 

housewife,  n.  wife  (archaic);  spec,  cot- 
quean  (of  a  laborer;  obs.). 

how,  n.   Spec,  whereby,  why,  what. 

howl,  n.  1.  cry  (contexbml) ;  spec,  bawl, 
ululation  (learned),  yowl. 

2.    See  EXCLAMATION. 

hoyden,  n.  girl  (contextual),  romp,  tom- 
boy (colloq.). 


hub,  /(.  1.  nave,  block. 
2.  See  CENTER. 

hue,  n.  cast  (obsolesc),  tone  (more  technical 
than  "hue'  ),  blee  (archaic);  spec,  com- 
plexion. 

hull,  n.  1.  pericarp  (tech.);  spec,  husk, 
glume,  chafT  (a  collective),  bran  (a  collec- 
tive), shell,  pod,  rind,  bur  or  burr,  skin, 
shuck,  bark,  shale  (archaic  or  rare), 
flight,  palea,  lodicule,  bract,  scale,  calyx, 
legume,  silique,  peel,  capsule,  glumelle 
(rare),  stone,  putamen. 
2.  See  BODY. 

hull,  V.  t.  strip  (contextual);  spec,  pod, 
shell,  husk,  shuck,  decorticate,  peel. 

hum,  71.  Spec,  croon,  bum  (chiefly  dial.), 
bumble,  burr,  murmur,  thrum,  bombina- 
tion  (rare),  boom,  buzz,  whiz,  drone,  bom- 
bus  (med.). 

hum,  V.  i.  1.     Spec,  croon,  bum  (chiefly 
dial.),    burr,    thrum,    bombinate    (rare), 
bombilate     (rare),    boom,    buzz,    whiz, 
drone,  murmur. 
2.  See  SING. 

human,   a.      Spec,   hominal    (iiat.   hist.), 
hominine  (rare),  humanistic,  earth-born 
(contextual),  mortal,  humane. 
Antonyms:   see  superhuman   inhuman, 

DIVINE,  devilish. 

human,   n.   earthling   (rare;    contextual), 
clod  (deprcciative) ;  spec.  Christian,  man, 
woman,  child,  boy,  girl. 
A  ntonyms:  see  deity,  animal. 

humble,  a.  1.  lowly  (now  somewhat  archaic 
or  rhetorical) ,  low  (rare,  exc.  spec);  spec. 
low-born,  poor,  undistinguished,  meek, 
inglorious,  unambitious,  unescutcheoned 
(rare),  obscure. 

Antonyms:    see  proud,   haughty,  pre- 
tentious, arrogant,  conceited. 
2.  See  LOWLY. 

humility,    n.     abasement,     humbleness; 
spec,  submissiveness. 
Antonyms:  see  pride. 

humor,  n.  1.    Referring  to  the  four  bodily 
fluids  of  the  old  physiology:    spec  blood, 
phlegm,  choler,  melancholy. 
2.  mood,  cue;  see  disposition. 


t^=  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
hotbed:  breeding  place. 
hotchpotch:  mixture. 
hotel:  inn. 
hottoot:  hastily. 
hot-headed:  eager, reckless, im- 
petuous, hasty. 
hotspur:  hothead. 
hough:  hamstring. 
hound,  r.  (.;  hunt,  drive,  incite. 
houndisb:    canine. 
houndy:  canine. 
bouse,  r.  i.:  dwell. 
boasebreaking:  burglary. 
bousehold,  n.:  family. 
bousebold,  a.:  domestic. 
housemaid:  maidservant. 
houseroom:  shelter. 


bousing:  shelter. 

hovel:  shed,  house. 

hover,  r.  i.:  fly. 

hover,  ?!.;  flight. 

howbeit:  although,  but. 

however:  but. 

hubbub:  disturbance,  din. 

huckster:  peddler. 

huddle,  V.  i.:  cru ad,  gather,  shrink. 

huddle,  V.  t.:   crowd,  gather,  heap, 

drive. 
huS,  V.  t.:  anger,  offend. 
huB,  n.:  pet,  quarrel. 
huffy,  a.:  angry. 
hug,  V.  I.:  embrace,  caress. 
hug,  V.  i.:  snuggle. 
hug,  71.:  embrace,  caress. 
huge,  a.:  enormous. 


hugger-mugger,  n.:  confusion. 
hugger-mugger,    adv.:    drsor- 

derlu.  [ranged. 

hugger-mugger,      a.:      disar- 
hulk:  vessel,  body. 
hulking:  big. 
humble,  v.  t.:  abase. 
humbug,  V.  I.:  deceive,  hoax. 
humbug,    n.:   deception,   hoax, 

deceiver. 
humdrum,  a.:  dull. 
humdrum,  n.;  monotony. 
humid:  moist. 
humidity:  moisture. 
humiliate:  abase. 
humiliation:  abasement. 
hummock:  hill,  protuberance. 
humor,  v.  (.:  grant. 


{^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

226 


HYMNIST 


3.  Referring  to  other  bodily  fluids:    spec. 
eyewater  (rare),  crystalline,  pus,  serum. 

4.  See  CAPRICE,  FUN. 

humorist,  n.  Spec,  joker,  jester,  wag,  wit. 

humpback,  n.  hunchback. 

humpbacked,  a.  humpback,  cyphotic 
(tech.),  bow-backed  {rare),  hunched,  gib- 
'bous  {chiefly  spec). 

humped,  a.  hunchy,  gibbous  {chiefly 
tech.);  spec,  humpbacked. 

hundred,  n.  century,  centred  {hist.),  cen- 
tre v  or  centref  {Welsh;  hist.). 

hunger,  n.  1.  desire  {contextual),  appetite, 
hungriness,  emptiness  {fig.);  spec,  vorac- 
ity, polyphagia  {med.),  esurience  {humor- 
ously pedantic),  famine,  bulimia  {med.), 
greed. 
Antonyms:  see  surfeit. 

2.    See  GREED. 

hunger,  v.  i.  Spec,  famish,  starve. 
Antonyms:  see  surfeit. 

hungry,  a.  I.  hungered  {archaic),  ahun- 
gered  or  anhungered  {rare;  archaic);  spec. 
famished,  starved,  edacious  {now  chiefly 
humorous),  lickerish,  lickerous  {obs.),  vora- 
cious, esurient  {riow  huynorously  pedantic) , 
polyphagous  {med.),  greedy,  ravenous, 
empty,  insatiate,  avid,  sharp-set  {rare), 
peckish  {colloq.),  dinnerless,  supperless, 
etc. 
Antonyms:  see  surfeited. 
2.  See  DESIROUS,  greedy. 

hunt,  V.  t.  1.  chase;  spec,  still-hunt,  stalk, 
run,  trail,  track,  trap,  hound. 
2.  See  DRIVE,   follow,   seek,   search, 

PURSUE. 

hunt,  V.  i.  1.  Spec,  shoot,  poach,  stalk, 
forage,  hawk,  jack,  trap,  snare,  kangaroo, 
wolf,  grouse,  ferret. 

2.    See  SEARCH,  SEEK. 

hunt,  n.  1.  Spec,  chase,  drag,  stalk,  still- 
hunt. 

2.    See  GAME,  SEARCH. 

hunter,  n.  huntsman  {male;  a  more  formal 
word  than  "hunter"),  huntress  {female), 
huntswoman  {female;  rare),  nimrod  {fig.), 
Endymion  {fig.),  jager  or  jaeger  {German 
or  Swiss);  spec,  stalker,  shikari  {Anglo- 
Indian),  gunner,  forager,  trapper,  poach- 
er, boarhunter,  pigsticker,  jacker,  deer- 
stalker, ferreter,  falconer. 


Antonyms:  see  game. 

hunting,  a.  venatorial  [_rare),  venatic  or 
venatical  {rare),  venary  {rare);  .spec,  cy- 
negetic  {rare). 

hunting,  n.  venery,  venation  {literary); 
spec,  chase,  pigsticking,  rabbiting,  hawk- 
ing, falconry,  etc. 

hurry,  v.  t.  &  i.  I.  See  hasten. 
2.  In    a    sense    implying    the  feeling    of 
urgency,  but  not  necessarily  resultant  speed: 
drive,  whip  {fig.). 
Antonyms:  see  delay,  lag. 

husband,  n.  spouse  {formal),  goodman 
{Scot,  or  archaic),  man  {Scot,  or  dial.), 
lord  {poetic,  jocular,  or  ironical),  hubby 
{familiar  and  colloq.);  spec,  benedict, 
bridegroom. 
Antonyms:   see  wife,  celibate. 

hush,  interj.  Silence!  {more  emphatic  or 
formal  than  "hush!"),  mum!  whist! 

hussy,  71.  woman  {contextual),  girl  {con- 
textual),  jade  {sometimes  playful),  limmer 
{Scot.),  minx  {often  playful). 

hut,  n.  1.  house  {contextual) ;  spec,  wicki- 
up, yurt,  mia-mia  {Australian),  hutment. 
2.  See  dvv^elling. 

hybrid,  n.  crossbreed  {chiefly  spec),  mon- 
grel {chiefly  spec;  a  disparaging  term), 
cross;  spec,  outcross,  lurcher,  bigener 
{bot.;  rare),  mameluco  {South  America), 
mulatto,  quadroon,  octaroon,  half-breed, 
half-blood,  half-caste  {East  India),  mule, 
mestee  or  mustee  {West  Indies),  mestizo 
{Spanish  America  and  Philippine  Isl- 
ands), quintoon,  terceroon,  mustafina, 
mustafino  {Spanish  American),  creole. 

hybrid,  a.    crossed,    cross    {rare),   mixed- 
breed,    crossbred    {chiefly    spec);    spec. 
mongrel,  graded,  half-blood,  half-blooded, 
half-breed. 
Antonyms:  see  full-blooded. 

hygiene,  n.  soteriology  {rare),  hygiastics 
{rare),  hygienics  {rare),  hygiology  {rare). 

hymn,  n.  hymnic  {rare);  spec  psalm,  can- 
ticle, paean,  choral,  sanctus,  triumph,  tro- 
parion,  hymeneal,  sequence,  prose,  hallel, 
recessional,  processional,  magnificat,  laud, 
Exultet,  Gloria,  prosodion,  dithyramb  or 
dithyrambic,  mantra,  Orphic. 
hymnist,  n.  composer  {contextual),  hym- 
nodist;   spec,  laudist. 


t^=  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

humorous:  funny. 

humorsome:  capricious. 

hump,  n.."  protuberance. 

hump,  V.  I.:  arch. 

humus:  earth. 

hunch,  n.:  protuberance. 

hunch,  V.  t.:  arch. 

hunk:  piece,  chunk. 

hunker:  conservative. 

hunks:  niggard. 

hurl:  project,  throw,  dart,  utter. 

hurra:  cheer. 

hurry-scurry,  adv.:  headlong. 


hurt,  V.  t.:  harm,  injure,  grieve, 
pain,  offend. 

hurt,  n.;  harm,  injury,  pain. 

hurtful:  harmful,  injurious, 
painful.  Iter,  rush. 

hurtle,  V.  i.:  collide,  clash,  elat- 

hurtle,  V.  t.:  project,  throw. 

husband,  v.  t.:  economize. 

htisbandman:  agriculturist. 

husbandry:  economy,  agricul- 
ture, management. 

hush,  V.  {.:  silence   calm. 

hush,  n.:  silence. 

husk:  hull. 


husky:  hoarse,  strong. 

busting:  council. 

hustle,  V.  t.:  crowd,  push,  hasten, 
drive,  jostle,  put. 

hustle,  V.  i. :  hasten,  work, 
bustle.  [bustle. 

hustle,      n.:      haste,      activity, 

hustling:  active. 

hutch:  house,  chest. 

huzza,  v.  i.:  applaud. 

husEa,  n..-  cheer;  (in  pi.)  ap- 
plause. 

hyaline:  glassy. 

hymn,  v.  t.:  ceUbrate,  praise. 


tS"  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

227 


HYPNOTIC 


hypnotic,  a.  magnetic  (context iial;  obso- 
/<\sc</(/),  ectcnic  (rare),  mesmeric  {obso- 
Itsccnt). 

hypnotism,  7).  In  allusian  to  former  jrrac- 
iiiioiHTs  or  obsolete  theories:  magnetism, 
liraidism,  Mesmerism. 

hypocrisy,    //.    deceit    (eontextual);    spec. 
dissemliling,    TartulTeric    (fig.),   Tartuf- 
fism  iji(j.\  cant,  Phariseeism  (/ig.)>  Phari- 
saism (./(<7.),  snivel,  sanctimony. 
Antonyms:     see   artlessness;    also   ef. 

FRANK. 

hypocrite,  «.  deceiver  (contextual);  spec. 
dissembler,  Tartuffe  (fig.),  pretender, 
Pecksniff  (fig.),  Pharisee  (fig.). 

hypocritical,  a.  deceitful  (contextual), 
double-faced;    spec,  dissembling,  Tartuf- 
fian    (fig.),    Tartuffish    (fig.),    Pharisaic 
(fig.),  Pharisaical  (fig.),  sanctimonious. 
Antonyms:  see  artless,  frank. 

hysteria,  n.  convulsion  (contextual) ,  hys- 
terics (pL;  colloq.);  spec,  tarantism,  con- 
niptions (pi.;  vulgar,  U.  S.),  vapors 
(pi.),  lata,  miryachit. 

hysterical,  a.  convulsive  (contextual),  hys- 
teric (rare). 


I,  pro7i.  ego  (metaphysics). 

ice,  n.  crystal  (now  rare);  spec,  floe,  gla- 
cier, frazil  (Can.  and  U.  S.),  icicle. 

iceberg,  n.  berg;  spec.  calf. 

ice-covered,  a.  glaciate. 

ice  cream.  Spec,  hokey-pokey  (Eng.; 
slang  or  colloq.). 

iced,  a.  Spec,  frosted,  glace  (French), 
frappe  (French). 

idea,  n.  thought,  conceit  (archaic),  con- 
cept, conception,  intention  (chiefly  logic), 
notion  (chiefly  spec),  intellection  (chiefly 
tech.),  impression;  spec,  wrinkle,  phan- 
tom, design,  fancy,  memory,  feeling,  mo- 
tif (French),  recept,  theory,  plan,  etc. 

idealize,  v.  t.  Spec,  exalt,  abstract,  spirit- 
ualize, disrealize  (rare),  sublime  or  sub- 
limate, refine,  heighten,  perfect. 

idle,  a.  indolent;  spec,  loafing,  dawdling, 
playing. 
Antonyms:    see  BUSTLiNn. 

idle,  V.  i.  Spec,  laze,  lazy  (rare),  loaf,  daw- 


dle,   lounge,    loll,    slack    (colloq.),   dally, 
drone,  trifle,  moon,  truant,  play. 
Antonyms:    .sec  bustle,  work. 

idleness,  n.  indolence;  spec,  loafing,  daw- 
dling, etc. 
Antonyms:  see  bustle. 

idler,  n.  Spec,  loafer,  droner,  lounger,  daw- 
dler, do-nothing,  do-little,  drone,  faine- 
ant (French),  flaneur  (Fraich),  buckeen 
(Irish),  nonworker  {nonce  word). 
Antonyms:    see  worker. 

idling,  n.  Spec,  lazing,  loafing,  daUiance, 
etc. 

idol,  n.  1.  image,  simulacrum  (learned), 
god  (contextual);  spec,  teraphim  (pi.),  joss 
(Chinese),  Mumbo  Jumbo,  pagod,  Dagon, 
etc. 

2.    See  BELOVED. 

idolatry,  n.  worship  (contextual),  fornica- 
tion (a  Biblical  term). 

idyl,  n.  eclogue,  pastoral. 

if,  eonj.  gin  or  gif  (Scot.),  provided;  spec. 
though. 

ignis  fatuus.  will-o'-the-wisp,  jack-o'-lan- 
tern (now  rare),  jack-o'-the-wi.sp  (obs.). 

ignitable,  a.   Spec,  inflammable. 

ignite,  v.  t.  Spec,  fire,  kindle,  light,  in- 
flame (literary  or  rare),  strike. 

ignoramus,  n.  ignorant  (rare),  illiterate, 
simple. 
Antonyms:    see  scholar,  literate. 

ignorance,  n.  1.  unscience  (rare  or  obs.), 
darkness  (fig.),  inscience  (rare),  nescience 
(learned  or  bookish),  ignorantness  (rare); 
spec,  ineducation,  iUiteracy,  iUiterateness, 
illiterature  (rare),  benightment,  rusticity, 
dark,  darkness,    imprescience,   blindness 

(fig.). 

Antonyms:    see  learning,  enlighten- 
ment, KNOWLEDGE. 
2.  unawareness. 

Antonyms:  see  foreknowledge. 
ignorant,  a.  1.  nescient  (learned  or  book- 
ish), unknowing  (rare),  inscient  (rare); 
spec,  unlearned,  inerudite,  illiterate,  un- 
informed, untaught,  benighted,  borrel  or 
borel  (archaic),  dark  lay,  grammarless, 
unstudied,  unread,  unexpert  (rare),  green; 

see  UNEDUCATED. 

Antonyms:      see     learned,     well-in- 
formed. 


fW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
hypochondria:  devregtion. 
hypos:   depreasion. 
hypothecate:   pledge. 
hypothecation:  pledging. 
hypothesis:   condition. 


Icy;     cold,   distant,   indiffwent, 

unemotioTtal. 
Ideal,  a.:  abstract,  theoretical. 
Ideal,  n..'  type. 
Idealism:  romanticism. 


idealistic:  romantic. 
Ideate:   conceive. 
Identical,  a.:  alike,  same. 
Identify:  recognize. 
identity:     likeness,    sameness, 

individuality . 
idiosyncrasy:  peculiarity. 
Idiocy:   imbecility,  foolishness. 
Idiom:    language,  dialect,  form, 

expression,  diction. 
idiot:    imbecile,   simpleton, 

blockhead. 
idiotic:      imbecile,     irrational, 

foolish . 


idle;  groundltss,  ineffectual, 
purposeless,  inactive,  unem- 
ployed, unused,  indolent. 

idleness:   unemployment. 

Idling:   inactivity,  indolence. 

Idolater:   worshiper. 

idolise:  worship,  honor,  ad- 
mire, lots. 

idyllic:  poetic. 

Igenons:  fiery. 

ignoble:  louly,  base. 

ignominious:  discreditable, 
contemptible. 

ignominy:   discredit. 


fW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

228 


IMAGINARY 


2.   See  UN  AWAKE. 

ignore,  v.  t.  disregard;  spec,  pass,  overlook, 
bury,  elude,  sink,  blink,  overjump,  skip, 
disimagine  {rare),  cut  (colloq.),  over- 
slaugh (U.  S.;  rare),  disobey,  suppress, 
eliminate,  forget. 
Antonyms:  see  attend,  notice,  con- 
sider, MENTION. 

ill-composed,  a.  incondite  (learned). 

ill-considered,  a.  unbaked  (fig.),  indi- 
gested or  ill-digested  (fig.);  spec.  wild. 

illegible,  a.  imdecipherable;  spec,  blind, 
hidden. 
Antonyms:  see  legible. 

illegitimate,  a.   1.  unlawful;  spec,  unau- 
thorized,   irregular,    spurious,    inconse- 
quent. 
Antonyms:    see  lawful. 
2.  bastard  (now  becoming  a  term  of  re- 
proach),   natural;    spec,    baseborn,    base 
(archaic),    hedgeborn    (archaic),    misbe- 
gotten. 
Antonyms:    see  legitimate. 

illogical,  a.  inconsequent,  invalid;  spec. 
absurd,  unreasonable,  incoherent. 
Antonyms:    see  logical. 

ill-omened,   a.   sinister,   sinistrous,   left- 
handed;  spec,  inauspicious. 
Antonyms:  see  auspicious. 

ill-shaped,  a.  Spec,  distorted,  misshapen, 
lopsided,  ugly,  ill-proportioned. 

ill- smelling,  a.  malodorous  (learned  or 
bookish),  offensive,  nosey  (colloq.),  rank, 
cacodorous  (a  rare  hybrid;  humorous  or 
contemptuous),  inodorous  (rare),  grave- 
olent  (literary;  rhetorical,  affected,  or 
euphemistic);  spec,  foul,  stinking,  gamy, 
rancid,  noisome,  fetid,  goatish,  buckish, 
rotten,  etc. 
Antonyms:  see  fragrant. 

ill  temper,  temper;  spec,  ill-nature,  ill- 
humor,  crossness,  blood  (chiefly  with  "bad" 
or  in  "to  get"  or  "have  one's  blood  up"), 
cankeredness  (rare),  bile  (fig.;  now  chiefly 
colloq.),  spleen  (fig.),  black  dog  (fig.), 
grouchiness,  groutiness  (U.  S.;  colloq.), 
moroseness,  doggedness;  see  anger. 

ill-tempered,  a.  Spec,  ill-natured,  ill-hu- 
mored, crabbed,  unlovely,  cross,  shrewd 
(obs.),  ugly  (U.  S.),  sour,  surly,  grum, 
grumpy  or  grumpish,  unamiable,  morose, 
malignant,  unkindly,  sullen,  sulky,  bear- 
ish, cynical  or  cynic,  churlish,  cantanker- 
ous (colloq.),  dogged  (rare),  snarly,  cur- 
rish or  (rare)  doggish,  snappish,  shrewish, 


vinegarish  or  vinegary,  vinaigrous  (rare), 
spleeny,  splenetic,  spleenish,  vixenish, 
bilious,  crusty,  nasty,  cranky,  frumpy  (a 
trivial  or  colloquial  term),  frumpish  (rare), 
cankered,  dorty  (Scot.),  grouchy  or 
grouty  (tl.  S.;  colloq.),  angry,  irritable. 
Antonyms:     see  affable,  agreeable. 

ill-treat,  v.  t.  abuse,  injure,  ill-use,  mis- 
treat (chiefly  spec),  maltreat  (chiefly 
spec),  misuse;  spec,  bedevil,  spite,  mis- 
handle, mohock  (rare  or  hist.),  violate, 
outrage,  rape. 

Antonyms:     see  caress,  cherish,  pro- 
tect. 

illuminate,  v.  t.  1.    See  light,  brighten, 
enlighten,  inspire,  elucidate. 
2.  ornament  (contextual),  illumine;  spec. 
miniate,  rubricate,  emblaze. 

illusion,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  act:  see  de- 
ception. 

2.  Referring  to  the  thing:  deception  (con- 
textual), unreality  (emphasizing  the  unreal 
quality);  spec,  apparition,  dream. 
Antonyms:  see  actuality. 

illustrate,  v.  t.  1.  See  example. 
2.  picture;  spec.  Grangerize. 

illustration,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  action: 
see  elucidation. 

2.  Referring  to  the  thing:  picture,  figure; 
spec,  diagram,  plate,  chart,  drawing, 
crayon,  iconography,  frontispiece,  cut, 
cartoon,  caricature,  lampoon. 

ill  will,  dislike  (contextual);  spec,  enmity, 
hostility,  malice,  dole  (Scot.),  grudge 
(rare),  spleen,  spite,  cankeredness  (rare), 
rancor  or  rancour  (rare  or  literary),  malev- 
olence, malignity,  malignancy,  venom, 
malignance  (rare),  animosity. 
Antonyms:  see  affection,  love,  esteem. 

image,  n.  1.  representation  (contextual), 
imago  (learned),  figure,  copy,  simulacre 
or  simulacrum  (learned  or  bookish;  prima- 
rily spec),  shape  (contextual),  effigy  (chiefly 
spec);  spec,  parhelion,  doll,  dolly,  picture, 
icon,  shadow,  statue,  painting,  drawing, 
guy,  idol,  reflection,  embodiment,  coun- 
terpart, magot. 
2.  See  apparition. 

imagery,  n.  Spec,  images  (pi.),  imagina- 
tions (pi-),  figures  (pl^,  engraving,  stat- 
uary, paintings  (pi.),  etc. 

imaginable,  a.  conceivable;  spec,  feign- 
able,  believable,  supposable;  see  think- 
able. 

imaginary,  a.  unreal  (contextual),  fancied 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
Ill,  a.:  wicked,  unjust,  unkind, 
faulty,  harmful,  ailing,  digeaged. 
ill,  n.."   harm,  ailing. 
Ill-adapted:    unsuitable. 
tll*badlnK:   threatening. 
Ill-bred:  impolite. 
illegal:   unlawful. 


illegitimate,  n.;    bastard. 
ill-favored:  homely,  offensive. 
ill  humor:    ill  temper. 
ill-humored:  ill-tempered. 
illiberal:     ungentlemanly,   nar- 
row, stingy. 
illimitable:  endless,  infinite. 
illiterate:    ignorant. 


ill-)ndged:  unwi.'>e. 
ill  nature:    ill  temper. 
ill-natured:  ill-tempered. 
illness:    sirknef:.'!,  ailment. 
ill- proportioned:  ill-shaped. 
ill-use:    ill-treat. 
illusory:  deceptive. 
illustrious:  famous. 


16 


!tS^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
229 


IMAGINATION 


{chieflij  spec);  spec,  fancy,  invented,  ideal, 
fictitious,  shadowy,  figment al  {bookiah  or 
karncd),    notional,    visionary,    fantastic, 
fantasied  or  phantasied,  conceivable,  ab- 
stract, poetic. 
Antonyms:    see  actual. 
imagination, /I.  1.  Referring  to  the  faculty 
or  action:  conception  (cotitextual),  fancy 
{chiejhj  spec),  fiction,  creation;  spec,  fan- 
tasy, conceit,  description. 
2.  In  reference  to  the  thing  imagined:  see 

FANCY. 

imaginative,  a.  creative  (contextual),  fan- 
ciful,    fictive,     visionary     (rare);     spec. 
dreamy. 
Antonyms:     see  unimaginative,  uhta- 

TIVE,   PRACTICAL. 

imagine,  v.  t.  devise  (contextual),  conceive 
(contextual),  fancy  (chiefly  spec),  think 
(contextual),  create  (contextual);  spec. 
suppose,  feign,  fantasy  (archaic),  picture, 
frame,  figure,  prefigure,  dream,  chimerize 
(rare),  believe,  guess,  assume,  pretend, 
etc. 

imbecile,  a.  I.  deranged  (contextual),  fool- 
ish, innocent  (obs.  or  dial.),  silly  (archaic 
or  spec),  daft  (chiefly  predicative;  now 
rare);  spec,  senile,  anile  (rare),  driveling, 
idiotic,  half-witted. 
Antonyms:  see  intelligent. 
2.  See  FOOLISH. 

imbecile,  n.  Spec,  defective,  driveler, 
idiot,  mooncalf  (chiefly  dial,  or  literary), 
nidget  (archaic),  fool,  half-wit  (rare), 
cretin. 

imitate,  v.  t.  copy,  reproduce;  spec,  ape, 
borrow,  mimic,  counterfeit,  mock,  emu- 
late, echo,  follow,  forge,  duplicate,  pat- 
tern (rare),  zany  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  invent. 

imitated,   a.      Spec   second-hand,    bor- 
rowed, counterfeit,  mock,  mimic,  imita- 
tion (the  noun  used  attributively),  forged, 
pretended,  feigned,  false  (contextual) . 
Antonyms:  see  new,  original. 

imitation,  n.  1.  Spec  mimicking,  mimic- 
ry, apery,  mock   (rare),  forgery,  parrot- 
ism  or  parrotry  (fig.),  etc. 
Antonyms:    see  invention. 
2.  In  reference  to  the  result  of  the  action: 
spec,  copy,  counterfeit,  forgery,  mockery, 
echo,    duplicate,    counterpart,    pretence, 
reproduction,  etc. 
Antonyms:  see  invention. 

imitative,  a.  Spec,  mimic,  mimetic,  coun- 
terfeit, Brummagem  (Eng.),  apish,  copy- 
ing,    sequacious     (learned),    echoic,    re- 
flective. 
Antonyms:  see  inventive,  imaginative. 


imitator,  7i.  copyist,  copier;  spec,  ape,  par- 
rot, mimic,  echo,  counterfeiter. 

immaterial,  a.  I.  incorporeal  (chiefly 
spec),  unsubstantial  or  (rare)  insubstan- 
tial, inessential  (literary),  metaphysical 
(tech.),  matter  less  (rare);  spec,  bodiless  or 
(rare)  imbodied,  incorporate  (rare),  in- 
concrete,  aerie,  insensible,  unfleshly 
(rare),  mental,  spiritual,  spectral. 
Antonyms:     see  material. 

2.    See  UNIMPORTANT. 

immateriality,  n.  incorporeality,  im- 
materialness  (rare),  bodilessness,  unsub- 
stantiality  or  (rare)  insubstantiality,  in- 
essentiality  (rare),  metaphysicalness; 
spec,  aeriness,  mentahty,  spirituality,  etc. 

immature,  a.  undeveloped;   spec,  tender, 
unripe,     unfledged,     impuberal     (rare), 
green,  callow,  beardless,  young. 
Antonyms:    see  grow'n. 

immaturity,  n.  undevelopedness;  spec. 
impuberty,  greenness,  unripeness,  etc. 

immediate,  a.  1.  Spec,  primary,  next,  di- 
rect, proximate. 

Antonyms:  see  intermediate,  distant. 
2.  Spec,  (referring  to  such  nearness  in  time 
as  is  loithout  any  inte^'vening  action  or  the 
like)  instant,  instantaneous,  prompt. 
"Immediate"  and  "prompt"  are  loosely 
used  where  there  is  only  relative  proximity. 
Antonyms:  see  distant. 

immediately,  adv.  l.  directly,  direct  (col- 
loq.),  next,  proximately,  betimes. 
2.  instantly,  presto  (primarily  a  juggler's 
or  magician's  term;  hence  chiefly  exclama- 
tory or  rhetorical),  instanter  (Latin  or  em- 
phatic), forthwith,  straightway  (archaic 
or  rhetorical) ,  straight  (archaic),  straightly 
(archaic  or  obs.),  forthright  (archaic), 
therewith  (archaic  or  formal),  eftsoon  or 
oftsoons  (archaic);  spec  now. 

immense,  a.  large  (contextual),  enormous, 
prodigious  (literary  or  co7itemptuous) , 
great,  tremendous,  huge,  vast  (chiefly 
spec),  vasty  (rare;  now  chiefly  a  literary 
affectation);  spec,  elephantine,  gigantic, 
colossal,  huge,  titanic,  infinite  (hyperbol- 
ical), stupendous,  mountainous,  mon- 
strous. 
Antonyms:  see  minute,  small. 

immensity,  n.  I.  largeness  (contextual), 
greatness,  immenseness  (rare),  enormous- 
ness,  tremendousness,  hugeness,  enormity 
(rare),  prodigiousness,  vastity  (rare), 
vastness;  spec  giganticness,  colossalness, 
titanicness,  infinity,  monstrousness. 
2.  Naming  a  thing  of  great  size:  moun- 
tain, enormity,  monstrosity;  spec,  vastity, 
vast,  gulf,  abyss. 


IW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
imbibe:  ahforh,  drink. 
Imbricated:   overlapping. 


Imbrue:   stain. 
Imbrtite:   brutalize. 
Imbae:   impregnate,  animate. 


Immaculate:  clean, /auUl$$i. 
immanent:   inherent. 
Immatnre:   undeveloped. 


XW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

230 


IMPERCEPTIBLE 


immersion,  n.  mersion  (chiefly  spec; 
rare);  spec,  dip,  bath,  swim,  baptism, 
absorption. 

immigrant,    n.    incomer,    comeling    (ar- 
chaic);    spec,    visitor,    greener    (slang), 
colonist. 
Antonyms:  see  emigrant. 

immigrate,  v.  i.  come  (contextual). 
Antonyms:  see  emigrate. 

imminent,  a.  impendent  (rare),  impend- 
ing (less  strong  than  "imminent"),  instant 
(rare). 

immoral,  a.  wicked  (contextual),  wrong, 
wrongful,  vicious,  loose  (somewhat  euphe- 
mistic), gay  (euphemistic),  rotten  (inten- 
sive and  usually  vulgar);  spec,  licentious, 
abandoned,  dishonest,  indecent,  treacher- 
ous, etc. 
Antonyms:  see  righteous,  upright. 

immorality,  n.  wickedness,  impurity, 
vice,  viciousness,  etc. 

immortal,  a.  1.  deathless  (a  homlier  word 
than  "immortal"),  undying,  never-dying, 
imperishable;  spec,  endless. 
Antonyms:  see  mortal. 
2.  See  FAMOUS. 

immortalize,  v.  t.  fame;  spec,  deify. 

immovable,  a.  1.  moveless  (rare),  fixed, 
immobile,  immotile  (rare),  stationary. 
Antonyms:  see  changeable,  immovable. 
2.  See  motionless,  unyielding. 

impact,  n.  stroke,  blow,  impingement 
(tech.  or  learned);  spec,  percussion,  ap- 
pulse,  brunt,  bump,  touch,  slam.  Many 
of  the  words  mentioned  under  "stroke"  are 
used  in  the  closely  allied  sense  of  "impact." 

impair,  v.  t.  deteriorate,  damage,  harm, 
injure;  spec,  mar,  spoil,  flaw,  vitiate, 
touch,  ruin,  blemish,  shatter  (fig.),  re- 
duce, dilapidate,  deface,  crush,  break, 
wear,  etc. 
Antonyms:  see  amend,  improve. 

impair,  v.  i.   deteriorate,  decline;    spec. 
vitiate,  shatter,  ruin,  break,  wear,  etc.; 
see  SPOIL. 
Antonyms:  see  improve. 

impairment,  n.  deterioration,  damage, 
harm,  injury;  spec,  mar,  blemish,  shatter- 
ing, break,  wear,  etc. 

impartial,  a.   just,  fair,  equal   (literary), 


even  (archaic);  spec,  disinterested,  dis- 
passionate, unpassionate,  unbiased,  un- 
prejudiced, indifferent  (rare,  exc.  tech.), 
unwarped. 
Antonyms:  partial,  prejudiced,  un- 
fair. 

impartiality,  n.  justice,  impartialness 
(rare),  fairness,  equality  (literary),  even- 
ness (rare;  archaic);  spec,  dispassion, 
dispassionateness,  impassionateness,  in- 
difference, indifferency  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  partiality. 

impassable,  a.  impermeable  (chiefly  spec.) ; 
spec,  impervious,  imperviable  (rare),  pass- 
less  (rare),  waterproof,  airtight,  water- 
tight, tight,intranscalent  (rare),  innaviga- 
ble (rare),  unnavigable,  impenetrable. 
Antonyms:  see  passable. 

impassive,  a.  1.  See  insensible. 
2.  inexpressive,  immobile,  immovable; 
spec,  stoical,  impassible,  undemonstra- 
tive, unimpressionable,  unimpressible, 
stolid,  apathetic,  calm. 
Antonyjus:  see  demonstrative,  effu- 
sive, VEHEMENT. 

impassioned,  a.  passionate;  impassion- 
ate  (rare) ;  spec,  frenzied,  angry,  frantic, 
furious. 

impel,  V.  i.  1.  move  (contextual),  impulse 
(rare);    spec,   drive,   send,   kick,   throw, 
push,  etc. 
Antonyms:  see  restrain. 
2.  Referring  to  the  mind  or  inclinations: 
excite,  move,  permove  (rare),  constrain; 
spec,  compel,  actuate,  urge,  drive. 
Antonyms:    see  restrain,  stop. 

impelling,  a.  1.  impulsive,  propulsive, 
driving. 

2.    moving,    exciting,    constraining;    see 
incentive;  cf.  impel. 

impenetrable,   a.    1.   dense   (contextual), 
proof,  impermeable,  impervious,  impervi- 
able (rare). 
Antonyms:    see  pervious. 
2.  unintelligible. 

impenitent,  a.  nonrepentant,  irrepentant 
(rare),    unrepentant,    obdurate,    uncon- 
trite  (rare);  spec,  unconverted. 
Antonyms:  see  regretful. 

imperceptible,  a.  unsensible  (rare),  indis- 


t^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

Immerse:   dip,  bathe,  baptize. 

Immethodical:    disorderly. 

Immigrate:   migrate. 

Immitigable:   implaeablt. 

Immobile:  immovablt,  mo- 
tionless, fixed,  impassive. 

Immoderate:  excessive. 

Immoderation:   excese. 

immodest:  improper,  inSt- 
cent. 

Immolate:  sacrifice,  kill. 

immotile:  motionless. 

Immnne:  free,  unpunished, 
unhurt. 


Immure:  confine. 

Immutable:  unchangeable. 

imp,  n.;  child,  demon,  elf . 

imp,  V.  t.:  graft. 

Impale:  transfix,  torture,  pun- 
ish. 

impalpable:  intangible. 

Impanate:  embody. 

imparity:   inequality. 

Impart:   communicate. 

impartible:   indivisible. 

Impartment:    communication. 

Impasse:   cul-de-sac. 

impassible:  insensible,  impas- 
sive. 


Impasslonate:  angry,  impas- 
sioned, earnest. 

Impatient:  irritable,  intoler- 
ant, uneasy. 

Impeach:  accuse,  discredit. 

Impeccable:  sinless. 

Impecunious:   poor. 

Impede:   hinder. 

Impediment:  hindrance,  ob- 
stacle. 

Impedimenta:   baggage. 

Impend:  hang. 

Impending:    imminent. 

Imperative:  commanding,  ur- 
gent. 


t^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
231 


IMPERFECT 


tingiiishable,  inscnsiblp,  impcrceivablc 
{rair\  inapprociahle,  iinpcrcoivable  {rare), 
inapproluMisible,  iiuiiscorniblo;  spec,  un- 
discoverablo,  inaudible,  invisible. 

Antoni/tHi<:  see  perceptible. 
imperfect,  a.  deficient,  unperfect  {rare), 
faulty,  bad,  poor;  spec,  incomplete,  crude, 
rude,  rudimentary,  dough-baked  {dial, 
or  coUoq.),  half-baked  (coUoq.),  lame,  de- 
fective, flawy  {rare),  catalectic,  foxy 
{cant),  imsound,  illogical,  decayed,  in- 
elegant, etc. 

Antonyms:    see   absolute,   complete, 

EXCELLENT. 

imperfection,  n.  fault,  defect,  default 
{rare),  imperfect ness;  spec,  speck,  incom- 
pleteness, defectiveness,  deficiency,  faulti- 
ness,  incompleteness,  incompletion  {rare), 
illogicality,  inelegance,  unsoundness, 
brack  {chiefly  dial.),  taint,  shot,  cloud. 
Antonyms:   see  perfection. 

imperial,  a.  1.  imperatorial  (rare);   spec. 
august. 

2.    See  SOVEREIGN. 

imperiousness,  7i.  dommeeringness. 

imperishable,  a.  endless;   see  immortax,. 
Anto7iyms:  see  transient. 

impetuosity,  n.  impetuousness,  ardency, 
vehemence,  fury,  fire,  violence,  ferocity, 
fierceness,  headiness,  headlongness,  hot- 
headedness,  brashness  {chiefly  spec),  rush, 
bull-headedness  {colloq.),  haste,  elan 
{French);  spec,  frenzy,  passion. 
Antonyms:  see  deliberation. 

impetuous,  a.  ardent,  fiery,  vehement, 
x-iolent,  fierce,  headlong,  hot-headed, 
brash  {chiefly  spec),  bull-headed  {colloq.); 
spec,  swift,  breakneck,  rushing,  passion- 
ate, hasty,  mad-brained,  mad-headed, 
frantic,  furious,  ferocious. 
Antonyms:  see  deliberate,  apathetic. 

impious,  a.  1.  See  irreligious. 
2.  irreverent  {contextual),  profane;   spec. 
blasphemous. 

impish,  a.  demoniac;  spec,  puckish,  puck- 
like. 

implacable,  a.    Spec,  impropitiable,  im- 
mitigable,   deadly;      see    unfokgiving, 
mortal. 
Antonyms:    see  merciful. 

implant,  v.  t.  1.  fix;  spec,  insert. 
2.  See  introduce. 


implication,  n.  1.  interlacing,  complica- 
tion. 

2.  meaning  {contextual),  involvement  or 
{rare)  involution,  comprisal  {rare),  com- 
prehension; spec  connotation,  inference, 
assumption;  sec  imply. 

3.  Referring  to  what  is  implied:  see  in- 
ference. 

implicative,  a.  implicating. 

implied,  a.  implicit,  involved,  comprised; 
spec,  tacit,  connoted,  inferred,  assumed. 
Antonyms:  see  explicit. 

imply,  V.  t.  mean,  import,  involve,  impli- 
cate {less  common  than  "impbj"),  com- 
prise, comprehend;    spec,  connote,  sup- 
pose, presuppose,  infer,  assume. 
Antomjms:    see  express,  exclude. 

impolite,  a.  ill-bred  {properly  spec),  rude, 
discourteous,  unmannerly,  disrespectful, 
respect  less  {rare);    spec,  ungentlemanly, 
ungentle,  ungracious. 
Antonyms:  see  polite. 

impoliteness,  n.  ill-breeding  {properly 
spec),  rudeness,  unmannerUness,  dis- 
courtesy; spec,  ungentleness,  scurviness, 
shabbiness,  disrespect,  disrespectfulness, 
ungentlemanliness,  inurbanity,  inurbane- 
ness  {rare). 

imponderable,  a.    1.  weightless. 
2.  *See  unsubstantial. 

importance,  n.  account,  concern  or  {less 
common)  concernment,  import,  interest, 
w^eight,  significance,  moment  {now  chiefly 
with  "great,"  "small,"  "little,"  or  the  like), 
consequence,  matter;  spec,  caliber  {fig.), 
ponderance  {rare),  ponderosity  {chiefly 
literary  and  spec),  estimation,  material- 
ness,  magnitude,  notability,  regard,  es- 
teem, figure,  greatness,  largeness,  stress, 
value,  self-importance,  seriousness. 
Antonyms:  see  insignificance;  also  cf. 

IMPORTANT. 

important,  a.  notable,  interesting,  sig- 
nificant, weighty,  considerable,  moment- 
ous (a  stronger  term  than  the  noun  "mo- 
ment"); spec,  eventful,  material,  es- 
teemed, consequential,  substantial,  big 
{colloq.  or  humorous),  Uve,  earnest,  heavy, 
high,  large,  great,  grave,  ponderous,  valu- 
able, serious,  self-important,  critical. 
Antonyms:  see  unimportant,  trivial, 
insignificant. 


CF=  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

imperil:    endanger. 

imperioua:    domineering. 

imperiehable:   immortal. 

Imperlum:   empire. 

Impermeable:    impa^sahlt. 

impersonal:  general. 

impersonate:  embody,  typify, 
act. 

Impersonator:  actor. 

impertinent:  irrelevant,  im- 
pudent. 


imperturbable:  calm. 
impetration:   asking. 
impetus:    energy,  momentum. 
impiety:   irreligion. 
impinge:  collide,  strike. 
impingement:    collision,  im- 
pact. 
implant:  fix,  insert,  introduce. 
implement:   instrument. 
implicate:   imply,  involve. 
implicit:    implied,  trustful. 
implore:  ask. 


implosion;  burst. 

implume:  feather, 

impolitic:    unwise. 

imponderable:  weightless,  im- 
ponderous. 

Import,   V.  t.:   introduce,  imply. 

import,  D.  i.:    matter. 

import,  «..■  meaning,  impor- 
tance, article. 

importunate:  persistent,  ur- 
gent. 

importune:   ask,  urge,  ply. 


JS^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

232 


IMPUDENT 


importunity,  n.  importunacy  (rare),  im- 
portunateness,  asking  {contextual),  ur- 
gency. 

impose,  v.  t.  1.  See  superpose. 
2.  put,  father  {spec,  or  fig.),  place  {con- 
textual), fasten,  fix;  spec,  entail,  dictate, 
force,    clap,   saddle,   charge,   tax,   quota 
{rare),  levy,  inflict,  enforce. 

imposing,  a.  Spec,  dignified,  grand,  mag- 
nificent, grandiose,  superb,  courtly,  au- 
gust, imperial,  royal,  regal,  lofty,  stately, 
palatial,  haughty,  majestic,  monumental, 
exalted,  subUme. 
Antonyms:  see  insignificant. 

impossible,  a.   Spec,  infeasible  or  unfeasi- 
ble, insuperable,  impracticable,  ineffecti- 
ble  {rare),  hopeless. 
Antonyms:    see  possible,  probable. 

impostor,  n.  deceiver  {contextual);  spec. 
counterfeiter,  humbug,  bunyip  {Aus- 
tralia), deceptress  {Jem.),  mountebank, 
charlatan,  quack. 

impound,  v.  t.  confine  {contextual),  pound, 
pinfold. 
Antonyms:  see  free. 

impoverish,  v.  t.  I.    Spec,  pauperize,  beg- 
gar, ruin,  ruinate,  depauperate  {rare  and 
literary;  chiefly  fig). 
Antonyms:  see  enrich. 
2.  See  EXHAUST. 

impracticable,  a.  1.  impossible  {context- 
ual), infeasible,  ineffectible. 

2.    See  INTRACTABLE,  USELESS. 

impregnable,  a.  unconquerable. 

impregnate,  v.  t.  1.    See  fructify. 
2.  Spec,  fill,  saturate,  permeate,  imbue, 
imbrue,  pervade  {less  ejuphatic  than  "per- 
meate"), soak,  interpenetrate,  medicate, 
embalm,  dye,  tinge,  etc. 

impress,  v.  t.  levy,  enlist,  press,  crimp; 
spec,  draft,  requisition,  confiscate. 

impressible,  a.  impressionable,  sensitive; 
spec,  movable,  tender,  waxy  {often  deroga- 
tory), waxen  {rare),  soft,  plastic. 
Antonyms:  see  insensible. 

impressive,  a.  Spec,  effective,  speaking, 
powerful,  telling,  striking,  splendid, 
frappant  {French),  effecting;  spec,  em- 
phatic, solemn. 
Antonyms:  see  ineffectual,  uncon- 
vincing, insignificant. 

imprison,  v.  t.  confine,  quod  {slang),  se- 
cure  {rare),  stock   {obs.  or  spec);  spec. 
jail,  commit. 
Antonyms:  see  free,  deliver. 


imprisonment,  n.  confinement,  durance; 
spec,  custody,  arrest,  duress. 

improbable,  n.  unlikely;    spec,  implausi- 
ble. 
Antonyms:    see  probable. 

improper,  a.  wrong;  spec,  indecorous, 
inappropriate,  unseemly  (a  stronger  term 
than  "improper"),  unbecoming,  undue, 
fie-fie  {jocidar),  incorrect,  unfit  or  unfit- 
ting, unsuitable,  wrong,  illegitimate,  ir- 
regular, immodest,  imprudent,  discourte- 
ous, etc.;  see  indecent. 

Antonyms:      see  proper,  appropriate, 
timely,  becoming. 

impropriety,  n.  unpropriety  {rare);  spec. 
indecorum,  indecorousness,  unsuitability, 
unsuitableness,  etc.,  indecency,  immod- 
esty, imprudence,  solecism. 

improvable,  a.  betterable  {rare  or  colloq.), 
amendable;  .spec,  cultivable. 

improve,  v.  t.  better  (a  homelier  and  strong- 
er term  than  "improve"),  amend  or  mend 
{now  rare);  spec,  edify,  ameliorate  or  {less 
common)  meliorate,  cultivate,  brighten, 
refine,  soften,  increase,  lower,  etc. 
Antonyms:    see  spoil,  impair. 

improve,   v.   i.   better;    spec,  ameliorate, 
meliorate,  brighten,  mend,  refine,  soften, 
increase,  etc. 
Antonyms:    see  decline,  deteriorate, 

IMPAIR. 

imprudent,  a.  1.  careless  {which  see),  in- 
cautious; spec,  thriftless,  improvident. 
2.  See  UNWISE. 

impudence,  n.  impudency  {rare),  impu- 
dentness  {rare),  impertinence,  procacity 
{rare),  cheek  {slang),  cheekiness  {slang), 
boldness,  bold-f  acedness,  forwardness ; 
spec,  brazenness,  brazen-facedness,  pre- 
sumption, insolence,  contumely,  brash- 
ness,  bumptiousness,  pertness,  sauciness, 
malapertness  {archaic),  petulance  {rare), 
hardiness,  hardihood,  nerve  {slang),  nervi- 
ness  {slang),  effrontery,  gall  {slang),  lip 
{vulgar  slang),  front  {rare  or  vulgar) ,  face 
{slang,  U.  S.),  sauce  {colloq.),  jaw  {vulgar, 
slang),  insolency  {rare),  protervity  {rare), 
abuse,  contempt,  arrogance,  defiance, 
shamelessness,  intrusiveness,  etc. 

Antonyms:   see  consideration,  polite- 
ness. 

impudent,  a.  impertinent,  cheeky  {slang); 
spec,  pert,  saucy,  bold  or  bold-faced, 
brazen  or  brazen-faced,  insolent,  arro- 
gant,  brash,    bumptious,    malapert    {ar- 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
impotent:  weak,  helpless,  pow- 
erless. 
impractical :  visionar]/. 
imprecate:   invoke. 
imprecation:  rurse. 
impresario:   manager. 
imprescriptible:  inalienable. 


impress,  v.  t.:  print,  mark,  fix, 

affect. 
impression,  n.;  printing,  mark, 

edition,  idea,  effect. 
impressionable:   impressible. 
impressment:    earnestness. 
imprest:   advance. 
imprimatur:   approval. 


imprint,  r'.  t.:  mark,  fix,  print. 
imprint,  ?i.;  print,  mark. 
impromptu,  adv.:   extempore. 
impromptu, a.;  extemporaneous. 
improvident:    carcle.i.'i. 
improvisatory:    extemporary. 
improvise:  extemporize,  invent. 
impuberty:    immaturity. 


5S=  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
233 


IMPUGN 


diaic),  forward,  cool,  hardy,  norvy  (co/- 
loq.),  iippy  (vulgar  slang),  brassy  (t>lang), 
hubristic  [rare),  protcrvous  (rare),  con- 
tumelious, abusive,  contemptuous,  de- 
fiant, unblushing,  blushless  (rare),  intru- 
sive, unbashful  (rare),  shameless,  assured, 
rudeness. 
Anion yms:  see  polite,  respectful,  ob- 

SEQUIOI'S,    .OBJECT,    BASHFUL. 

impulse,  n.  1.    In  reference  to  the  act:  im- 
pulsion;   spec,  drive,  push,  throw,  kick, 
send,  nisvis.     Cf.  impel,  v. 
Antonyms:  see  stoppage. 

2.  In  reference  to  the  force  or  energy:   in- 
fluence, shock;  spec,  throw,  push,  etc. 

3.  In  reference  to  action  upon  the  mind:  in- 
fluence;   spec,  ate  (literary),  incitement. 

4.  In  reference  to  the  action  of  the  mind:  in- 
clination. 

5.  See  MOMENTUM. 

impulsive,  a.  1.  See  impelling. 
2.  hasty;     spec,  heedless,  careless,  mad- 
brained,  mad-cap. 
Antonyms:  see  deliberate. 

in,  adv.  within;  spec,  inwards. 
Antonyms:  see  our. 

inability,  n.  disability;  spec,  disqualifica- 
tion. 
Antonyms:  see  ability. 

inaccessible,  a.  unaccessible   (rare),  un- 
comeatable    (colloq.);  spec,   unapproach- 
able or  (rare)  inapproachable. 
Antonyms:  see  accessible,  gettable. 

inaccurate,   a.  incorrect,   inexact;    spec. 
erroneous. 
Antonyms:   see  accurate. 

inactive,  a.  idle  (chiefly  spec),  quiet;  spec. 
do-nothing  (colloq.),  faineant  (French;  re- 
proachful; literary),  quiescent,  dormant, 
slumbering  (a  homelier  equivalent  of  '^dor- 
mant"), sluggish,  inert,  passive,  drowsy, 
effortless,  restive  (rare),  peaceful,  sleepy, 
restful,  inanimate,  lifeless,  deedless 
(literary  or  rare),  dull,  stagnant,  mo- 
tionless. "Latent"  is  not  a  synonym  of  in- 
active; "latent"  implies  only  the  fact  of  "be- 
ing hidden,"  and  not  "inactivity." 
Anto7iyms:  see  active,  lively. 

inactivity,  n.  inaction,  inactiveness;  spec. 
do-nothingness    (colloq.),    do-nothingism 


(colloq.),  faincance  (French;  reproachful; 
literary),  quiescence,  dormancy,  slumber, 
sleep,  sleepiness,  sluggishness,  inertness, 
passiveness,  drowsiness,  peacefulness,  re- 
pose, indolence,  idling,  nanerie  (French), 
deedlessness,  idle,  dolce  far  niente  (Ital- 
ian), ine.xertion  (rare),  inertion  (rare), 
stagnation,  rest,  hibernation  (fig.),  peace, 
dullness,  hfelessness,  motionlcssness. 
Antonyms:  see  action;  also  cf.  alert. 

inadvisable,  a.  inexpedient,  unprofitable; 
see  unadvisable. 
A7itonyms:  see  advantageous. 

inalienable,  a.  indeprivable,  imprescripti- 
ble, untransferable,  indefeasible,  unfor- 
feitable. 

inartistic,  a.  inartificial  (rare),  artless  (more 
emphatic  tlian  "inartistic");  spec,  crude. 
Antonyms:  see  artistic. 

inattention,  n.  inadvertence,  inobserv- 
ance, inobservancy  (rare),  unmindfulness, 
unobservance  (rare);  spec,  oscitance 
(rare),  oscitation  (rare),  oscitancy  (rare), 
nonadvertence  or  nonadvertency  (rare), 
bevue  (French),  sUp,  inappKcation,  care- 
lessness, absent-mindedness,  disregard. 
Antonyms:  see  attention. 

inattentive,   a.    inadvertent,    unmindful, 
unobservant,  unobserving,  unheedy  (rare); 
spec,  oscitant  (rare),  incurious  (literary), 
careless,  absent,  disregardful. 
Antonyms:  see  attentrt;. 

inaudible,  a.  unhearable;  spec,  silent. 

inauspicious,  a.  unauspicious  (rare),  un- 
favorable (a  weak  word);  spec,  ill-starred, 
ominous,  unpropitious,  unlucky. 
Antonyms:  see  auspicious. 

incalculable,  a.  inestimable,  infinite,  un- 
known, sumless,  untold,  incomputable, 
unreckonable;  cf.  countless. 

incapable,  a.   Spec,  unable,  incompetent, 
disquahfied. 
Antonyms:  see  able. 

incendiary,  7i.  conflagrator  (rare),  firer 
(rare);  spec,  arsonist  (rare). 

incense,  n.  1.  censery  (rare);  spec,  frankin- 
cense. 
2.  See  fragrance. 

incentive,  a.  incitive,  provocative;  see  im- 
pelling. 


f^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

Impugn:   attack. 

Impunity:  freedom. 

Impure:  dirty,  foul,  adulter- 
ated, licentious,  immoral,  cor- 
rupt, dreggy. 

imputable:   attributable. 

Impute:   attribute. 

Inability :   disability. 

Inaccordance:    disagreement. 

Inaccordant:  disagreeing. 

Inaction:    inactivity. 

inadequate:  deficient. 

inadvertent:    inatlentite. 

inamorata,  n.:  love. 


inane:   empty,  foolish. 

Inanimate:   lifeless,  dull. 

inanition:  emptiness,  exhaus- 
tion. 

inanity:  emptiness, foolishness. 

inappreclative:   insensible. 

Inapprelienslye:  dull. 

Inapproachable:    inaccessible. 

Inappropriate:   unsuitable. 

inapt:    unsuitable,  jukuard. 

Inarticulate:   dumb,  jointless. 

inartificial:  inartistic,  artless, 
simple. 

inaugurate:   admit,  begin. 

inborn:  innate,  instinctive. 


inbreathe:   inhale,  inspire. 
inbred:   innate,  chronic. 
inbreed:  generate,  breed. 
incandescence:   glow. 
incandescent:  hot. 
incantation:  conjuration. 
incapacitate:   disable. 
incapacity:   disability. 
incarcerate:  confine. 
Incarnate,  v.  t.:  embody. 
incase:   inclose,  clothe. 
Incautious:   imprudent. 
Incendiary,  a.:  dissentioua. 
incense,  v.  t.:  burn,  anger. 
incentive:   impelling. 


IS^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
234 


INCLOSURE 


incentive,  n.  propellate  (rare),  incitement 
(less  usual  than  "incentive");  spec,  main- 
spring, provocative,  instigation,  provoca- 
tion, goad,  spur,  stimulus,  reason. 

incidentally,  adv.  obiter  (Latin). 

incise,  v.  t.  incide  (rare),  cut  (contextual); 
spec,  engrave,  scarify. 

incision,  n.  cut  (contextual),  insection 
(rare);  spec,  scarification. 

incite,  v.  t.  1.  actuate,  instigate,  move; 
spec,  provoke,  goad,  hound,  drive, 
impel,  prod,  push,  sick  (colloq.  or  undig- 
nified), egg,  halloo,  stimulate,  animate, 
force,  excite,  reason,  urge,  spur,  encour-, 
age,  abet,  coax,  cheer,  solicit,  suggest, 
etc. 

2.  create  (contextual),  cause  (contextual), 
raise,   call   (chiefly  with   "into  being"   or 
"up");  spec,  foment  (fig.),  ferment  (fig.). 
Antonyms:  see  restrain,  prevent. 

incitement,  n.  1.  In  reference  to  action: 
actuation,  motion  (rare);  spec,  call,  fo- 
mentation {fig.),  instigation,  provocation, 
goading,  impulsion,  egging,  spurring, 
instance,  stimulation,  animation,  excite- 
ment, reasoning,  encouragement,  solicita- 
tion, abetment,  coaxing,  cheering,  sugges- 
tion, etc. 
Antonyms:  see  restraint,  prevention. 

2.  In  reference  to  what  incites:  see  incen- 
tive. 

3.  creation  (contextual),  causing  (context- 
ual), fermentation;  spec,  fomentation, 
raising,  calling. 

incivility,  n.  disrespect,  rudeness;  spec. 
slight,  impudence. 

inclination,  n.  1.  disposition;  spec,  pre- 
dilection, tendency,  leaning,  mind,  set, 
penchant  (French),  bias,  appetency,  itch 
(usually  contemptuous),  cacoethes  (learned 
for  "itch"),  twist,  turn,  propensity,  pro- 
clivity, predisposition,  proneness,  bent, 
propenseness  (rare),  propension  (rare), 
dislike,  liking,  taste,  fear,  etc. 
Antonyms:  see  disinclination. 

2.  deviation  (contextual),  pitch  (chiefly 
tech.,  and  usually  spec);  spec,  tilt,  tip, 
cant,  obliquity,  droop,  slant,  rake,  ramp, 
leaning,  incline  (rare),  batter,  declivity 
(down),  acclivity  (up),  slope,  cock,  re- 
cumbency, hade,  heel,  list. 

3.  See  BOW. 
incline,  v.  t.  1.  See  bow. 

2.  deviate  (rare;  contextual),  pitch  (chief- 
ly spec);  spec  recline,  droop,  bow,  slant, 


skew,  rake,  lean,  cock,  slope,  tilt,  tip, 
lurch,  careen,  heel. 

3.  dispose,  lean  (rare),  bend,  bias,  pre- 
dispose,  oversway   (rare),   inflect   (rare), 
move,  frame. 
Antonyms:  see  disincline. 
incline,  v.  i.  1.   See  BOW. 

2.  deviate  (contextual),  slant,  pitch  (chief- 
ly spec);  spec,  droop,  stoop,  bow,  rake, 
slope,  hang,  careen,  lurch,  list,  hade, 
slouch. 

3.  lean,  tend. 

incline,  n.  1.  slope,  inclination*   spec,  ac- 
clivity   (upward),    declivity    (downward), 
grade,  escalator. 
2.  See  inclination. 

inclined,  a.  1.   See  disposed. 
2.    sloping,     oblique,     inclining,     slant, 
.slanting,     slantwise;        spec,     drooping, 
canted,  skew,  recumbent,  leaning,  decliv- 
itous, etc.    Cf.  inclination. 

Antonyms:    see  vertical,  horizontal, 
parallel. 

inclining,  a.  1.    See  inclined, 
2.  dispositive  (literary). 

inclose,  v.  t.  enclose  (a  variant),  encompass, 
circumclude  (rare),  include  (now  rare,  exc. 
in  the  p.  p.  or  in  a  nonmaterial  sense), 
close;  spec,  embosom  (rare),  bosom,  cir- 
cumscribe, circummure,  core,  embed,  pen, 
coop,  lock  (fig.),  seal,  enlock  (rare),  em- 
bay (often  fig.),  sphere  (rare),  encircle,  in- 
case or  case,  corral  (chiefly  U.  S.;  often 
fig.),  envelop,  surround,  hedge,  incap- 
sulate,  bower,  cavern,  englobe  (rare),  en- 
shrine or  shrine,  encyst,  box,  incave  or  in- 
cavern  (rare),  inwall,  dike,  emball  (rare), 
embox  (rare),  impark,  encapsule,  en- 
coffin  (rare),  incoffin  (rare),  wall, 
park,  palisade,  pale  (rare),  rail,  pad- 
dock, kraal,  embower,  coffin,  rope,  cab- 
inet, capsule,  caldron  (rare),  casket,  cas- 
tle, cupboard,  chamber,  coffer.  The  word 
"inclose"  suggests  prevention  of  either  egress 
or  ingress. 

inclosure,  n.  1.  encompassment,  circum- 
clusion  (rare);  spec,  embosomment  (rare), 
circumscription,  embedment,  encircle- 
ment (rare),  inspherement  (rare),  envel- 
opment, surrounding,  incapsulation,  etc. 

2.  Referring  to  that  by  which  a  thing  is  in- 
closed: spec,  wall,  list  (literary),  envelope, 
case,  box,  curb,  girdle  (often  fig.),  cincture 
(often  fig.). 

3.  Referring  to  the  inclosed  place:    spec. 


f^^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
inception:   beginning. 
incertitude:  doubt. 
incessant:   constant. 
inch,  V.  i. :  advance. 
Inch,  V.  t.:  force. 
Inchoate,  a.:   initial. 
inchoate,  v.  t.:  begin. 


incidence,  n..-  falling. 

incident,  a.;  falling,  accessor]/, 
accidental. 

incident,  n.:  occurrence,  acces- 
sory. 

incidental:  accidental,  current. 

incinerate:   burn. 

incipience:   beginning. 


Incipient:    initial,  elemeniarj/, 

beginning. 
incised:   engraved. 
Incisive:   cutting,  sharp. 
Incisor:  lotth. 
Inclemency:  severity. 
Inclement:   .levere. 
inclining:   disposition. 


tS"  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

235 


INCLUDE 


close  {chiefly  archaic),  pen,  fold,  sty,  coop, 
stiill,  shed,  hatch,  crib,  chest,  bin,  brake, 
envelope,  crew  (dial.),  crawl  (colonial 
Eng.),  corral,  stockade,  fold,  park,  hay 
(archaic),  intake,  lock,  pound,  sept  (rare), 
pale  (rare),  yard,  enceinte  (French),  col- 
lege (local  Eng.),  garth  (Eng.;  chicjly  in 
"cloister  garth"),  dock,  cofferdam,  pad- 
dock, kheda  or  kedda,  cote,  court,  com- 
pound (Anglo-Indian),  precinct. 

include,  v.  t.  comprehend  (chiefly  spec); 
spec,   comprise,    intercept,    contain,   em- 
body, involve,  incorporate,  number,  cov- 
er, count,  subsume,  embrace. 
Antonyms:   see  omit,  except,  exclude. 

inclusion,  n.  comprehension,  comprisal, 
incorporation. 

inclusive,  a.  1.  inclusory,  comprehensive. 
Antonyms:  see  exclfsive. 
2.  With  ati  implication  of  great  scope  or 
inclusion:  spec,  unexclusive  (rare),  sweep- 
ing,   all-embracing,    compendious,   wide, 
liberal,  comprehensive. 
Antonytns:  see  narrow. 

incombustible,   a.    fireproof    (a   homlier 
rcord,  of  more  specific  associations). 
Antomjms:  see  combustible. 

income,  n.   1.  entrance   (rare),  incoming 
(chiefly  in  pi.). 
Antonyms:  see  outgo. 
2.  Spec,  gain,  return,  earnings  {pi.),  rev- 
enue, receipts  (pi.),  perquisite. 
Antonyms:  see  expenditure. 

incoming,  a.  entrant  (rare),  inward  (em- 
phasizing the  idea  of  direction). 

incoming,  n.  entrance;  spec,  inrushing,  in- 
flow. 
Antonyms:   see  outflow. 

incompatibility,  n.  Spec,  antipathj^,  in- 
consistence. 

incompatible,  a.  Spec,  antipathetic,  un- 
congenial, inconsistent,  unsympathetic. 

incomplete,  a.  deficient,  partial;  spec,  in- 
exhaustive,  unaccomplished,  unfinished. 
Antonyms:     see    complete,    finished, 

THOROUGH. 

incongruous,   a.    incongruent,    disagree- 
ing;   spec,  grotesque,  un constituted,  ab- 
surd. 
Antonyms:  see  correspondent. 

inconsequent,  a.  1.  illogical,  inconsequen- 
tial (less  common  than  "inconsequent") ; 
spec,  disconnected,  discontinuous,  loose. 


desultory,     inconsecutive,     fragmentary, 
snippy  or  snippety  (coyitemptuous;  colloq.), 
inconclusiveness. 
Antonyms:  see  logical. 

2.  Spec,  bitty   (colloq.),  scrappy,  discon- 
tinuous, fragmentary. 

3.  See  unimportant,  inconsistent. 
inconsistency,  n.     Spec,  illogicality,  in- 

consonance,  repugnance,   inconsequence, 
incoherence,  etc.;  see  contradiction. 

Antonyms:  see  agreement. 
inconsistent,  a.  1.  illogical  (contextiud) , 
different  (conicrtual),  incompatible  (chief- 
ly tech.),  incompassible  (tech.),  discrepant, 
variant  (contextual) ,  inconsonant  (a  mild 
term);  spec,  intolerant,  inconsequent,  in- 
coherent, contradictory  or  (less  usual) 
contradictious  or  (rare)  contrariant,  self- 
contradictory,  incombinable,  nonsequen- 
tial, incongruous,  irreconcilable,  con- 
trary, repugnant,  antagonistic,  solecistic 
(learned),  changeable. 

Antonyms:  see  consistent,  agreeable, 
correspondent,  logical. 
2.  In  reference  to  a:sthctic   ideas:    incon- 
sonant, dissonant,  discordant,  inaccord- 
ant. 

Antonyms:  see  consistent. 
inconvenience,  n.  1.  incommodiousness 
(becoming  obs.,  exc.  spec),  incommodity 
(now  rare,  exc.  spec);  spec  disadvantage- 
ousness,  untimeliness,  troublesomeness, 
annoyingness,  difficulty,  etc. 

Antonyms:  see  con%t:nience. 
2.  Referring  to  what  gives  inconvenience: 
spec,  disadvantage,  trouble,  annoyance, 
difficulty,  etc. 

Antonyms:  see  con\\ENIENCE. 
inconvenience,  v.  t.  incommode  (noru 
chiefly  spec),  discommode  (rare);  spec 
disaccommodate. 
inconvenient,  a.  incommodious  (now  be- 
coming obs.,  exc.  spec),  discommodious 
(obs.  or  rare),  disconvenient  (obs.  or  rare), 
awkward  (fig.,  exc.  spec);  spec,  disadvan- 
tageous, untimely,  troublesome,  annoy- 
ing, difficult,  etc. 

Antonyms:    see  convenient. 
inconvertible,  a.  inexchangeable. 
incorrect,  a.  Spec  inaccurate,  wrong,  un- 
sound, untrue,  false,  faulty,  improper,  un- 
becoming, erroneous,  illogical,  etc 

Antonyms:  see  correct. 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
incoercible:   unyielding. 
incognito:   disguised. 
incoherent:     illogical,    incon- 
sistent. 
incommode:    inconrenience. 
incommodious:    inconvenient. 
incomparable:   unequaled. 
incompassionate:   cruel. 
incompatible:  different. 
incompetence:    disability. 


incompetent:   incapable. 

incomprehensible:  unintelli- 
nible. 

incomputable:    incalculable. 

inconceivable:   unthinkable. 

inconclusive:    indecisive. 

inconformable:  different. 

inconsequential  :  inconse- 
quent, unimportant.  [small. 

inconsiderable:    unimportant, 

inconsiderate:   careless,  indif- 


ferent, thcughtless. 

inconsolable:    disconsolate. 

inconsonant:   inconsistent. 

inconspicuous:    unnoticeable. 

inconstant:    changeable. 

incontestable:   undeniable. 

incontinent:    unrestrained,  li- 
centious. 

incontrovertible:  undeniable. 

incorporate:   embody. 

incorporeal:    immaterial. 


t^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

236 


INDETERMINATE 


incorrectness,    n.    inaccuracy,    untruth, 
faultiness,  etc. 

incorrigible,  a.  abandoned;  spec,  recidi- 
vous. 

increase,  v.  t.  grow  (fig.  or  chiefly  spec), 
augment;  spec,  enhance,  multiply,  length- 
en*, eke  (archaic),  greaten  (archaic),  exag- 
gerate, inflate,  fan  (chiefly  fig.),  reinforce, 
redouble,  raise,  swell,  thicken,  heighten, 
intensify,  extend,  enlarge,  inflate, 
strengthen,  generate,  develop,  double, 
triple,  etc. 
Antonyms:    see  abate,  diminish,  relax. 

increase,  v.  i.  grow,  wax  (rare  or  archaic, 
exc.  spec);  spec,  enhance,  multiply, 
lengthen,  rise,  gather,  accrue,  mount, 
swell,  thicken,  heighten,  intensify,  ex- 
tend, enlarge,  etc. 
Antonyms:  see  diminish,  relax. 

increase,  n.  increasement  (rare),  incre- 
ment (chiefly  spec),  growth,  addition, 
augmentation;  spec,  enhancement,  multi- 
plication, gain,  crescendo,  lengthening, 
exaggeration,  rise,  spurt,  inflection,  rein- 
forcement, redoubhng,  swell,  swelling,  ac- 
cession, accretion,  enlargement,  addition, 
accumulation,  heightening,  intensifica- 
tion, thickening,  inflation,  generation,  etc. 
Antonyms:  see  diminution. 

increasing,  a.  growing,  lengthening,  cres- 
cent   (literary   equivalent   of   "groiving"), 
crescive  (rare),  increscent  (chiefly  spec), 
incretionary  (rare);  spec,  multiplying,  etc. 
Antomjms:  see  diminishing. 

incredible,  a.  unbelievable;   spec,  absurd, 
nonsensical. 
Antonyms:  see  credible. 

incubate,  v.  t.  sit,  brood,  cover;  spec,  hatch. 

incumbent,  a.  1.    Spec  superincumbent, 
superjacent  (rare),  overlying,  brooding. 
Antonyms:  see  underlying. 
2.  See  binding. 

incur,  v.  t.  get;    spec  run,  contract,  gain, 
acquire. 
Antonyms:  see  avoid,  avert. 

incurable,    a.    remediless,    irremediable 
(rare,  exc.  fig.),  immedicable  (rare),  un- 
medicinable  (rare);  spec,  hopeless. 
Antonyms:  see  curable. 

indebted,  a.  obligated,  beholden  (now  ar- 
chaic or  literary) . 

indecent,  a.  1.  See  improper. 
2.  improper  (contextual),  obscene,  lewd, 


blue  (euphemistic  or  colloq.),  immodest, 
coarse  (contextual),  unclean  (fig.);  spec. 
bold,  filthy,  nasty,  dirty  (a  vulgar  or  very 
strong  word),  shameless,  immoral,  smutty. 
Various  words  given  under  "filthy"  are 
often  used  as  synonyms  of  "indecent." 
Antonyms:  see  chaste,  modest. 

indecision,  n.  doubt,  hesitation,  irreso- 
luteness  or  irresolution;  spec,  shilly- 
shally, vacillation. 

indecisive,  a.  inconclusive. 
Antomjms:    see  decisive. 

indefensible,   a.    defenseless,    insupport- 
able; — spec,  inexcusable,  excuseless,  un- 
tenable. 
Antonyms:  see  defensible. 

indefinite,  a.  indefinitive  (rare);  spec 
unlimited,  obscure,  nameless,  indefinable, 
indecisive,  uncertain,  undefined,  vague, 
general,  uncircumstantial,  impersonal, 
inexplicit,  indescribable,  indesignate,  end- 
less, nondescript. 

Antonyms:     see  definite,  circumstan- 
tial. 

indent,  v.  t.  Spec  notch,  serrate,  tooth,  in- 
cise, jag  (rare),  recess,  engrail,  pink, 
scallop,  scollop. 

indent,  v.  t.  hollow  (contextual),  dent  or 
(now  less  common)  dint,  print;  spec,  pick, 
dinge,   batter,   punctuate,   bruise,   peck, 
pit,  dimple. 
Antonyms:    see  emboss. 

indentation,  n.  depression  (contextual), 
hollow  (contextual),  indenting  (rare),  in- 
denture (rare),  indention  (rare,  exc. 
spec),  print,  dent  or  (noiv  less  common) 
dint;  spec,  peck,  pick,  pit,  kick  (cant), 
dimple,  recess,  notch,  jag,  tooth,  serration, 
incisure,  cut,  bruise,  embrasure,  scallop, 
scollop,  crenel  or  crenelle,  inlet.  "Indenta- 
tion" is  a  more  formal  term  than  "dent." 

indented,  a.  Spec,  notched,  jagged,  cut, 
erose,  crenate,  dancette  or  dancettee. 

indenture,  n.   1.  *See  indentation. 
2.  agreement,  indent  (rare);  spec,  deed, 
certificate,  chirograph. 

indescribable,  a.  unnamable,  unmention- 
able, nameless. 
Antonyms:  see  describable. 

indestructible,  a.      Spec,   indiscerptible 
(rare),     inextinguishable,     imperishable, 
endless. 
Antonyms:    see  destructible. 


tS^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
incorrigible:  abandoned. 
incredible :  unbelierable, absurd. 
Incredulity:  unbelief,  doubt. 
incredulous:     unbelieving , 

doubtful. 
increment:   increase,  addition. 
incriminate:   accuse,  involve. 
incrust:  crust. 
incubate,  v.  i.:  sit. 
incubus:  demon,  nightmare. 


inculcate:   teach,  inspire. 
inculpate:   involve. 
incunabula:  beginning. 
incurious:  indifferent,  careless. 
incursion:   invasion. 
incur sive:  aggressive,  invasive. 
indecorous:   improper. 
indecorum:   impropriety. 
indeed,  adv.:    actually. 
indeed,  a.:  actual. 
indefatigable:   untiring. 


indefeasible:  inalienable. 
indelible:  ineffaceable. 
indelicate:     coarse,    indecent, 

awkward. 
indemnify:    compensate. 
indenture:   bind. 
independence:     freedom,    as- 

aiiranrc,  fortune.  {absolute. 

independent:     free,    assured, 
indeterminable:  endless. 
indeterminate:   uncertain. 


tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

237 


INDICATE 


Indicate,  v.  I.  S}KC.  imply,  infer,  sliow, 
ovinco,  denote,  depict,  designate,  specify, 
particularize,  tell,  mark,  signify,  betoken 
or  {rare)  token,  signalize,  bespeak,  index 
(rare),  suggest,  register,  hint,  label,  de- 
scribe, name,  demonstrate,  contra-indi- 
cate,  foreshadow,  sign,  evidence,  disclose, 
presign  (rare),  symptomatize,  etc. 
Aniofiifins:  sec  hide,  obscithk. 

indication,  ;;.  Spec,  implication,  infer- 
ence, show,  sign,  index,  indicium  {chicjly 
in  pL),  designation,  specification,  sugges- 
tion, evincement,  denotation,  denotement 
{rare),  particularization,  telling,  mark, 
signification,  betoken,  token,  registry, 
hint,  label,  description,  mention,  evi- 
dence, disclosure,  symptom,  etc. 
Antonyms:    see  hiding,  obscuration. 

indicative,  a.  indicatory,  indicial  (rare); 
spec,  designative,  evincive,  significatory, 
significant,  significative,  indicant,  index- 
ical  (rare),  suggestive,  symptomatic, 
demonstrative,  etc. 

indictment,  7i.  accusation  (contextual), 
dittay  {Scx)t.). 

indifference,  n.  1.  indifTerency  (rare); 
spec,  coldness,  frigidity,  drj'ness,  coolness, 
lukewarmness,  nonchalance,  easefulness 
(rare),  ease,  easiness,  stoicism,  distance, 
listlessness,  insouciance  (French),  Laodi- 
ceanism  (fig.),  Spartanism  (Jig.),  adi- 
aphorism,  apathy,  carelessness,  dullness, 
insensibility,  frivolity,  incuriosity,  incuri- 
ousness,  equality. 
Antonyms:     see   affection,    interest, 

ARDOR,  CURIOSITY. 

2.  Spec,  mediocrity,  ordinariness,  unim- 
portance. 
indifferent,  a.  1.  Spec,  cold,  cool,  calm, 
frigid,  dry,  light,  lukewarm,  nonchalant, 
insouciant  (French),  easeful  (rare)  or 
easy,  adiaphorist  or  adiaphoristic  or  adi- 
aphorous (tech.  or  learned),  Laodicean 
(fig.),  tossy  (rare),  unconcerned,  easy- 
going (colloq.),  inconsiderate,  stoical,  list- 
less, distant,  unmoved,  Spartan  (fi^.),  in- 
curious, uninquiring,  uncurious  (rare), 
apathetic,  perfunctory,  dull,  insensible, 
careless. 
Antonyms:   see  affectionate,  ardent, 

CURIOUS. 

2.    See    MODERATE,     FAIR,     UNIMPORTANT. 


indirect,  a.  devious;  spec,  circuitous,  tor- 
tuous, oblique,  sidelong,  squint,  second- 
ary,    mediate,     circumlocutory,    round- 
about, deceitful,  consequential. 
Antonyms:    see  direct. 

indirection,  n.  deviousness,  deviation; 
spec,  circuity,  circuitousness,  obliquity, 
obliqueness,  secondariness,  mediacy,  cir- 
cumlocution, deceitful,  roundabout. 

indistinct,  a.  obscure;  spec,  nebulous, 
thick,  misty,  feeble,  hazy,  uncertain, 
dreamy,  dull,  blurred,  faint,  inarticulate, 
indistinguishable,  indefinite,  confused, 
broken,  etc. 
Antonyms:  see  definite. 

individual,  a.  Spec,  definite,  several  (used 

ivith  a  pi.;  technical  or  learned),  special, 

separate,    particular,    single,     concrete, 

proper,  inseparable,  same,  respective. 

Antonyms:     see   common,    collective, 

GENERAL,     MUTUAL. 

individual,  n.  unit,  one,  singular  (rare); 

spec,  head  (often  collective  pi.),  particular, 

person,  incident. 
individuality,  n.   selfness   (rare),   singu- 
larity,    definiteness     (contextual);     spec. 

identity;  see  personality. 
individualize,  v.  t.  singularize,  peculiar- 

ize. 
individually,  adv.  separately,   definitely, 

severally,    apart    (a    predicative);     spec. 

apiece,  distributively. 
indivisible,  a.  inseparable,  impartible. 
indolence,  n.  idleness,  otiosity  (learned), 

ease,  Laurence  or  Lawrence  (fig.). 
Antonyms:    see  activity,  application, 

WORK. 

indolent,  a.  idle,   otiose   (learned);  spec. 
easy,  easeful  (rare),  easy-going  (colloq.), 
fat  (colloq.  or  slang) . 
Antonyms:    see  active,  occupied. 

indoor,  a.  intramural  (learned). 

Antonyms:    see  outdoor,  open-air. 

indorse,  v.  t.  1.  endorse  (a  variant);  spec. 
vise  (French),  docket,  countersign. 
2.  See  APPROVE. 

induce,  v.  t.  1.  Spec,  lead,  cause,  occasion, 
win,  draw,  bring,  get,  have,  drive,  mo- 
tive, motivate  (rare),  persuade,  procure. 

Antonyms:  see  dissuade. 
2.  See  cause,  infer. 

inducement,  n.  1.     Referring  to  the  act: 


t^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
indict:   accuse. 
Indigence:   poverty. 
indigenous:  native,  inborn. 
indigested:   ill-considered. 
Indignant:   angry. 
indignation:   anger. 
indignity:    insult. 
indirectly,    adv.:     circuitously, 
secondarily,  sideways,  sideway. 
Indiscreet:  unwise. 
indiscrete:  united. 


indiscretion:   unwisdom. 

Indiscriminate:  confused,  het- 
erogeneous. 

indispensable:   essential. 

indispose:  disease,  weaken,  dis- 
incline. 

Indisposed:  ailing,  unfriendly. 

indisposition:  ailment,  disin- 
clination. 

indisputable:   undeniable. 

indissoluble:  insoluble,  insep- 
arable. 


indite:   compose. 
inditer:   author.  [egoism. 

Individualism:      personality, 
individualize:  define. 
individuate:  define. 
indivisible:    inseparable. 
Indomitable:    unyielding,  un- 
conquerable. 
indubitable:  unquestionable. 
induct:  admit,  introduce,  usher. 
inductile:  unyielding. 
inductive:  inferential. 


{S^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

238 


INFANCY 


spec,  causation  {rare),  occasioning,  per- 
suasion, motivation  {rare),  drawing,  pro- 
curement, etc. 

2.  Referring  to  the  thing:  spec,  cause,  per- 
suasive, consideration. 

3.  See  CAUSE. 

indulge,  v.  t.  1.    Spec,  coddle,  favor,  hu- 
mor, cosset,  license,  foster,  cocker,  pet, 
tolerate,  pamper,  spoil,  excuse,  gratify. 
Antonyms:    see  persecute. 

2.    See  GRANT. 

indulge,  v.  i.  Spec,  revel,  wallow. 

Antonyms:  see  abstain. 
indulgence,  n.  1.  Spec,  favor,  humoring, 
licensing,  indulgency,  easiness,  lenience  or 
leniency,  lenity,  toleration,  tolerance, 
pampering,  gratification,  self-gratifica- 
tion, self-indulgence,  gentleness,  foster- 
ing, excuse. 
Antonyms:  see  severity;  erf.  persecute. 

2.    See  GRANT. 

indulgent,  a.  favoring,  humoring,  easy, 
lenient;  see  pampering,  self-gratifying. 

industrious,  a.  1.  diligent,  operose  {rare), 
worksome   {rare),  laborious,   hard-work- 
ing; spec,  sedulous. 
Antonyms:  see  lazy,  inactive, 
2.  See  active. 

industry,  n.  1.   See  application. 

2.  diligence,  operosity  {rare),  laborious- 
ness,  industriousness. 

Antonyms:  cf.  lazy. 

3.  Spec,  trade,  business,  manufacture, 
art,  painting,  farming,  gardening,  etc. 

ineffaceable,  a.  indestructible  {contextual), 
indelible,  inexpungible,  inerasable. 

ineffectual,  a.  Spec,  ineffective,  ineffi- 
cient, inefficacious,  useless,  futile,  unpro- 
ductive, barren,  empty,  vain,  blank, 
fruitless,  infructuous  {learned  for  "fruit- 
less"), iniructuose  {rare),  resultless  {rare), 
idle,  inoperative,  vain,  dead,  void,  un- 
availing, lame,  inofficious  {rare),  ill,  vir- 
tueless,  Danaidean  {fig.),  Sisyphean  {fig.), 
unsuccessful,  dintless. 
Antonyms:     see  effective,  impressive. 

inelastic,  a.  nonelastic;  spec,  plastic. 
Antonyms:    see  elastic. 

ineloquent,  a.  plain-spoken,  plain;  spec 
rude,  crude. 

inequality,  n.  inequalness  {rare),  impar- 


ity {rare),  odd  {rare),  disparity;  spec,  in- 
adequation  {archaic),  inadequacy. 
Antonyms:    see  equality. 

inert,  a.  1.  dead  {spec,  or  fig.). 
2.  See  INACTIVE,  dull,  sluggish,  lazy, 
apathetic,  incorrosive. 

inertness,  n.  1.  deadness  {rare). 
2.  inertia  {the  more  common  word);   spec. 
inactivity,  dullness,  sluggishness,  laziness, 
apathy,  incorrosiveness. 

inexact,  a.  loose,  rough,  crude  {derogatory), 
careless. 
Antonyms:  see  accurate. 

inexcusable,  a.  unallowable,  indefensible, 
unpardonable. 
Antonyms:  see  excusable. 

inexhaustible,  a.  intarissable  {rare),  ex- 
haustless,  boundless,  inexhaustive ;   spec. 
bottomless,  wasteless. 
Antonyms:    see  limited. 

inexperience,  n.  noviceship  {chiefly  spec), 
noviciateship  {rare),  strangeness,  noviti- 
ate {chiefly  spec),  greenness  {colloq.  or  un- 
dignified), freshness;  spec,  callowness, 
rawness,  unsophistication,  untrainedness, 
youth;  cf.  novice. 
Antonyms:    see  experience. 

inexperienced,  a.  unexperienced,  green 
{colloq.  or  undignified),  fresh,  new,  grif- 
finish  {Anglo-Indian),  untried,  strange; 
spec  callow,  raw,  unversed,  unsophisti- 
cated, undisciplined,  unacquainted,  young. 
Antonyms:  see  experienced. 

inexpressible,  a.  unexpressible  {rare),  in- 
expressive {archaic;  prob.  chiefly  imitative 
of  Shakespeare  or  of  Milton,  who  uses  "un- 
expressive"),  unexpressive  {archaic),  inef- 
fable {more  intensive,  or  of  loftier  senti- 
ment, than  "inexpressible") ;  spec,  unut- 
terable, inutterable  {rare),  utterless 
{rare),  incommunicable,  unspeakable. 

inextinguishable,  a.  unquenchable  {a 
stronger  word  than  "inextinguishable"), 
quenchless. 

infallible,  a.  1.  inerrable  {rare),  unerring, 
oracular  {fig.);  spec,  undeceivable. 
Antonyms:    see  fallible. 

2.    See  CERTAIN. 

infancy,  n.  1.  childhood  {contextual),  baby- 
hood, babyism  {rare),  infanthood  {rare); 
spec,  cradlehood  {rare). 


t^W  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

indue:   invest,  endue. 

Indurate,  v.  t.:  harden,  strength- 
en. 

industrial:  business. 

indwell,  d.  t.:  inhabit. 

indwell,  v.  i.:   inhere. 

indwelling:   inherent. 

inebriate,  a.:  intoxicated. 

inebriate,  n.:  drunkard. 

inebriate,  v.  t.:  intoxicate,  ex- 
cite. 

inebriety:    intoxication. 

inebrious:  intoxicated. 


inedible:   uneatable. 
ineffable:   inexpressible. 
ineSectible:   impracticable. 
ineSective:   ineffectual. 
inefficacious:   ineffectual. 
inefflcacy:   ineffectualness. 
inefficient:  ineffectual,     \fined. 
inelegant:  coarse,  clumsy, urire- 
Ineligible:  unqualified. 
inept:   unsuitable,  awkward. 
inequitable:   unjust. 
ineradicable:  fixed. 
inertia:   inertness. 
Inestimable:    incalculable,  in- 


valuable. 
inevitable:  unavoidable. 
inexchangeable:  inconvertible. 
inexcusable:  unjustifiable. 
inexorable:   unyielding. 
inexpedient:  unadvisable. 
inexpensive:   cheap. 
inexplicable:   unexplainable. 
inexpressive:     inexpressible, 

blank. 
inexpungible:  ineffaceable. 
inexpugnable:  unconquerable. 
infamous:    discreditable,  base. 
infamy:    discredit,  baseness. 


(^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
239 


INFANT 


Aiitoni/itis:    sec  age,  end. 

3.    ^'tT  MINORITY. 

infant,  n.  1.  child  (contextual),  babe  (note 
chiejiy  affectrd  or  rhetorical),  baby  (noie 
chiefly  spec);    spec,  weanling,  foundling. 

Anlonyms:  see  adult. 
2.  See  MINOR. 

infantry,  n.  footsoldiers  (pL;  a  nontech- 
nical term),  foot  (a  collective),  infantrymen 

infantryman,  /(.  soldier  (contextual),  foot- 
soldior,  doughboy  (slang,  U.  S.),  grabby 
(depreciatory;  slang,  Eng.);  spec.  Thomas 
Atkins  or  (usual)  Tommy  Atkins  or 
Tommy  (colloq.,  British),  Sammy  (col- 
loq.,    U.  S.),  Froggy  (sla7ig). 

infatuate,  v.  t.  affatuate  (rare),  captivate; 
spec,  besot  (contemptuous). 

infatuated,  a.  captivated,  mad,  infatuate 
(rare);  spec,  mad,  besotted  (contemptu- 
ous). 

infatuation,  n.  foolishness  (contextual), 
captivation;  spec,  besotment  or  besotted- 
ness  (contemptuous),  madness. 

infection,  n.  1.  affection,  infestation  (rare). 

2.  medium;  spec,  contagion,  virus,  germ, 
blight,  bacillus,  bacterium,  pest,  pesti- 
lence. 

3.  See  DISEASE,   CONTAMINATION. 

infer,  v.  t.  1.  conclude,  draw;  spec,  deduce, 
induce,  syllogize,  derive,  reason,  gather, 
construe,  generalize,  particularize,  glean, 
collect,  guess,  presume. 

2.    See  MEAN,  INDICATE. 

inferable,  a.  Spec,  deducible,  consequent, 
consequential,  generalizable,  derivable, 
straight. 

inference,  n.  conclusion,  collection  (rare); 
spec,  deduction,  induction,  derivation,  illa- 
tion (tech.  or  learned),  consequence,  corol- 
lary, sequela,  generahty,  generahzation, 
generalism,  implication,  particularism, 
misconclusion,  guess,  presumption,  derival. 

inferential,  a.  Spec,  deductive,  inductive, 
illative,  speculative. 

inferior,  a.  1.  See  lower. 
2.  deterior  (rare);  spec,  bad,  poor,  mean, 
little  (now  rare),  base,  petty,  paltry, 
shabby,  indifferent  (euphemistic),  tolerable 
(often  euphemistic),  dicky  or  dickey  (slang 
or  colloq.),  subordinate,  humble,  junior. 
Antonyms:  see  chief,   fine,   superior, 

FIRST-CLASS. 


inferior,  n.  puny  (Eng.);    spec,  subordi- 
nate, junior. 
Antonyms:  see  superior. 

inferiority,  7i.  1.  Referring  to  position  in 
place:   subjacency  (rare). 

2.  Referring  to  rank,  quality,  etc.:  spec. 
subordinacy,  juniority. 

3.  Referring  to  quality,  etc.:  poorness, 
meanness,  baseness,  littleness,  indiffer- 
ence (euphemistic),  tolerableness,  shabbi- 
ness. 

infernal,  a.  1.  infern  (poetic  and  rare),  un- 
derworld; spec,  chthonian. 

2.  Spec,  hellish  (now rare),  Hadean  (rare), 
Tartarean,  Tartarian  (rare),  Stygian, 
Plutonian. 

Antonyms:  see  heavenly. 

3.  See  DEVILISH. 

infinite,  a.  1.   See  endless,  immense. 
2.  unlimited,  immeasurable,  interminate, 
unmeasured  (contextual),  measureless,  il- 
hmitable,  limitless,  boundless;    spec,  co- 
infinite,  inexhaustible,  infinitesimal. 

Antonyms:  see  finite,  limited,  measur- 
able. 

infinity,  n.  1.  Spec,  endlessness,  immen- 
sity. 

2.  Spec,  infinite,  infiniteness,  infinitude, 
unlimitedness,  immeasurableness,  inter- 
minateness,  unmeasuredness,  measure- 
lessness,  illimitableness,  boundlessness, 
limitlessness,  inexhaustibleness,  inex- 
haustibihty,  infinitesimalness. 

inflate,  v.  t.  1.  distend  (contextual),  expand 

(contextual),  puff  (orig.  spec),  swell;  spec. 

intermesce,  bloat,  blow,   sufflate   (rare), 

aerate. 

Antonyms:  see  constrict,  contract. 

2.    See  ELATE,  INCREASE. 

inflated,  a.  1.  Spec  puffy,  swollen,  bloat, 
bloated,  overblown,  turgid  (bookish  or 
learned),  bladdery. 

2.    See  BOMBASTIC,  CONCEITED,  ELATED. 

inflation,  n.  1.  distension  (contextual); 
spec,  sufflation  (rare),  puffiness,  aeration, 
bloat,  bloatedness,  turgidity,  tympanites 
or  tympanism,  vesiculation,  insufflation. 

2.    See      BOMBAST,      CONCEIT,      SWELLING 

(with  anger),  increase. 
inflect,  V.  t.  &  i.  1.  See  cukve. 

2.  In  grammar:  spec,  decline,  conjugate, 
compare. 

3.  modulate  (as  the  voice) . 


C^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

infant:  young. 

infanta:   daughter. 

infante:   son. 

infantile:   childish,  babyish. 

infantine:   babyish. 

infect:  disease. 

infectious:    catching,  contami- 

native. 
infelicitous:   unhappy. 
inferno:  -hell. 


infertile:   barren. 
infest:  frequent. 
infestation:  frequentation. 
infidel,  a.:   heretic,  heathen. 
infidel,  n.;  heathen,  unbeliever. 
infidelity:     heathenism,   disbe- 
lief, treachery,  adultery. 
infiltrate:   exude,  pervade. 
infinitude:    infinity. 
infirm:  veak.  unstable,  ailing. 
infirmary:    hospital. 


infirmity:   ailment,  fault. 

inflame:  kindle,  heat,  excite, 
anger,  flush. 

inflamed:  feverish,  bloodshot. 

inflammable,  a.:  combustible, 
excitable. 

inflammatory:  kindling,  ex- 
citative, irritating ,  dissentious. 

inflexible:  rigid,  unyielding, 
firm.  [inflection. 

inflexion:     British    variant   of 


t^W  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

240 


INHERENT 


inflict,  V.  t.  administer  (humorous),  do 
(used  until  "to"),  give  (a  somewhat  informal 
word);  spec,  lay,  impose,  bring,  land. 

infliction,  n.  administration  (humorous); 
spec,  laying-on,  imposition. 

inflow,  n.  influx  (more  often  fig.  than  "in- 
flow"), influxion  (rare);  spec,  indraft,  in- 
rush,  inrun    (rare),   inpour,   inset,   flow, 
flood,  instream,  instreaming. 
Antonyms:    see  outflow. 

influence,  n.  1.  power,  potency  (learned 
equiv.  of  "power");  spec,  effect,  bias,  cred- 
it, pull  (U .  S.;  slang,  chiefly  political),  pro- 
pulsion, impulse,  control,  magnetism, 
magic,  authority,  spell. 
2.  Referring  to  a  person:  power,  potency 
(rather  learned),  potentate  (obs.);  spec. 
authority,  prestige. 

influence,  v.  t.  affect,  actuate,  sway;  spec. 
control,  persuade,  bias,  bribe,  conjure. 

influential,  a.  strong;  spec,  effective,  ef- 
fectual (rare),  substantial,  powerful, 
weighty  (chiefly  poetic  or  rhetorical),  mo- 
mentous (rare),  controlling,  potent  (chief- 
ly rhetorical). 

influenza,  n.  grippe,  la  grippe,  grip;  spec. 
Spanish  influenza,  flu  (colloq.). 

inform,  v.  t.  1.  See  form,  animate. 
2.  acquaint,  apprise,  possess  (archaic); 
spec,  notify,  teach,  appraise  (becoming 
rare  or  tech.),  tell,  enlighten,  instruct,  tip 
(slang),  certify,  advise,  advertize  (chiefly 
literary  or  tech.),  notice  (chiefly  tech.), 
flag,  warn. 

informal,  a.     Spec,  unofficial,  inofficial, 
unconventional. 
Antonyms:    see  formal,  official. 

informant,  n.  Spec,  tipster  (colloq.),  tip- 
per (colloq.),  notifier,  adviser,  teacher,  ad- 
vertizer,  teller,  appriser,  etc.,  relator, 
peacher  (slang  or  rare),  intelligencer 
(rare),  newsmonger,  accuser,  warner. 

information,  n.  Spec,  notice,  enlighten- 
ment, intelligence,  instruction,  teaching, 
tip  (colloq.  or  cant),  advertizement,  ad- 
vice, word,  complaint,  message,  warning. 

informed,  a.  1.  See  aware. 
2.  posted  (not  in  good  usage). 

infrequency,  7i.  Spec,  rarity,  sparseness. 
Antonyms:  see  abundance,  frequency. 

infrequent,  a.  unfrequent  (rare),  uncom- 
mon (a  stronger  word  than  "infrequent"); 


spec,  sparse,  scarce,  rare,  thin,  occasional, 
sporadic. 
Antonyms:  see  frequent,  abounding. 

infrequently,  adv.  seldom,  uncommonly; 
spec,  rarely,  sparsely. 
Antonyms:  see  often. 

ingenious,  a.  inventive,  deviceful  (rare); 
spec,  subtle,  artful,  clever,  fertile,  daedal 
(literary),  dsedalian  (literary),  tricky. 
Antonyms:   see  helpless,  barren. 

ingeniousness,  n.  ingeniosity  (rare),  in- 
ventiveness, ingenuity;  spec,  art,  artifice, 
artfulness,  cleverness,  trickiness,  con- 
trivance. 

ingot,  n.  lingot  (archaic);  spec,  pig,  sow, 
bloom. 

ingrate,  n.  viper  (fig.),  snake;  spec,  traitor. 

ingratiate,  v.  t.  insinuate; — an  approxi- 
mate synonym  only. 

ingratiating,     a.     insinuating,     smooth, 
silken,  silky. 
Antonyms:    see  repellent. 

ingratitude,  n.  ungratefulness,  unthank- 
fulness. 
Antonyms:  see  thankfulness. 

inhabit,  v.  t.  occupy,  indwell  (rare);  spec. 
people. 

in^iabitable,    a.    habitable    (now    chiefly 
used  with  "not");  spec,  lodgeable. 
Antonyms:    see  uninhabitable. 

inhalation,  n.  breath  (contextual),  draft, 
inspiration;  spec,  sniff,  snuff,  snuffle. 
Antonyms:  see  exhalation. 

inhale,  v.  t.  <&  i.  breathe  (contextual),  draw, 
inspire,    inbreathe;       spec,    sniff,    snuff, 
snuffle. 
Antonyms:  see  exhale. 

inharmonious,  a.  different  (contextual), 
inharmonic;  spec,  disharmonious,  discord- 
ant, tuneless. 
Antonyms:  see  harmonious,  agreeable. 

inhere,  v.  i.  exist  (contextual),  abide  (con- 
textual), inexist  (rare),  coinhere,  belong 
(used  with  "to"),  consist,  subsist,  lie,  re- 
side, indwell  (rare  or  literary) . 

inherence,  n.  1.  inherency,  inexistence,  in- 
hesion;   spec,  indwelling,  immanence,  in- 
trinsicalness,  residence  (rare). 
2.  inbeing,  immanence. 

inherent,  a.  inexistent  (rare),  subsistent, 
proper  (ivith  "to");  spec,  indwefling,  in- 
trinsic, immanent,  essential. 


C^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
influx:   inflow. 
infold:   envelope,  clasp. 
inform,  o.;  formless,  deformed. 
inform,  v.  i.:  tell. 
informative,  a.:  instructive. 
infract :   violate. 
infraction:  violation,  encroach- 
ment. 
infringe,  v.  t.:  violate. 
infringe,  v.  i.:   encroach. 
infringement:     violation,    en- 


croachment. 
infuriate:  anger. 
infuriated:  angry. 
infuse:    introduce,  inspire. 
ingenue:   actor. 
ingenuity:    ingeniousness. 
ingenuous:     generous,   artless, 

frank. 

ingest:   introduce. 
ingestion,  n.;  introduction. 
ingle,  n.:  fire. 
inglenook,  n.:  chimney  corner. 


inglorious:    humble,  discredit- 
able. 
ingoing:   entrance. 
ingrain:  dye. 
ingrained:  deep. 
ingrate:  ungrateful. 
ingredient:   component. 
ingress:    en  trance. 
ingulf:  airiillow,  absorb,  plunge. 
ingurgitate:  swallow. 
inhabitant:   direller. 
inhabitation:  dxoelling. 


52^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
241 


INHERIT 


Antonijnis:    sec  accidental. 
Inherit,  r.^  take,  heir  (rare). 
inheritable,  a.  1.  capable  {of  inheriting); 

— said  of  i-hc  person. 
inhu man, a.  1. unkind;  see  cruel, fierce, 

PEVILISH. 

2.  Of  what  is  merely  not  human:    non- 
human;  s}>ec.  supernatural,  superhuman. 

Atitonytns:  see  human. 
initial,  a.  1.  first,  commencing,  initiatory, 
initiary  (rare),  inchoate;    spee.  introduc- 
tory,   rudimentary,    opening,    incipient, 
liminal  (rare),  original;  sec  beginning. 

Antonyms:  see  complete,  last. 

2.    See  ELEMENTARY. 

inject,  V.  t.  1.  introduce  {contextual),  intro- 
mit;   spec,  transfuse,  sjTinge,  insufflate, 
indart,  interject. 
Antonyms:  see  eject,  expel,  extract. 
2.  <See  FILL. 

injection,  n.    1.  Referring  to  the  act:  intro- 
duction, intromission,  immission  {rare). 
Antonyms:  see  ejection,  expulsion. 
2.  Of  the  thing:  spec,  enema,  clyster. 

injunctive,  a.  bidding,  dictatorial,  com- 
manding. 

injure,  v.  t.  1.  hurt  {a  less  formal  word  than 
"injure"),  harm,  wrong,  prejudice  {now 
chiefly  tech.);  spec,  outrage,  mischief  {ar- 
chaic), touch,  disserve,  misserve,  aggrieve 
{rare  or  tech.),  damage,  detriment  {rare), 
impair,  disavail  {rare),  endamage  {literary 
or  rare) . 
Antonyms:  see  benefit. 
2.  .See  HARM  {in  reference  to  other  than 
legal  rights),  ill-treat,  damage. 

injurious,   a.    1.   evil,    hurtful,   harmful, 
wTongful,   prejudicial,   damaging,   preju- 
dicious  {rare),  detrimental,  mischievous; 
spec,  contrarious,  tortious. 
Antonyms:    see  beneficial. 
2.  See  harmful. 

injury,  n.  1.  harm,  wTong,  hurt,  prejudice, 
damnification  {tech.),  impairment,  impair 
{archaic),  damage,  mischief;  spec,  detri- 
ment, disservice. 

2.    iSeC  HARM,  DAMAGE. 

g.  Concretely,  as  used  vrith  the  article  "a" 
or  "an":  hurt  {chiefly  spec),  harm  {rare), 
damage  {rare),  mischief  {rare),  iniquity, 
injustice,  wrong;  spec,  disservice,  out- 
rage, tear,  impairment,  detriment. 
Antonyms:  see  benefit. 
injustice,  n.  injury,  unjustness,  iniquity, 
wTong. 


Antonyms:  see  justice. 

ink,  n.  atrament  {rare);  spec,  sepia. 

inkstand,  /(.  standish  (rare). 

inkwell,  n.  reservoir;  spec,  inkhorn,  ink- 
stand. 

inland,  a.  1.  interior;  spec,  midland, 
mediterranean  {rare),  up-country,  upland. 

Antonyms:  see  foreign. 
2.  .SVe  domestic. 

inland,   n.  interior;     spec,  midland,  up- 
country,    upland,  hinterland,  in-country 
{Scot.). 
Antonyms:  see  border. 

inlay,  v.  t.  To  adorn  by  inlaying:  spec. 
hatch,  niello,  tessellate. 

inlay,  n.  Spec,  buhl  or  boule,  cloisonne 
{French),  niello  {Italian),  tarsia,  enamel, 
marquetry,  marqueterie,  parquetry. 

inlet,  n.  1.   See  entrance. 
2.  recess,  arm;     spec,  cover,  creek,  fleet 
{local,    Eng.),    inrun,    bay,    bight,    nook, 
gulf,  frith,  firth,  fiord,  bayou   {southern 
U.  S.). 
Antonyms:  see  outlet. 

inmate,  n.  dweller;  spec,  intern,  guest,  in- 
habitant. 

inn,  n.  house,  hotel  {chiefly  spec;  in  the 
U.  S.  "hotel"  is  the  ordinary  term  for  any 
"inn"),  hostel  {archaic),  hostelry  {archaic 
or  literary),  tavern  {spec,  exc  local  U.  S.), 
public  house  {legal),  pub  {vulgar  and  col- 
loq.;  British);  spec,  ordinary  {Eng.  or 
local  U.  S.),  locanda  {Italian),  posada 
{Spain),  asteria  {Italy  or  Italian;  rare), 
resthouse  {in  the  East),  sala  {India), 
choulty  {Anglo-Indian),  caravanserai  {in 
the  Orient),  fonduk  {North  Africa),  fonda 
{Spanish),  serai  {in  the  Orient),  khan  {in 
the  Orient). 

innate,  a.  inborn  {the  Anglo-Saxon  term), 
native,  inbred,  natural,  congenital  {chiefly 
tech.),  original;  spec,  indigenous,  intrinsic 
or  intrinsical;  sec  instinctr^. 
Antonyms:  see  acquired. 

innkeeper,  n.  landlord  {contextual),  inn- 
holder  {rare),  taverner  {rare),  victualer 
{now  chiefly  local),  Boniface  {fig.),  host, 
hostess  (fern.),  hostler  {archaic);  spec. 
khanjee,  padrone. 

innocence,  n.     Spec,  sinlessness,  purity, 
blamelessness,  chastity,  guiltlessness,  sim- 
plicity, harmlessness. 
Antonyms:   see  complicity. 

innocent,  a.  Spec  sinless,  pure,  blameless, 
artless,  chaste,  guiltless,  simple,  harmless. 


t^"  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

inliibit:  restrain,  prevent,  for- 
bid. 

inhibition:  restraint,  forbid- 
dance,  prevention. 

inhospitable:   cool,  desolate. 

inhume:   bury. 

inimical:    unfriendly,  opposed. 

inimitable:   unequaled. 


iniquitous:   unjust,  wicked. 
iniquity:  injustice,  wickedtiess, 

sin. 
initiate,  n.:    novice. 
initiate,  v.  t.:  begin. 
initiative,  a.  &  n.:   beginning. 
initiator:   beginner. 
initiatory:  initial,  beginning. 
injudicious:    unwise. 


injunction:   bidding. 
injunctive:  bidding, dictatorial. 
inliy:   black. 
inly:  interiorly,  heartily. 
inmesh:  entangle. 
inmost:   interior. 
inner:   interior. 
innermost:   interior. 
inning:   turn. 


IW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

242 


INSERTION 


Antonyms:  see  wicked,  blamable,  sin- 
ful, CONSCIOUS,  CORRUPT,  CRIMINAL, 
GUILTY. 

innocent,  n.      Spec,   child,  dove,   lamb, 

simpleton; — as  being  innocent  by  nature. 

Antonyms:  see  sinner,  transgressor. 

innovate,  v.  i.  neologize  (in  language  or 
religion),  novelize  (rare). 

innovation,  ?!.  novation  (rare),  neologiza- 
tion  (rare),  neology  or  neologism  (chiefly 
spec),  novelty. 

innutritions,  a.  unnutritious,  innutrient 
(rare),  innutritive  (rare),  jejune  (literary), 
lean  (archaic  or  rare),  heartless  (Jig.;  rare 
or  dial.),  inalimental  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  nourishing. 

inoculate,  v.  t.  infect;  spec,  invaccinate, 
vaccinate. 

inoculation,  n.  infection;  spec,  in  vaccina- 
tion (rare),  vaccination,  clavelization, 
variolation,  ovination  (rare). 

inodorous,  a.  odorless  (the  homelier,  but 
more  emphatic,  word);  spec,  scentless. 
Antonyms:   see  odorous. 

inoffensive,  a.  offenceless  (rare),  unoffend- 
ing; see  harmless,  unobjectionable. 
Antonyms:  see  offensive. 

inorganic,  a.  unorganized;     spec,  disor- 
ganic,  mineral. 
Antonyms:  see  organic. 

inpouring,  n.  infusion  (rare,  exc.  fig.). 

inscribe,  v.  t.  1.  Referring  to  what  is  re- 
corded by  inscribing:  spec,  emblaze,  super- 
scribe, subscribe,  indorse,   letter,  tablet, 

2.  Referring  to  what  is  marked  upon:  spec. 
mark,  superscribe,  subscribe,  letter,  en- 
grave, line,  address. 

3.  See  dedicate. 

inscription,  n.  Spec,  delineation,  super- 
scription, subscription,  indorsement,  epi- 
gram (rare),  epigraph,  epitaph,  petro- 
glyph,  exergue,  lapidary,  epigraphy  (a 
collective),  colophon,  writing,  engraving, 
address,  dedication. 

insect,  n.  arthropod  (tech.);  spec,  hexapod 
(tech.),  bug  (chiefly  dial,  or  popular,  U.  S., 
exc.  in  reference  to  the  bedbug),  buzzard 
(dial.),  hummer,  larva,  ephemerid,  ephem- 
era, butterfly,  laborer,  worker,  nit,  cole- 
opter,  mosquito,  fly,  etc. 

insectile,  a.  entomic  (rare),  insectan 
(rare),  insectiform  (formal  or  tech.). 

insensibility,  Ji.  insensateness  (rare),  in- 


sensibleness,  insentience  (rare),  unfeeling- 
ness,  senselessness  (chiefly  spec);  spec. 
torpidity,  anaesthesia  (tech.),  insensitive- 
ness,  impassiveness,  induration,  brass 
(fig.),  marble  (fig.),  stone  (fig.),  steel  (fig.), 
apathy,  dullness,  indifference,  bluntness, 
deafness,  deadness,  hfelessness,  numb- 
ness, callousness,  sluggishness,  uncon- 
sciousness. 

Antonyms:   see  feeling;   also  cf.  sensi- 
tive. 

insensible,  a.  1.  In  reference  to  physical 
sensation:  unfeeling,  insentient,  senseless; 
spec,  torpid,  inirritable,  anaesthetic  (tech.), 
insensitive,  dull,  obtuse,  insensate,  im- 
passible, impassive,  indifferent,  dullish, 
lifeless,  benumbed,  callous,  thick-skinned, 
unconscious,  insusceptible,  sluggish. 
Antonyms:  see  sensitive,  sentient. 
2.  Inference  to  the  perception  of,  or  experi- 
encing of,  ideas,  emotions,  etc.:  unfeeling, 
insentient  (rare) ,  apathetic,  callous,  sense- 
less (rare);  spec,  torpid,  blunt,  insensitive, 
insusceptible,  impassible,  impassive,  indif- 
ferent, deaf  (fig.),  hardened,  thick-skinned 
(fig.),  pachydermatous  (humorous  or  af- 
fected), inirritable,  insensate,  unaffected, 
inappreciative,  unmoved,  dead,  hfeless, 
benumbed,  callous,  sluggish,  unconscious. 
Antonyms:  see  impressible,  sensitive, 
susceptible,  sentient. 

inseparable,  a.  undividable,  indivisible, 
undepartable  (rare),  inseverable;  spec,  in- 
dissoluble, indiscerptible  (learned),  indis- 
sociable  (rare),  inseparate  (rare),  individ- 
ual (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  divisible. 

insert,  v.  t.  introduce  (more  formal  or 
learned  than  "insert");  spec,  infix,  inter- 
pose, inwork,  work,  interpolate,  inter- 
calate, inset,  enter  (chiefly  tech.),  insinu- 
ate, intromit  (rare),  inmit  (rare),  interline, 
implant,  parenthesize,  sink,  inlay,  sub- 
trude  (rare),  intrude,  inweave,  interpage. 
Antonyms:  see  withdraw,  remove. 

inserted,  a.  Spec,  parenthetical,  interca- 
lary, intermediate,  intervening,  interca- 
lated, interbedded,  interstratified,  em- 
bolismic,  epagomenic  (rare),  incut. 

insertion,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  act:  spec. 
infixion,  introduction,  implantation,  epen- 
thetic (phonetic),  immission  (rare),  intro- 
mission, intercalation,  interpolation,  in- 
sinuation, embolism. 


fW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
innocuous:   harmless. 
innuendo:   intimation. 
innumerable:   countless. 
inoculable:  catching. 
inoflensive:    offenceless,  harm- 
less, unobjectionable. 
Inoperative:    ineffectual. 
inopportune:    untimely. 
inordinate:  excessive. 


inosculate,  v.  i.:   unite. 

inquest:   question,  jury. 

inquietude:  uneasiness,  dis- 
turbance. 

inquire:   question. 

inquiring:  curious. 

inquiry:  question,  examina- 
tion. 

inquisition:  question,  exami- 
nation. 


inquisitive:   curious. 
insalubrious:  unhealthful. 
insane:    deranged,  unwise. 
insatiable:  greedy. 
insatiableness:  greed. 
inscrutable:   unintelligible. 
insecure:   unsafe,  uncertain. 
insensate:   insensible,  unwise. 
insensitive:   insensible. 
insentient:    insensible. 


t^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
243 


INSET 


Ankmyms:  see  withdr.\wal,  removal. 
2.   liifiTring    to    wluit    is   insated:     spec. 
l>aiiel,  insert,  inlay,  inset. 
insight,  /(.  discernment,  perception,  pene- 
tration, percept iveness  (rare),  perceptiv- 
ity {rare),  perspicuity  (an  improper  use); 
spec,  clairvoyance,  intuition. 
Atttonynis:   cf.  blind. 
insignificance,  n.  1.  meaninglessness  (cf. 

MKANINGLESS). 

2.  smallness,  nothingness;    spec,  sniffeti- 
ness  {rare),  triviality,  poorness,  unimpor- 
tance. 
Antonyms:    see  dignity,  importance. 

insignificant,  a.  1.  See  meaningless. 
2.  small,   simple   {dejyreciatory) ,   nothing 
{in  predicative  use);  spec,  sniffety  (rare), 
trivial,  poor,  unimportant. 

Antonyms:  see  imposing,  grand,  impor- 
tant, IMPRESSIVE. 

insincere,    a.    deceitful,    empty,    hollow; 
spec,    half-hearted,    pretended,    double, 
farcical,    unfaithful,    hypocritical,    disin- 
genuous, etc. 
Antonyms:  see  earnest,  sincere. 

insincerity,  n.  deceitfulness,  emptiness, 
hollowness;  spec,  half-heartedness,  dou- 
bleness,  farcicality,  unfaithfulness,  hy- 
pocrisy, disingenuousness,  pretence,  etc. 
Antonyms:  see  sincerity;  also  cf.  ear- 
nest. 

insoluble,  a.  irresoluble  (rare),  insolvable; 
spec,  [in  a  secondary  sense)  indissoluble, 
unexplainable,  irreducible. 
Antonyms:  see  soluble. 

insolvent,  a.  bankrupt,  broken,  failed 
{rare);  spec,  defaulting. 

insolvent,  n.  bankrupt,  defaulter,  lame 
duck  {stock-exchange;  slarig).  In  the 
United  States  "bankrupt"  and  "insolveiW 
differ  in  meaning. 

inspiration,  n.  1.  See  inhalation. 
2.  In  reference  to  mental  enthusiasm,  emo- 
tion,  etc.:   spec,   inflatus,   embreathment 
{rare),  entheos  {obs.  or  rare),  inbreathing, 
enthusiasm  {rare;  as  infused  by  the  deity), 


theolepsy  (rare),  fire,  prophecy,  frenzy. 
3.  See  suggestion. 
inspire,  v.  t.  1,    See  inhale,  excite,  sug- 

tiEST. 

2.  Spec,    inbreathe,     embreathe    {rare), 
conceit,    illumine,    animate,    cheer    {con- 
textual), arouse  {contextual),  inculcate,  in- 
fuse {with  "into"),  instill. 
instability,    n.    1.    unstableness    {tech.); 
spec,  tenderness,  crankiness,  unsteadiness, 
waveringness,  wavering,  changeableness# 
weakness. 
Antonyms:  see  firmness. 
2.  In  reference  to  the  mind,  opinion,  etc.: 

see  CHANGEABLENESS. 

installment,  n.  1.   See  establishment. 
2.  payment    {contextual);   spec,    portion, 
handsel   {Eng.),  earnest,   kist   {East  In- 
dian) . 

instep,  n.  arch  (a  loose  usage,  "instep" 
properly  being  the  upper  part  only) . 

instill,  V.  t.  I.  introduce,  drop,  drip,  dis- 
till {rare). 
2.  See  infuse. 

instinct:  a.  Spec,  imbued,  animated, 
moved,  actuated;  see  animated. 

instinctive,  a.  inborn,  innate;  spec,  intui- 
tive. 

institution,  n.   1.     See  establishment, 
admission,  beginning,  law,  custom. 
2.  organization;    spec,  academy,  college, 
hospital,  school,  church,  prison,  museum, 
theater,  store,  factory,  etc. 

instructive,  a.  teaching,  didactic  (learned), 
informative,  docent  (rare);  spec,  precep- 
tive, educational,  pedagogic,  pedagogical, 
prophetic  (rare),  tutory  (rare). 

instrument,  n.  1.  See  agent. 

2.  device  (contextual),  appliance,  imple- 
ment (chiefly  spec),  engine  (now  literary, 
exc.  spec);  spec,  utensil,  tool,  apparatus, 
weapon,  convenience. 

3.  Referring  to  what  affects  the  mind:  spec. 
organon  or  organum  (learned  and  tech.), 
organ. 

4.  Referring  to  musical  instruments:  spec. 


t;W  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

Inset,  T.  t.:  insert. 

inset,  V.  ».."  inflow,  insertion. 

inshrine:  enshrine. 

inside,  n.:  interior,  nature,  (in 
pi.)  viscera. 

inside,  a. .   interior. 

inside,  a(jr. ;  within. 

Insidious:  deceitful. 

insidiousness:  deceit. 

insignia,  n.  pi.:  badge. 

insinuate:  insert,  introduce, 
intimate,  ingratiate. 

insinuating:  penetrating,  in- 
gratiating. 

insipid:  tasteless,  dull. 

insist:   state. 

insistence:   statement. 

insistency:    confidence,     [dent. 

insistent:      affirmative,     confi- 

insnare:  ensnare. 


insolence:  impudence. 

insolent:  impudent. 

insomnia:    sleeplessness. 

insouciant:  careless,  uncon- 
cerned. 

inspect:  examine. 

inspection:  examination. 

inspiring:  elevating,  stimulat- 
ing, cheering. 

inspirit:  enliven,  encourage, 
cheer,  rouse. 

inspissate:   thicken. 

instance,  n.:  urgency,  incite- 
ment, example,  occasion. 

instance,  v.  t.:  adduce. 

instancy:   urgency. 

instant,  a.:    urgent,  immediate. 

instant,  n.:  moment. 

instantaneous:   immediate. 

instate:  establish,  place,  admit. 

instauration:   restoration. 


instigate:   incite. 

instill:   introduce,  inspire. 

instinct,  n.:  faculty 

Instinctive:  innate. 

institute,  t.  t.:  establish,  ad- 
mit, begin. 

institute,  n.;  school. 

instruct:   teach,  inform,  bid. 

instruction:  teaching,  informa- 
tion, bidding. 

instrument,  t.  t.:  arrange. 

instrumental:   contributory. 

Instrumentality:  agencp, 
agent,  contribution. 

insubordinate:   disobedient. 

insubstantial:    immaterial. 

insnbstantlate:   embody. 

insufiterable:  unhearable. 

insufficient:  deficient. 

Insular:  island,  isolated,  narrow 

insulate:  isolate. 


t^S^  See  Notes  ot  Explanation. 

244 


INTEMPERATE 


humstrum,  melodeon,  melodion,  piano, 
flute,  oboe,  piccolo,  horn,  occarina,  wood 
or  woodwind  (a  collective),  brass  (a  col- 
lective), sistrum,  accordion,  clarinet, 
clarionet,  trombone,  viol,  violoncello, 
harp,  viola,  viola  di  gamba  {Italian),  bag- 
pipe, concertina,  drum,  crowd,  cymbal, 
triangle,  grafinola,  victrola,  player  piano, 
lyre,  banjo,  banjorine,  harpsichord,  man- 
dola,  mandora,  mandohn,  dichord,  pipe, 
lute,  triangle,  violin,  cornet,  xylophone, 
ukalele. 

5.  document  {contextual),  paper;  spec. 
deed,  bond,  deed  poll,  specialty,  note, 
mortgage,  bill,  check  or  cheque,  power, 
grant,  settlement,  writ,  etc. 

insult,  V.  t.  abuse  {contextual);  spec,  out- 
rage, affront,  sauce,  cheek  {slang). 
Antonyms:  see  consider. 

insult,  n.  abuse   {contextual),  insultation 
{rare);     spec,    outrage,    affront,    sauce, 
cheek  {slang),  indignity,  insolence. 
Antonyms:  see  flattery. 

insuperable,  a.  insurmountable,  invinci- 
ble, unconquerable. 

insurable,  a.  assurable  {chiefly  British), 
coverable  {cant). 

insurance,  n.  1.  assurance.  In  the  United 
States  "insurance"  is  now  the  term  in  gen- 
eral popular  and  technical  use  for  all  kinds 
of  contracts.  In  Great  Britain  "insur- 
ance" is  the  general  term  in  popidar  iise, 
but  in  technical  usage  "assurance"  is  used 
in  the  names  and  literature  of  the  majority 
of  the  life  insurance  companies,  and  "in- 
surance" is  similarly  used  for  fire,  marine, 
and  accident  insurance. 

2.    See  GUARANTY. 

insurance,  v.  i.    Spec,  underwrite. 
insure,  v.  t.  1.  assure,  cover  {cant  or  colloq.). 

2.    See  GUARANTEE. 

insurer,  n.  1.  In  reference  to  the  one  assum- 
ing the  obligation:  assurer,  underwriter. 
2.  In  reference  to  the  one  securing  protec- 
tion:  insurant,  insured,  assured,  insuree 
{rare),  assurer. 

insurgence,  insurgency,  n.  disturbance 
{contextual),  outbreak,  uprising  or  rising, 
insurrection,  revolt,  rebellion;  spec,  revo- 
lution, mutiny,  sedition. 

insurgent,  a.  insurrectional,  insurrection- 
ary; spec,  seditious,  rebellious,  rebel,  re- 
volting, mutinous,  revolutionary. 

insurrect,  v.  i.  rebel,  rise,  revolt. 

intact,  a.  unaffected  {contextual),  entire. 


whole,  integral,  uninjured,  unblemished, 
unimpaired,  unsulhed,  complete,  sound. 
Antonyms:  see  affected,  broken,  torn. 

intangible,   a.   impalpable    {often  spec), 
untouchable  {rare),  intactile  {rare);  spec. 
aerial,  airy,  spiritous,  phantom. 
Antonyms:  see  tangible. 

intellectual,   a.    1.   thoughtful    {context- 
ual);   spec,   imaginative,   spiritual;     .see 
intelligent. 
Antonyms:  see  coarse. 
2.  See  mental. 

intellectual,  n.  Referring  to  a  person:  in- 
tellectuality {rare),  intelligence  {rare), 
mind,  talent. 

intelligence,  n.  1.  As  referring  to  a  faculty 
of  the  mind:  intellect,  mentahty,  under- 
standing {often  spec),  brain  or  {pi.) 
brains  {colloq.),  nous  {spec,  exc.  in  edu- 
cated colloquial  use);  spec,  reason,  cogni- 
tion, cognizance,  apperception,  apprehen- 
sion, comprehension,  sense,  intelligency 
{rare),  memory,  imagination,  thought, 
consideration,  insight. 

2.  As  referring  to  a  fact  or  quality  admit- 
ting of  degrees  or  comparison:  spec,  bright- 
ness, sagacity,  quickness,  readiness, 
shrewdness,  cleverness,  smartness,  keen- 
ness, subtlety,  subtihty  {rare),  sharpness, 
knowingness,  wit. 

Antonyms:  see  stupidity. 

3.  See  information. 

intelligent,  a.  1.  As  having  the  faculty  of 
intelligerice:  intellectual,  understanding, 
sensible,  cognitive  {learned  or  tech.). 
2.  As  having  an  unusual  degree  of  intelli- 
gence: spec  bright,  apprehensive  {rare), 
sagacious,  shrewd,  clever,  smart  {in  one 
sense  now  chiefly  U.  S.),  keen,  subtle, 
sharp,  knowing,  instructed,  knowledge- 
able, brainy  {colloq.),  well-informed, 
adept,  learned,  scient  {rare),  downy 
{slang),  wide-awake,  gnostic  {humorous), 
cunning  {archaic),  wise,  canny  {in  a  good 
sense;  archaic  Scot.),  leery  {slang),  cute 
{colloq.),  quick-witted,  intuent  {rare),  fly 
{slang) . 

Antonyms:    see   unintelligent,   imbe- 
cile, stupid. 

intelligibility,  n.  easiness  {contextual; 
colloq.);  spec  plainness  {colloq.),  evident- 
ness, palpability,  palpableness,  perspic- 
uousness,  perspicuity,  lucidness,  lucidity. 

Intelligible,  a.  easy  {contextual;  colloq.); 
spec,     plain,     clear,     obvious,     manifest 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

insappor table:  unbearable,  in- 
defensible. 

insapposable:   unthinkable. 

insuppresslble:   irrepressible. 

insurmountable:  ineuptrable, 
unscalable. 

Insurrection:   insurgence. 


Insurrectional:   insurgent. 
insusceptible:   insensible. 
intaglio:  engraving. 
integer:  number,  whole. 
integral:   component,  intact. 
Integrant:  componsnt. 
integrate:   complete. 
integument:  skin. 


integumental:  skin. 
intellect:    intelligence,  thinker, 

mind. 
intellection:       understanding, 

idea. 
IntellectlTe:  mental. 
intemperance:   excess. 
intemperate:   excessive. 


17 


t^"  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

245 


INTEND 


{rather  Icarnca  or  formal),  evident,  open, 
palpable,  perspicuous,  lucid. 
Aittotiyins:    sec  i'.mntelligible. 

intend,  r.  i.  propose,  mean  {chiefly  with 
an  infinitire  elatiae  as  its  object;  now 
chiefly  spec),  calculate  {colloq.,  U.  S.), 
purpose  (rare);  spec,  design,  contem- 
plate, aim,  destine  {chiefly  in  the  passive), 
will,  direct. 

intense,  a.  1.  strong,  violent,  tense,  sharp, 
potent,  extreme,  keen,  high;    spec,  acute, 
exquisite,  grievous,  poignant,  deep,  dense, 
sore,  marked,  passionate,  vivid. 
Antonyms:   see  weak. 

2.    See  EARNEST. 

intensify,  v.  t.   &  i.  heighten,  intensate 

{rare),  strengthen,  enhance  {chiefly  spec.) ; 
spec,  concentrate,  sharpen,  raise,  whet, 
deepen,     thicken,     embody,     aggravate, 
strengthen. 
Antonyms:  see  abate,   fade,  weaken, 

RELAX. 

intensity,  7i.  1.  strength,  power,  inten- 
sion {bookish),  tension  or  {less  common) 
tensity;  spec,  degree,  pitch,  accent,  point, 
grade,  potency,  potence  (rare),  keenness, 
\'iolence,  sharpness,  extremity,  soreness, 
height,  vividness,  vividity  {rare),  pas- 
sionateness,  passion,  edge,  depth,  energy, 
density. 
Antonyms:  see  weakness. 
2.  earnestness  (c/.  earnest). 

intensive,  a.  intensitive  {rare),  intensa- 
tive  {rare),  intensifying;  spec,  emphasiz- 
ing. 

intention.  Referring  to  the  will  or  ac- 
tion of  the  mind:  meaning  {archaic  or  ob- 
solescent), intent  {notv  chiefly  legal), 
mind  {as  in,  "I  have  a  mind  to  go"),  pur- 
pose, aim;  spec,  design,  contemplation, 
calculation  {colloq.,  U.  S.),  distinction, 
■nail,  thought,  counsel,  view,  forepurpose 
{rare),  direction. 

intentional,  a.  purposed,  purposive,  con- 
scientious, designed,  intended;  spec,  spon- 
taneous, willing,  willful,  voluntary,  con- 
templated, deliberate,  advised,  free,  etc. 

Antonyms:  see  unintentional,  chance, 
accidental. 

intentionality,  n.  willingness,  vohintari- 
ness,  purposeness  {rare),  willfulness,  etc. 

interact,  v.  i.  Spec,  interplay,  engage, 
mesh,  reciprocate. 

interceptive,  a.  stopping,  checking,  in- 
clusive. 


intercourse,  n.  communication,  dealings 

(pi.;  fiuiiiliar),  congress  (rare),  conversa- 
tion (rare,  etc.  spec),  commerce  (now 
chiefly  literary  and  archaic),  consuetude 
(a  Latinism);  spec,  connection,  con- 
sort ion  (rare),  intercommunion  (rare), 
communion  (elevated  and  chiefly  liter- 
ary), fellowship,  community,  converse, 
intelhgence  (rare),  practice  (archaic), 
truck  (colloq.),  neighborship,  correspond- 
ence. 

Antonyms:  see  nonintercourse. 
interest,  n.  1.    See  RIGHT,  BUSINESS,  ad- 
vantage, PARTY. 

2.  as  in  "a  matter  of  interest":  feeling, 
concern,  concernment  (literary). 

Antonyms:  see  indifference. 

3.  premium,  usury  (obs.  or  archaic,  exc. 
spec),  use  (archaic),  usance  (archaic),  dis- 
count. 

Antonyms:  see  principal. 

interest,  v.  t.  1.  See  affect. 
2.  engage;    spec  grip,  absorb,  excite,  oc- 
cupy, hold,  amuse,  frighten,  please,  hor- 
rify, etc. 

interesting,  a.     Spec,  exciting,  cunning 
(U.  S.),  funny,  pleasing,  etc. 
Antonyms:  see  uninteresting. 

interfere,  v.  i.  1.     Chiefly  in  reference  to 
horses:     hitch,    strike;     spec   overreach, 
forge,  grab,  click. 
2.  See  collide,  conflict,  interpose. 

interior,  a.  1.  internal,  inner,  intern 
(poetic  or  archaic),  inward,  intraneous 
(rare),  inside;  spec,  inmost,  inner- 
most, within  (always  predicative),  in- 
timate (learned  or  tech.),  intracanal, 
intralobular,  intramolecular,  intramun- 
dane,  intramural,  intraocular,  intra- 
petalar,  intrapetiolar,  intraseptal,  in- 
tranterine,  intravascular,  intravenous, 
intraventricular. 
Antonyms:  see  exterior,  surface. 
2.  See  mental,  spiritual,  domestic,  etc. 

interior,  n.    1.  inside;   spec,  bowels   (pi.; 
fig.),  womb  (fig.),  heart  (fig.),  recess,  belly 
(fig.),  center. 
Antofiyms:     see    surface,     exterior, 

BORDER. 

2.    See  INLAND,  SPIRIT. 

interiorly,  adv.  internally,  inwardly,  with- 
in, inly. 

interlace,  v.  t.  1.  unite,  bind,  entangle;— 
all  three  contextual. 

2.    See  DIVERSIFY. 


1^°"  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
Intend,  v.  t.:  mean. 
intended,  a.:  intentional. 
Intended,  n.:  betrothed. 
intendment:   meaning. 
intent,  a.:  attentive,  earneit. 
intent,  n.;    intention,  meaning, 
object. 


inter:  bury. 
interact:  interlude. 
interbreed,  v.  t.:  cros*. 
intercalate:  intert. 
intercede:   interpose. 
intercept:   atop,  include. 
interchange:  exchange,  alternate. 
interdict,  r.  t.:  forbid. 


interdict,  n..-  decree. 
interfering:   conflictory. 
interfuse:   mix,  pervade. 
Interim,  n.:  interval. 
Interjacent:  'intermediate. 
Interject:      inject,     interpose, 

comment. 
interknlt:  inierlace. 


XW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

246 


INTERTWIST 


8.  complicate  (contextual);  spec,  knit, 
weave,  lace,  pleach,  twist,  interknit,  im- 
plicate (rare),  impleach  (rare),  intervolve, 
interweave,  interwreathe,  plait,  plash, 
twine,  intertwist,  trellis  (rare),  raddle 
(rare). 

interlaced,  a.  interwoven,  knit,  imphcate 
(rare);  spec,  matted,  matty  (rare). 

interlay,  v.  t.  Spec,  interlaminate,  inter- 
bed,  interlap,  interleave. 

interleave,  v.  t.  In  reference  to  a  book:  in- 
terfoliate  (rare). 

interlude,  n.  interact,  entr'acte  (French); 
spec,  exode  or  exodium,  ritornelle,  ritor- 
nello  (Italian),  intermezzo  (Italian). 

intermarriage,  n.  alliance,  marriage. 

intermediacy,  n.  intermediateness,  in- 
tervention. 

intermediary,  n.  Spec,  intermediate, 
agent,  middleman,  medium,  mean,  inter- 
medium, go-between  (often  depreciatory), 
intervener,  interagent. 

intermediate,  a.  mediate  (rare),  medial 
(chiefly  spec.) ;  spec,  intermediary,  median 
(chiefly  in  scientific  use),  middle,  inter- 
jacent, medium,  mean,  mesne,  interven- 
ing, intervenient,  transitional,  iterlo- 
bate,  interlobular,  interlocular,  inter- 
maxillary, intermolecular,  intermundane, 
intermuscular,  internarial,  internasal,  in- 
terneural,  interoceanic,  interopercular, 
internodal,  interosseal,  interosseous,  in- 
terplanetary, interpolar  (rare),  inter- 
pleural, interradial,  interramal,  interrenal, 
interparietal,  interscapular,  intersidereal 
(rare),  interstellar,  interseptal,  interstrial, 
interspatial,  interstitial,  interspinal,  in- 
terspinous,  intertrochlear,  intervalvular, 
intervascular,  intervenient,  interventric- 
ular, intervertebral,  intervisceral. 
Antonyms:  see  immediate. 

intermission,  n.  1.  cessation,  interrup- 
tion (contextual),  intermittence  (less  com- 
mon than  ^'intermission'^),  skip;  spec. 
lull,  pause,  rest,  suspension,  intermittency 
(rare) . 

2.    See  INTERVAL. 

intermit,   v.   t.   abate,   suspend,   respite 

(rare),  interrupt. 
Antonyms:  see  continue. 
intermittency,   n.    1.      Spec,   fitfulness, 

periodicity. 

2.  See  intermission. 
intermittent,    a.    discontinuous,    remit- 


tent,  broken,  intermissive   (rare);  spec. 
spasmodic,  fitful,  capricious,  gusty,  squal- 
ly, periodical,  periodic,  flickering. 
Antonyms:  see  constant. 

interpolate,  v.  t.  1.  Spec,  falsify,  adulter- 
ate. 

2.  add  (contextual),  insert,  interpose,  in- 
troduce;   spec.  interUne,  interlineate,  in- 
terjaculate. 
Antonyms:   see  efface. 

interpolation,  n.  addition  (contextual), 
insertion,  gag  (slang  or  cant);  spec,  inter- 
lineation, etc. 

interpose,  v.  t.  insert,  introduce,  interpone 
(obs.  or  Scots  law),  interlocate  (rare);  spec. 
interject,  sandwich;  see  interpolate. 

interpose,  v.  i.  Spec,  intermediate,  medi- 
ate, intercede,  intervene,  interfere,  tam- 
per, meddle,  intermeddle,  intromit  (chief- 
ly Scot.),  interrupt. 

interposition,  n.  1.  insertion,  introduc- 
tion; spec,  interjection,  interpolation,  in- 
tercalation, interlocation,  gag. 
2.  Spec,  intermediation,  mediation,  in- 
tervention, interference,  meddling,  inter- 
meddling, interposal  (rare),  intromission 
(chiefly  Scot.). 

interrupt,  v.  t.  Spec,  intercept,  obstruct, 
stop,  pretermit,  break,  intersect,  cut, 
check,  quit,   interlude,  etc. 

interruption,  n.  Spec,  break,  intercep- 
tion, obstruction,  stoppage,  stop  (rare, 
exc.  in  certain  phases),  pretermission,  in- 
tersection, cut,  break,  check,  quitting, 
cut-off  (chiefly  colloq.,  exc.  tech.),  caesura, 
etc. 

intersect,    V.    t.    cross    (contextual),    cut 
(spec,  exc.  fig.),  countersect  (rare);  spec. 
intervein,  interrupt. 
Antonyms:    see  parallel. 

intersecting,  a.  crossing  (contextual),  se- 
cant (chiefly  tech.),  across  (used  predica- 
tively),  intersectional,  intersecant,  cutting 
(spec,  exc.  fig.),  etc. 
Antonyms:  see  parallel. 

intersection,  n.  1.  crossing  (contextual), 
intercrossing;  spec,  decussation,  chiasma. 
2.  Spec,  road,  crossway  (often  in  pi.), 
crossing,  cross  (rare),  carfax  (obs.  or  local 
Eng.),  crosspath,  crossroad  (often  in  pi.). 

interspace,  n.  interval,  skip  (rare);  spec. 
interlude  (fig.),  gap,  intervolute,  interstice. 

intersperse,  v.  t.  intermingle;  spec,  lard, 
interlard,  shed  (rare;    chiefly  in  p.  p.), 


IW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
Interline:   add,  insert. 
Interlink:   connect. 
interlocutor:  roimerser. 
interloper:   intruder. 
intermarry:  marry. 
intermeddle:    interpose. 
intermediary:    mediatory,  in- 
termediate. 
Intermedium:  intermtdiary. 


interment:   burial. 
interminable:   endUss. 
interminate:    endieta,  infinite. 
intermix:  mix.  [ponent. 

intermixture:     mixture,    corn- 
Intern,  a.:    interior. 
intern,  n.;    inmate. 
internecine:   dertructive. 
internuncio:  diplomatic  agent. 
inter  osculate:    unite. 


interpellate:  gueHion. 
interplay,  v.  i.:  interact. 
interpret:  explain,  translate. 
interpretation:     explanation, 

meaning,  translation. 
interregnum:    interval. 
interrogate,      interrogation, 

interrogatory:   question, 
intertwine:   interlace. 
Intertwist:  interlace. 


IS'  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

247 


INTERVAL 


sprinkle  ar  {less  iisunl)  inlcrspriukle,  iii- 
torsow  (ran),  scattor,  diversify. 
interval,  r'-  !•  Ri'fcrring  to  titnc:  distance 
(only  in  "distance  of  time"),  skip,  space; 
spec,  spell,  pause,  recess,  interregnum 
(often  fig.),  meantime,  elapse  (rare),  inter- 
medium (rare),  interlude,  interim,  paren- 
thesis {rare),  interruption,  difference,  in- 
terlunation,  interlude. 

2.  Iti  reference  to  a  difference  of  sounds  in 
pitch:  skip;  spec,  discord,  step,  disso- 
nance, complement,  tone,  diastem, 
diesis,  diaschisma,  ditone,  heptachord, 
tritone,  semitone,  second,  third,  fifth, 
quint,  etc. 

3.  See  INTERSPACE,  BOTTOM. 

intestinal,  a.  visceral  {contextual),  enteric 
(rare  or  tech.);  spec,  duodenal,  rectal. 

intestine,  n.  viscera  {contextual),  bowel 
(homelier  or  more  familiar;  rare  in  siJig.), 
gut  {now  vulgar,  exc.  in  tech.  use);  spec. 
ileum,  jejunum,  colon,  ca;cuin,  rectum, 
duodenum,  chitterUngs  {pi.). 

intimacy,  /!.  1.  closeness,  nearness;   spec. 
familiarity,  depth. 
2.  See  AMOUR. 

intimate,  a.  close  {referring  to  likeness  of 
interest,  etc.),  near  (a  weaker  term  than 
"close"),  strict  {rare);  spec,  bosom,  par- 
ticular, homelike,  home,  familiar,  special, 
deep,  confidential,  chummy  {colloq.). 
Antonyms:  see  formal. 

intimate,  n.  associate  {contextual);  spec. 
friend,  chum  {colloq.  or  slang),  familiar; 

see  COMRADE. 

intimate,  v.  t.  1.   See  annottnce. 

2.  As  implying  indirection  in  statement: 

indicate  {contextual),  hint,  suggest;   spec. 

insinuate,    sneer,    innuendo    {rare),    slur 

{rare) . 
intimation,  n.  1.     See  announcement, 

DASH. 

2.  indication  {contextual),  implication, 
hint,  suggestion;  spec,  insinuation,  in- 
nuendo, sneer,  slur,  item  {obs.  or  local 
U.  S.),  inkling,  glance. 

intimidate,  v.  t.  frighten,  daunt,  quail 
{chiefly  literary);  spec,  subdue,  terrorize, 
rally,  bull>Tag,  browbeat,  faze,  overbear, 
bulldoze,  cow,  overawe,  craven  {chiefly 
literary),  abash,  bully. 
Antonyms:  see  assure,  cajole,  coax. 

into,  jrrep.  in  til  {Scot.);  spec,  within. 

intoed,  a.  pigeon-toed. 

intolerance,  n.  impatience  {used  with 
"of"),  intoleration  {rare);  spec,  incompati- 
bility, incompatibleness. 


intolerant,  a.  impatient  {used  with  "of"). 
incompatible,  narrow-minded. 
Antonyms:  see  tolerant,  patience. 

intone,  i>.  t.  intonate;  spec,  chant,  recite, 
accentuate,  monotone,  sing. 

intoxicant,  n.  Spec,  delirifacient,  bhang 
(India),  delirant,  toxicant. 

intoxicate,  v.  t.  inebriate;  spec,  besot,  tip- 
sify  {colloq.  and  rare),  disguise  {archaic), 
fuddle  {colloq.),  befuddle  {an  intensive), 
fo.\  {rare),  mellow,  stew  {slang),  corn 
{slang),  maudlinize  {rare),  tipple,  poison, 
excite,  stupefy. 
Antonyms:   see  sober. 

intoxicated,  a.  1.  inebriate  or  inebriated 
or  inebrious  {often  euphemistic),  drunk 
{the  ordinary,  blunt  word),  ebriate  or  ebri- 
ose  {rare  and  humorous),  bowzy  or  boozy 
{slang),  disguised  {archaic),  driinken 
{more  dignified  and  less  ernphatic  than 
"drunk";  chiefly  used  as  an  attributive), 
wet  {colloq.);  spec,  tipsy  {less  emphatic 
than  "drunk"),  foxed  {rare),  merry,  whis- 
kyfied  {humorous),  muddy  {contextual), 
vinolent  {rare),  jolly  {euphemistic),  maud- 
lin, tight  {slang),  swify  {slang),  queer 
{slang),  fluffy  {slang),  bosky  {slang),  high 
{slang  or  colloq.),  mellow  {euphemistic), 
groggy  {slang  or  colloq.),  glorious,  screwed 
or  screwy  {slang),  corned  or  corny  {slang 
or  colloq.),  cut  {slang),  stewed  {slang). 
Antonyms:  see  sober. 
2.  See  excited. 

intoxicated  person,  dnxnk  {colloq.  or 
cant),  inebriate. 

Intoxicating,  a.  intoxicative  {rare),  in- 
ebriative,  into.xicant,  inebriating,  hard 
{U.  S.;  colloq.;  contrasted  with  "soft"), 
heady  {colloq.),  methystic  {rare);  spec,  de- 
lirifacient, delirant. 

intoxication,  7i-  1.  inebriation,  inebriety 
{chiefly  spec.),  drunkenness,  ebriosity 
{rare),  disguise  {archaic),  ebriety  {rare  or 
euphemistic);  spec,  stupefaction,  sottish- 
ness,  grogginess  {colloq.  or  slang),  besot- 
tedness,  tipsiness  {colloq.),  temulency 
{rare),  temulence  {rare),  opiism,  kef  or 
keif  or  kief,  dipsomania. 
2.  See  excitement,  ecstasy. 

intractable,  a.  1.  unmanageable,  tough 
{colloq.),  untractable  {rare),  ungovern- 
able, uncontrollable;  spec,  refractory 
{chiefly  spec),  stubborn,  obstinate,  res- 
<;ive,  mulish,  cross-grained  {colloq.),  con- 
trarious,  idocile,  perverse,  unruly,  in- 
disciplinable,  irreconcilable,  self-willed, 
impracticable. 


t^^  Cross  references:  sec  Note. 
intervale:   bottom. 
Intervene:    occur,  inlerpoie. 
intervenlent:   intermediate. 
Interview,  n..-   conference. 


interview,  v.  t.:  queetion. 
Intervolve:   interlace. 
Interweave:  interlace. 
Interwlnd:   interlace. 
inteetlne,  a.:  domettic. 


Intolerable:  unbearable. 
intonate:  intone. 
intoxicant:  intoxicating. 
intransigent:      irreconcilable, 
radical. 


\[W  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

248 


INVENTED 


Antonyms:      see  adaptable,  manage- 
able. 
3.  See  refractory. 

intrench,  v.  t.  Spec,  circumvallate,  dike. 

intrigue,  v.  i.  plan  {contextual),  deceive 
{contextual),  scheme,  maneuver  or  ma- 
noeuvre, plot,  machinate,  vv^irepull  {chiefly 
in  p.  pr.);  spec,  conspire,  cabal. 

intrigue,  n.  1.  plan  {contextual),  deception 
{contextual),  scheme,  plot,  maneuver  or 
manoeuvre,  machination,  intriguery;  spec- 
cabal,  wirepulling,  MachiaveUianism,  con- 
spiracy. 
2.  See  AMOUR. 

intriguer,  n.  intriguist,  schemer,  plotter, 
maneuverer,  machinator ;  spec,  wirepuller, 
Machiavellian,  Machiavel  {fig.). 

intriguing,  a.  deceitful  {contextual),  plan- 
ning {contextual),  crooked,  tortuous;  spec. 
Machiavelhan,  wirepulling,  etc. 
Antonyms:    see  frank. 

introduce,  v.  t.  1.  See  insert. 
2.  Referring  to  causing  a  thing,  subject 
matter,  etc.,  to  come  into  a  sphere  of  action, 
thought,  consideration,  etc.:  spec,  bring, 
immit  {rare),  intertrude  {rare),  intromit 
{rare),  insinuate,  inject,  infuse,  start,  in- 
terfuse {rare),  instill,  inoculate,  implant, 
initiate,  usher,  import  {chiefly  commer- 
cial), herald,  ingest,  infiltrate,  induct, 
present,  inwork,  table,  broach,  inweave, 
initiate,  read,  immigrate,  prelude,  begin, 
precede,  foist,  drag  {in). 
Antonyms:    see  withdraw. 

introduction,  n.  1.   See  insertion. 

2.  Spec,  initiation,  injection,  insinuation, 
intrusion,  induction  {rare),  opening,  im- 
port {chiefly  conunercial),  beginning,  etc. 

Antonyms:    see  withdrawal. 

3.  Referring  to  the  thing  that  introduces: 
spec,  prodrome  or  prodromus  {rare),  ex- 
ordium, preface,  protasis,  proem,  pri- 
mordium  {rare),  prelusion  {rare),  pre- 
liminary, prelude,  preludium  {rare), 
credential,  isagogue  {rare),  prolusion 
{rare),  prologue,  prolocution  {rare),  pre- 
amble. 

introductory,  a.  Spec,  initial,  introduc- 
tive,  inductory  {rare),  precursory,  pro- 
emial,  prodomal  {rare),  initiary  {rare),  in- 
tromissive  {rare),  ingestive,  exordial,  pre- 
liminary, isagogic  {rare),  prelusive  {rare), 
manuductory  {rare),  preludial  {rare),  pro- 
lusory  {rare),  propedeutic. 


introspection,  n.  self-examination,  self- 
reflection,  introversion,  inlook  (rare). 

introspective,  n.  self-examining,  subjec- 
tive. 

introvert,  v.  t.  turn  {often  with  "inside 
out");  spec,  invaginate,  intussuscept. 

intrude,  v.  t.  1.  See  insert. 
2.  Spec,  obtrude,  interpose. 
Antonyms:    see  withdraw. 

intrude,  v.  i.    Spec,  obtrude,  impose,  in- 
terlope,   intervene,    encroach,    interfere, 
trespass  {often  fig.). 
Antonyms:    see  withdraw. 

intruder,  n.  Spec,  obtruder,  imposer,  in- 
terloper, stranger,  etc. 

intrusion,  n.  1.    See  introduction. 
2.  Spec,  obtrusion,    interposition,    inter- 
vention, irruption,  imposition,  encroach- 
ment, invasion,  trespass  {often  fig.),  in- 
tra vasation. 

intrusive,  a.  I.  Spec,  obtrusive,  interven- 
ient,  irruptive  {rare),  institutive  {rare), 
invasive,  epenthetic. 

invalid  (pron.  xn-val'id),  a.  1.  void,  null, 
nugatory,  bad,  unsound. 
Antonyms:    see  valid,  binding. 
2.  See  illogical. 

invalid  {pron.  in'vd-lid),  n.  valetudina- 
rian {chiefly  spec). 

invalidate,  v.  t.  abolish,  nullify,  annul,  dis- 
annul, unmake,  void  {rare),  avoid  {rare  or 
tech.),  undo  {rare),  vitiate,  vacate  {chiefly 
spec),  invalid  {rare),  infirm  {rare);  spec. 
cancel,  abrogate,  quash,  reverse,  repeal. 
Antonyms:    see  confirm. 

invalidity,  n.  nullity,  voidness,  nugatori- 
ness  {rare). 

invaluable,  a.  un valuable  {rare),  priceless, 
inestimable,  impayable  {French). 
Antonyms:    see  worthless. 

invasion,  n.  Spec,  intrusion,  visitation,  in- 
cursion, inroad  {often  used  flg.),  irruption 
{rare),  creagh  or  creach  {Irish  and  Scot.), 
raid,  foray,  infall  {rare),  encroachment. 
Antonyms:  see  retreat. 

invasive,  a.  aggressive  intrusive,  incursive. 

inveigh,  v.  i.  declaim ;   spec,  rail,  thunder. 

invent,  v.   t.   originate,   devise,   contrive, 
create;  spec,  spin,  frame,  fabricate,  forge, 
design,    coin    {often   depreciatory),   mint, 
improvise,  feign  {rare),  concoct. 
Antonyms:    see  imitate. 

invented,  a.  fictitious,  contrived,  forged, 
etc. 


IW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
intrench,  v.  t.:    circumvallate, 

dike. 
intrench,  v.  i.:  encroach. 
intrepid:  bold. 
intricacy:  complexity. 
Intricate:  complicated. 
intrigant:  conspirator. 
intrinsic:   inherent. 
intromit:   introduct,  insert. 


introversion:   introspection. 
introvert:  rever.fe. 
intrust,  v.  t.:  trust. 
intuition:  knowledge,  insight. 
intuitive:   perceptive. 
intumesce:     swell,   dilate,   in- 
flate. 

intussuscept:  reverse. 
intwlne:  interlace. 
inunct:  anoint. 


inure:   accrue,  accustom,  tough- 
en. 
inurn:   bury. 
inutility:   uselessneee. 
invade:  enter,  violate,  attack. 
invaginate:  reverse. 
invalid:  ailing. 
invariable:  constant. 
invective:   denunciation. 
inveigle:    cajole. 


t^'  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

249 


INVENTION 


Invention,  n.  1.  originntion,  devising,  fic- 
tion. crc:ition;  .>;;)«■(•.  dosijin  {rare,  cxc.  of 
the  thing  inrented),  improvisation,  fabrica- 
tion, mintage,  coinage,  device  (rare,  exc. 
of  the  power  of  deiising),  contrivance, 
creation,  concoction,  ingenuity  {referring 
only  to  inrentive  quality  or  character). 
Antonyms:    see  imitation. 

2.    ^Vf  DISCOVERY. 

inventive,  a.  concoctive,  creative,  ingen- 
ious. 
Antonyms:    see  imitati\'E. 

invest,  v.  t.  1.  See  clothe,  admit,  en- 
velope. 

2.  Referring  to  insignia  of  office  or  the  func- 
tions or  prinleges  of  office:  spec,  vest, 
seize,  gird. 

Antonyms:    see  deprive. 

3.  endue  or  indue  {jiow  rare  or  alluding  to 
Biblical  use),  clothe,  endow. 

Antonyms:   see  depru'E. 

4.  surround  {contextual);  spec,  besiege 
{the  formal  military  term),  beset,  be- 
leaguer {noio  rare),  blockade. 

5.  In  refereriee  to  funds:  place  {contextual), 
put  {contextual);  spec,  sink,  embark,  fund, 
venture,  risk. 

investigate,  v.  t.  examine;  spec,  study, 
scrutinize,  sift,  search,  overhaul,  scrutate 
{rare),  research  {rare),  perscrutate  {rare), 
indagate  (rare),  inquisition  {rare),  ques- 
tion. 

investigation,  n.  examination;  spec. 
study,  scrutiny,  search,  overhauling, 
scrutation  {rare),  research  {rare),  per- 
scrutation  {rare),  inquisition  {rare  or 
tech.),  indagation  {rare),  inquiry,  dialec- 
tic, pilpul. 

investiture,  7i.  1.   See  clothing. 

2.  investment  (a  less  usual  term),  in  ves- 
ture {rare),  vestment  {rare). 

3.  admission,  installation;  spec,  ordina- 
tion, vestment,  investure  {rare). 

4.  enduement  or  induement;  spec,  en- 
dowment. 

inviolability,  n.  inviolableness,  inviolacy 
{rare);  spec,  hallo wedness  {rare  or  ar- 
chaic), holiness,  sanctity,  sacredness,  sac- 
rosanctity,  sacrosanctness  {rare). 

inviolable,  a.  Spec,  hallowed  {now  ar- 
chaic, Biblical,  or  rhetorical),  holy,  sacra- 
mental, sacred,  sacrosanct  (a  formal  word 
for  "sacred"). 

inviolate,  a.  intemerate  {literary),  in\'iti- 
ate  {rare),  unblemished,  in  violated,  unde- 
filed. 


invisible,  a.  unseeable  (a  less  usual  term), 
viewless  {rare);   spec,  undisccrnable,  un- 
apparent. 
Antonyms:    ,sf^  visible. 

invitation,  n.  invitement  {rare),  bid  {col- 
loq.  or  .slang),  call  {spec,  or  fig.),  calling; 
spec,  biddance  or  bidding  {spec,  or  fig.), 
solicitation,  challenge,  etc. 

invite,  v.  i.  1.  ask,  call  {spec,  exc.  fig.),  bid 
{spec,  exc.  fig.;  often  slang);  spec,  solicit, 
challenge,  court. 
2.  See  attract,  entice,  allow. 

invocation,  n.  summoning,  conjuration, 
attestation  {archaic);  spec.  oath. 

invoke,  v.  t.  1.   See  ASK. 
2.  summon,  invocate  {rare);   spec,  attest 
{archaic),  conjure,  wish. 

involuntary,  a.     Spec  automatic,  spon- 
taneous, mechanical,  will-less  {rare). 
Antonyms:    see  voluntary. 

involute,  a.  1.  See  complex. 
2.  inrolled  {rare);  spec,  spiral. 

involution,  n.  1.  See  complexity. 
2.  involvement;    spec,  inclusion,  implica- 
tion,  complexity,   complication,   engage- 
ment, embarrassment,  degeneration,  mul- 
tiplication,  envelopment,   entanglement. 

involve,  v.  t.  1.  See  include,  imply,  com- 
plicate, envelope,  entangle. 
2.  implicate  {referring  more  to  the  imputed 
blame  or  fault  than  to  the  personal  conse- 
quence); spec,  inculpate,  incriminate, 
criminate,  commit,  entangle  or  {rare) 
tangle,  mire. 

invulnerable,  a.  unassailable,  woundless 
{rare) . 
Antonyms:    sec  vulnerable. 

irascibility,  n.  irritabihty,  biliousness  {fig. 
or  colloq.),  fieriness,  etc.     Cf.  irascible. 

irascible,  a.  hot-blooded  {suggesting  a  na- 
tive fidlness  of  feeling  or  passion  as  the 
cause),  quick,  ireful  {rare  or  rhetorical), 
iracund  {rare),  irritable,  dyspeptic,  im- 
patient, choleric  {becoming  learned  or  lit- 
erary), bilious  {fig.  or  colloq.);  spec  pas- 
sionate, petulant,  passionful  {rare),  testy, 
tetchy  or  {now  more  iisual)  touchy, 
cranky,  waspish,  brainish  {archaic),  im- 
patient, snappish,  currish,  snarly  {colloq.), 
fiery,  fretful,  fretty  (a  weaker  term 
than  "fretful"),  hasty,  crabbed,  splen- 
etic or  splenitive  {rare)  or  spleeny  or 
spleenish  {all  four  fig.),  restless,  nettle- 
some,  peevish,  nettly  {rare),  peppery  {col- 
loq.), pettish  {colloq.). 
Antonyms:  see  calm,  peaceful,  patient. 


fW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

invidious:   hateful. 

involved:   complex. 

inventory:   list. 

invigorate:  strengthen,  refresh. 

inward:       interior,     incoming 

inverse,  a.:  opposite. 

invincible:    unconquerable. 

mental,  spiritual,  hidden,  essen- 

inverse,  n.:  opposite,  reverse. 

invocate:   invoke. 

tial. 

invert:   reverse. 

invocation:  address. 

inwork:  insert. 

inveterate:    chronic,   habitual. 

invoice,  71.;  list,  goods. 

iota:    particle. 

deep. 

invoice,  2>.  t.:  list,  bill. 

irade:  decree. 

tS^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
250 


ISLANDER 


iridesce,  v.  i.  Spec,  opalesce,  opalize  (rare) . 

iridescence,  n.  Spec,  opalescence,  reflet 
(French),  iris,  irisation  (rare),  nacreous- 
ness,  rainbow,  prismaticness,  sunbow, 
versicolor  (rare). 

iridescent,  a.  Spec,  opalescent,  opalesque 
(rqre),  opaline,  nacreous,  nacrous,  pris- 
matic. 
Antonyms:    see  dull. 

Irishman,  n.  Hibernian,  Teague  (a  nick- 
name), Mick  (a  jocular  or  contemptuous 
nickname),  Paddywhack  (colloq.;  a  con- 
temptuous or  jocular  nickname),  Paddy  (a 
contemptuous  or  jocular  nickname;  colloq.), 
Greek  or  Grecian  (slang),  Bog-trotter  (a 
contemptuous  nickname),  Irishry  (a  collec- 
tive pi.);   spec.  Fenian,  Sinn-Feiner. 

iron,  a.  ferrous  (tech.);  spec,  ironish  (rare), 
irony,  chalybeate,  ferruginous,  ferrous, 
ferric,  iron-clad. 

irrational,  n.  unreasoning,  unthinking, 
unreasonable  (chiefly  spec);  spec,  brain- 
less, brute,  brutish,  reasonless,  insane, 
absurd,  unwise,  foohsh,  idiotic,  fantastic, 
etc. 
Antonyms:    see  rational,  reasonable. 

irreconcilable,  n.  different,  inconsistent; 
spec,  intransigent. 

irregular,  a.  1.  exorbitant  (now  rare,  ar- 
chaic, or  spec);  spec,    illegitimate,   inor- 
dinate, heteromorphous,  disorderly,  im- 
proper,    abnormal,     informal,     uneven, 
changeable,  unsettled,  baroque,  eccentric, 
ragged,  unequal,  heteroclite  (rare),  erratic, 
unmeasured   (rare),  uncanonical,   unsys- 
tematic, bastard,  crabbed,  unparliamen- 
tary, snatchy,  foul,  licentious,  tortuous, 
unequal. 
Antonyms:    see  regular,  periodic. 
2.  Referring  to  surface:  spec,  unequal,  un- 
even, humpy,  hummocky,  hillocky,  rough, 
hilly,  mountainous,  knotty,  bunchy. 
Antonyms:    see  even. 

irrelevant,  a.  unrelated,  extraneous,  for- 
eign, impertinent  (chiefly  legal),  illogical, 
inconsequent,  unessential  or  inessential. 
Antonyms:    see  relative. 

irreligious,  a.      Spec,   impious,  ungodly, 
godless,    irreverent,    ribald,    indevout   or 
undevout,  profane,  blasphemous,  wicked. 
Antonyms:    see  religious,  devout. 

irremissible,  a.  1.  See  unforgivable. 
2.  obligatory,  irremmciable. 

irreparable,  a.     Spec  irremediable,  irre- 


trievable, hopeless,  remediless,  irrecover- 
able, irreplaceable,  unchangeable. 

irrepressible,  a.  Spec,  insuppressible,  un- 
smotherable  (rare),  unquenchable,  in- 
coercible. 

irresistible,  a.  resistless  (a  terser,  more  em- 
phatic word  than  "irresistible"),  overpower- 
ing, overwhelming,  killing  (colloq.  or  slang 
hyperbole),  stunning  (colloq.  or  slang  hy- 
perbole), knockdown  (colloq.  or  slang). 

irresolute,  a.  indecisive,  spineless,  uncon- 
firmed (rare);  spec,  unsteadfast,  change- 
able, inconstant,  undecided,  unstable, 
feeble-minded,  hesitating,  fickle. 

irresponsible,  a.  unaccountable. 

irrevocable,  a.  Spec  irreversible,  irre- 
pealable. 

irritable,  a.  touchy;  spec,  peevish;  see 
irascible,  excitable. 

irritate,  v.  t.  1.  excite  (contextual),  touch 
(contextual),  rile  (colloq.,  and  now  chiefly 
U.  S.),  aggravate  (colloq.);  spec,  nag, 
rasp  (by  harshly  offending  the  sensibilities), 
roughen  (colloq.),  spite,  ruffle,  roil  (equiv. 
of  "rile";  U.  S.  arid  dial.),  jar  (now  usu- 
ally considered  slang),  grate,  nettle,  in- 
flame, prod,  fret,  exacerbate,  annoy,  an- 
ger, worry,  etc 
Antonyms:  see  calm,  pacify. 
2.  Med.  and  physiol.:  spec  inflame,  ex- 
acerbate, rub,  counterirritate. 

irritated,  a.  Spec,  warm,  nettled,  exacer- 
bated, etc 

irritating,  a.      Spec,  irritative,  exciting, 
nettling,  grating,  excitatory,  irritant,  pro- 
vocative, inflammatory,  annoying,  anger- 
ing, worrying,  provoking,  etc 
Antonyms:    see  calmative. 

irritation,  n.  1.  excitement  (contextual), 
irritancy  (rare);  spec,  anger,  ill  temper, 
annoyance,  worry,  etc. 
2.  Referring  to  what  irritates:  spec,  provo- 
cation, aggravation  (colloq.),  gall  (fig.), 
annoyance,  vexation,  itch,  burn,  acridity, 
etc 

island,   n.   isle    (now  usually  poetic,   exc 
spec);  spec,  holm,  holme,  islet,  ait,  eyot, 
islot  or  ilot  (rare),  inch  (Scot.),  key  or  cay, 
calf,  knoll. 
Antonyms:    see  mainland. 

island,  a.  insular  (formal),  insulary  (rare). 

island,  v.  t.  insulate  (formal),  enisle  (rare), 
isle  (rare). 

islander,    n.    insular    (formal),    insulary 


l^^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
irate:  angry. 
ire:  anger. 

ireful:  angry,  irascible. 
ironclad,  a.:  armored. 
ironical:     dissembling,   sarcas- 
tic. 
irradiate:   light,  brighten. 
irreclaimable:   abandoned. 


irredeemable:  abandoned, 
hopeles.i. 

irreducible:   insoluble 

irreformable:  abandoned. 

irrefragable:   undeniable. 

irremediable:  incurable,  irrep- 
arable. 

irremovable:  fixed,  permanent. 

irrepealable:  irrevocable. 


irreproachable:    faultless, 

blameless. 
irretrievable:  irreparable. 
irreverent:     disrespectful,   im- 

pioii.'i. 
irreversible:   irrevocable. 
irrigate:   water,  wash. 
irritant:  irritating. 
irruption:  breaking,  invasion. 


tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

251 


ISOLATE 


(rare),  islandman  {rare  or  local),  isleman 
(rare  or  spec). 

isolate,  v.  t.  separate,  insulate  (rare,  exc. 
^7xr.).•   spec.  scKiegatc,  quarantine. 

isolated,  a.  insulated,  insular;  spec,  segre- 
gate {rarc\  alone  (a  postpositive),  solitary, 
incommunieahlo. 

issuable,  a.  utterable  (notv  rare  or  spec). 

issue,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  act  of  coming 
out:  issuance  {U.  S.);  spec  exit,  escape, 
process  (rare),  flow,  outburst,  outspring 
(rare),  egress,  sally,  sortie,  procession, 
emergence,  emanation,  debouchment,  ex- 
udation, emigration,  outflow,  discharge, 
effervescence,  etc 
A)itonijnis:    see  entrance. 

2.  Referring  to  the  act  of  sending  out:  emis- 
sion {chiefly  spec);  spec,  utterance,  envoy 
{archaic),  mise  {cJdefly  Eng.),  delivery, 
discharge. 

3.  Of  what  issues  or  is  issued:  spec  dis- 
charge, stream,  emission,  flux,  outpour, 
catarrh,  edition,  offspring,  produce,  etc. 

4.  See  OUTCOME,  event,  dispute,  re- 
sult, EFFECT,  etc. 

issue,  V.  i.  1.  depart  (contextual),  egress; 
spec,  exit,  emanate,  debouch,  flow  {often 
fig.),  gush  (by  flowing  violently),  furnace, 
burst  (used  xoith  "out,"  "forth,"  etc.),  es- 
cape, stream,  proceed,  sally,  sortie,  ap- 
pear, emerge,  come  (chiefly  with  "out," 
"forth,"  etc.),  rise,  spout,  spurt,  spirt,  run 
(Jig.),  well  (chiefly  with  "up,"  "forth," 
etc.),  effervesce,  exude,  arise,  descend, 
spring,  outspring  (poetic). 
Antonyms:  see  enter. 
2.  See  eventuate,  result,  accrue. 

issue,  V.   t.    1.   deliver   (contextual),  emit; 
spec,  expedite,  discharge. 
2.  Spec,  publish,  give,  utter,  outgive  (po- 
etic) . 

isthmus,  n.  neck,  tarbet  (local,  Scot.). 

itch,  n.  1.  psora  (tech.;  rare);  spec  scabies, 
pruritus,  prurigo,  prurience,  mange. 
2.  See  DESIRE,  inclination. 

itchy,  a.  scabious  (tech.),  psoric  (tech.); 
spec,  mangy,  prurient. 

item,  n.  detail,  particular;  spec,  entry, 
article,  local,  term,  paragraph. 

itinerant,  a.  traveling,  itinerary,  peripa- 
tetic or  peripatetical  (often  humorous). 


itinerary,  n.  Spec,  route,  circuit,  guide- 
book. 

ivory,  a.  eburnean  or  euburnian  (rare), 
eburnine  (rare);  spec,  ivorylike,  ebur- 
neoid  (rare). 

ivy,  a.  hederaceous  (rare),  hederal  (rare), 
hederic  (chem.). 


jack,  n.  Referring  to  cards:  knave,  varlet 
(obs.);  spec,  bower,  pam  (obs.). 

jackanapes,  n.  Spec  pert  (obs.),  puppy 
(colloq.),  coxcomb,  saucebox  (colloq.). 

jacket,  71.  coat  (contextual);  spec  wam- 
mus  (local,  U.  S.),  dolman,  cardigan, 
camisole,  doublet,  vareuse  (French), 
sweater,  polka,  norfolk,  reefer,  blouse, 
haqueton,  grego,  cassock,  jupe  (Scot.), 
jumper. 

janitor,  n.  concierge  (French;  chiefly  spec, 
in  Eng.);  spec  doorkeeper,  custodian. 

jar,  n.  crock  (contextual;  obsolescent  or  lit- 
erary); spec,  dolium,  can  (loose  for  "glass 
jar"),  bocal  (French),  hydria,  olla  (Span- 
ish), cruse,  guggler. 

jar,  V.  i.  1.  See  grate. 
2.  shake  (contextual);  spec,  jolt,  jounce. 

jargon,  n.  1.  See  chatter. 
2.  cant,  canting,  slang;    spec,  gibberish, 
argot,  babel,  dialect,  Hegelese  (contemptu- 
ous), Chinook,  shop. 

jaw,  n.  1.  jawbone,  mandible  (tech.  and 
chiefly  spec),  maxilla  (tech.  and  chiefly 
spec),  jowl  (now  rare,  exc.  spec),  choller 
(dial.  Eng.  and  Scot.),  chap  or  chop  (now 
obsolescent  or  rare,  exc.  of  brutes  or  as  con- 
temptuous). 
2.  In  pi.:  spec  mouth,  throat,  entrance. 

jeer,  v.  i.  &  t.  ridicule  (contextual),  scoff, 
jape,  jibe,  gibe,  flout,  gird  (archaic), 
frump  (archaic),  fleer,  gleek  (obs.);  spec. 
mock,  taunt,  jest,  hoot. 

jeer,  n.  scoff,  flout,  gibe,  jibe,  jape,  fleer, 
gird  (archaic),  frump  (archaic),  gleek 
(obs.),  hit  (colloq.),  outfiing  (rare);  spec 
mock,  taunt,  shy  (slang),  quip,  sarcasm, 
sneer,  jest,  bob  (colloq.). 

jeerer,  n.  ridiculer  (contextual),  scoffer; 
spec  taunter,  sneerer,  ribald  (rare),  etc. 

jeering,  a.  ridiculing,  scoffing,  frumpish 
(rare);  spec,  ribaldrous,  etc. 


t^^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
itch,  V.  i.:  desire. 
itching:  desire.    ^ 
itemize:   particularize. 
iterant:  repeating. 
iterate:   repeat. 


jab:   thrust,  stab. 
jabber:   chatter. 
jack,  V.  t.:  raise. 
jackanapes:  monkey,  dandy. 
jackass:  donkey,  blockhead. 


jacket,  V.  t.:  clothe,  cover,  en- 
velope. 

jade,  n.;  horse,  hussy. 

jade,  V.  t.:  tire,  dull. 

jag:    projection,  indentatiort. 

jagged:   indented. 

jail,  n.:   prison. 

jail,  V.  t.:  confine,  imprison. 

jam,  n.:   crowd,  crush. 

jam,  V.  t.:   block. 

jam,  V.  i.:   stick. 

jangle,  v.:  chatter,  dispute, 
jingle.  ' 


jangle,    n.:     dispute,    discord, 

jingle. 

jangly:  discordant,  jingling. 
jape,  V.  i.:  jest,  jeer. 
jape,  n.:  jest,  trick,  caper. 
jar:   shock,  distress. 
jaunt:   excursion. 
jaunty:  gay. 
jay:   gawk. 
jealous:     vigilant,  distrustful, 

envious. 
jealousy:      vigilance,    distrust, 

envy. 


XW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

252 


JOINING 


jelly,  V.  t.  congeal  (contextual),  coagulate 
{contextual),  gelatinize  {learned  or  tech.), 
gelatinate  {rare),  jell  {U.  S.;  colloq.). 

jelly,  n.  gelatin  {learned  or  tech.);  spec,  ju- 
jube, blancmange,  blancmanger,  aspic. 

jerk,  V.  i.  &  t.  1.  move  {contextual),  pull 
{contextual);  spec,  twitch,  jet,  jigget  {col- 
loq.), flip,  yank  {colloq.),  bob,  flirt,  fling, 
flounce,  hitch,  tweak,  flick,  perk,  jig,  jog, 
dodge,  jiggle,  pluck. 

Aritonyms:    see  glide. 
2.  See  THROW. 

jerk,  n.  motion  {contextual),  puU  {context- 
ual); spec,  twitch,  toss,  hitch,  jet,  flick, 
flirt,  yank  {colloq.),  bob,  fig,  jog,  joggle, 
flip,  fling,  throw,  dodge,  spasm,  jiggle, 
jigget  {colloq.). 

jerky,  a.  abrupt;  spec,  twitchy,  jiggety 
{colloq.),  jiggish,  hitchy,  tossing,  yanking 
{colloq.),  spasmodic,  etc. 

jest,  n.  1.  ;See  JEER. 

2.  joke  (an  undignified  word) ;  spec,  chest- 
nut {slang),  Joe  Miller  {slang  or  humor- 
ous), jokelet  {humorous),  gag,  farcicality 
{rare),  jolly  {colloq.),  pleasantry,  jape 
{chiefly  a  literary  archaism),  drollery,  wit- 
ticism. 

3.  play  {contextual),  sport  {as  in  "done  in 
sport");  spec,  japery,  joking,  waggery, 
joke  {rather  undignified),  waggishness, 
prank,  humor,  jocosity,  jocularity. 

Antonyms:    see  earnestness. 

jest,  V.  i.  droll  {literary),  bound  {archaic); 
spec,  joke,  jape  {rare,  exc.  as  a  literary  ar- 
chaism), jolly,  quiz,  banter. 

jester,  n.  farceur  {French);  spec,  joker, 
japer,  jokesman  {nonce  word),  jokesmith 
{humorous),  jokist  {rare),  quiz,  quizzer, 
jokester  {contemptuous),  buffoon,  wag, 
droU  {rare,  exc.  hist.),  wit,  joculator 
{hist.),  minstrel  {hist.),  jougleur  {hist.), 
GoUard  {hist.). 

jesting,  a.  merrymaking  {contextual), 
sportive,  jocose;  spec,  joking,  jocular, 
japish,  droll,  joky  {colloq.),  jokesome 
{rare),  jollying  {colloq.),  waggish,  ribald, 
quizzical,  farcical,  witty. 

jewel,  n.    1.  bijou   {French);    spec,  gem, 
George. 
2.  See  treasure. 

jewel,  V.  t.  bejewel  {an  intensive),  engem 
{rare),  enjewel  {rare). 


jewelry,  n.  bijouterie  {French),  bijoutry 
{rare);  spec,  filigree. 

Jewry,  n.  Jewdom  {rare),  Hebrewdom 
{rare);  spec,  ghetto,  Israel  (a  collective), 
Sephardim,  Ashkenazim. 

jiggle,  V.  t.  <&,  i.  Spec,  play,  jibbet  {colloq.), 
dance,  jigger  {colloq.),  bob,  jig,  noddle, 
bobble,  popple,  jog,  joggle,  chop,  dangle, 
dandle,  trot  {colloq.). 

jiggle,  n.  dance,  bob,  bobble,  popple,  jig, 
noddle,  jog,  joggle,  dangle,  jigget  {colloq). 

jiggly,  a.  jiggety  {colloq.),  dancing,  jiggish 
{colloq.),  bobby,  popply,  joggly,  choppy. 
Antonyms:     see  firm. 

jilt,  V.  t.  To  cast  off  {a  lover):  deceive  {con- 
tcxtu/il). 

jilt,  n.  light-o'-love  {archaic). 

jingle,  V.  i.,  t.,  &  n.  Spec,  tinkle,  clink, 
chink,  clank,  jangle,  clang. 

jingling,  a.  clanky,  jingly,  chnky,  jangling, 
jangly  {rare). 

jingoism,  n.  bluster  {contextual),  jingo, 
Chauvinism. 

job,  n.  1.  work  {contextual);    spec,  chore 
{U.S.),chsir{Eng.). 
2.  See  BUSINESS,  affair. 

join,  V.  t.  &  i.  unite;  spec,  connect,  meet 
{v.  i.),  conjugate  (rare),  concorporate 
{eccl.  or  literary),  concrete,  coarticulate 
{rare),  conjoin  (a  stronger  and  more  literary 
term  than  "join"),  marry  {fig.),  wed  {fig.), 
combine,  affiliate,  consolidate,  compact, 
compaginate  {rare),  compound,  assemble, 
Siamese  {fig.),  consolidate,  joint,  couple, 
coadunate  {rare),  coapt  {rare),  coagment 
{rare),  yoke,  fay,  enter,  associate,  attach, 
add,  interlace,  hinge,  lock,  gear,  solder, 
link,  leash,  rabbet,  piece,  tenon,  band, 
splice,  dovetail,  miter,  dowel,  seam, 
scarf,  joggle,  enhnk  {rare),  catenate,  con- 
struct, rejoin. 

Antonyms:     see  separate,  break,  de- 
tach, DISCONNECT. 

joined,  a.  united;  spec,  combined,  con- 
nected, coadunate  {rare),  conferruminate, 
consolidate,  conjugate,  conjunct  {chiefly 
literary),  conjoined,  concorporate  {eccl. 
or  literary),  joint. 
Antonyms:    see  separate. 

joining,  tc.  union,  juncture  {more  formal 
than  "joining");  spec,  connection,  joint- 
ure {rare),  join  {rare  or  colloq.),  junction, 


t^^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

jeopardize:    endaJiger. 

jeopardous:  dangerous. 

jeopardy:   danger. 

jet,  a.:  black. 

jet,  V.  t.:  jerk,  emit,  spout. 

jet,  V.  %.:  spout. 

jet,  n.:  spout. 

jib,  V.  i.:  balk. 

jib,  n.:  arm. 

jibber:  chatter. 

jibe,  V.  i.:  agree. 


jibe,  V.  {.  &  n.:  jeer. 
jig,  !i.;  dance,  jerk. 
jigger:  jiggle. 
jigget:  jerk,  jiggle. 
jiggety:  jerky,  jiggly. 
jiggish:  jerky,  jiggly. 
jilt:    desert. 
jingoism:   bluster. 
job:   thrust,  stab. 
jockey,  n.:  horseman. 
joclcey,    V.    t.:     cheat,   manage, 
maneuver. 


jocose:  jesting. 
jocosity:  jest. 
jocular:  jesting. 
jocularity:  jest. 
jocund:   cheerful. 
jog,  V.  t.:  jerk,  push,  remind. 
jog,  V.  i.:   go,  jiggle. 
jog,  71.:    jerk,  push,  jiggle,  re- 
minder. 
joggle:  jiggle. 
joggly:  jiggly. 
jog  trot:  gait. 


tSg"  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 


JOINING 


juncture,  assemblage,  joinder  (rare),  com- 
bination, conjunction,  conjuncture  {imw 
rare,  exc.  of  circumstances  or  ei'cri(s),  con- 
solidation, conjugation,  concourse,  com- 
bine ({'.  <S.;  colloq.),  contexture,  coapta- 
tion [i-are),  contignntion  (rare),  catena- 
tion, composition,  compaction,  coaduna- 
tion,  attachment,  annexation,  addition, 
conspiracy,  etc. 
Antonytns:  see  division;  also  of.  sep- 
arate. 

joining,  a.  unitive  {rare),  uniting;  spec. 
connective,  combinative,  contextive 
i,rare),  concretive,  cojiulative,  conjunc- 
tive, associating,  interosculating,  intcros- 
culant  {rare),  etc. 

joint,  n.  1.  union;  spec,  junction,  connec- 
tion, connexus  {rare),  link,  seam,  miter, 
knee,  knot,  node,  joggle,  fillet,  mortise, 
variator,  hinge,  spUce,  communication, 
scarf,  dovetaU,  elbow,  weld,  butt,  lap, 
etc. 

2.  Referring  to  part  of  an  animal:  articu- 
lation; spec,  saddle,  elbow,  knee,  atlas, 
hip,  shoulder,  ankle,  hock  {in  a  quad- 
ruped), knuckle,  chine. 

3.  See  RESORT. 

joint,  V.  t.  1.  articulate  {chiefly  spec). 
2.  See  DISJOINT. 

joint,  a.  joined,  united,  conjoint;     spec. 
conjunctive,  concurrent,  solidary  {chiefly 
tech.),  correal,  articulated,  hinged,  etc. 
Antonyms:    see  separate. 

jointless,  a.  inarticulate. 

jostle,  V.  t.  push  {contextual),  hustle  {chief- 
ly spec);    spec  shove,  elbow,  shoulder. 

jostle,  71.  push,  hustle;  spec  shove,  elbow- 
ing, jostlement  {rare). 

journal,  n.  1.  record  {contextual),  diary 
(chiefly  spec);  spec,  daybook,  gazette. 

2.    See  PERIODICAL,  BEAKING. 

journalist,  n.  author  {contextual),  press- 
man {rare  or  cant),  gazetteer  {hist.);  spec 
reporter,  publicist  (a  loose  use). 

journey,  7i.  progress  (rare,  exc.  spec); 
spec,  excursion,  expedition,  errand  (in  its 
widest  sense  dignified  and  chiefly  literary), 
jaunt,  peregrination  (rare  or  stilted),  voy- 
age {now  rare,  exc  of  a  long  journey  by 
waier),  pilgrimage,  meander,  passage, 
Odyssey  (fig.),  cruise,  tour,  trip,  run, 
trek  {South  Africa  or  colloq.),  Jornada 
(Mexican  Spanish),  hike  (colloq.),  way- 
faring (archaic),  travel,  walk,  ride,  drive, 
wander,  row,  sail. 


journey,  v.  i.  go  (contextual),  travel  {chief- 
ly spec),  peregrinate  (rare),  progress  {ar- 
chaic, exc.  spec);  spec  jaunt,  voyage,  pil- 
grimage (esp.  with  "it"),  meander,  pass, 
tour,  hike  {colloq.),  wander,  ride,  row,  sail, 
drive. 

journeyer,  7i.  Spec  traveler,  excursionist, 
expeditionary  (rare),  messenger,  jaunter, 
peregrinator  (rare),  voyager,  i)ilgrim, 
wanderer,  cruiser,  tourist,  tripper,  trek- 
kcr,  hiker  (colloq.),  wayfarer  (archaic), 
walker,  rider,  dri\cr,  rower,  sailer. 

judge,  71.  I.  magistrate  (contextual;  a 
formal  word),  decider  (contextual),  judica- 
ture (a  collective  pi.),  judicator  (rare), 
judger  (rare),  judgeress  (/e?n.;  rare), 
judiciary  (chiefly  hist,  and  spec),  justiciar 
(rare,  exc.  hist,  and  spec),  justicer  (ar- 
chaic), Rhadamanthus  (fig.),  hakim  (Ori- 
ental), doomsman  (archaic  or  literary), 
doomster  (archaic  or  literary),  doomer  (ar- 
chaic), moderator  (literary  or  spec),  jus- 
tice (chiefly  spec),  deemster  (obs.  or  ar- 
chaic exc  spec);  spec  cadi  (Oriental), 
cadilesker  (Turkish),  surrogate,  probate, 
bencher  (archaic),  heliast,  dicast,  sen- 
tencer  (noi  a  technical  term),  arbitrator, 
arbiter,  referendary,  umpire,  brehon 
(Irish  hist.),  podesta  {Spanish),  quorum 
(collective  pi.),  squire,  kazi  (Oriental),  In- 
quisitor, ordinary,  recorder,  puisne,  cen- 
surer,  Christ  (cls  judging  at  Doomsday) . 
2.  See  CRITIC. 

judge,  v.t.&i.  1.  decide  {contextual),  adjudi- 
cate (formal),  doom  (archaic,  exc  spec); 
spec,  pronounce,  decree,  acquit,  arbitrate, 
try,  umpire,  condemn,  sentence,  find. 
2.  decide,  consider;  spec  apprehend, 
measure,  think,  guess. 

judgment,  7i.  1.  decision,  adjudication, 
judicatory  (rare),  judicature  (rare),  doom 
(archaic,  exc.  spec),  arret  (French),  judi- 
cation (rare),  deliverance  (chiefly  spec); 
spec  arbitration,  condemnation,  decree, 
forjudger,  acquittal. 

2.  decision,  consideration,  estimation; 
spec,  inference,  condemnation,  censure. 

3.  decision,  thought  (contextual);  spec 
opinion,  conceit,  proposition,  estimate, 
sentiment,  inference,  guess,  criticism. 

4.  sense,  discretion;  spec,  counsel  (ar- 
chaic or  obs.),  judiciousness,  wit  (now 
rare,  exc  in  pi.  and  in  certain  phrases), 
eye,  fancy,  circumspection,  sensibility, 
rationality,  taste. 


t^^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

joist:   beam. 

joke,  n.:  jest,  butt. 

joke,  V.  i.:  jest. 

joke,  V.  t.:  banter. 

jolly:   gay,  excellent. 

jolly,  n.:  jest. 

jolly,  V.  t.:   banter,  cajole. 

jolt:    shock. 


jolthead:  blockhead. 

josh:   banter,  hoax. 

jounce:   shock. 

journeyman:  worker. 

journeywork:   work,  drudgery. 

joust:  fight. 

jovial:   gay,  convivial. 

jowl:   head. 

joy,  71.;    pleasure,  happiness. 


joyance:  pleasure,  happiness. 

joyful,  a.:   pleased,  happy. 

joyless,  a.:    unhappy,  cheerless. 

joyous:   pleased,  happy. 

jubilant:  pleased,  gay,  exult- 
ant. 

jubilee:  anniversary,  festival, 
merrymaking. 

jubilize:    celebrate. 


53*"  See  Notes  ol  Explanation. 

254 


KEEP 


judicial,  a.  1.  legal  {contextual),  judiciary, 
judicatory,  judicatorial  {rare);    spec,  ju- 
dicative, juridical. 
Antonyms:  see  lay. 

2.  sensible,  judicious;  spec,  discriminat- 
ing, discreet,  judgmatical  or  judgmatic 
{colloq.),  critical,  understanding,  cautious, 
etc. 

judicious,  a.  judgmatic,  sensible,  prudent, 
wise. 
Antonyms:    see  unwise. 

jug,  n.  vessel  {contextual);  spec,  pitcher, 
ewer,  gray  beard,  cruse,  toby,  prochoos, 
jack,  tankard,  blackjack. 

juggle,  V.  i.  conjure,  trick. 

jugglery,  n.  conjury,  magic  {seemingly  so); 
spec,  legerdemain. 

juice,  n.  humor  {archaic);  spec,  blood,  sap, 
verjuice,  broo  {Scot.),  gravy. 

juicy,  a.  succulent  (learned  or  tech.);  spec. 
bloody,  sappy. 

jump,  V.  i.  1.  spring,  leap  (a  livelier  word 
than  "jump"),  bound;  spec,  vault,  skip, 
hop,  dance,  lunge,  buck,  pounce. 

2.    See  DART,  START,  CHANGE. 

jump,  t;.  ^1.  Cause  to  jump:  spring,  leap; 
spec,  vault,  skip,  hop. 
2.  Referring  to  jumping  over  a  thing: 
spring,  leap,  vault  {often  spec),  clear  {con- 
textual), negotiate  {cant),  overvault  {rare), 
overspring  {rare),  overleap  {rare),  take. 

jumip,  n.  1.  spring,  leap;  spec,  vault,  skip, 
hop,  saltation  {rare),  saltus  {rare),  dance, 
lunge,  pounce. 

2.  See  DART,  START,  TRANSITION. 

3.  Referring  to  the  space  across  which  an 
electric  spark  passes:  gap. 

junction,  n.  1.  *See  joining. 
2.  Referring  to  a  place  where  things  come 
together,  hut  do  not  become  united  in  the  way 
ordinarily  suggested  by  "joint":  juncture, 
conjunction;  spec,  commissure,  seam, 
chiasm,  osculature,  concurrence. 

juncture,  n.  1.  See  joining,  junction. 
2.  Referring  to  circuinstances:   spec,  emer- 
gency,   conjunction,    contingency,    pass, 
predicament,  concurrence,  combination, 
union,  crisis. 

junior,  n.    Spec,  youngster  {mil.;  colloq.), 
boots  {slang),  fag  {Eng.  schools). 
Antonyms:    see  senior. 

jurisdiction,  n.  1.  court;  spec,  justiciary 
{Scot.),  soke,  inspectorate,  cognizance, 
liberty,  courtship,  leet,  circuit,  danger. 


2.  See  AUTHORITY. 

3.  Referring  to  a  person's  sphere  of  con- 
trol or  influence:  sphere,  range,  compass, 
reach,  circuit,  ambit  {rare  or  learned 
equivalent  of  "circuit"),  province,  round, 
orbit. 

jurisdictional,  a.  jurisdictive  {rare);  spec. 
justiciable,  cognizable. 

jurist,  n.  jurisprudent  {often  spec),  legist 
{learned);  spec.  Justinianist,  Civilian, 
Romanist,  publicist,  jurisconsult. 

juror,  n.  juryman  (a  less  technical  term); 
spec,  recognitor. 

jury,  n.  panel,  country  {tech.),  inquest 
{usually  spec). 

just,  a.  1.  true  {contextual),  right,  white 
{slang,   U.  S.),  square  {slang);  spec  well- 
founded,  equitable,  praetorian  {rare),  hon- 
orable, honest,  legitimate,  fair. 
Antonyms:    see  unjust. 

2.  See  RIGHTEOUS,  UPRIGHT,  DESERVED, 
CONSCIENTIOUS,  IMPARTIAL,  LAWFUL,  REA- 
SONABLE, ACCURATE. 

just,  adv.  Spec,  exactly,  even;  see  hardly. 

justice,  n.  1.  justness  {the  quality),  equi- 
tableness,  right,  truth  {contextual);  spec 
honesty,  honor,  equity,  legitimacy,  legiti- 
mateness, Astraea  {a personification),  Nem- 
esis (a  personification). 
Antonyms:    see  injustice. 

2.  Spec,  righteousness,  uprightness,  con- 
scientiousness, impartiality,  truth,  law- 
fulness, reasonableness,  right,  accuracy, 
sincerity,  desert,  count. 

3.  See  JUDGE. 

justification,  n.  1.  defense,  righting,  war- 
rant;    spec  legitimation,  legitimization, 
vindication,  reason,  approval,  apology. 
Antonyms:    see  condemnation. 
2.  See  excuse. 

justify,  V.  t.  1.  defend,  warrant;  spec,  le- 
gitimate,    support,     legitimatize    {rare), 
legitimize,    vindicate,    approve,    deraign 
{law,  hist.,  or  ohs.). 
Antonyms:    see  condemn. 
2.  See  excuse,  adjust,  fit, 

K 

keel,   n.     Spec,   rocker    {chiefly    U.    S.), 

kedge. 
keep,  V.  t.  1.  hold;  spec,  withhold,  possess, 

reserve,  preserve,  retain,  bear  {in  mind), 

save,  have. 


junker:   noble. 
junket:  feast. 
junta:    rouncil,  clique. 
juridical:   judicial,  legal. 
jurisprudence:   law. 
jurisprudent:  lawyer,  jurist. 
just,  V.  &  n.:  fight,  tournament. 
justiciar:  judge. 
justifiable:   defensible. 
justness:  justice,  accuracy. 


t^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

judicatory:  judicial. 

judicious:  judicial,  prudent, 
wise. 

juggle:   conjure,  deceive. 

jumble:   confuse. 

jumble:  confusion. 

junction:  joint,  joining,  meet- 
ing. 

jungle:   thicket. 


jut,  V.  i  :   project. 
jutty:   projection. 
juvenile,  a.:   childish. 
juvenile,  n.:  child. 


keen:  sharp,  sharp-sighted,  in- 
tense, iyitelligent,  painful,  eager, 
shrill,  pungent,  discerning. 


tS^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

255 


KEEPER 


Antonyms:     see  abandon,  relinquish, 

FORGO. 

8.  See   OBSERVE,    maintain,   preserve, 

GUARD,  ATTEND,  SUPPORT,  DETAIN,  CAUSE, 
CONTINUE,  APPLY. 

keeper,  /(.  Spec,  guardian,  custodian,  pre- 
server, conservator  {chicjly  tech.  of  officials 
or  persorig  legally  appointed  to  conserve 
something),  warden,  warder,  holder,  re- 
tainer, constable,  bearward,  parker,  at- 
tendant, armature,  castellan. 

keeping,  n.  Spec,  custody,  care,  guard, 
agreement,  maintenance,  observation,  re- 
tainer (rare,  cxc.  law),  retention,  support, 
harmony,  preservation,  etc. 

kennel,  n.    1.  See  HOUSE. 
2.  pack  (of  dogs). 

kerchief,  n.  kercher  (obs.  or  dial.),  curch 
(Scot.),  headkerchief  (rare);  spec,  neck- 
piece, handkerchief. 

kerosene,  n.  potogen  (rare),  paraffin  oil 
(Eng.  or  tech.),  paraffin  (Eng.). 

kettledrum,  n.  drum  (contextual),  kettle 
(colloq.),  timbal  (chiefly  archaic  or  hist.); 
spec,  naker  (hist.),  atabal. 

key,  n.  1.  clavis  (literary);  spec,  wrest, 
passe-partout  (French) . 

2.  lock  (inach.);  spec,  cotter,  spline,  stop, 
feather,  pin,  etc. 

3.  Referring  to  an  explanation,  transla- 
tion, etc.:  spec,  translation,  crib,  horse 
(slang),  pony  (slang). 

4.  In  music:  tonality  (tech.  and  rare); 
spec,  natural,  sharp,  flat,  mode. 

5.  Of  a  musical  instrument:  spec,  manual 
(rare),  digital  (tech.),  pedal,  stop. 

keyboard,  n.  clavier  (French);  spec,  man- 
ual, pedalier. 

kick,  ^.  t.  strike  (contextual),  spurn  (chiefly 
literary),  foot  (rare  or  obs.  now;  often  imply- 
ing scorn),  calcitrate  (rare;  literary);  spec. 
football,  toe,  hack,  punt  (football),  drive. 

kick,  V.  i.  1.  strike  (contextual),  calcitrate 
(rare);  spec,  spurn  (rare,  exc.  literary). 

2.    See  RECOIL,  OBJECT. 

kick,  n.  1.  strike  (contextual),  calcitration 
(rare),  spurn  (obs.);  spec,  punt,  hack. 

2.    See  RECOIL,  OBJECTION. 

kid,  n.  offspring  (contextual);  spec,  yeanling 
or  eanhng. 

kidney,  n.  reins  (pi.;  archaic). 

kill,  V.  t.  1.  destroy,  finish  (now  chiefly  col- 
loq., exc.  spec),  dispatch,  quell  (rare  or  ar- 
chaic), quench  (rare  or  archaic),  disani- 
mate  (rare),  end  (not  a  dignified  word), 
fordo  (archaic),  corpse  (vulgar,  Eng.), 
dead  (dial,  or  illiterate);  spec,  slay  (now 
chiefly  literary  or  rhetorical),   slaughter, 


massacre,  outkill  (rare),  smite  (archaic), 
deaden  (rare),  butcher,  decimate,  drown, 
assassinate,  burn,  martyr,  stone,  lapidate 
(literary  eqitiv.  of  "stone"),  lynch,  toma- 
hawk, immolate,  jugulate  (rare),  decajji- 
tatc,  garrote,  guillotine,  crucify,  hang, 
gibbet,  brain,  deacon,  burke,  winterkill 
(U.  S.),  pot,  snipe,  murder,  noose  (rare), 
lance,  spear,  pike,  pith,  neck  (tech.  or 
dial.),  homicide. 
Antonyms:  see  animate,  beget,  gen- 
erate, REVIVE. 
2.    See  DESTROY,  DEFEAT,  VETO,  CONSUME. 

killed,  a.   Spec,  lost,  slain,  inanimate. 

killer,  ?i.  slayer  (usually  archaic  or  spec), 
manqueller  (archaic),  manslayer;  spec. 
Drawcansir  (fig.),  cutthroat,  slaughterer, 
smiter,  decapitator,  hangman,  guillotiner, 
garroter,  matador,  murderer,  assassin, 
knacker,  giganticide  (rare),  deicide,  in- 
secticide, lyncher,  macropicide  (rare), 
massacrer,  potter,  sniper,  bactericide, 
fungicide,  etc 

killing,  n.  1.  destruction,  dispatch,  quell 
(rare),  bloodshed  (in  a  generic  or  collective 
sense),  death  (in  a  generic  or  collective 
sense);  spec,  massacre,  homicide,  murder, 
slaughter,  slaying,  butchery,  cervicide 
(rare),  martyring,  martyrization,  macta- 
tion  (rare),  decapitation,  custom,  assas- 
sination, hanging,  drowning,  etc. 

2.    See  DESTRUCTION. 

kind,  n.  1.  See  nature. 
2.  division  (contextual),  species  (learned 
or  tech.),  sort  (a  vaguer  term  than  "kind"), 
genus  (chiefly  tech.);  spec,  class,  type, 
genre  (French),  cast  (a  vague  word),  man- 
ner (710W  only  in  "what  manner  of'),  de- 
nomination, description,  race,  brood, 
swarm,  crew,  crowd,  stamp,  brand,  form, 
make,  family,  breed,  shade,  stripe  {usu- 
ally derogatory),  strain,  style,  persuasion 
(jocular),  tap  (colloq.),  color,  class,  gender 
(gram.),  sex,  make,  etc. 

kind,  a.  good-natured,  humane,  mild  (ar- 
chaic or  rare),  benign  (literary),  boon  (ar- 
chaic); spec,  soft,  beneficent,  benevolent, 
tender,  cosmophil  (nonce  word),  good, 
gracious,  kindly,  sweet,  friendly,  broth- 
erly, kind-hearted,  compassionate,  ac- 
commodating, amiable. 
Antonyms:     see    unfeeling,    unkind, 

FIERCE,  cruel,  HATEFUL. 

kindle,  v.  t.  1.  ignite  (more  learned  than 
"kindle"),  fire  (colloq.  or  tech.),  enkindle 
(an  intensive;  archaic),  light;  spec,  flash, 
inflame,  emblaze  (rare),  conflagrate  (rare), 
ignify  (rare). 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
keep,  V.  i.:  dwell,  continue. 
keepsake:   reminder. 
keg:   cask. 


ken,  n.:  knowing,  knowledge. 
ken,  V.  t.:  know,  understand. 
kickshaw:  gewgaw. 
kid,  V.  t.:  deceive,  hoax,  banter. 


kidnap:   abduct. 
kiln,  71.:  furnace,  oven. 
kiln,  V.  t.:   burn,  bake,  dry. 
kin:    kindred,  relationship. 


tS'  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

256 


KNOT 


Antonyms:    see  extinguish. 
2.  See  EXCITE. 

kindle,  v.  i.  ignite,  catch,  light,  etc. 

kindleable,  a.  ignitable. 

kindling,  a.  ignescent  (rare),  inflamma- 
tory (rare  or  learned);  spec,  conflagrative. 

kindling,  n.  1.    Spec,  fuel,  tinder,  touch- 
wood, lightwood. 
2.  ignition,  lighting;   spec,  inflammation. 

kindly,  a.  well-disposed,  hearty,  genial, 
benignant,  beneficent,  benign  (chiefly  lit- 
erary), benevolent,  debonair  (archaic), 
gracious  (poetic  or  rare);  spec,  sweet, 
friendly,  considerate,  neighborly,  open- 
hearted,  sympathetic,  brotherly,  gall-less, 
loving,  thoughtful,  humane,  amiable. 
Antonyms:      see     malevolent,     cold, 

STERN,  cruel,  HATEFUL,  SHARP. 

kindness,  n.  1.  tenderness,  mildness  (ar- 
chaic or  rare);  spec,  humanity,  benignity, 
benevolence,  grace,  goodness,  beneficence, 
favor,  gentleness,  charity,  blood. 
Antonyms:    see  unkindness,  ferocity, 

SHARPNESS. 

2.  See  benefaction. 

kindred,  n.  pi.  family,  kin  (now  a  less  usu- 
al term  than  "kindred"),  kinspeople 
(U.  S.),  kinsfolk  (colloq.  or  dial.),  sib  (ar- 
chaic), kinship  (rare),  flesh  (fig.),  folks 
(colloq.),  relations  (pi.;  colloq.),  relatives 
(pi.),  mine  (colloq.),  folk,  cousinry,  cousin- 
hood,  cousinage  (obs.). 

kindred,  a.  1.  Referring  to  persons:  related. 
2.  Referring  to  things:  congenial  (rare), 
connate  (rare),  connected,  connatural 
(rare),  congeneric  or  congenerate,  cog- 
nate, congenerous  (rare);  spec,  conjugate, 
sympathetic. 
Antonyms:    see  unrelated. 

kingly,   a.   royal,   regahan    (rare),   regal, 
basilic   (rare),  kinglike,   princelike   (now 
rare),   princely   (archaic  or  spec);  spec. 
palatine. 
Antonyms:    see  plebeian. 

kiss,  V.  t.  1.  caress  (contextual),  salute  (ar- 
chaic) ,  lip  (a  word  suggestive  of  coarseness  or 
used  of  the  lower  animals),  osculate  (rare), 
exosculate  (rare);  spec,  bill,  peck  (humor- 
ous), bekiss  (intensive),  smack,  buss  (an 
archaic  equiv.  of ' 'smack' '). 
2.  See  TOUCH. 

kiss,  n.  1.  caress  (contextual),  salute  (ar- 
chaic), osculation  (rare);  spec,  smack, 
peck  (humorous),  buss  (archaic  eguiv.  of 
"smack"). 


2.  (See  TOUCH. 
kissing,   a.   oscular   (learned),  osculatory 

(learned) . 

kitchen,  n.  1.  Spec.  gaUey,  scullery. 
2.  cuisine  (tech.  or  pretentious),  cookroom 
(colloq.). 

kite,  n.  hawk,  milvine  (tech.);  spec,  elanet, 
glide  (chiefly  Scot.  &  dial.  Eng.),  swallow- 
tail, gledge. 

knead,  v.  t.  work;  spec,  malaxate  (rare), 
petrie,  massage. 

kneel,  v.  i.  bow,  knee  (rare);  spec,  kowtow 
or  kotow. 

kneepan,  n.  patella  (tech.),  kneecap,  ro- 
tula  (rare),  whirlbone  (rare);  spec,  stifle- 
bone. 

knife,  n.  1.  Spec,  whittle  (archaic  or 
dial.),  couteau  (French),  chive  (thieves' 
cant),  whinger  (archaic  or  rare),  toothpick 
(slang,  U.  S.),  bowie  knife,  bistoury, 
slice,  razor,  scalpel,  serpette,  trivet,  pa- 
rang, lancet,  lance,  fleam,  jackknife,  gul- 
ly (Scot.  &  dial.  Eng.),  cuttoe  (obs.  or 
rare),  machete,  bolo. 

2.  blade     (contextual);     spec,    plow    or 
plough,  shears  (pi.),  shave. 

knife- shaped,  a.  cultrate,  cultriform; — 
both  tech. 

knight,  n.  younger  (obs.  or  archaic);  spec. 
champion,  chevalier,  cavalier,  knight-er- 
rant, errant,  paladin  (fig.),  bachelor, 
maltese,  companion,  horseman,  Ritter 
(German),  knighthood  (a  collective). 

knight, !'.  t.  dub. 

knighthood,  n.  knights  (pi.),  chivalry, 
knightlihood  (rare);  spec,  errantry. 

knightly,  a.  knightlike,  cavalierly  (rare), 
chivalric  or  chivalrous. 

knob,  n.  1.  protuberance  (contextual), 
boss;  spec,  stud,  knop,  knurl,  nub  (chief- 
ly dial.),  lump,  button,  nubble,  knot, 
knub,  knobble,  bob,  bur,  bud,  croche 
(tech.),  cascabel,  pommel,  whelk. 
2.  See  hill. 

knobby,  a.  bossy;  spec,  nubby,  lumpy, 
knobbly,  knotty,  whelky. 

knock,  V.  t.  &  i.  1.  strike  (contextual);  spec. 
rap,  rat-tat,  rattle. 
2.  See  CENSURE. 

knock,  n.  1.  stroke  (contextual);  spec,  rap, 
rat-a-tat,  rat-tat. 
2.  See  CENSURE. 

knot,  n.  1.  See  knob,  distortion. 
2.  interlacement  (contextual) ;  spec,  sheep- 
shank, becket,  rosette,  bow,  pi  cot,  clove- 


iW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
king:   monarch. 
kingcraft:   diplomacy. 
kingdom:   domain,  group. 
kink,    V.    I.:    twist,  curl,    loop, 

knot. 
kinky:   twisted,  curly. 
kinsfolk:   kindred. 


kinship:    relation,  kindred. 
kinsman:  relative. 
kit:   set. 
knack:   ability. 
knave:  rascal,  jack. 
knavery:  dishonesty,  rascality. 
knavish:   dishonest,  rascally. 
knee,  v.  t.:   salute. 


knell,  D.<.."  summon. 
knell,  V.  i.:  ring. 
knickerbockers:   breeches. 
knickknack:  gewgaw. 

knife,  V.  t.:  stab,  betray. 
knit:   weave,  interlace,  consoli- 
date, wrinkle. 
knoll:  hill. 


{^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

OC'7 


KNOT 


hitch,  granny,  hitch,  Turk's-hcad,  wall- 
knot,  kcttlcstitch,  cat's-paw,  bend,  bow- 
line, burl. 

3.    .Sff  DIFFICULTY,  COCKADE,  GROUP. 

knot,  r.  /.  1.  interlace  {contextual);  spec. 
kink. 
2.    See  WEAVE,  GN.\.nL. 

knotted,  a.  1.  Gordiau  (Jig.;  literary);  spec. 
convoluted,  nowcd. 

2.   ^1  (    DISTORTED. 

knotty,  a.  I.  Spec,  gnarled,  knurly,  nodose, 
nodous     (rare),     nodulose,     geniculate, 
snaggy- . 
2.  See  COMPLEX. 

know,  V.  t.  cognize  (tech.),  can  (archaic), 
wit  (archaic),  savey  or  savvy  (slang),  ken 
(Scot.):  spec,  have,  intuit  (tech.  or  learned), 
intue  (rare),  recognize,  receive  (rare),  un- 
derstand, infer,  experience. 
Antonyms:    see  guess. 

knowable,  a.  cognizable  (tech.),  cognosci- 
ble  (tech.);  spec,  perceptible. 
A)ito}iyms:    see  unknowable. 

knowing,  a.  1.  Referring  to  the  capacity  of 
knowing,  understanding,  or  perceiving:  see 

INTELLIGENT. 

2.  Referring  to  having  knowledge  previously 
acquired:  cognizant  (tech.  or  learned),  fly 
(.•slang),  aware;  spec,  conscious,  sensible, 
informed,  percipient.  "Knowing"  in  this 
sense  is  rather  rare. 
Antonyms:    see  unaware. 

knowing,  n.  cognition  (tech.  or  learned), 
ken  (,obs.  or  rare);  spec,  perception,  apper- 
ception, inference,  sensibility,  conscious- 
ness. 

knowingness,  n.  1.  See  intelligence. 
2.  awareness,  fljTiess  (slang);  spec,  scio- 
lism (learned  or  rare),  cunningness. 

knowledge,  n.  cognition  (tech.  or  learned), 
cognizance  (tech.  or  learned),  cognoscence 
(rare),  ken,  wit  (archaic);  spec,  pansophy 
(rare),  panthology  (rare),  mastery,  com- 
mand, kenning  (Scot,  and  dial.  Eng.), 
gnosis,  consciousness,  recognition,  intui- 
tion, identification,  perception,  gup- 
ta\adya  (theosophy),  information,  news, 
instruction,  prescience,  know  hov/  (col- 
loq.),  cunning,  experience,  skill,  science, 
acquaintance,  famiharity  (iLsed  with 
"with'  ),  privity. 

known,  a.     Spec,  imderstood,  assumed, 
given. 
Antonyms:    see  unsuspected. 

knuckle,  n.  1.  joint  (contextual);  spec,  (in 
quadrupeds)  hock. 

2.  PL;  in  reference  to  the  weapon:    spec. 
knuckleduster  (sing.),  cestus  (sing.). 


label,  n.  1.  mark  (contextiMl),  ticket  (chief' 
ly  spec);  spec,  tag  (chiefly  U.  S.),  slip, 
docket,  tally. 
2.  In  architecture:  drip. 

labor,  V.  i.  1.  See  endeavor,  work,  elab- 
or.\te,  go. 

2.  Referring  to  a  woman  in  childbirth: 
travail  (archaic). 

laboratory,  n.  work  place  (contextual), 
elaboratory  (obs.  or  hist.). 

labored,  a.   1.  See  elaborate. 
2.  Spec,  artificial,  forced,  heavy,  ponder- 
ous. 
Antonyms:    see  spontaneous. 

laborious,  a.  1.  arduous  (literary  or  for- 
mal),  toilsome,  toilful  (rare),  hard,  labor- 
some  (rare),  operose  (rare);  spec,  heavy, 
tedious,   sweaty,   difficult,   slavish.     See 

WORK. 

2.  See  INDUSTRIOUS. 
labyrinth,  n.  maze. 
labyrinthine,  a.  labyrinthian,  labyrinthic, 

Daidalian  (fig.). 
lace,  n.    1.   fastening   (contextual);    spec. 
string,  cord,  band,  latchet  (dial,  or  Bihli/- 
cal),  thong,  braid,  strap. 

2.  isihTic(co7itextual),  netting;  spec,  bob- 
binet,  Valenciennes,  Duchesse,  pillow  lace, 
passement  (/lisf.),  net,  guipure,  tatting, 
edging,  all-over,  insertion,  Mechlin,  point. 

3.  admixture  (contextual),  flavor,  dash. 
lace,  V.  t.  1.  fasten,  enlace  (literary). 

2.  See  interlace. 

3.  adulterate,  flavor. 
lachrymatory,  n.  tear  bottle  (an  old  name 

due  to  a  false  opinion  as  to  their  use). 
lacing,  n.   Spec,  enlacement  (rare),  flavor. 
lack,  V.  i.  1.  See  fail. 

2.  want; — chiefly  in  to  "be  wanting  in." 
lack,  y.  i.  want ;  spec.  need. 

Antonyms:    see  have. 
lackey,  n.  1.   servant    (contextual);   spec. 

footboy,   footman,   valet,   tiger   (cant  or 

slang),     flunky     (rather    contemptuous), 

Jeames  (sla7ig). 

2.  See  fawner. 
lad,   n.    youth    (contextual),   boy,   jockey 

(chiefly  Scot.),  laddie  (chiefly  Scot.;  esp.  by 

way  of  affection). 
ladder- shaped,  a.  scalar,  scalariform; — 

both  learned  or  tech. 
ladies'  man.    gallant  (rare,  exc.  spec). 
ladle,   n.   dipper   (chiefly    U.   S.;  usually 

spec);  spec,  bail,  bale,  scoop  (chiefly  cant), 

simpulum,     shank,     cyathus     (classical 

antiq.). 


XW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
knowledgeable:  intelligent. 
knurl:   crenate. 
kobold:   goblin. 
kotow:   bow,  kneel. 


L 
labile:  unstable. 
laborer:  worker. 
lacerate:  rend,  distress,  wound. 


lacbes:   neglect. 
laconic:   brief. 
lade:  dip. 
ladle,  D.:  dip. 


t^°  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

258 


LANDLORD 


lady,  n.  1.  See  mistress,  lady-love. 

2.  As  used  with  "Our":  Virgin  Mary. 

3.  gentlewoman  (archaic  or  spec.)';  spec. 
ladykin,  mem  sahib  {India),  begum  {In- 
dia), countess,  baroness,  duchess,  czarina, 
czarevna,  etc. 

4.  .dog,  bitch. 

5.  wife. 

ladybird,  n.  cow-lady  {dial.  Eng.),  lady- 
cow  {dial.  Eng.),  ladybug  {chiefly  U.  S.). 

lady  in  waiting,  duenna  {Spanish;  spec). 

lady-killer,  n.  masher  {slang). 

ladylike,  a.  Spec,  womanly,  refined,  ef- 
feminate. 
Antonyms:    see  manly. 

ladylove,  n.  lover  {only  of  one  who  loves  in 
return).  Dido  {fig.;  usually  of  one  who  is 
deserted),  paramour  {archaic  and  poetic; 
a  word  now  usually  applied  in  an  evil 
sense),  mistress  {implying  domination 
over  the  male;  often  used  with  an  evil  sug- 
gestion), sweetheart  (a  word  with  a  sen- 
timental suggestion). 

ladyship,  n.  ladyhood  (used  only  of  the 
quality;  "ladyship"  being  often  used  in 
designation  or  address). 

lady's  maid,   tirewoman  {archaic  or  rare) . 

lag,  v.  i.   delay   {contextual);    spec,  flag, 
dwell. 
Antonyms:    see  hurry,  rush,  dash. 

lagging,  n.  delay  {contextual);  spec,  retar- 
dation, hysteresis  {elec). 

lagoon,  n.  Spec,  {contextually)  channel, 
pond,  bayou,  lake,  etc. 

lair,  n.  bed  {contextual);  spec,  den,  form, 
nest,  couch,  house,  earth,  burrow,  lodge, 
kennel. 

laity,  n.  people  {contextual),  laymen  {pi.), 
temporal ty  {eccl.). 
Antonyms:    see  profession,  ministry. 

lake,  n.  mediterranean  {rare),  lough  {An- 
glo-Irish), loch  {Scot.),  mere  {chiefly  po- 
etic); spec,  pond,  tank  {India),  lakelet, 
salina,  tarn. 

lake,  a.  lacustrine  {chiefly  specific),  lacus- 
tral  {rare),  lacustrian  {rare). 

lake  dwelling.  Spec,  palafitte  {French), 
crannog. 

lamb,  n.  offspring  {contextual);  spec,  sheep 

{contextual),  yeanling,   eanling,   yearling, 

lambling    {rare),    lambkin    {rare),    cade, 

cosset. 

lambrequin,  n.     Spec,  cornice,  curtain, 

mantling  {her.). 
lambskin    n.     skin     (contextual);    spec. 

budge. 
lamentable,  a.  regrettable,  sorrowful,  de- 


plorable, sad,  ruthful  (archaic),  rueful 
(often  spec),  pitiful,  pitiable,  piteous, 
miserable,  mournful,  melancholy,  doleful, 
woeful,  pathetic;  spec,  commiserable 
(rare),  forlorn. 
Antonyms:    see  laughable. 

lamentableness,  n.  regrettableness,  de- 
plorableness,  pathos,  sadness,  etc. 

lamentation,  n.  1.  lament,  moan  (rare), 
plaint  (archaic  or  poetic),  mourning,  wail, 
bewailment  (rare),  greet  (Scot.);  spec 
Jeremiad  (fig.),  bawl,  conclamation  (rare), 
wailing,  weeping,  dirge. 

Antonyms:     see  rejoicing,  merrymak- 
ing, REVELRY. 

2.  Referring  to  the  experience  or  feeling, 
apart  from  expression:  see  sorrow. 

lamina,  n.  lamination  {used  chiefly  in  pi.); 
spec  scale,  leaf,  foliation  (learned  or  tech.), 
stratification  (learned  or  tech.),  sheet, 
fold,  thickness,  lift,  flake,  layer,  stratum 
(learned  or  tech.),  blade,  plate,  lamella, 
film.  "Lamina"  and  "lamination"  are 
both  learned  or  tech. 

laminate,  a.  laminaceous,  foliaceous,  lam- 
inar, lamellar,  laminated,  stratified,  stra- 
ticulate  (rare),  laminal,  foliated,  laminose, 
laminous,  flaky,  leafy,  bedded  ;—all  more  or 
less  learned  or  tech.,  exc.  the  last  three  words. 

lamp,  n.  lampad  (rare  and  poetic),  lucerne 
(rare  or  antiq.),  spec,  sconce,  lantern 
(French  /usi.), cresset, crusie,crusy  (Scot.), 
veilleuse  (French),  Davy,  lampion. 

lance,  n.  1.  Spec  demilance,  dart,  lance- 
gay  (hist.),  sarissa  (antiq.). 

2.    See  LANCER. 

lance  head,  fer-de-lance  (French). 

lancer,  n.  soldier  (contextual),  lance. 

land,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  solid  surface: 
earth. 
Antonyms:  see  sea. 
2.  Referring  to  some  particular  region  of 
the  earth:  country;  spec,  frontage,  dis- 
trict, grounds,  lunge  (for  horse  training), 
links  (pi.  or  collective  sing.),  parade  {mil.), 
wold  or  weald,  Cockaigne,  Thule,  El 
Dorado  (j^^.),  Beulah  (fig.),  desert, 
plains  (7:*^.),  mainland,  continent,  island, 
campus,  yard,  odal,  premises  (pi.;  law), 
yoke,  hundred,  farm,  country,  mother- 
land, reservation,  etc 

landlady,  n.  1.  See  landowner. 
2.  Spec  hostess. 

landlocked,  a.  inclosed,  mediterranean 
(learned) . 

landlord,  n.  1.  See  landowner. 
2.  Spec,  host,  innkeeper. 


t^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
ladylike:    womanly,  refined,  ef- 
feminate. 
lambent:  shining,  flaming. 
lame,  a.:  disabled,  crippled,  in- 


effectual. 
lame   v.  t.:   disable,  cripple. 
lamed:  disabled.  [sorrow. 

lament,  v.  i.:  mourn,  complain, 
lament,  v.  t.:  regret,  mourn. 


lament,  n..-  lamentation. 
lancinate:   tear. 
lancinating:   sharp.         [posit. 
land,  i).  t.:  disembark,  catch,  de- 
land,  V.  i.:  disembark,  alight. 


fW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

259 


LANDMARK 


landmark,  n.  mark  (contextual),  bound- 
ary; spec,  hoarstone,  nierestone,  mere  {ar- 
chaic), meith  {Scot.),  guiiio. 

landowner,  >i.  laiuihoKlor,  (orritorialist 
(ntrt);  sjhc.  landlord,  landlady,  patroon 
(I'.  S.),  agrarian. 

landscape,  n.  picture  {contextual),  pay- 
sago  {French);  spec,  treescape. 

landsman,  n.  Spec,    landlubber    {sailor's 
slang;  contetnptuous),  horse  marine  {sail- 
or's slang;  contemptuous). 
Antont/ms:    see  sailor. 

language,  7i.  1.  speech,  tongue  {noio.  be- 
coming archaic  or  literary);  spec,  idiom, 
slang,  parlance  (chiefly  used  with  "com- 
mon"), lingua  (Latin;  used  chiefly  in 
"lingua  franca"),  accent,  pasilaly  (rare), 
pasigraphy  (a  loose  use),  oration,  vernacu- 
lar, vulgar  (rare),  cryptology,  dialect, 
Novilatin,  Esperanza,  Volapuk,  Ro,  Ido. 

2.    See  VOCABULARY,  DICTION. 

languid,  a.  weak  (contextual),  listless, 
lukewarm;  see  apathetic,  faint. 

languish,  v.  i.  sicken  (contextual),  decline 
(contextual),  sink,  droop,  pine,  dwine  (ar- 
chaic or  Scot.). 

lanky,  a.  1.  lean  (contextual),  lank,  slab- 
sided  (slang,    U.  S.),  flatsided  (colloq.), 
rangy  (primarily  spec). 
Antonyms:    see  fat,  squat,  stocky. 
2.  See  straight. 

lantern,  n.   1.  lanthorn   (archaic),  light; 
spec,    jack-o'-lantern    (U.    S.    and   dial. 
Eng.),  bull's-eye. 
2.  Spec,  cupola,  tholus  (tech.). 

lapdog,  n.  dog  (c-ontextual) ,  messan  (Scot.). 

large,  a.  1.  See  cOMPREHENSi\Ti;. 
2.  big;  spec,  largish,  heroic  (often  humor- 
ous), goodly,  hugeous  (rare),  Uberal,  gen- 
erous, humming  (slang  or  colloq.),  long 
(colloq.),  exorbitant  (archaic),  Babylonian 
(fig.),  bulky,  voluminous,  immense,  con- 
siderable, coarse,  grand,  elephantine, 
colossal,  broad. 
Antonyms:    see  small,  minute. 

largen,  v.  i.  &  t.  enlarge;  spec,  broaden. 

larva,  n.  Spec,  caterpillar,  grub,  hopper, 
worm,  flyblow,  cankersvorm,  looper, 
scolex,  slugworm,  slug,  cysticercus,  eruca 
(rare),  caddis. 

larval,  a.  1.  personate  (zool.),  masked. 
2.  larvalike,  larviform;     spec,  eruciform 
(rare). 


lascivious,  a.  sensual  (contextual),  lustful; 
spec,  licentious,  lecherous,  lickerish  or 
liiiuorish,  fleshly,  venereous  (a  hook  word), 
petulant  (rare),  lubricous  (rare),  lubri- 
cious  (rare),  concupiscent,  goatish,  pru- 
rient, wanton  (used  esp.  of  loomen),  lewd, 
libidinous,   salacious    (learned),   Cyprian 

(fig.)- 

Antonyms:    see  pure,  chaste. 
lash,  n.  1.  stroke  (contextual),  whip;  spec. 
swinge,  scourge,  flogging. 

2.  whip;  >spec.  scourge,  rope's-end,  thong, 
cat-o'-nine-tails,  scorpion. 

3.  stroke; — referring   to   satire,    sarcasm, 
etc. 

4.  Spec,  eyelash,  flabellum  (zool.). 
lash,  V.  t.  1.  strike  (contextual),  whip;  spec. 

scourge,  s\vinge,  flog. 
2.  See  ABUSE. 
lash,  V.  i.  1.  strike  (contextual),  whip;  spec. 
scourge,  swinge,  flog. 

2.   See  rush,  DASH. 

lashing,  n.  fastening;  spec,  (naut.)  gam- 
mon, gripes  (pi.). 

last,  a.    Spec,  hindmost,  hindermost,  ex- 
treme,   final,    lowest,    utmost,    farthest, 
latest  (archaic),  preceding. 
Antonyms:    see  first,  initial,. 

lasting,  a.  continuing,  abiding,  durable, 
endurable  (rare);  spec,  perdurable,  wear- 
ing, perdurant  (rare),  stable,  diuturnal 
(rare),  endless,  immortal,  perennial,  sub- 
permanent  (rare),  permanent,  fLxed. 
Antony7ns:  see  ephemeral,  temporary, 
passing. 

late,  a.  1.  Spec,  latish  (rare),  behind,  back- 
ward, latesome  (obs.  or  dial.),  tardy,  tar- 
dive (rare),  impunctual  (rare),  slow,  high, 
overdue,  behindhand  (always  predica- 
tive), latest,  last. 
Antonyms:    see  early. 

2.    See  DEAD,  RECENT. 

later,  a.  latter  (largely  poetic  or  archaic), 
posterior,  inferior  (rare);  spec,  puisne  (law) . 
Antonyms:    see  earlier. 

lateral,  a.  side  (the  noun  used  attributively; 
less  formal  or  tech.  than  lateral) . 

lattice,  n.  latticework;  spec,  grate,  grat- 
ing, transenna,  trellis,  canceUi  (pi.), 
espalier. 

laudatory,  a.  praiseful;  spec,  encomiastic, 
commendatory,  fine,  complimentary,  pan- 
egyrical or  panegyric,  eulogistic. 


1^="  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
landslide:   avalanche. 
languorous:     apathetic,  faint, 

emotional. 
lap,  n.:  flap. 
lap,  V.  t.:  fold,  caress. 
lap,  n.:  fold,  circuit. 
lap,  v.:   drink,  play,  touch. 
lap,  n.:  drink,  play. 
lapel:  flap. 
lapse,     n.:     failure,    apostany. 


course,  passing,  end,  fall. 
lapse,  V.  i.:  fall,  apostatize,  end, 

pass. 
larceny:   theft. 
lard:  fat. 

large:   comprehensive,  big. 
large-hearted:   generous. 
largess:  gift. 
lark:  frolic. 
lass:  girl. 
lassitude:   apathy,  faintnens. 


last,  a.:  hindmost,  extreme,  late, 
utmost,  farthest,  preceding. 

last,  !i.  i.:  continue,  endure. 

latest:   late. 

lather:  foam. 

latitude:  extent,  freedom,  re- 
gion. 

latter:   later,  subsequent. 

laud:  celebrate.  [ful. 

laudable:   praiseworthy,  health- 

laudation:   approval,  praise. 


(^  Sec  Notes  of  Explanation. 

260 


LKADER 


Antonyms:  see  abusive,  condemna- 
tory, DISPARAGING. 
laugh,  V.  i.  Spec,  giggle,  teehee,  sneer, 
grin,  hee-haw,  guffaw,  snicker,  snigger, 
sniggle,  ha-ha,  snort,  fleer,  cackle,  haw- 
haw,  titter,  chuckle,  chortle  (colloq.), 
cachinnate  (rhetorical,  pedantic,  or  humor- 
ous), convulse. 

Antonyms:  see  cry,  sob,  wail,  weep. 
laugh,  n.  Spec,  giggle,  teehee,  sneer,  grin, 
gurgle  or  guggle,  horselaugh,  hee-haw, 
naw-haw,  guffaw,  laughter  (rare),  snicker, 
ha-ha,  snort,  fleer,  cackle  (contemptuous) , 
tittle,  snigger,  sniggle,  chuckle,  chortle 
(colloq.),  cachinnation  (rhetorical,  pedan- 
tic, or  hum.orous),  convulsion. 

Antonyms:  see  cry,  sob,  sigh. 
laughable,  a.  funny;  spec,  facetious, 
facete  (archaic),  quizzical,  droll,  drollish, 
witty,  doggerel,  ludicrous,  ridiculous,  ris- 
ible (rare),  amusing,  grotesque,  jocular; 
see  COMIC. 

Antonyms:    see  lamentable. 
laughing,  a.    Spec,  risible  (learned;  often 
humorous),    giggly,    laughy    (colloq.),  ca- 
chinnatory  (rare),  gigglesome. 

Antonyms:     see  weeping. 
laughter,    n.    laughing    (emphasizing    the 
idea  of  action);    spec,   titter ation   (rare), 
gigglement,     risibility,     convulsion,     ca- 
chinnation (learned;  often  derogatory) . 

Antonyms:    see  weeping,  lamentation; 

also  Cf.  CRY. 

lava,  n.    Spec,  coulee,  slag,  pumice,  bomb. 

lavish,    V.    t.    bestow    (contextual));   spec. 
squander,   waste,   deluge,   pour,   shower, 
rain. 
Antonyms:    see  stint. 

law,  n.  1.  Referring  to  civil  laws:  rule  (rare 
or  spec.);  spec,  act,  statute,  enactment, 
doom  (hist.),  canon  (now  chiefly  hist,  or 
eccl.),  ordonnance  (in  Continental  Eu- 
rope), ordinance,  decree,  institution,  con- 
stitution (esp.  Roman  law  or  eccl.),  edict, 
plebiscite  (one  passed  by  the  people  in  gen- 
eral, or  spec.  Roman  hist.),  capitular  or 
capitulary,  rescript,  decision,  byrlaw 
(dial,  or  hist.). 

2.  jurisprudence. 

3.  See   LITIGATION,    PROFESSION,    ALLOW- 
ANCE. 

law-abiding,  a.  lawful;  spec,  orderly,  ruly. 
Antonytns:  see  rowdyism,  lawless,  an- 
archical, DISORDERLY. 

lawful,  a.  legitimate,  legal  (more  formal 
than  "lawful");  spec,  juristic  or  juristical, 
licit  (rare),  quiritary  or  quiritarian  (Ro- 
man law),   just,    right,    rightful,    unpro- 


hibited, warrantable,   valid,  jural  (rare; 
equiv.  of  "juristic"),  civil,  forensic,  con- 
stitutional. 
Antonyms:    see  unlawful,  criminal. 

lawless,  a.  unruly,  ruleless  (rare),  disor- 
derly (contextual);  spec,  riotous;    see  an- 
archical. 
Antonyms:  see  law-abiding. 

lawyer,  n.  man-of-law  (archaic);  spec,  ad- 
vocate, attorney,  solicitor  (chiefly  Eng.), 
barrister  (chiefly  Eng .) ,  proctor,  counselor 
or  counsel,  pettifogger,  leguleian  (rare), 
shyster  (cant  or  contemptuous),  sergeant, 
gownsman  (Erig.),  judge,  rabbi  (Jeunsh), 
bencher  (Eng.),  canonist,  silk  (Eng.;  col- 
loq. or  slang),  devil,  conveyancer,  Civihan, 
Romanist,  procurator,  procurer  (rare), 
leader,  brehon,  cognitor  (Roman  law), 
moolvee  (Mohammedan),  cadi  (Moham- 
medan), writer  (Scot.). 

lax,  a.  1.  relax  (rare). 

2.  Referring  to  the  bowels:  see  loose. 

3.  loose,  liberal  (euphemistic);  see  negli- 
gent, immoral. 

Antonyjyis:    see  strict. 

lay,  a.  popular,  laic  (rare),  nonprofessional, 
unprofessional;  spec,  temporal,  secular, 
civilian. 

Antonyms:    see  professional,  ministe- 
rial, PRIESTLY,  judicial. 

layer,  n.  Spec,  couch,  bed,  coping,  course, 
lift,  belt,  footing,  seam,  sill,  ply,  overlay, 
floor,  cordon,  lap. 

layman,  n.  laic  (rare  or  tech.),  nonprofes- 
sional;  spec,  secular. 
Antonyms:    see  priest. 

laziness,  n.  idleness,  indolence,  sloth  (lit- 
erary or  archaic) . 

lazy,  a.  inert,  idle,  indolent,  slothful  (lit- 
erary or  archaic);  spec,  sluggard,  slack, 
shiftless,  drony,  dronish  or  droning,  os- 
culant (rare),  sleepy. 

Antonyms:     see  active,  ambitious,  en- 
terprising, industrious. 

lead  (led),  n.  Saturn  (tech.);  spec,  pipe, 
channel,  plummet. 

lead  (led),  v.  t.  1.  See  guide,  direct,  in- 
duce, experience. 

2.  precede,  front  (rare);  spec,  head,  de- 
duct or  deduce,  precent  (rare),  captain. 
Antonyms:  see  follow. 

leaden,  n.  1.  lead.  Saturnine  (archaic  or 
her.),  plumbous  (rare);   spec,  leady. 

2.  lead-colored,  plumbous  (chiefly  rare); 
spec,  livid,  gray,  leady. 

3.  See  HEAVY,  depressing. 
leader,  n.  1.  See  guide,  chief,  drain. 

2.  Referring  to  one  who  precedes  or  con- 


CP^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

lavatory 

bath. 

lawgiver:  legislator. 

launched:   afloat. 

lave,  1).  t.. 

dip,  bail. 

lawn:   grassland. 

launder,  v.  t.:  wash.       [guished. 

lave,  V.  i. 

wash.           [unstinted. 

laze:   idle. 

laureate:    crowned,     distin- 

lavish,  a. 

abundant,  extravagatit. 

lazy  fellow:   sluggard. 

18 


KS^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
261 


LEADERSHIP 


litids  to  some  place  or  in  a  eoiimc:  foroj^oor 
(rare  or  archaic),  coiuhictor.  prodocossor 
(rare  or  spec);  spec,  hi'iulor,  lead,  hort^ 
toga  (Old  Eug.  hint.),  bellwether  (con- 
icmptiious),  choragus  (csp.  in  the  Classic 
itrania),  forchorse,  demagogue  {hist.), 
coryjihaHis  (primarilij  Classic  antiq.), 
cantor  or  precentor,  voivode  or  vaivode, 
cob  (dial.  Eng.),  mahdi  (Mohannncdan), 
ethnagogue  (rare),  stretcher,  whip. 

leadership,  n.  chieftaincy,  headship,  head, 
lead;  spec,  captaincy,  captain.ship,  com- 
mandership,  hegemony  (political  science). 

leal,  n.  1.  Spec,  blade,  phyllome  (<cc/i.),  leaf- 
let, foliole  (tech.),  bract  (tech.),  bracteole 
(/ec/i.),  bractlet  (tech.),  frond  (popular 
usage),  cotyledon  (tech.),  flag,  pad  (U.  S.), 
needle,  petal  (tech.),  sepal  (tech.). 
2.  Spec,  lamina,  folio,  lamella,  flap,  fold, 
interleaf,  inset,  valve,  valvelet. 

leafage,  n.  foliage  (the  ordinary  term),  fo- 
liation, foliature  (rare),  leafery  (rare),  fron- 
descence  (tech.  or  rare);  spec,  vernation. 

leafing,  n.  leaving  (a  variant),  foHation, 
f rondescence  (tech.  or  rare) . 

leaflike,  a.  foUaceous  (learned  or  tech.), 
foliar  (learned  or  tech.),  foliated  (chiefly 
zobl.);  spec,  filiform  (rare),  leafy. 

leafy,  a.  1.   See  leaflike. 
2.  leaved,    foliaceous    (tech.    or   learned), 
phylloid  (tech.),  lea\y  (obs.  or  poetic),  fo- 
lio.se  (rare),  folious  (rare),  frondent  (rare); 
spec,  bowery,  foHate. 
Antonyms:    see  bare. 

league,  v.  t.  associate,  ally,  confederate 
(chiefly  spec). 

leak,  V.  i.  escape  (contextual);  spec,  ex- 
travasate. 

leakage,  7i.  escape  (contextual);  spec,  seep- 
age, percolation. 

leap  year,  bissextile  (tech.). 

learn,  v.  i.  1.  get;   spec,  con  (archaic  or  lit- 
erary),   master,    prepare,   have,    acquire, 
smatter  (rare),  mislearn,  memorize. 
2.  ascertain;    spec,  hear,  see,  read,  infer; 
see  DISCOVER. 

learned,  a.  able  (contextual),  intelligent 
(contextual),  lettered  (learned  or  formal), 
bookish  (disparaging),  book-learned  (now 
usually  disparaging);  spec,  literate,  eru- 
dite, bluestocking  or  blue  (cant  or  de- 
preciat(yry),  scholarly,  wase,  profound, 
studied,  accomplished,  philosophical. 
Antonyms:  see  ignorant,  tjnscholarly. 

learning,  n.  1.  knowledge,  lore  (archaic  or 


/>(>itic);  spec,  erudition,  .scholarship,  en- 
hghtonnuMit,  wisdom,  opsimathy,  clerk- 
ship (archaic),  schoolcraft  (archaic), 
mathesis  (archaic),  humanity,  literature 
(rare),  science,  art,  religion,  mathematics, 
languages,  medicine,  etc. 
Anto7iyms:  see  ignorance. 
2.  See  DISCOVERY. 

lease,  v.  t.  1.  grant  (contextual),  convey 
(contextual),  let  (broader  and  less  formal 
than  lease),  farm  (rare),  demise  (tech.); 
spec,  rent,  conacre,  sublease,  sublet. 
2.  In  the  sense  of  "to  take  a  lease  of":  take 
(contextual);  spec,  hire,  rent,  sublease. 

leash,  71.  Spec,  cord,  thong,  sUp,  couple, 
lune,  lyam  or  lyme  (hist.). 

least,  a.    Spec,  minimum,  slightest,  small- 
est, lowest,  minimal. 
A7}tonyms:    see  utmost. 

least,  }i.  minimum. 

leather,  n.  Spec,  chamois  or  (less  usual) 
shammy,  kid,  dogskin,  calfskin,  calf,  cow- 
hide, doeskin,  pigskin,  porpoiseskin, 
goose  skin,  morocco,  cordovan,  cordwain, 
Rutland,  russia,  buckskin,  whitleather, 
cuir-bouilli  (French),  shagreen,  saffian, 
skiver,  buff. 

leathern,  n.  coriaceous  (tech.  or  affected), 
leathery. 

leave,  n.  1.  permission  (contextual);  spec. 
furlough  (esp.  of  a  soldier) . 

2.    See  FAREWELL. 

leave,  v.  t.  1.     See  ab.andon,  bequeath, 

PERMIT,  REFER,  COMMIT,  DEPOSIT,  DESERT, 
STOP. 

2.  depart  (rare,  exc.  in  "to  depart  this 
life");  spec,  quit,  desert,  abandon,  flee, 
evacuate,  forgo  (archaic). 

lecher,  v.  i.  caterwaul  (contemptuous;  spec, 
or  fig.). 

lecture,  n.  1.  address  (contextual),  prelec- 
tion (rai-e). 
2.  reproof. 

lecture,  v.  t.  1.  address  (contextual);  spec. 
sermon  (rare),  sermonize,  tutor,  teach. 
2.  See  REPROVE. 

ledge,  n.  ridge  (contextual),  shelf  (co7itext- 
ual);  spec,  berm,  bench,  ledging  (a  col- 
lective) . 

ledgy,  a.  shelfy,  shelvy. 

left,  a.  leftward  (rare),  sinistral  (tech.),  sin- 
ister (tech.);  spec,  larboard  (naut.),  near. 
Antonyms:    see  right. 

left-handed,  a.  Spec,  sinistral  (tech.), 
clumsy,  ambiguous. 


C^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
leading:   chief. 

league,  n.:   agreement,  associa- 
tion, confederacy. 
leak:  hole. 

leal:   constant.  [hang. 

lean,  v.  i.:  incline,  rest,  depend, 
lean,  v.  t.:  rest. 


lean,  a.:    thin,  lanky,  innutri- 
tions. 
leaning:   inclination. 
leap,  r.  i.:  jump,  go,  break. 
leap,  V.  t.  &  n.:  jump. 
least:   smallest. 
leave,  v.  i.:  depart,  cease. 
leaven,  n.:  ferment,  admixture. 


leaven,  v.  t.:  ferment. 

leave  taking:  farewell. 

leavings:   residue. 

lecher:   dissipator.  [ous. 

lecherous:    dissipated,  lascivi- 

leer,  r.  i.:  gaze. 

leer,  n.:  look. 

lees:   dregs. 


tS"  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
262 


LETTER 


leg,  n.  1.  limb  (a  term  including  both  arms 
and  legs,  but  often  used  in  mock  modesty  or 
jrrudishness  where  the  word  "leg"  is  needed 
for  clearness  or  accuracy),  gam  (slang), 
nethers  (pL;  rare),  locomotives  (pi.; 
slang),  stumps  (pi.;  colloq.);  spec,  crus 
(tech.),  jamb  (her.),  gamb  or  gambe  (her.), 
shin,  shank,  leglet,  drumstick,  thigh, 
gigot  (rare),  ham,  podite  (tech.),  peg. 

2.    See  BRANCH,  BOW,  BEAT  (naut.),  SIDE. 

leg,  a.  crural  (tech.). 

legacy,  n.  gift  (contextual),  bequest. 

legal,  a.  1.  law  (the  noun  used  attributively); 
spec,  juridical,  judicial. 
2.  See  LAWFUL. 

legalize,  v.  t.  legitimate  (often  spec),  legiti- 
matize or  legitimize  (chiefly  spec);  spec. 
formalize,  authorize,  regularize. 

legatee,  n.  grantee  (contextual),  donee 
(contextual),  legatary  (rare);  spec  col- 
legatary  (rare),  colegatee,  institute  (Ro- 
man and  Scots  law) . 

legend,  n.  1.  story  (contextual),  saga  (an 
erroneous  use);  spec,  folklore,  haggadah. 

2.  inscription  (contextual),  lemma  (learn- 
ed); spec,  epigraph,  motto. 

3.  See  DEVICE. 

legging,  n.  Spec  gramash  (Scot.),  gamash 
(archaic  or  dial.),  gambado,  gaiter,  spats 
(pi.),  puttee,  gamashes  (pi.),  greaves  (pi.), 
shaps  (pi. ;  western  U.  S.).^ 

legible,  a.  readable  (the  Anglo-Saxon  equiv- 
alent of  "legible");  spec,  fair,  decipherable. 
Antonyms:    see  illegible. 

legislative,  a.  legific  (rare),  legislatorial 
(rare),  nomothetic  or  nomothetical  (tech. 
or  rare),  lawmaking. 

legislator,  ?i.  lawgiver,  lawmaker,  legisla- 
tress  (fern.),  legislatrix  (fem.);  spec. 
thesmothete,  filibuster,  senator,  repre- 
sentative, congressman,  parliamentarian, 
magnate. 

legislature,  n.  legislative  (mre,  exc  with 
"the");  spec,  parliament,  congress,  senate, 
house  of  representatives  or  (for  short) 
house,  duma,  diet.  Keys,  Landtag. 

legitimate,  a.  1.   See  lawful. 
2.  In  reference  to  offspring:  lawful,  kindly 
(archaic  or  hist.),  mulier  (law). 
Antonyms:    see  illegitimate. 

leisure,  n.   1.  freedom  (contextual),  ease, 
vacancy  (rare  or  literary);   spec  conven- 
ience. 
2.  time,  by-time  (rare). 

leisure,  a.  free  (contextual),  otiant  (rare), 
vacant  (rare  or  literary),  spare. 


leisurely,  a.   Spec  leisured,  leisureful,  de- 
liberate, hasteless. 
Antonyms:  see  bustling. 
lend,  V.  t.  1.  loan  (now  chiefly  U.  S.,  and  not 
approved  by  the  best  writers);    spec,  bail 
(law),  furnish. 
Antonytns:    see  borrow. 

2.    See  GIVE,  FURNISH. 

length,  n.  1.  distance,  extent,  longness 
(rare),  longitude  (chiefly  jocular  or  specif., 
proU.xity  (rare  or  hurnorous  as  physical 
length);  spec  measure,  fly. 

2.  Referring  to  time:  extent ;  spec,  prolix- 
ity, quantity  (in  prosody  and  phonetics). 

Antonyms:    see  brevity. 

3.  Spec,  piece,  roll,  coil,  ran,  nm. 
lengthen,  v.  t.  1.  See  extend. 

2.  In  prosody  and  phonetics:  prolong. 
Antonyms:    see  shorten. 

lengthwise,   adv.   lengthways  (less  usual 

than  "lengthwise"),    endlong    (archaic  or 

dial.);  spec,  fore  and  aft  (in  reference  to  a 

vessel),  along,  endwise,  endways. 

Antonyms:  see  crosswise,  sideways. 

lengthy,  a.   Spec,  long,  prohx,  tall. 
Antonyms:    see  short,  brief. 

lens,  n.  refractor;  spec  eyepiece,  buU's- 
eye,  objective,  eyeglass,  crystalline,  glass, 
magnifier,  meniscus,  pantoscope. 

lens -shaped,  a.  Spec,  lenticular,  menis- 
cal,  meniscoid; — all  three  learned  or  tech. 

lent,  n.  Quadragesima  (tech.  or  rare). 

leopard,  n.  pard  (archaic  or  poetic),  pan- 
ther (chiefly  spec),  leopardess  (fem..), 
pantheress  (fem.),  catamountain  (archaic 
or  rare);  spec  cheetah. 

let,  V.  t.  1.  See  cause,  permit. 
2.  rent  (chiefly  spec;  colloq.  or  cant),  hire 
(not  in  careful  usage),  farm  (chiefly  hist,  or 
in  matters  of  government  finance);  spec 
lend  (money;  "let"  is  obs.  in  this  sense), 
lease,  sublet. 

letter,  n.  lessor,  renter,  hirer;  spec,  locator 
(Civil  and  Scots  law),  jobber  or  jobmaster 
(Eng.). 

letter,  n.  1.  symbol  (contextual) ,  character 
(contextual);  spec,  initial,  descender, 
itahc,  roman,  nasal,  labial,  medial,  gut- 
tural, cacuminal,  dental,  etc.,  alpha,  beta, 
etc,  digamma,  cue. 

2.  communication,  epistle  (formal,  rhe- 
torical, historical,  or  affected),  favor  (now 
only  in  commercial  xisage,  and  going  out  of 
fashion  in  that,  except  when  a  favor  is  really 
intended  to  be  referred  to),  missive;  spec. 
note,  billet,  brief  (now  rare  or  tech.),  line 


X^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
legate:  diplomalic  agent. 
legendary:  fabulous. 
legerdemain:   magic. 
lengthen:  extend;  (referring  to 

sounds);  prolong. 
lengthwise:  longitudinal. 


lengthy:  long,  prolix. 

lenience:  indulgence,  mercy. 

lenient:  indulgent,  merciful. 

lesion:   harm. 

less,  a.:  minor. 

lessee:  grantee. 

lessen:      diminish,     disparage, 


abate,  shorten,  moderate. 
lesser:   inferior,  minor. 
lesson:  task,  reading,  reproof. 
lesson:   teach,  reprove. 
let,  V.  t.:   hinder. 
let,  n.:   hindrance. 
lethal:  dcadlu- 


K^^  Sec  Notes  of  Explanation. 

263 


LETHARGY 


(coUoq.),  billot-doux,  pmilot  (French),  hull 
(/xj/«i/),  lottoivt  ((•()//<)(/.),  notolot.  dvop  let- 
ter [C  S.),  valentine,  pastoral,  monitory. 
S.  //(  ;)/.;  sec  liter.\ture. 

4.    ^ff  TYPE. 

letter,  (7.  epistolary. 

letter,  c.  /.  inscribe  (contextual);  spec,  in- 
itial, siiin. 

letterbox,  /(.  pillar  box  or  pillar  (Eng.). 

letter  carrier.  Spec,  postman,  postboy, 
carrier. 

letting,  n.  leasing,  hiring,  renting;  spec. 
location  [Civil  and  Scots  law),  conacre 
{Irish  land  sy.'^lcm). 

level,  n.  Spec,  horizontal,  elevation,  equal- 
ity, stage,  drift,  horizon. 

level,  V.  t.  1.    See  flatten,  direct,  aim, 

ADJUST,  LOWER,  DEMOLISH. 

2.  repose  {contextual),  prostrate;  see  fell, 

BOW,  ABASE,  OVERCOME,  EXHAUST. 

lever,  n.  prize  {chiefly  dial,  or  archaic),  pry 
{chiefly  spec;  dial.  U.  S.  and  Eng.  dial.); 
spec,  dog,  crowbar,  crow,  sweep,  swingle, 
brake,  treadle,  trigger,  tumbler,  tiller, 
tail,  key,  jack,  pawl,  pedal,  garrot. 

lever,  v.  t.  prize  (now;  chiefly  archaic  or 
7nech.),  pry  {U.  S.  or  Eng.  dial.). 

leverage,  n.  hold  {contextual),  purchase, 
prize  {chiefly  Eng.),  pry  {U.  S.  or  Eng. 
dial). 

lewd,  a.  1.  coarse  (contextual),  sensual  (con- 
textual), lecherous  (rare);  spec,  vile,  filthy, 
foul,  ribald,  Cyprian  (fig.),  lascivious,  in- 
decent, unchaste,  harlot. 

Antonyms:    see  chaste,  modest. 
2.  See  LASCIVIOUS. 

lexicographer,  n.  author  (contextual),  vo- 
cabulist  (rare);  spec,  dictioneer  (con- 
temptuous),  glossarian,  glossarist. 

lexicographical,  a.  dictionarial  (rare); 
spec,  glossarial. 

lexicography,  n.  lexicology  (rare);  spec. 
glossography  or  glossology. 

liable,  a.  1.  See  accountable. 
2.  exposed,    obnoxious    (literary),    open, 
subject. 

liar,  n.  prevaricator,  story-teller  (colloq. 
and  euphemistic),  equivocator  (learned  or 
euphemistic),  falsifier  (rare),  pseudologer 
{rare;  chiefly  humorous);  spec,  cracker 
(colloq.),  fibber,  fibster,  bouncer,  ro- 
mancer. 

liberal,  a.  I.  See  abundant,  frank,  gen- 
erous, LAX,  INCLUSIVE. 


2.  Spec,  free,  liberalistic,  broad-minded 
(commendatory),    open-mindiHl,    libertine 
(rare;    u.^iually  derogatory),  broad,  broad- 
isli,    catholic    (commendatory;     learned), 
latitudinarian   (often  disparaging),  eclec- 
tic, tolerant,  indifferent,  democratic,  etc. 
Antonyms:    see  narrow. 
liberal,   n.    liberalist,  libertine  (rare,  exc. 
spec);    spec,  free-thinker,   Radical,  Grit 
(Canadian  politic.'i),  Discomisado  (Span- 
ish hist.),  Latitudinarian. 
liberalize,     V.     t.     broaden,     catholicize, 

widen. 
libertine,  n.  1.    See  liberal,  freedman. 
2.  Spec,    debauchee,    rake,    lecher,    Lo- 
thario (chiefly  with  "gay"),  roue  (French), 
ralcehell  (archaic),  rip  (colloq.). 
librarian,  n.  bibliothec  (rare),  bibUothec- 

ary  (rare),  librarianess  (Jem.;  rare). 
license  or  licence,  n.  I.  authorization 
(contextual);  spec,  chop  (India  and  China), 
purwanah  (India),  certificate,  dispensa- 
tion, imprimatur,  warrant,  passport, 
clearance,  privilege,  indult  (R.  C.  Ch.), 
charter,  patent. 

2.  freedom,  liberty  (an  inexact  use);  spec. 
looseness,  indulgence. 
Antonyms:    see  restraint. 
licentious,  a.  immoral  (contextual),  incon- 
tinent,    dissipated     (contextual);      spec. 
broad,  free  (usually  euphemistic),  liber- 
tine, loose,  corrupt,  Fescennine  (literary; 
fig.),  lewd,  lascivious,  orgiastic,  degener- 
ate. 
Antonyms:    see  chaste,  modest. 
lie,  n.  falsehood,  equivocation  (spec  or  eu- 
phemistic), falsity   (rare),  untruth   (often 
euphemistic),  story  (colloq.  and  euphemis- 
tic), mendacity  (rare,  exc.  in  an  abstract 
sense;  learned  and  lacking  the  offensiveness 
of  "lie");  spec,  fib,  romance,  concoction, 
imagination,   invention,   rouser    (colloq.), 
bouncer  or  bounce  (colloq.),  sockdologer 
(slang,   U.  S.),  crack  (archaic),  prevarica- 
tion. 
Antonyms:    see  truth. 
lie,  V.  i.   falsify,   equivocate  (spec,  or  eu- 
phemistic);   spec,  prevaricate,  taradiddle 
(slang  or  colloq.),   romance,   fib,    shuffle, 
quibble. 
lie,  V.  i.  1.  recline  (the  Latin  and  less  em- 
phatic equivalent  of  "lie");    spec,   couch 
(archaic),  lair  (rare,  exc.  of  beasts),  bed, 
bunk  (colloq.),  grovel,  bundle. 


l^=  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

lethargy:  sleepinesx,  sleep, 
apathy,  stupor,  dullness. 

lethe:  forgdfulness. 

lethiferous:    deadly. 

letters:  alphabet,  correspond- 
ence. 

levee:   dike,  hank,  quay. 

levee:  reception. 

level,  V.  t.:   flatten,  direct,  aim. 


ailjuit,  lower,  demolish. 
level,  a.:    even,  flat,  horizontal, 

equal. 
leviable:  assessable. 
levigate:  pulverize,  mix,  polish. 
levity:   lightness,  frivolity. 
levy:   enlist,  assess. 
libation:   .•'acrifi.ce. 
libel:    defame. 
libelous:   defamatory. 


liberate:  free. 
liberation:  freeinn. 
liberty:  freedom,  license,  right. 
libidinous:    lascivious. 
librate:   vibrate,  balance. 
lick:   touch,  wash,  defeat. 
lickerish:      desirous,     hungry, 

lascivious. 
licking:  defeat. 
lid,  n.:  cover. 


^W  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
264 


LIKENING 


Antonyms:    see  stand. 

2.  Referring  more  to  the  idea  of  support 
than  to  the  idea  of  position:  rest;  spec,  re- 
pose, cuddle,  nestle,  seat,  sit. 

3.  See  EXTEND,  BE,  CONSIST,  INHERE. 

life,  n.  1.  being  {contextual),  existence  {con- 
textual), course  {fig.);  spec,  vitality, 
breath,   head  {fig.),  pilgrimage,  journey 

{fig-). 

Antonyms:    see  death. 

2.  Referring  to  those  who  are  alive  on 
earth:  world. 

3.  see  energy,  liveliness,  essence, 
essential. 

lifeless,  a.   1.  inanimate  (a  7)iore  learned 
word;    chiefly  spec),  inert,  dead;     spec. 
spiritless,  breathless,  bloodless,  pulseless, 
defunct. 
Antonyms:    see  living. 

2.  Referring  to  what  seems  lifeless:  spec. 
insensible,  dull,  motionless,  insipid,  slug- 
gish, feckless  {Scot,  or  literary). 

3.  Referring  to  coals  that  have  been  burning 
or  "alive":  dead,  extinct,  extinguished, 
quenched. 

lifetime,  n.  age,  day. 

lift,  V.  t.  1.  elevate,  raise,  heave  {spec,  exc. 

archaic);  spec  boost  {colloq.,  U.  S.),  heft, 

hoist,  float,  crank,  crane. 
Antonyms:    see  lower. 

2.  See  dignify,  elevate,  steal,  pay. 
lift,    n.    1.    elevation,   heave    (spec,   exc. 

archaic);     spec    boost    {colloq.,    U.    S.), 

hoist. 

2.  See  layer,  elevator. 

3.  Referring  to  an  act  of  assistance:  spec. 
cast  {Eng.  or  literary). 

ligament,  n.  1.  band,  bondage. 
2.  Anat.:     sinew    {chiefly    spec),    thew 
{chiefly  in  pi.);  spec,  tendon,  whitleather. 

light,  n.  1.  ray  or  radiance  (chiefly  poetic, 
exc  spec),  levin  {literary),  leam  {Scot,  or 
dial.);  spec,  glim  {slang),  lamp  {fig.), 
gleam,  flare,  phosphorescence,  reflection, 
starlight,  blink,  iceblink,  snowblink,  day- 
light, candlelight,  gaslight,  glare. 
Antonyms:    see  dark. 

2.  luminary  {literary;  chiefly  spec);  spec. 
sun,  planet,  star,  lamp,  torch,  mortar  (a 
kind  of  lamp  or  candle  arid  candlestick), 
will-o'-the-wisp,  phosphorescence,  comet, 
coops  {pi.;  movie  slang),  etc. 

3.  Referring  to  a  window  light:  pane;  spec. 
bull's-eye,  sash. 

4.  See  enlightenment,  vision,  aspect. 
light,  V.  t.  1.  See  ignite. 

2.  brighten,  illuminate  {rare  or  poetic). 


lighten,  emblaze  {rare),  irradiate,  ray 
{rare),  inflame,  lamp  {rare),  lantern  {rare), 
beacon;  spec  relume. 

Antonyms:     see  darken. 
light,  a.  1.     Spec,  ethereal,  airy,  foamy, 
yeasty.  cliaJy,  feathery,  weightless. 

Antonyms:    see  heavy,  burdensome. 

2.  R  fcrring  to  sleep:  spec.  dozy. 
Antonyms:  see  deep. 

3.  See  unimportant,  easy,  digestible, 
cheerful,  loose,  disparaging,  gentle, 
frivolous,  amusing,  active. 

lighted,  a.  lit. 

lighten,  v.  t.  1.   Spec,  buoy  {with  "up"), 
levitate,  uplift,  disburden. 
Antonyms:     see  burden. 
2.  See  alleviate,  diminish. 

lighten,  v.  t.  1.    See  brighten,  LIGHT. 
2.  fulmine  {rare),  fulminate  {rare); — both 
terms  suggesting  the  accompanying  thunder- 
clap. 

lighter,  n.  Spec  candlelighter,  spill,  taper, 
fidibus,  spillikin. 

lighter,  n.  A  kind  of  boat;  spec,  scout, 
gondola  {U.  S.). 

lighthead,  n.  rattlebrain  {slang  or  col- 
loq.), rattlehead  {slang  or  colloq.);  spec. 
butterfly  {fig.). 

lighthouse,  n.  pharos  {somewhat  learned 
or  affected),  phare  {rare). 

lightness,  n.  levity;     spec  airiness,   etc. 

Cf.  LIGHT. 

lightning,  n.  levin  {literary),  thunder- 
light  {archaic),  fire  {contextual),  fulgur 
{rare),  fulmination;  spec,  bolt,  thunder- 
bolt, wildfire. 

lightning  conductor,  lightning  rod, 
paratonnerre  {French);  spec,  paragrele 
{French). 

light  producing,  a.  lucific  {rare). 

like,  V.  t.  approve,  savor  or  savour  {ar- 
chaic), love  {colloq.),  fancy;  spec,  relish, 
enjoy,  conceit  {obs.  or  Eng.  dial.). 

Antonyms:  see  abhor,  abominate,  dis- 
like. 

likely,  a.  1.  likable. 
2.  See  credible,  good-looking. 

liken,  v.  t.  compare,  assimilate. 

likeness,  n.  1.  See  sameness,  similarity, 
homogeneity,  appearance. 
2.  representation  {contextual),  present- 
ment {rare),  counterpart  {contextual); 
spec  eidolon  {literary  or  learned),  effigies 
{now  rare),  similitude  {rather  rhetorical), 
semblance,  image,  effigy,  portrait,  por- 
traiture {rare),  mask. 

likening,  a.  comparison,  assimilation. 


1:^=  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

lief:   willingly. 

liege,  a.;   boimd,  faithful. 

liege,  n.:  lord,  vassal. 

lien:   claim. 

lieu:   -place. 


ligate:    hind. 
ligature,    n.:     binding. 


band, 


ligature,  v.  t.:  bind. 
light,  a.;  bright,  blond,  pale. 
ligneous:  woody. 


lilte,  a.:   alike,  eq%ial. 
like,  n..'  coutiterpart. 
like,  conj.:  as. 
like,  ('.  i.:  please. 
liked:   acceptable. 
liken:   compare. 


BSg^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

2G5 


LIKE>WISE 


likewise,  atlr.    Spec,  similarly. 

liking,  >t.  approval,  shine  {LL  S.;  slang); 
.v/xc.  affinity,  fancy,  en^jioucment  (French), 
palate,  relish,  zest,  stomach  {chiefly  with 
a  negative,  as  in  "to  have  no  gtomach  for"), 
taste,  gusto,  swallow  {rare),  inclination, 
atTection,  preference. 
Antonyms:     sec  dislike,  abhorrence, 

AVERSION. 

limb,  n.  1.  extremity,  member  (contextual); 
spec,    arm,    leg,    wing,    paddle,    flipper. 
See  LEG. 
2.  See  BR.\NCH. 

limber,  v.  t.  supple. 

limestone,  n.  Spec,  calp  (local  Irish), 
dunch,  chalk,  kunkur  (India),  tosca, 
travertin,  scaglia,  lias,  lumachella,  mar- 
ble, Ranch wacke  (German). 

limit,  n.  1.  boundary,  bound,  utmost,  ut- 
termost (a  less  used,  but  emphatic,  equiva- 
lent of  "utmost");  spec,  circumscription 
(rare),  term,  terminus  (rare),  date,  ne  plus 
ultra  (Latin),  outside  (colloq.),  end,  stint, 
extreme,  edge,  side,  list,  qualification,  bail, 
measure,  condition.  See  boundary. 
2.  See  period. 

limit,  V.  t.  bound;  spec,  circumscribe,  con- 
dition, compass,  stint,  measure,  qualify, 
define,  tail,  confine. 

limitation,  n.  boundary;  spec,  circum- 
scription, boundedness,  qualification,  pre- 
scription, restriction,  confinement,  condi- 
tion, measurement,  finiteness. 

limited,  a.  bounded,  restricted;  spec,  cir- 
cumscript,   confined,  definite,    quaUfied; 
see  FINITE. 
Antonyms:  see  infinite,  boundless,  in- 
exhaustible, UNQUALIFIED. 

limp,  a.  Spec,  hmpsy  (colloq.,  U.  S.  or  dial. 
Eng.),  flaccid,  loose,  flaggy,  flimsy,  slack, 
relaxed,  lopping,  dropping,  flagging,  hang- 
ing, pendulous,  loppy. 
Antonyms:    see  stiff. 

limp,  V.  i.  halt,  hitch;  spec,  hobble,  hirple 
(Scot.),  hop. 

line,  V.  t.  cover  (contextual);  spec,  ceil, 
dress,  wad,  wainscot,  fur,  fillet,  bush, 
quilt,  fettle,  feather,  double  (obs.,  exc. 
her.),  lath,  lead,  fill. 

line,  n.  1.  band  (contextual);  spec,  cord, 
thread,  rope,  hair,  fishline,  cable,  bunt- 
line,  string,  knittle,  towline. 
2.  Spec,  crease,  boundary,  transit,  score, 
stroke,  cordon,  chain,  scotch,  stria  (tech.), 
striation    (tech.),    chord,    radius,     dash. 


hy])lien,  taw,  directrix  (tnatli.),  outline, 
plan,  hatch,  team,  string,  queue,  seam, 
creance,  verse,  equator,  fortune,  trench, 
lineage,  degree,  isobar,  isocheim,  isody- 
namic,  isocrymal,  isogeotherm,  isogen,  is- 
ogonic  (phys.  geog.),  isotherc,  isotherm, 
isothermal,  isotheral,  loxodrome. 

3.  See  AGREEMENT,  COURSE,  DIRECTION. 

4.  file,  cue,  row,  queue,  train,  string 
(colloq.). 

lineal,  a.  linear;  spec,  direct,  running. 

linen,  n.  Spec,  thread,  cloth  (collective), 
napery  (rare,  Scot,  or  U.  *S.),line  (obsolesc), 
('crue  (French),  cuttance  (Anglo-Indian), 
lingerie  (collective;  French),  lawn,  holland, 
crash. 

linen,  a.  Spec,  flaxen,  hempen  (rare), 
lawny. 

linguist,  n.  Spec,  philologist,  glossologist 
(rare),  polyglot,  pantoglot. 

linguistic,  a.  Spec,  philological.  Glottic 
(rare),  glottological  or  glossological. 

linguistics,  n.  philology,  glottology  or 
glossology  (chiefly  spec;  rare),  linguistry 
(rare),  logonomy  (nonce  loord);  spec. 
grammar,  phonology,  accidence. 

Hning,  n.  1.  Spec,  hatching,  ruhng,  rose- 
work,  grating. 

2.  Spec,  interlining,  facing,  inlayer, 
sheathing,  doubling,  doublure,  wain- 
scot, wadding,  brattice  or  brattish,  bush, 
bouche  (French),  bushing. 

link,  n.  bond  (contextual),  juncture  (rare  or 
spec);  spec,  couple,  coupler,  bar,  ring. 

links,  n.  pi.  or  collective  sing,  grounds  (pi.; 
contextual),  golflinks. 

lion,  n.  1.  cat  (contextual);  spec,  lioness 
(fem.),  lionet  (rare),  cub,  whelp,  lioncel 
(chiefly  her.),  lionel  (her.),  leopard  (her.). 

2.    See  CELEBRITY. 

lip,  n.  1.  labium  (tech.);  spec,  harelip, 
chiloma  (tech.). 

2.  edge  (contextual),  labium  (tech.;  often 
spec),  labrum  (tech.;  chiefly  spec);  spec. 
labellum  (tech.). 

lip-shaped,  a.  labiate  (tech.),  labelloid 
(rare) . 

liquefied,  a.  liquid  (contextual);  spec 
fusile  (rare),  molten. 

liquefy,  v.  t.  <Sc  i.  fluidify  (contextual;  rare), 

liquidize   (rare);  spec,  fuse,   melt,   thaw, 

flux  (old  chem.),  hquesce  (rare;  esp.  in  v.  i.), 

deliquesce,  liquate,  condense,  run  (v.  i.). 

Antonyms:      see  solidify,  coagulate, 

CONGEAL. 


l^^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
limb:   edge. 
limber,  a..'  flexible. 
limbo:  forgetfulnes!'. 
limitable:   terminable. 
limitary:    extreme. 
limitative:   confining. 
limiting:     confining,   qualifica- 


tory, determinative. 

limitless:  boundleas,  infinite. 

limn:  describe,  depict. 

limpid:   clear. 

limpsy:  limp. 

lineage:     descent,   family,   an- 
cestry. 

lineament:  feature,  outline. 


ling:  heather. 

linger,  v.  i.:  delay. 

lingering:  delay. 

lingo:   dialect,  jargon. 

linli,  n.:  torch. 

linli,  J',  t.:  connect,  couple,  asso' 

date. 
lip,  r.  t.:   kiss,  wa.'sh. 


tS^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
266 


LIVERYMAN 


liquescent,  a.  liquefying. 

liqueur,  71.  liquor  (contextual),  cordial; 
spec,  benedictine,  chartreuse,  curagao  or 
(less  correct)  curagoa.  maraschino,  Idrsoh- 
wasser,  hippocras  (archaic  or  hist.) ,  ratafia, 
cherrybounce,   persico,   persecot,   rasolio. 

liquid,  a.   1.  fluid  (contextual),  liquiform 
(rare);  spec,  mobile. 
Antonyms:    see  solid,  vaporous. 

2.    See  CLEAR,  SMOOTH,  CONVERTIBLE. 

liquidate,  v.  t.   1.  settle  (the  amount  due), 
fix  (a  loose  usage);  see  determine. 
2.  settle,  acquit  (rare);  spec.  pay. 

liquidity,  n.  liquidness,  fusion. 

liquor,  n.  beverage  (contextual),  drink 
(contextual;  colloqX  bottle  (fig.;  esp.  with 
"the"),  bouse  or  booze  (slang);  spec,  tip- 
ple, supernaculum  (learned;  humorous 
term),  ribbon  (slang),  creature  (literary  or 
dial.),  grog,  gin,  Hollands,  schnapps,  hog- 
wash  (contemptuous),  liqueur,  samshoo, 
sake,  moonshine,  spirit,  tizwin,  tafia,  tape 
(slang),  raki,  rotgut  (U.  S.;  slang),  rum, 
nappy,  ale,  beer,  wine,  mescal,  mead,  broo 
(Scot.),  bree  (Scot.),  whisky. 

list,  n.  1.    See  edge,  strip,  limit,  inclos- 

URE,  arena. 

2.  Spec,  inventory,  roll,  muster,  series, 
catalogue,  schedule,  scroll,  scheme,  file, 
brief  (obs.),  calends  (pi.;  rare),  panel, 
docket  (U.  S.),  screed,  register,  ticket, 
slate,  row,  calendar,  nomenclature,  cadre 
(7nil.;  .  French),  bulletin,  canon,  tariff, 
schedule,  collation,  manifest,  roster,  rota 
(Latin),  poll. 

list,  V.  t.  Spec,  inventory,  inventorize 
(rare),  catalogue,  schedule,  register,  in- 
scribe, enter,  enroll,  enlist,  admit,  in- 
voice (commerce),  post  (bookkeeping), 
book,  bill,  slate,  leet  (British  and  chiefly 
Scot.),  matriculate,  manifest  (commerce), 
empanel,  bulletin,  docket,  calendar,  poll. 

listen,  V.  i.  attend  (contextual) ,  list  (archaic) , 
hark  (chiefly  archaic;  literary),  hearken 
or  harken  (formal  or  literary),  hear,  eaves- 
drop. 

listen,  V.  t.  hear;  spec,  eavesdrop. 

listening,  n.  listen  (chiefly  used  in  "on  the 
listen"),  hearkening;  barkening,  spec. 
eavesdropping,  auscultation;    see  listen. 

literally,  adv.  literatim  (Latin),  verbatim 
et  literatim  (Latin),  verbatim  (Latin). 

literary,  a.  educated,  learned,  literate 
(relatively  rare),  Uterose  (rare;  disparag- 
ing), paper  (depreciatory),  inky  (deprecia- 
tory), bookish  (often  derogatory),  blue- 
stocking or  (for  short)  blue  (depreciatory). 


Antonyms:    see  colloquial. 

literate,  n.  literatus  (rare),  terato (I talian) , 
literati   (pi.;    scholars  or  educated  men), 
clerisy  (collective  pi.;  obs.).  "Literate"  as  a 
noun  is  rare. 
Antonyms:    see  ignoramus. 

literature,  n.  hi  reference  to  writings  char- 
acterized by  artistic  form  or  expression: 
belles-lettres  (French;  often  called  "po- 
lite literature,"  that  is  "polished  litera- 
ture") or  (for  short)  letters. 

litigant,  n.  suitor. 

litigation,  n.  contention  (contextual) ,  law- 
ing  (rare  or  Scot.);  spec,  law,  vitilitiga- 
tion. 

litter,  n.  1.  couch  (contextual);  spec,  doolie 
or  dooly  (Anglo-Indian),  sedan,  travail 
(rare),  dandy,  palankeen  or  palanquin, 
norimono,  stretcher,  cacolet  (French). 
2.  See  bedding,  accumulation,  disor- 
der, BIRTH,  OFFSPRING. 

little,  n.  Spec,  modicum,  trifle,  whit,  jot 
(chiefly  used  in  "jot  nor  tittle"),  tittle  (rare, 
exc.  as  used  with  "jot"),  bit  (colloq.),  drop, 
dab,  dash,  pittance,  touch,  pinch,  hand- 
ful, pennyworth  (Eng.),  halfpennyworth 
(Eng.).  "Little"  is  often  used  generically, 
ivithout  "a,"  like  "much." 
Antonyms:    see  much. 

littoral,  a.  coastal. 

live,  V.  i.   1.  exist  (contextual),  abide  (ar- 
chaic;   contextual);    spec,    survive,    move 
(fig.),  breathe,  quicken,  number,  subsist 
(learned). 
Antonyms:  see  die. 

2.  Referring  to  the  manner  or  conditions  of 
living:  spec,  fare,  grow,  move,  flourish,  go, 
walk,  vegetate,  crawl,  drone,  den. 

3.  See  feed,  dwell,  float. 
liveliness,  n.  activity,  life,  vivacity,  etc. 
lively,  a.  1.  active,  alive,  spirited,  animated 

(referring  only  to  mental  or  emotional  ac- 
tivity), vivacious  (referring  to  persons  oidy; 
rare,  exc.  spec);  spec,  dashing,  efferves- 
cent, brisk,  quick,  buxom  (archaic), 
breezy  (colloq.),  spanking,  sparkling, 
warm,  racy,  rousing,  sharp,  sprightly, 
spry  (colloq.,  U.  S.),  bright,  frisky,  frisk, 
volatile,  lifeful  (rare),  crisp,  dapper, 
pleased,  cheerful,  gay,  strong,  rackety 
(slang) . 
Antonyms:    see  inactive,  motionless, 

STILL. 

2.  See  STIMULATING,  BRIGHT,  RESPON- 
SIVE, SPIRITED. 

liveryman,  n.  stableman  (contextual),  let- 
ter, jobber  (Eng.),  jobmaster  (Eng.). 


X^  Cross  references:  ,see  Note. 
list,  V.  i.:  desire. 
list,  n.:  desire. 
list,  t).  t.  &  i.:  listen. 
listless:  languid,  apathetic, dull, 
faint,  slufjf/ish. 


lit:   lighted. 

literal:  verbal. 

literate:  learned,  literary. 

lithe:  flexible. 

litter,  1).  I.;  bear. 

lithurgy:  rite. 


livable:  endurable. 
live,  a.:    living,  energetic,  burn- 
ing, electrified,  loaded. 
livelihood:   living. 
liven:  stimulate,  brighten,  fresh- 


%W  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

267 


LIVID 


livid,  (I.  loadon,  blao  [Scot.);  spec,  cyanotic. 
living,  (J.   1.  tUive  {always  postpositive  or 

pro  I  i  cat  ire),  live,   quick   [archaic);    spec. 

broatliiiig,  organic  (/xo/.),  organized  (bioL). 
Antoni/ms:   \sfc  lifeless,  dk.kd. 

2.    5a-  FLOWIXCi,  HURNIXG,  PRESENT. 

living,  n.  livelihood  {less  concrete,  but  often 
more  dejinite,  than  ''liring"),  subsistence 
or  sustenance  {learned),  support,  susten- 
tation  {rare),  sustainment  {rare),  main- 
tenance, cohabitation,  cohabitancy  {rare), 
benefice.  "Living"  is  rare.  exc.  in  "to  get, 
earn,  make,"  etc.,  "a  living." 

lizard,  ;;.  saurian  {tech.),  lacertian  {tech.); 
spec,  newt,  eft,  asp,  snake,  skink,  taren- 
tola.  marblct,  dart,  hardim,  helodcrm. 
iguana,  geitje,  gecko,  gila  monster,  galli- 
wasp.  guana,  dragon,  stellion. 

lizard,  a.  saurian  {tech.),  lacertine  {tech.), 
lacertian  {tech.). 

lizardlike,  a.  sauroid,  saiirian,  lacertiform, 
lacertian,  lacertine; — all  tech.,  exc.  lizard- 
like. 

load,  n.  1.  burden;  spec,  cargo,  freight, 
draft,  pack,  freightage,  cargason  {obs.), 
loading  {rare),  jag  {U.  S.  or  Eng.  dial.), 
lading,  charge. 

2.    .See    BURDEN,    CHARGE,    PRESSURE,    RE- 
SISTANCE. 

load,  V.  t.  1.  burden,  lade  {now  esp.  of  a 
ship,  exc.  in  p.  p.  "laden"),  weight;  spec. 
pile,  cumber,  freight,  hamper. 

2.  charge  (more  formal  than  load);    spec. 
double-shot,  slug,  shot,  lead,  overcharge. 

Antonyms:    see  discharge. 

3.  .S'ee  ADULTERATE. 

loaded,  a.  1.  burdened,  laden  {spec,  "heav- 
ily laden"),  hea\y,  freighted. 
2.  Referring  to  a  firearm:   charged;    sp&c. 
live,  shotted. 

loadstone,  n.  lodestone,  lode  {archaic  or 
rare),  magnet  {rnin.). 

loaf,  n.  Spec,  twist,  cob,  brick,  leaflet, 
manchet  (archaic),  roll,  block. 

loafer,  n.  idler;  spec,  larrikin,  wharf  rat 
(cant),  lazzarone  (Italian),  beggar,  bum- 
mer (slang,    U.  S.). 

lobby,  71.  hall  (contextual),  foyer  {chiefly 
spec;  French);  spec,  hallway  {U.  S.), 
anteroom,  entrance. 

lobe,  n.  division  (contextual);  spec,  fluke, 
lappet,  auricle,  insula,  wing. 

lobed,  a.  divided  (contextual),  lobate,  lo- 
bated,  auriculate,  invected  (chiefly  her.). 

lobster,  n.  decapod  ( contextiuil) ;  spec,  ho- 
marine,  shedder,  crayfish  (chiefly  Eng.). 

local,  a.    Spec,  regional,  rcgionary  {rare), 


sectional,  provincial,  to])ical  or  tojiic  (rare 
or  tech.),  territorial,  epichorial  (rare). 
Aidonyms:      see  general,   universal, 

WIDESPREAD,   WORLDWIDE. 

localize,  n.  Spec,  territorialize,  provincial- 
ize, concentrate,  limit,  place. 

lock,  n.  Spec,  tress,  flake  (archaic),  ring- 
let, curl,  cowlick,  elflock,  forelock,  flock. 

lock,  n.  fastening  (contextual);  spec,  pad- 
lock, latch,  bolt,  key. 

lock,  V.  t.  1.  fix  (contextual),  fasten  {con- 
textual); spec,  latch,  bolt,  padlock. 
2.  fasten     (cojitextual) ;     spec,    embrace, 
close,  grapple,  interlock,  interlink. 

lodge,  n.  1.  See  house,  cottage. 

2.  Referring  to  any  place  tvhere  one  lodges 
or  rests:  spec,  camp,  canton,  quarter, 
doss  (.slang  or  cant),  bench,  burrow,  tent, 
dwelling. 

3.  See  BRANCH. 

lodge,  V.  t.  1.  accommodate;  spec,  bed, 
house,  inn  (rare),  burrow,  billet,  quarter, 
kennel  (often  fig.),  nestle,  nest  (a  more  lit- 
eral word  than  "nestle"),  embower,  tent, 
guest. 
2.  See  deposit,  shelter,  \^st. 

lodge,  V.  i.  1.  dwell,  roost  (now  colloq.), 
harbor  (archaic  or  rare);  spec,  room  {U. 
S.),  bunk,  bed,  night  (rare),  cabin,  quar- 
ter, hut. 

2.  Spec,  fall  (contextual),  settle,  light, 
alight,  lie  (archaic),  nestle,  nest. 

lodger,  n.  roomer  (U.  S.),  dosser  (slang  or 
cant). 

lodging,  n.  1.  lodgment;  spec,  depositing. 
2.  In  pi.  lodgment  (rare),  accommoda- 
tion; spec,  dwelhng,  apartment,  housing, 
barracks  (pi.),  cantonment,  rooms  {pL; 
colloq.  or  fam  iliar) . 

loft,  n.  1.  Spec,  attic,  traverse  (architec- 
ture), gallery,  fly,  jube,  hajonow,  hayloft. 
2.  See  storeroom. 

log,  n.  1.    Spec,  block,  stump,  stock  (ar- 
chaic or  literary) . 
2.  See  RECORD. 

logic,  71.  1.    Spec,  dialectic  or  (more  com- 
monly) dialectics. 
2.  See  reasoning. 

logical,  a.  sound,  legitimate,  valid;    spec. 
raisonne    (French),    competent,    correct, 
clear-headed,  argumentative,  dialectic. 
Antonyms:     see  absurd,  illogical,  in- 
consequent, inconsistent. 

logician,  n.  Spec.  Ramist,  logicaster 
(rare),  dialectician. 

loin,  n.  reins  (pi.),  fillet'  {esp.  of  an 
animal);  spec,  griskin. 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

loaf,  r.  I.;   idle. 

loath:  unwilling. 

loathe:   dislike,  abhor.         [ing. 

loathful:    abominable,  disgust- 


loatbing:  aversion,  abhorrence, 
disfjuat. 

loathly:  abominable, disgusting. 

loathsome:  abominable,  dis- 
gusting. 


locality:   place. 
location:   place,  placing. 
locomotion:  m.otion. 

lofty:      high,    elevated,    exalted, 
generous,  bombastic,  dignified. 


tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

268 


LORN 


loincloth,  n.  pagne  (French),  dhoti  or 
dhootie  (Anglo-Indian) ,  lungi  (East  In- 
dian) . 

lonely,  a.  1.   See  alone. 

2.  unfrequented,  lone  (literary  or  archaic) , 
solitary,  forlorn  (archaic),  lonesome,  lorn 
(literary  or  archaic),  only  (rare  or  dial.); 
spec,  desolate,  retired. 

3.  depressing,  lonesome  (less  common  than 
"lonely"  in  this  sense),  dreary,  drear 
(rare),  bleak,  drearisome  (rare);  spec. 
gloomy,  fearful,  dismal. 

4.  See  DEPRESSED. 

long,  a.  Spec,  longish,  lengthy,  extended, 
elongate  or  elongated,  great,  longsome 
(rare),  long-drawn,  far  (idiomatically 
used,  as  in  "afar  ivay,"  "afar  cry,"  etc.), 
prolix  (rare,  exc.  in  reference  to  discourse) , 
mortal  (slang). 
Antonyms:    see  short,  brief. 

long,  V.  i.  yearn  (more  rhetorical  thaii 
"long"),  repine,  hunger  (fig.),  thirst  (fig.); 
spec,  pine,  hanker  (colloq.),  crave,  lust, 
pant,  groan,  yawn,  sigh,  weep,  cry,  moan, 
etc. 

long-headed,  a.  1.  Spec,  dolichocephalic, 
macrocephalic,  macrocephalous ; — all  three 
tech. 

2.    See  DISCERNING. 

longing,  n.  desire,  yearning,  hunger  (fig.), 
thirst  (fig.);   spec,  hanker  (colloq.),  crav- 
ing, panting,  lust,  dipsomania,  appetite, 
etc. 
Antonyms:  see  aversion. 

longing,  a.  yearning,  hungry  (fig.),  thirsty 
(fig.;  spec),  panting,  hankering  (colloq.), 
wistful,  craving,  lustful,  etc. 

longitudinal,  a.  lengthwise,  endwise. 

long-lived,  a.  longevous  (literary  or  learn- 
ed), longeval  (rare),  longaeval  (rare),  ma- 
crobian  (rare),  vivacious  (rare). 
Antonyms:    see  ephemeral. 

long-livedness,  n.  longevity  (the  visual 
term),  vivaciousness  (rare). 

look,  V.  i.  1.   See  see. 

2.  behold  (archaic  or  literary),  see  (obs., 
exc.  imperative);  spec,  peep,  peer,  gaze, 
squint,  retrospect,  introspect,  outpeep 
(poetic) . 

3.  See  APPEAR,  examine,  expect,  face, 

ATTEND. 

look,  n.  1.  See  sight. 
2.  regard    (rare),   eyebeam    (archaic  and 
rare),  eye   (fig.),  looking,   eyeshot   (rare, 
exc.  spec);   spec,  blush,  glance,  cast,  ken 
(rare),    retrospect,    introspect,    languish, 


gaze,  peep,  peer,  squint,  ogle,  lookout, 
leer. 

3.    See  EXPRESSION,   front,   APPEARANCE, 

aspect. 

lookout,  n.  1.   See  look. 
2.  Referring  to  the  place:    outlook,   ob- 
servatory; spec,  gazebo,  belvedere,  tower, 
cupola,  crow's-nest. 

loop,  n.  fold  (contextual),  bend  (contextual), 
ring;  spec,  hank,  bight,  link,  bow,  billet, 
pearl,  coil,  crupper,  ear,  buckle,  staple, 
coque,  eye,  picot,  noose,  purl,  sling,  frog. 

loop,  V.  t.  1.  fold  (contextual),  bind  (con- 
textual), ring;  spec,  noose,  coil,  kink. 
2.  See  encircle. 

loophole,  n.  hole  (contextual),  aperture 
(contextual),  vent  (rare);  spec,  meuse  or 
muse  (rare),  embrasure. 

loose,  a.  1.  free;   spec,  open,  light,  discon- 
nected, slack,  incoherent,  detached,   in- 
compact    or     uncompacted.     graspless, 
crank  or  cranky,  uneombined. 
Antonyms:    see  tight,  firm. 

2.  Referring  to  the  bowels:  lax  (less  em- 
phatic than  "loose"),  open,  relaxed;  spec. 
dysenterical,  diarrheal,  scoury  (colloq.). 

Antonyms:  see  constipated. 

3.  See  INEXACT,  easy,  immoral,  lax, 
discursive. 

loose,  V.  t.  1.  free,  unloose  (more  emphatic 
than  "loose"),  unloosen  (rare);  spec,  re- 
lease, slacken,  slack,  unrein,  disengage,  un- 
do, untie,  unbolt,  unlock  unbind,  unpack, 
unfix,  slip,  unclasp,  unbrace,  unhasp,  un- 
tether,  unbuckle,  unsling,  unshackle,  un- 
screw, unstring,  unstick,  unharness,  un- 
yoke, untruss,  untrace,  unchain,  trip, 
unmoor,  unpin,  unlace,  unlash,  unanchor, 
uncord. 
Antonyms:      see  loose,  bind,  fasten, 

CLUTCH,  confine. 

2.  Spec,  free,  release,  disengage,  relax, 
etc. 

lord,  n.  lording  (esp.  in  address;  archaic  or 
an  equiv.  of  "lordling") ;  spec,  master,  pro- 
prietor, liege,  scignor,  thakur  (East  In- 
dia), laird  (Scot.),  kami  (Japanese),  sa- 
murai (Japanese),  suzerain,  senor  (Span- 
ish), signer  (Italian),  husband,  Jehovah, 
Christ. 
Antonyms:  see  vassal,  subject. 

lordship,  n.  1.  See  rule. 

2.  estate  (contextual),  domain,  lairdship 
(Scot.);  free,  suzerainty,  seigniory,  seig- 
nory,  signory,  mesnalty,  castellany. 

3.  See  domain. 


XiW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

loiter:   delay. 

loll:    droop,  idle. 

lone:  alone,  unmarried,  lonely. 

lonesome:   lonely. 

longevity:   lonq-livedness. 

longevous:    long-lircd. 


longitude:   place,  distance. 
longitudinal:   lenythwise. 
long-suffering:    patient. 
long-winded:  prolix. 
look,  V.  t.:   express. 
loot:   plunder. 
lop,  V.  t.:   cut,  chop. 


lop,  V.  i.:  hang,  droop. 
lope,  n.:  gait. 
lope,  II.  i.:  go. 
lopper:   coagulate. 
loquacious:   talkative. 
lord,  II.  i.:   domineer. 
lorn:   ahandoyied,  lonely. 


83^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

269 


LORRY 


lorrv,  n.  vehicle  {ciyntcxlual),  rolley  {dial. 
Kn'g.). 

lose,  r.  /.  1.  Sec  deprive,  forfeit. 
2.  S/H-c.  drop  (iflaitg),  sink,  miss,  sacrifice 
(cant),  pretermit,  wji^te,  dice. 
Antonyms:  sec  clear,  recover,  win. 

loss,  /(.  1.  Sec  RUIX. 
2.  detriment;  spec,  sacrifice  (cant),  cost, 
hurt,  forfeiture,  average,  deperdition 
(rare),  penalty,  damage,  leakage,  death, 
casualties  [pL;  milthinj),  disadvantage. 
'"Lioss"  is  not  a  synomjm  of  "deprivation" ; 
but  considers  the  detriment  from  the  point 
of  view  of  the  one  deprived. 

Antonyms:   see  gain,  acquisition,  com- 
pens.\tion,  profit. 

lost,  a.  Spec,  forfeit,  unredeemed,  astray, 
absent;  sec  .\bandoned,  ruined. 

lot,  n.  1.  counter,  sors  (Latin;  pi.  sortes). 
2.  Spec,  division,  share,  destiny,  quantity, 
plot,  dole. 

lottery,  n.  gamble;  spec,  tombola,  little- 
go  (hist.),  raffle. 

loud,  a.  1.  big  (used  esp.  of  the  voice  or  of  a 
rioise),  strong  (as  requiring  or  suggesting 
strength  or  violence);    spec,  heavy,  high, 
stentorian  (very  loud),  clamant  (literary), 
crying,     roaring,     clamorous,    sonorous, 
noisy,  outspoken. 
Antonyms:    see  silent. 
2.  Referring  to  what  ?nakes  a  loud  noise: 
spec,  noisy,  clamorous,  sonorous. 
Antonyms:    see  silent. 
3-  See  vivid,  flashy. 

loudly,  adv.  aloud,  loud,  big,  bigly  (rare); 
spec,  heavily,  forte  (Italian). 

loud-voiced,  a.  stentorian. 

louse,  n.  parasite  (contextual),  creeper  (vul- 
gar); spec,  cootie  (slang;  chiefly  Eng.), 
nit,  ked,  crab  (slang). 

lousiness,  n.  pediculosis,  phthiriasis; — 
both  tech. 

lousy,  a.  pedicular  (rare),  pediculous 
(tech.);  spec,  mity  (rare). 

lovable,  a.  amiable,  lovesome  (archaic); 
spec,  loveworthy. 

lovableness,  n.  amiability,  lovewortn, 
lovesomeness  (archaic);  spec,  loveworthi- 
ness,  honey  (referring  to  one's  manner). 

love,  n.  1.  amour  (obs.),  feeling  (contextual), 
attachment;  spec,  affection,  adoration, 
idolism  or  idolatry,  idolization,  passion, 
fondness. 
Antonyms:  see  hatred,  dislike,  ab- 
horrence, AVERSION,  ill-will. 

2.  As  personified:  spec.  Eros  (GVeeA;),  Amor 
(Latin),  Cupid  (Latin),  Venus  (rare). 


3.  beloved  (archaic  or  formal),  inamorata 
(fem.;  Italian),  inamorato  (masc; Italian); 
spec,  idol,  ladylove. 

4.  See  AMOUR,  liking. 

5.  In  tennis,  etc.:  nothing. 

love,  V.   t.    1.   belove   (chiefly  in  passive), 
cherish;   spec,  adore,  idolize,  idolatrize. 
Antonyins:  see  hate,  abhor,  abominate. 
2.  See  LIKE. 

loved,  a.  dear,  beloved  (archaic  or  formal), 
lief  (archaic). 

love  letter,    billet-doux  (French). 

love  making,  courtship  (usually  refer- 
ring to  honorable  love  making),  gallantry 
(esp.  illicit),  service  (archaic). 

lover,  n.  admirer  (contextual),  sweetheart, 
steady  (slang;  vulgar  or  used  only  among 
the  lower  classes),  servant  (obs.  or  ar- 
chaic), leman  (archaic);  spec,  beau,  gal- 
lant, squire  (colloq.),  cavalier  (archaic), 
follower  (colloq.),  chamberer,  spark  (col- 
loq.), idolizer,  Daphnis  (fig.),  inamorato 
(masc;  Italian),  ladylove,  truelove,  cicis- 
beo  (Italian),  cavaliere  serventc  (Italian), 
paramour. 

lovesick,  a.  languishing  (contextual) ,  love- 
lorn. 

low,  V.  i.  cry  (contextual),  bellow,  moo  (less 
usual  than  "low"),  boo  (rare). 

low,  a.  1.  short  (as  opposed  to  tall),  little  (as 
opposed  to  big),  base  (archaic);   spec,  de- 
pressed, down. 
Antonyms:  see  high. 

2.  Referring  to  relative  position:  spec,  ab- 
ject, depressed,  profound,  basal. 

Antonyms:  see  high. 

3.  See  LOWLY,  degraded,  coarse,  de- 
pressed, WEAK,  base. 

4.  Emphasizing  the  absence  of,  or  incom- 
patibility with,  refinement  or  good  ideals: 
unrefined,  vulgar;  spec,  plebeian,  base, 
lousy  (fig.;  contemptuous  and  vulgar  or  un- 
dignified), dirty  (coarsely  contemptuous), 
contemptible,  depraved. 

Antonyms:    see  e.xalted. 

5.  Referring  to  pitch  of  sound:  grave, 
deep,  heavy;  spec,  flat,  bass. 

Antonyms:    see  high,  shrill. 

6.  In  reference  to  audibility  of  sound: 
weak,  gentle,  still;  spec,  subdued. 

lower,  a.  inferior,  nether  (jiow  only  liter- 
ary); spec,  under,  subjacent. 
Antonyms:    see  higher. 

lower,  V.  t.  1.  Spec,  depress,  demit  (rare), 
dip,  flatten,  lay  (naut.),  shorten  (naut.), 
couch,  douse  (naut.),  sink,  duck,  drop, 
strike. 


f^°  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
lotion:   wash. 
lounge,  V.  %.:    idle,  rest. 
lounge,  n.:  couch. 
lour:  frowri,  threaten. 


loury:   frowning. 

lout:   boor. 

loutish:   boorish. 

love  aSair:  amour.  [tiful. 

lovely:   lovable,  agreeable,  beau- 


lovesome:  lovable. 
loving:  affectionate. 
low-born:  humble. 
low-bred:  boorish. 
lower,  V.  i.:  frown,  threaten. 


%^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

270 


LUSTROUS 


Antonyms:    see  raise,  lift. 

2.  See      ABATE,      DEGRADE,      DEPRECIATE, 
DIMINISH,  ABASE. 

3.  Referring  to  sound:  deepen,  grave  (rare) ; 
spec,  flatten. 

lower,  V.  i.  Referring  to  the  countenance: 
fall,  cloud,  threaten. 

lowest,   a.   lowermost   {more  formal  than 
"lowest"),    nethermost    {now    literary    or 
rare),  last  {chiefly  spec). 
Antonyms:     see  highest. 

lowland,  a.  lallan  {Scot.). 

lowland,  n.  lallan  {Scot.);  spec,  valley. 
Antonyms:  see  upland. 

lowliness,  n.  humbleness,  ignobleness 
{rare  or  spec),  ignobility  {rare),  lowlihead 
(rare  or  archaic),  humility,  etc 

lowly,  a.  1.  humble,  ignoble  {primarily 
spec),  base,  low,  mean,  vulgar  (primarily 
spec;  archaic);  spec,  small,  obscure. 

Antonyms:    see  noble. 
2.  See  INFERIOR,  modest. 

low-necked,  a.  Spec  decollete  {French). 

low-priced,  a.  cheap. 

lozenge,  n.  Spec  pastil,  tabloid  (o  trade- 
mark name;  often  used  fig.),  tablet,  tab- 
lette,  drop,  peppermint,  jujube. 

lozenge,  n.  rhombus  or  rhomb  {geom.), 
diamond  {used  esp.  in  reference  to  decora- 
tive features) . 

lozenge- shaped,  a.  rhomboidal,  rhom- 
boid, rhombeous  {rare),  rhombic; — all 
four  learned  or  tech. 

l-shaped,  a.  lamboid  or  lambdoidal  {tech.). 

lubricant,    n.    lubricator,    dope    {U.    S.; 
slang);   spec,  oil,  grease,  graphite,  slush, 
etc. 
Antonyms:    see  abrasive. 

lubricate,  v.  t.  lubrify  {rare),  dope  {slang, 
U.  S.);  spec  oil,  grease,  slush. 

luminescent,    a.    luminous    {contextual); 
spec,  phosphorescent,  phosphoreous  {rare), 
phosphoric,    fluorescent,    noctilucent    or 
noctilucous  {rare),  triboluminescent. 
Antonyms:    see  dark. 

luminosity,  n.  self-luminousness,  lumi- 
nousness;  spec  brightness,  brilliance, 
shine,  shining,  splendor,  refulgence,  ef- 
fulgence, bright  {poetic),  lightfulness 
{rare),    fulgor,    lightness,    lightsomeness 


{rare),  lucency  {rare),  lucidity,  lucidness, 
illumination,  fire,  flame,  glare,  brilliance, 
blaze,  dazzle,  dazzlingness,  incandes- 
cency,  luminescence. 

luminous,  a.  1.  self-luminous,  radiant 
{chiefly  spec),  radiative  {rare);  spec. bright 
{contextual),  brilliant,  shining,  lucid  {now 
poetic  or  tech.),  splendid,  splendorous  or 
splendrous,  fulgent,  effulgent  {used  esp. 
with  a  good  connotation),  refulgent,  lucible 
{rare),  lucent  {rare),  luculent  {rare),  in- 
candescent or  candescent,  breme  {obs.  or 
poetic),  lightful  {rare),  glaring,  flaring, 
glowing,  illuminated,  sparkling,  corus- 
cant,  dazzling,  flaming,  simny,  burning. 
Antonyms:  see  dark. 
2.  See  clear,  intelligible. 

lump,  n.   1.  mass;    spec  collection  {con- 
textual), hunk,  clot,  clod,  clout  {rare  or 
dial.),    clump,    nugget,   pat,   knot,   dab, 
chunk. 
2.  See  protuberance. 

lumpy,  a.  Spec,  cloddy,  clumpy,  flaky, 
clumpish  {rare),  lumpish,  clubbed,  knotty, 
cloggy. 

lunar,  a.  lunary  {rare),  Cynthian  {poetic); 
spec  crescent-shaped. 

lunch,  n.  meal  {contextual),  luncheon  {obs. 
or  dial.),  dejeuner  {French);  spec,  snack, 
tifSn  {Anglo-Indian) . 

lung,  n.  breather  {slang),  lights  {pi.;  now 
chiefly  or  only  spec). 

lung,  a.  pulmonary,  pulmonal  {rare),  pul- 
monic {rare); — all  three  learned  or  tech. 

lurk,  V.  i.  1.  hide  {contextual),  snook  or 
snoke  {chiefly  northern  Eng.  or  Scot.),  har- 
bor {archaic);  spec,  skulk,  couch. 

2.    See  BE,  SNEAK. 

luster,  n.  1.  Referring  to  reflected  light: 
spec  shining,  brightness,  sheen,  brilliance, 
gloss,  glaze,  reflet  {French),  lucency  {rare), 
refulgence,  refulgency,  splendor,  resplen- 
dence, bright  {poetic),  burnish,  dazzle, 
dazzlingness,  gleam,  sparkle,  fire,  glitter, 
silver,  gold,  chatoyement  {French),  schil- 
ler. 

2.    See  FAME,  BEAUTY. 

lustrous,  a.  1.  Referring  to  reflection  of 
light:  spec,  bright  {contextual),  brilliant, 
shining,    clear,    nitid    {rare),    burnished. 


C^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

lowering,  a.:  frowning,  threat- 
ening, cloudy. 

lowering,  n.:   degradation. 

lowery:  frowning,  threatening, 
cloudy. 

low-spirited:   depressed. 

loyal:  constant. 

lubber:  clown,  seaman.       {hie. 

lucid:  luminous,  clear, intelligi- 

luck:  chance,  fortune. 

lucky:  fortunate. 

lucre:   profit,  wealth. 

lucubrate:   work,  discourse. 

ludicrous:  laughable,  absurd. 


lug,  n.:   ear.  handle. 
lug,  V.  t.:  draw. 
luggage:   baggage. 
lugubrious:      depressing,     de- 
pressed, mournful,  sorrowful. 
lukewarm:   languid. 
lull,  1).  t.  &  i.:  calm. 
lull,  n.:   intermission. 
lumber,  n.;  refuse,  timber. 
lumber,  v.  i.:  move. 
lumber,  v.  I.:   encumber. 
lump,  v.t.:  gather,  unite,  dislike. 
lumpisb:   lumpy,  dull. 
lunatic,  a.:  deranged. 
lunatic,  n.:   deranged  person. 


lunch,  V.  i.:  eat. 

lunch,  D.  t.:  feed. 

lunge:  thrust,  jump. 

lurch,  n.:  defeat. 

lurch,  V.  t.:  cheat. 

lurch:   incline. 

lurid:  ghastly,  cloudy,  fiery. 

lurking:    hidden. 

luscious:  pleasant,  sensuous. 

lush:    luxuriant. 

lust,  n.:  desire. 

lust,  V.  i.:  long. 

lusterless:   dull. 

lustful:  desirous,  lascivious. 

lustral:   expiatory. 


(W  See  Notes  of  Esplauation. 

271 


LUSTY 


flossy,    shiny,    vivid,    lustorful.    sheeny, 
chatoyant,  silken,  sili^y,  satiny,  ghttering. 
silvery,      golden,      coruscant,      polished, 
pearly. 
Aiitontjms:    see  de.ks. 

2.    Set-  FAMOUS,   BEAUTIFUL. 

luxuriant,  a.    1.   lusty    (arcfiaic),   thrifty; 
spec,  exuberant,  effuse,  rank,  gross,  flour- 
ishing, lush,  jungly,  wild,  rampant. 
Antonyms:    sec  bahrkn. 

2.    ^'(T  PRODUCTIVE,  abundant,  FLORID. 

luxurious,  a.  1.  Spec,  elegant,  rich,  volup- 
tuous, sumptuous,  sybaritic  or  sybaritical, 
Corinthian,  Lydian,  mollitious  (rare), high, 
epicurean,  downy,  silken,  superb,  splendid. 
Anto7iyms:    see  simple. 

2.    See  COMFORTABLE. 

luxury,  71.  1.  Spec,  elegance,  elegancy, 
richne.ss,  voluptuousness,  sumptuousness, 
luxuriousness,  sybaritism,  dehcacy,  epi- 
cureanism. 

Antonytns:    see  simplicity. 
2.  See  COMFORT,  enjoyment. 

lye,  n.  hxivium  {tech.);  spec,  buck,  bate, 
bittern. 

lying,  a.  equivocatorj'  (rare  and  spec,  or 
euphemistic),    pseudology    (rare),     false, 
truthless,    mendacious    (learned);     spec. 
fabulous,  faVjling. 
Antonyms:    see  frank. 

lying,  n.  equivocation  (spec,  or  euphemis- 
tic and  less  offensive  than  "  lying"),  false- 
hood, mendacity  (learned  and  less  offen- 
sive than  "bjing");  spec,  fabling,  prevari- 
cation; cf.  lie. 

lying-in,  n.  accouchement  (French). 

lyre,  n.  Stahlspiel  (German),  shell  (poetic); 
spec,  trigon. 

lyre-shaped,  a.  lyriform  (learned  or  tech.), 
lyrate  or  lyrated  (tech.). 

lyric,  n.  poem  (contextual);  spec,  epode, 
madrigal,  canzone  (Italian),  melic. 

M 

macMne,  n.   1.  contrivance   (contextual), 

apparatus,  gin  (archaic,  exc.  spec);  spec. 

automaton,    lever,    lathe,    motor,    loom, 

crab,  vehicle,  press,  die,  billy,  etc. 

2.  See  person,  organization. 
machinery,  n.  1.    See  means. 

2.  apparatus,    enginery    (chiefly   fig.    or 

spec);  spec,  clockwork. 
machinist,  n.  mechanist  (rare),  mechanic, 

mechanician. 


mad,  a.  1.     Sec  deranged,  frantic,  in- 
fatuated, GAY,  ANGRY. 
2.   Referring  to  dogs:     rabid  (technical  or 

learned). 

madam,  n.  ma'am  (collnq.,  and  now  used 
only  parenthetically  or  at  the  end  of  the 
sentence),  madonna  (Italian),  signora 
(Italian),  senhora  (Portuguese),  senora 
(Spanish),  madame  (French). 

madman,  n.  bedlamite  (archaic  or  liter- 
ary): spec,  raver. 

madness,  n.  1.     See  derangement,  an- 
ger, ECSTASY,  foolishness. 
2.  Referring  to  dogs:  rabies  (technical). 

magic,  n.  thaumaturgy  (learned);  spec 
necromancy,  black  art,  black  magic,  en- 
chantment, sorcery,  diabolism,  devilry, 
deviltry  or  diablerie,  Magianism,  witch- 
craft or  W'itchery,  bewitchery,  conjuration 
or  conjury,  incantation,  glamour,  glam- 
oury  or  (revived  in  literary  wse  by  Scott) 
gramarye  (chiefly  used  in  "cast  a  glamour 
over"),  pishouge  (Irish),  wizardry,  male- 
fice  (archaic),  goety  (obs.  or  archaic), 
cantation  (rare),  fascination  (obs.  or 
hist.),  myalism  (West  Indies,  etc.),  obeah 
or  obi  (?iegro),  epode  (rare),  voodoo,  hoo- 
doo (U.S.),  exorcism,  theurgy,  spell. 
See  JUGGLERY,  influence. 

magical,  a.  thaumaturgic  or  thaumaturgi- 
cal  (learned),  enchanting;  spec,  sorcerous, 
necromantic,  Chaldean,  diabolic,  diabol- 
ical, occult,  mystical,  druidic  or  druidical, 
talismanic,  hermetic  or  hermetical,  incan- 
tatory,  alchemical. 

magician,  n.  Spec,  conjurer,  necroman- 
cer, sorcerer,  .sorceress,  wizard,  diabohst, 
incantator,  witch,  evocator  or  evoca- 
trix,  seer,  tregetour  (obs.  or  archaic), 
warlock,  enchanter,  enchantress,  archi- 
mage,  mage  (archaic),  pellar  or  peller 
(dial.),  exorcist,  fetishere  or  fetisher, 
medicine  man,  Magus,  pow^vow,  voodoo, 
Druid,  Circe,  diviner,  divineress.  Ma- 
gi an.  Shaman. 

magic  lantern,  stereopticon;  spec,  mega- 
scope. 

magistrate,  7i.  authority  (a  fig.  use);  spec 
duumvir,  triumvir,  decemvir,  eponym, 
burgomaster,  bencher,  prefect,  president, 
mayor,  consul,  recorder,  tribune,  sover- 
eign, warden,  vizir,  vizier,  landdrost, 
demiurge,  doge,  ephete,  ephor,  propraetor, 
kotwal,  judge,  etc. 

magnate,  7i.  Spec  grandee  (orig.  Spanish 


X^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
lusty:    cheerful,  healthy. 
lute:   cement. 
luxate:    dislocate. 
luxuriate:   grow,  abound,  feast. 

M 

macaronic:  confused, burlesque. 


machinate:     devise,    conspire, 

intrigue. 
machine,  ti.  (.;  shape,  dress. 
macula:   spot. 

madden:  derange,  frenzy , anger . 
made:    artificial. 
made-up:    artificial,  false. 
madhouse:   asylum. 


maenad:  nymph,  bacchante, 
reveler. 

maggoty:   wormy. 

magisterial:  arrogant,  dog- 
matic, authoritative,  command- 
ing, dictatorial. 

magnanimity:   generosity. 

magnanimous:  generous. 


XW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

272 


MAN 


or    Portuguese),    panjandrum    {derisive), 
Mogul  (fig.),  bashaw  (fig.). 
Antonyms:    see  nobody. 

magnify,  v.  t.  1.  See  praise,  exaggerate. 
2.  enlarge;  spec,  microscope  (?'arc),  gigan- 
tize. 

maidservant,  n.  servant  (contextual), 
maid  (now  the  ordinary  term),  girl  {now 
obsolescent,  esp.  among  the  more  or  less  pre- 
tentious), wench  {now  contemptuous  or  de- 
rogatory); spec,  handmaid  or  handmaiden 
{archaic  or  jig.),  abigail  {fig.),  ancilla  (a 
Latinism),  biddy  {Irish;  colloq.),  bonne 
{French),  slavey  {slang  or  conte7npluous) , 
matranee  {India),  housemaid. 
Antonyms:    see  manservant. 

mail,  n.  As  a  collective  sing.:  letters  {pi.), 
matter;  spec,  tappal  (East  India). 

mail,  V.  t.  post;  spec.  drop. 

maim,  v.  t.  cripple,  bemaim  {intensive); 
spec,  deface  {contextual),  truncate,  pinion, 
hamstring. 

maiming,  n.  crippling,  mayhem  {law), 
demembration  {chiefly  Scots  law);  spec. 
truncation. 

mainland,  n.  land,  main  {archaic),  con- 
tinent {chiefly  spec). 
Antonyms:    see  island. 

maintain,  v.  t.     Spec,  sustain,  continue, 
defend,  support,  preserve,  vindicate,  as- 
sert, fight,  insist  {often  with  "that"),  keep, 
hold,  retain. 
Antonyms:    see  alter,  abjure. 

maintenance,  n.  Spec,  continuation,  de- 
fense, vindication,  support,  assertion,  aid, 
living,  keeping,  holding. 

maize,  n.  grain,  Indian  corn  {U.  S.),  corn 
{U.  S.),  mealies  (p/.;  South  Africa). 

majority,  n.  1.  adulthood. 
2.  mass    {esp.    in    "the    masses    and    the 
classes"),     bulk,     preponderance;      spec. 
plurality. 
Antonyms:  see  minority. 

make,  v.  t.  1.  Spec,  produce,  cause,  effect, 
form,  manufacture,  feel,  constitute,  con- 
feet  {affected,  after  French),  do,  fashion, 
forge,  establish,  attempt,  enact,  consider, 


count,  advance,  clear,  construct,  con- 
tract, create,  prepare,  traverse,  compose, 
turn,  strike,  take,  brew  {often  fig.),  levy, 
pick,  cut,  light,  bore,  coin,  paint,  draw, 
execute  {as  a  painting),  work,  etc. 

making,  n.  doing  {contextual),  facture 
{bookish),  manufacture. 

malcontent,  n.  Spec,  irreconcilable,  ma- 
lignant (rare),  frondeur  {French),  fronde 
{a  collective;  French). 

male,  a.   1.  he  {opposed  to  "she";  chiefly 
used  attributively),  masculine  {rare). 
Antonyms:    see  female. 

2.    See  MANLY. 

male,  n.  he,  masculine  {rare);  spec,  tom-  {in 
combination),  jack-  {in  combination),  man, 
boy,  ox,  bull,  rooster,  milter,  dog,  stag,  buck. 

Antonyms:    see  female. 
malevolence,  n.  dislike  {contextual),  ma- 
lignance,  rancor,   venom,   ill-will;      spec. 
hate,  hatred,  despite. 

Antonyms:    see  compassion. 
malevolent,  a.  black  {fig.),  black-hearted, 
malign  {rare),  malignant,  ill,  rancorous, 
virulent,  viperish,  reptile;  spec,  evil,  hate- 
ful, baleful,  fiendish. 
Ayitonyms:     see   benevolent,    kindly, 

COMPASSIONATE. 

malfeasance,  n.  evildoing,  delinquence 
{contextual);  spec,  criminality,  misde- 
meanance,  malversation  {tech.). 

malfeasor,  n.  evildoer,  malfeasant  {tech.), 
delinquent  {contextual);  spec,  criminal, 
convict,  felon,  bushranger,  gallows,  gal- 
lowsbird,  etc. 

mallet,  n.  hammer;  spec,  gavel  {U.  S.). 

man,  n.  1.  See  person,  mankind,  hus- 
band, VASSAL,  servant,  EMPLOYEE,  MAN- 
LINESS, PIECE. 

2.  gentleman  {only  in  address  or  by  way  of 
courtesy;  used  chiefly  in  pi.),  fellow  {fa- 
yniliar,  but  not  in  good  usage  as  an  ordinary 
equivalent  for  "man"),  groom  {archaic), 
boy  {in  familiar  address),  microcosm  {lit- 
erary or  philosophical);  spec,  heart,  buck 
{slang),  Caliban,  Betty,  Molly,  Peggy,  cot, 
cotbetty  {U.  S.). 


X^W  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

magnet:   loadstone,  attraction. 

magnetic:  hypnotic,  attrac- 
tive. 

magnetism:  energy,  attrac- 
tion,  hypnotism. 

magnific:  imposing,  grand, 
bombastic,  exalted. 

magnificent:  grand,  imposing, 
elevated,  exalted,  fine. 

magnifico:    personage. 

magniloquent:    boml>asiic. 

magnitude:  size,  extent,  quan- 
tity. 

maid:   girl,  virgin,  domestic. 

maiden,  n.:  girl,  virgin. 

maiden,  a.:  youthful,  virgin, 
unused,  first. 

maidenly:   girlish,  virgin. 


mail,  n.:   armor. 

mail,  V.  t.:  post. 

maim:   mutilate. 

main,  n.:  strength,  channel, 
mainland. 

main,  a.:  powerful,  chief,  ut- 
most. 

mainly:    chiefly. 

mainstay:  support. 

majestic:    dignified,  grand. 

majesty:    dignity,  grandeur. 

major:   greater,  adult. 

make,  v.  i.:   constitute. 

makeshift,  7i..'  expedient,  sub- 
stitute. 

makeshift,  a.:  provisional. 

make-up:  composition,  ar- 
rangement. 

makeweight:    counterpoise. 


maladroit:   awkward. 

malady:   disease. 

malapropos:    unsuitable. 

malcontent:   discontent. 

malediction:  cursing,  curse. 

malefic:  harmful. 

maleficent:   harmful. 

malfeasant:   evildoing. 

malformed:   deformed. 

malice:   ill-will. 

malign:  malevolent. 

malignant:  malevolent,  viru- 
lent. 

malignity:  malevolence,  ill- 
will. 

malison:   curse. 

malleable:   ductile. 

malodor:   smell. 

maltreat:    ill-treat. 


f^°  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
273 


MAN 


Antottyms:    sec  'woman. 

man,  c.  t.  Spec,  panison,  people. 

manacle,  /i.  bund  {context ual) ,  handcuff  (the 
ordinary  informal  tinn),  snitcher  {slang), 
nippers  {pi;  slang),  wristlet  {humorous). 

manage,  v.  t.  1.  control,  conduct,  order, 
boss  (slang  or  c^ni),  regulate;  spec,  direct, 
handle,  guide,  misgovern,  operate  {chiejly 
U.  S.),  negotiate  {chi<'fly  colloq.  or  slang), 
swing,  administer,  manipulate,  wield  (of- 
ten fig.),  engineer,  navigate,  maneuver, 
nurse,  fight,  hold,  work. 
2.  See  ACCOMPLISH,  afford,  contrive. 

manage,  v.  i.  Spec,  frame,  do,  shift,  con- 
trive. 

manageable,  a.  Spec,  governable,  con- 
formable, tractile,  tractable,  gentle,  flex- 
ible, ductile,  docile,  buxom  (archaic), 
phable,  pliant,  handy  {naut.),  wieldy,  tow- 
ard or  towardly  {archaic),  advisable  {rare), 
teachable,  etc. 
Antonyms:       see  unmanageable,   un- 

RVl.Y,  INTR.\CTABLE,  OBSTINATE,  PER- 
VERSE,  UNWIELDY. 

management,  n.  1.  control,  regulation, 
carriage  (chiefly  Eng.);  spec,  conduct, 
guidance,  administration,  operation  {chief- 
ly U.  S.),  economy,  operation,  husbandry, 
ordinance  (rare  or  archaic),  dispensation, 
diplomacy,  etc. 

2.  See  ACCOMPLISHMENT. 

3.  Spec,  board,  directory,  directorate. 
manager,  n.  controller;    spec,  conductor, 

operator,  guide,  dispenser  (archaic), 
wielder,  impresario  (Italian),  economist, 
maneuverer,  engineer,  curator,  overseer, 
steward. 

manger,  n.  Spec,  cratch  {obs.),  crib, 
trough,  box. 

mangle,  v.  t.  1.  deface;    spec,  cut,  slash, 
mince,  hash,  butcher,  hasp. 
2.  Referring   to  words,  music,  etc.:    spec. 
murder,  mouth,  gargle,  bungle,  mutilate. 

manhater,  n.  misanthrope,  misanthropist. 

man-hating,  a.  misanthropic. 
Antonyms:    see  amatory. 

manhood,  n.   1.     As  distinguished  from 
"womanhood" :   virility  (learned). 
2.  See  manliness,  cotirage. 

manifold,  v.  t.  multiply;  spec,  graph  {col- 
loq.), hectograph. 

maniiold,  n.  copy;  spec,  graph  {colloq.), 
cyclostyle,  polygraph,  hectograph,  mimeo- 
graph. 


manipulate,  v.  t.  I.   Sec  handle,  finger, 

MA.SSAGi;,  WIELD. 

2.  manage;  spec,  jockey,  shuffle,  rig 
(slang  or  colloq.),  milk  {cant  or  slang). 

mankind,  n.  man  (less  formal  than  "man- 
kind"), men  {])L),  humanity,  humankind 
(umisital),  flesh  {fig.),  earth  {with  "the"). 
Antonyms:    see  womankind. 

manliness,  n.  manhood  {archaic),  manli- 
hood    (rare),    mascuUnity,    mannishness, 
manlikeness,  virility. 
Ardonyms:  see  effeminacy,  femininity. 

manly,  a.  male,  masculine  (chiefly  spec), 
manful  (often  spec),  virile  (elevated;  often 
used  fig.),  manlike  (chiefly  spec),  mannish 
{chiefly  spec).  "Manly"  always  has  a 
good  connotation. 
Ardonyms:  see  childish,  feminine, 
womanly,  l.\dylike. 

manner,  n.  1.   <S'ee  kind. 

2.  way,  mode,  sort  (archaic),  fashion 
{rare,  exc  spec,  with  "after,"  "in,"  etc.). 

3.  In  pi.:  etiquette;  spec,  breeding. 

4.  <See  custom,  air,  behavior. 
man-of-war,   n.   ship    (contextual);   spec 

battleship,  cruiser,  dreadnought,  super- 
dreadnought,  torpedo  boat  destroyer,  gun- 
boat, submarine,  submersible. 

manservant,  7i.  man  {contextual;  colloq.); 
spec,  footman,  flunky  or  flunkey,  valet, 
gyp  (cant;  Eng.),  boy  {chiefly  South  Af- 
rican or  Anglo-Indian),  butler,  waiter, 
cook,  etc;  sec  lackey. 
Antonyms:  see  maidservant. 

mantle,  n.  1.  cloak;  spec,  chasuble  (ecc^), 
toga,  tallitto,  pelisse,  chuddar  {Anglo- 
Indian). 

2.  See  COVER,  en\':elope,  foam. 

3.  mantelpiece,  chimneypiece. 
manure,  n.  fertilizer  (contextual),  dung  (a 

word  little  w.se(i),  muck,  soil  {obs.  or  rare); 

spec,  folding  (Eng.),  tankage,  guano. 
manure,   v.    t.    fertilize    (contextual),    soil 

{ohs.  or  rare),  dung   (a  word  little  u^ed), 

bedung  (intensive;  rare). 
manuscript,  n.  I.  document  {contextual); 

spec,    palimpsest,    codex,    opisthograph 

{tech.). 
Antonyms:    see  print. 

2.  See  writing. 
many,  a.  numerous;  spec  frequent,  mani- 
fold, multitudinous,  multifold. 

Antonyms:    see  few,  all. 
many-colored,     a.     polychromic,     poly- 


CW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
mandate:   bidding. 
mandatory:  commanding. 
manful:   manly. 
manhandle:   move,  handle. 
maniac,  a.:  deranged. 
maniac,  n.;   deranged  person. 
manifest,  v.  t.:   disclose,  show, 

list. 
manifest,  a.:  evident,  intelligi- 


ble. 
manifest,  n.:  list. 
manifestation:      appearance, 

disclosure,  show. 
manifold:  diversified. 
manikin:   dwarf. 
mannerless:  unmannerly, 
mannerly:  polite. 
mannish:   manly. 
mansion:  dwelling. 


manual,  a.:  autographic. 

manual,  n.:  handbook,  key- 
board. 

manufactory:  factory. 

manufacture,  n.:  making, 
product. 

manufacture,  v.  i.:  make,  de- 
vise. 

manufactured:   artificial. 

manumit:  free. 


IW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
274 


MARROON 


chromatic,  polychrome; — all  three  learned 
or  tech. 
Antonyms:    see  one-colored. 

many-footed,  a.  multiped,  multipede; — 
both  learned  or  tech. 

many -headed,  a.  polycephalic  {rare). 

ma'ny- jointed,  a.  multiarticulate  {tech.). 

many-named,  a.  polyonymous  {rare), 
pcEcilonymic  {rare). 

many-seeded,  a.  polysperm  {rare),  poly- 
spermous  {rare),  polyspermatous  {rare). 

many-sided,  a.  polyhedral  {tech.;  geom.), 

polyhedric     {rare),    polyhedrous     {rare), 

multilateral  {less  usual  than  "polyhedral" 

in  geom.,  but  often  fig.),  polygonal  {geom.). 

Antonyms:    see  one-sided. 

many-stringed,  a.  polychord  {rare). 

many- voiced,  a.  polyphonic  {tech.). 

map,  n.  delineation  {contextual);  spec. 
chart,  plat  {now  chiefly  U.  S.),  plan,  dia- 
gram, mappemonde  {hist.),  planisphere. 
"Map"  is  especially  used  of  geographical 
delineations. 

map,  V.  t.  delineate  {contextual),  chart, 
plot;  spec,  diagram. 

mapper,  n.  delineator  {contextual),  map- 
pist  {rare) ,  chartographer  or  cartographer 
{tech.). 

marauder,  n.  plunderer,  desperado  {con- 
textual), reaver  or  reiver  {the  Scottish  spell- 
ing "reiver,"  introduced  into  literature  by 
Scott,  is  the  more  usual  spelling);  spec. 
pirate,  boothaler  {archaic),  freebooter, 
brigand,  refugee  {hist.),  cateran  {Scot.). 

marble,  n.  1.  limestone ;  spec,  ranee,  cipo- 
lin,  giallo  antico  {Italian),  verdantique, 
ophicalcite,  brocatello  {Italian). 

2.  Spec,  sculpture,  statue,  frieze,  etc. 

3.  Spec,  bonce  {Eng.},  taw,  alley. 
marble,  a.  marmorean  or  marmoreal  {po- 
etic and  rhetorical),  marmoraceous  {rare). 

march,  v.  i.  &  t.  1.  go  {contextual),  walk 
{contextual);  spec,  troop,  process  {colloq.), 
parade,  file,  defile,  countermarch. 

2.    See  ADVANCE. 

march,  n.  1.  walk  {contextual) ;  spec,  file, 
defile,  etape  {French),  countermarch. 
2.  step  {contextual);  spec,  quick,  double- 
quick. 

mare,  n.  gillie  {rare  or  cant),  lass  {playful 
or  affectionate). 

marginal,  a.  Spec,  border,  coastal,  lit- 
toral, shore,  limbic  (anat.). 

marine,  a.  sea  {the  noun  used  attributivehj) , 
thalassian    {rare),  thalassic   {rare);  spec. 
oceanic,  maritime,  nautical. 
Antonyms:    see  terrestrial. 


marine,  n.  1.   See  fleet,  picture. 

2.  gulpin  {slang),  jolly  {British;  slang  or 

colloq.),  shipman  {rare). 
marital,  a.  I.    See  matrimonial. 

2.  husbandly  {less  formal) . 
mark,  n.  1.  See  aim,  object. 

2.  Referring  to  a  thing  shot  at:  target 
{primarily  spec);  spec,  butt  {orig.  arch- 
ery), bull's-eye,  carton,  white,  crease, 
cock,  Jack-a-Lent  {Eng.),  Aunt  Sally 
{Eng.),  parrot,  rover,  cockshy,  quintain, 
jack  tee. 

3.  Spec,  character,  line,  spot,  stain, 
scratch,  scar,  brand,  impression,  impress, 
imprint,  blur,  label,  print,  dent,  badge, 
device,  note,  hyphen,  check,  crisscross, 
diacritic,  chalk,  charcoal,  earmark,  tally, 
score,  tick,  signature  {rare),  cross,  cachet 
{French),  cognizance  {heraldry  or  formal), 
demerit,  difference  {now  rare,  exc.  her.  or 
logic),  chop,  mintage. 

4.  In  punctuation:  character,  stop;  spec. 
comma,  semicolon,  colon,  period,  ques- 
tion mark,  dash,  parenthesis,  brackets, 
quotation  marks. 

5.  See  SIGN,  BADGE,  DISTINCTION. 

mark,  v.  t.  1.  Spec,  inscribe,  line,  dirty, 
stain,  brand,  countermark,  countersign, 
scribe  {largely  tech.),  postmark,  star,  be- 
star,  letter,  ink,  enseam  {rare),  buoy, 
cross,  becross  {an  intensive),  tick,  tattoo, 
rubricate,  label,  inscribe,  enstamp  {rare), 
blaze,  earmark,  bespot  {an  intensive), 
scrawl,  bescrawl  {an  intensive),  rule,  score, 
stigmatize,  sign,  imprint,  print,  impress. 

2.  See  DISTINGUISH,  DENOTE,  EMPHASIZE, 
CONSIDER. 

market,  n.  1.  marketplace,  marketstead 

{archaic);  spec,  emporium  {ofte?i  rhetor- 
ical or  affected),  entrepot  {French),  mart 
{literary;  often  about  equiv.  to  "empor- 
ium"), vent  {archaic  or  tech.),  factory,  ex- 
change, rial  to  {rare),  cheap  {archaic  or 
obs.),  bazaar,  bezesteen  {Oriental),  forum 
{Roman  antiquities),  cross  {obs.  or  local 
Eng.),  curb,  fair,  staple,  gunge  or  gunj. 
2.  See  demand. 

market,  a.  nundinal  {rare). 

market,  v.  t.  mart  {rare) ;  spec,  offer,  sell. 

market  day.  nundine  {Roman  hist.). 

marking,  n.  Syec.  delineation,  gorgelet 
{rare),  feathering,  gorget,  interstriation 
{rare),  inscription  {anat.),  mirror. 

marksman,  n.  Spec,  toucher  {archery), 
sharpshooter,  franc-tireur  {French). 

marriage,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  state  or  re- 
lation:   matrimony  {chiefly  formal  or  af- 


JJ^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
mar:  deface,  impair. 
maraud, };.  i..'  plunder. 
inarch,  n..'  border. 
inarch,  v.  i.:  border. 


margin,  n.:  edge,  room,  secu- 
rity. 

margin,  71.  <.;  edge,  annotate,  se- 
cure. 

mariner:   sailor. 


marionette:   puppet. 
marked:      distinguished,    con- 
spicuous, intense. 
marketable:    salable. 
maroon:   abandon. 


tS^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

275 


MARRIAGE 


feded),  wedlock  (a  wonl  of  finer  connota- 
(ion  than  "matninoiii/"  or  "nian-iage"), 
c<c)njiigality,  spousehood  (ran),  coimii- 
bialism  {rare),  spousage  (archaic),  hymen 
[rare). 

2.  Rifcrring  to  the  ceremony:  union,  mat- 
rimony (formal  or  solemn),  nuptials  (;>/.), 
spousiil  (chiefly  in  pi),  wcddinR  [the  An- 
glo-Saj:on  term),  match,  bridal  (orig. 
spec.),  espousal  [chiefly  in  pi.;  the  fuller 
form  for  "spousal"),  hymen  (rare),  hy- 
meneiils  (/)/.;  learned);  spec,  remarriage, 
intermarriage,  coemption  (Roman  law), 
opsigamy  (rare),  mesalliance  or  misalli- 
ance, confarreation  (Roman  law),  big- 
amy, deuterogamy,  hierogamy  (nonce 
icord),  hctairism  or  hetairism,  lobola,  en- 
dogamy, exogamy,  polyandry,  polygamy, 
polygyny,  morganatic  marriage. 
Antonyms:    see  divorce. 

marriage,  a.  hymeneal,  hjTnenean  (rare). 

marriageable,  a.  marriable;  spec,  nubile 
(rare),  viripotent  (rare). 

marriage  song,  hymeneal  (learned  or 
formal) ,  epithalamium. 

married,    a.    mated    (esp.   with    "ill-"    or 
"well-",  referring  to  the  compatibility  of  the 
parties),  settled,  conjugate  (rare);    spec. 
farreate  (rare;  Latin  antiq.). 
Antonyms:  see  unmarried. 

marrow,  n.  1.  medulla  (anat.);  spec.  pith. 
2.  See  ES.SENCE. 

marry  v.  t.  1.  wed  (rare,  exc.  in  ceremonial 
or  elevated  use),  espouse  (chiefly  used  of  the 
man);  spec,  wife  (rare),  husband  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  divorce. 
2.  With  two  persons  as  the  subject:  unite 
(contextual;  often  in  "unite  in  holy  wed- 
lock"), join  (contextual),  wed  (formal), 
pair  (rare;  being  chiefly  used  of  animals), 
couple  (rare;  being,  like  "pair,"  chiefly 
used  of  animals),  espouse,  tie  (colloq.), 
match,  sphce  (slang);  spec,  intermarry, 
remarry. 

marry,  v.  i.  unite  (contextual),  join  (con- 
textual), match  (colloq.),  wed  (formal), 
pair  (rare),  couple  (rare),  intermarry; 
spec,  wife  (rare),  husband  (rare),  remarry. 

marsh,  n.  Spec,  quagmire,  quag,  morass 
(now  literary),  slough,  mire,  bog,  fen 
(chiefly  Eng.),  marish  (archaic),  swamp, 
maremma  (Italian),  marshland,  moss 
(chiefly  Scot.),  pocosin  or  poquosin  (south- 
em  U.  S.),  flow  (Scot.),  carr  (local  Eng.), 
corcass  (Ireland),  mash  (local  U.  S.). 

marshy,  a.  paludal  (learned),  paludine 
(rare),  palustrine  (learned),  squashy  (col- 


loq.);  spec,  morassy,  miry,  i)lashy,  fenny 
(chiefly    Eng.),    fennish     (cidefly    Eng.), 
swampy,  boggy,  marish  (archaic),  moory 
(Eng.;  chiefly  local  or  dial.). 
martial,  a.    Spec,  military,  warlike. 

mask,  71.  1.  See  DISGUISE,  MASKER,  CLOAK, 
BALL. 

2.  Referring  to  the  cover  or  disguise  for  the 
face:  spec,  visor,  loup  (French),  umberer 
(rare) . 

masker,  n.  mask  (fig.);  spec,  masquerader, 
mummer,  domino,  guisard  (chiefly  Scot.), 
guiser  (Scot,  and  Eng.  dial.). 

mason,  n.  cowan  (Scot.;  derogatory);  spec. 
stonemason,  bricklayer. 

masonry,  n.  Spec,  stonework,  ashlar, 
brickwork,  rubblework,  studwork,  rub- 
ble. 

mass,  71.  Spec,  body,  aggregate,  quan- 
tity, number,  bulk,  size,  lump,  cake,  clot, 
flake,  majority,  people,  assemblage,  crowd, 
cloud,  block. 

Mass,  71.  Eucharist;  spec,  canon,  requiem. 

massacre,  n.  killing  (contextual),  scupper 
(mil.  slang);  spec,  magophony  (rare), 
pogrom,  populicide  (rare). 

massacre,  v.  t.  butcher  (contextual), 
slaughter  (contextual);  see  murder. 

massage,  n.  shampoo  (rare);  spec,  per- 
cussion, stroking,  rubbing,  kneading,  etc. 

masseur,  n.   Spec,  rubber. 

massive,  a.  1.  big,  massy  (less  formal  and 
more  literary  than  "massive"),  substantial, 
bulky,  beamy  (rare  or  archaic) ,  Cyclopean 
(fig.),  heavy,  solid,  ponderous  (more  ein- 
phatic  or  intensive  than  "heavy"). 
Antonyms:    see  unsubstantial,  granu- 

luAR. 

2.  See  LOUD. 
mast,   n.    stick    (humorous),    pole;     spec. 

pine,  mainmast,  foremast,  mizzen,  miz- 

zenmast,  jurymast,  jigger. 
master,  n.  1.  Spec,  controller,  owner,  lord; 

see  controller,  conqueror,  employer, 

EXPERT,   workman,    CAPTAIN. 

Anto7iyms:    see  slave. 
2.  .As  a  courtesy  title:  dan  (archaic),  don, 
sir  (used  only  in  address),  sirrah. 

master,  a.  1.  Spec,  chief,  controlling, 
commanding. 

Antonyms:  sec  subordinate. 
2.  Pertaining  to  a  7n aster:  herile  (rare). 

masterpiece,  n.  masterwork  (less  used 
than  "masterpiece,"  and  having  less  con- 
crete .suggestion.^) ,  chef-d'oeuvre  (French). 

masterstroke,  n.  coup  (French),  coup 
d'etat  (French). 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
marsbal,  v.  t.:  arrange,  escort. 
martyr:  sufferer. 
tnaryel:   wonder. 
masculine:  male,  manly. 
mash,  II.  t.:  crush. 


mask,  v.  i.:   hide,  disguise. 
masque:   ball,  drama. 
masquerade:   ball,  disguise. 
mass,  V.  t.:   unite,  gather. 
master,   v.    t.:    control,   defeat, 
overpower,  learn. 


masterful:    authoritative,  dom- 

intering. 
masterly:  able. 
mastership:  control,  skill. 
mastery:   control,  skill. 
masticate:  chew. 


fW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

27G 


MEAN 


mastifl,  n.  bandog  {archaic). 

mat,  n.  fabric  (contextual);  spec,  paunch 
(naut.),  rug,  felt,  glib  [hist.),  bass. 

match,  n.  1.  fuze;  spec.  lunt. 
2.  Spec,   referring  to  the  matches  in  or- 
dinary  use:     fusee   or   fuzee,    Congreve, 
locQ-foco  (U.  S.),  lucifer,  vesuvian. 

match,  n.   1.  equal,  antagonist,  Roland 

(fig-)- 

2.  contest;  spec,  bonspiel  (Scot.),  main, 
twosome  (rare),  threesome  (golf),  four- 
some (golf),  shoot,  roll,  etc. 

3.  See  COUNTERPART,  MARRIAGE,  EQUAL- 
ITY, AGREEMENT. 

match,  V.  t.  1.  See  marry,  equal,  com- 
pare, OPPOSE,  FIGHT,  ADAPT. 

2.  Spec,  pair,  mate,  duplicate. 

matchmaker,  n.  Spec,  marriage  broker, 
shatchen. 

mate,  n.  associate  (contextual),  fere  (ar- 
chaic); spec,  fellow,  match,  schoolfellow, 
schoolmate,  consort,  husband  (rare),  wife 
(rare). 

mate,  v.  t.  &  i.  pair,  match ;  see  marry. 

material,  a.  1.  Spec,  corporeal,  carnal 
(archaic,  exc.  spec),  corporal  (literary; 
rare),  bodily,  physical,  objective,  earthy, 
earthly,  hylic  (rare),  tangible,  sensible. 
Antonyms:  see  immaterial,  mental. 
2.  See  IMPORTANT,  relative,  consider- 
able, sensuous. 

material,  n.  1.  substance,  stuff  (often 
.fomeivhat  contemptuous),  matter;  spec. 
metal,  mettle,  body,  timber,  stock,  com- 
ponent, fabric,  feed,  staple. 
2.  data;  spec,  notes,  facts,  informa- 
tion. 

materiality,  n.  Spec,  corporeality,  bodili- 
ness,  corporeity. 

materialize,  v.  t.  materiate  (rare);    spec. 
externalize,  externate  or  externize  (rare), 
exteriorize,  embody,  precipitate. 
Antonyms:    see  spiritualize. 

maternal,  a.  parental  (contextual);  spec. 
motherlike,  motherly. 

maternity,   n.   mater nality    (rare);  spec. 
motherliness,  motherhood. 
Antonyms:  rf.   barren;  see  virginity. 

mathematician,  n.  Spec,  arithmetician, 
geometrician,  trigonometrician,  geodesist, 
actuary. 

matrimonial,  a.  conjugal,  connubial  (less 
cojnmon  than  "matrimonicd"),  nuptial 
(primarily  spec),  marital  (primarily 
spec),  sponsal  (rare  or  learned),  spousal, 


conjugial  (used  by  Swedenborgians) ,  genial 

(rare);  spec,  internuptial. 
matrix,  n.  1.   See  womb. 

2.  form    (contextual);     spec,    mold,    bed, 

cast,  coffin,  ceroplast. 
matron,  n.  1.  dowager  (humorous);  spec. 

wife,  widow,  mother. 

2.  See  housekeeper. 
matter,  n.  1.  Spec,  stuff,  body,  substance. 

2.  See  material,  pus,  quantity,  copy, 
importance,  subject,  affair,  circum- 
stance, MAIL. 

3.  Referring  to  what  is  stated  in  a  book, 
speech,  etc.:  substance,  gear  (archaic), 
stuti  (often  somewhat  contemptuous),  body. 

matter,  v.  i.  weigh,  bulk,  import,  count, 
skill  (archaic). 

matter-of-fact,  a.  literal,  sober,  prosy, 
prosaic  or  (less  usual) prose;  spec,  practical, 
unsentimental,  unimaginative,  simple. 

Anto'nyms:     see   fanciful,    visionary, 
extravagant. 

maunder,  v.  i.  1.   See  wander. 
2.  flapdoodle      (colloq.;       contemptuous), 
maudle  (rare). 

maximize,   v.  t.   maximate,  increase,  im- 
prove, magnify. 
Antonyms:    see  minimize;  cf.  belittle, 

DIMINISH,  disparage. 

maximum,  n.  limit,  greatest,  highest, 

maybe,  adv.  possibly. 

meadow,  a.  pratal  (rare),  meadowy. 

meager,  a.  1.   See  thin. 
2.  Referring  to  what  is  scarcely  sufficient: 
poor;    spec,  scanty,  slender,  slight,  slim, 
thin,  spare,  sparing,  lean,  deficient,  bare. 
Antonyms:    see  abundant. 

meal,  n.  flour  (co7itextual) ;  spec,  groats 
(pi.),  hominy  grits   (pi.),  pinole  (U.  S.). 

meal,  n.  1.  Referring  to  food  eaten  at  one 
time:  repast  (rather  formal  or  learned); 
spec,  refection  (learned  or  formal),  spread 
(colloq.),  collation  (chiefly  formal  or  rhe- 
torical), snatch  (colloq.),  snack  (colloq.  or 
dial.),  snap  (rare),  ordinary  (Eng.),  table- 
d'hote  (French),  coffee,  breakfast,  dinner, 
tea,  supper,  lunch,  luncheon,  tiffin  (Anglo- 
Indian),  feast,  mess  (U.  S.  or  Eng.  dial.), 
morsel. 

2.  Referring  to  the  act:  feed  (colloq.  and  in- 
formal or  vulgar);  spec,  feast,  gorge,  re- 
fection, repast,  collation,  regale  (rare), 
perpendicular  (slang),  breakfast,  dinner, 
supper,  tea,  lunch,  hmcheon. 

mean,  v.  t.  1.  See  intend,  signify. 


iW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
match,  V.  ?'.;  marry,  agree. 
matchless:   unequaled. 
matriculate:  admit,  list. 
matronly:  wifely,  grave. 
matt:  dull. 
maturate:  suppurate. 
mature,  a.:    ripe,  grown,  due, 


deliberate. 

mature,  v.:  develop,  ripen,  com- 
plete, accrue. 

matutinal:    early. 

maw:   stomach,  appetite,  throat. 

mawliish:   emotional. 

maxim:   rule,  saying. 

maximal:   greatest. 


maximum,  a.;  greatest. 
maybe:  possibly. 
maze,  n.:  labyrinth,  tangle. 
maze,  v.  t.:  confuse. 
mead:   grassland. 
meadow:  grassla?id. 
mealy:   powdery. 
mean,  n.;  average. 


19 


tS^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

277 


MEAN 


2.  signify,  intend,  purport,  import,  boar 
(archaic  equiv.  of  "purport");  spec,  denote, 
eonnote,  argue,  imply,  symbolize,  infer, 
indioate. 
mean,  a.  1.    Sec  undignified,  inferior, 

SHABBY,  LOWLY,  BASE,  CONTEMPTIBLE, 
WORTHLESS,  ORDINARY,  WRETCHED. 

2.  As  dcuoiiiig  a  certain  injttstice  or  un- 
fairness: spec,  little-minded  or  {more 
freely  of  things  as  well  as  persons)  little, 
small,  petty,  shabby,  scurvy,  sorry,  sordid, 
wretched,  beggarly,  rascally,  currish, 
dirty  {often  a  cheap  or  vulgar  term  of  re- 
proach), unhandsome,  caitiff  {literary), 
sneaking,  spying,  scoundrelly,  malevo- 
lent, tattling,  etc. 

Antonyms:  sec  generous,  grand,  noble. 
meaning,  n.  1.  See  intention. 
2.  signification,  significance  or  signifi- 
cancy,  import,  power  {rare),  purport; 
spec,  substance,  amount,  upshot,  spirit, 
interpretation,  intent  or  intention,  in- 
tendment, drift,  content,  sense,  value, 
denotation,  connotation,  consignificance, 
by-sense,  force,  heart,  effect,  significate, 
comprehension,  implication,  burden. 
meaningless,  a.  empty,  unmeaning,  sense- 
less, insignificant;  spec,  unimportant. 

Antonyms:       see  expressive,   signifi- 
cant. 

means,  n.  1.  agency,  mean  (archaic),  in- 
strument    (chiefly    spec);    spec,    agent, 
machinery,  wherewithal  (colloq.),  where- 
with (colloq.),  foison  (chiefly  Scot.),  me- 
dium, receipt  (fig.),  engine  (chiefly  literary 
or  rhetorical) ,  organ  (archaic). 
2.  As  a  pi.:    resources,  faculty  (obs.  or 
hist.);  spec,  income,  wealth. 
meanwhile,  adv.  meantime. 
measurable,  a.  mensurable  {7nore  tech.); 
spec,  fathomable,  gaugeable. 

Antonyms:    see  infinite. 
measure,  n.  1.   See  measurement. 

2.  standard  (contextual);  spec,  gauge, 
mile,  rod,  fathom,  yard,  foot,  inch,  hand, 
ell,  cubit,  line,  acre,  bushel,  peck,  degree, 
quart,  pint,  gill,  hour,  minute,  cube,  lea, 
pound,  ounce,  pennyweight,  grain,  etc. 

3.  See  dimension,  standard,  extent, 
degree,  quantity,  action,  dance. 

measure,  v.  t.  1.  mensurate  (more  tech.  and 
comparatively  rare);  spec,  span,  gauge, 
mete  (now  poetic,  exc.  in  allusion  to  Matt, 
vii;  2),  quantity  (rare  or  tech.),  calibrate, 
line,  girt  or  girth,  tape,  divide,  caliper, 
dial,  pace,  step,  inch,  space. 


2.  See  limit,  assign,  traverse,  reach, 

COMTARF,. 

measurement,  n.  1.  measure  (rare),  men- 
suration (more  tech.);  spec,  mete  (rare), 
metage,  horometry,  autometry,  quantifi- 
cation (rare),  photometry,  Eesthesiometry, 
calorimetry,  micrometry,  etc. 
2.  Sec  size,  extent,  quantity. 

measurer,  7i.  mensurator  (rare);  spec. 
erioincter,  ganger,  micrometer,  meter, 
burette,  pipette,  alcoholometer,  gasom- 
eter, galactometer,  a;sthesiometer,  etc. 

measuring,  a.  mensurative  (rare). 

meat,  n.  1.  food  (contextual);    spec,  lean, 
junk,    bouilli    (French),    biltong,    cabob, 
mincemeat,  forcemeat,  jerky,  jerk,  char- 
qui,  peminican,  cecils  (pi.). 
2.  See  flesh. 

meatmarket,  n.  shambles  (now  rare  or 
literary) . 

mechanic,  n.  workman  (contextual);  spec. 
machinist,  mechanician,  mechanist. 

mechanical,  a.    machinelike;    spec,    au- 
tomatic, unthinking,  perfunctory. 
Aniomjms:    see  mental. 

mechanics,  n.   Spec,  statics,  dynamics. 

mechanism,  n.  machinery,  apparatus, 
works;  spec,  movement,  escapement,  mo- 
tion, gearing,  clockwork. 

medal,  n.  medallion  (large);  spec,  medalet, 
jetton,  badge,  contorniate. 

meddlesome,  a.  officious,  meddling,  prag- 
matic, busy,  polypragmatic  (rare);  spec. 
inquisitive. 

mediatory,  a.  intermediary,  mediatorial 
(rare),  mediative;  spec,  intercessory,  in- 
tercessive  (rare). 

medical,  a.  iatric  (rare),  iatrical  (rare), 
physical  (rare),  Galenic  (jocular). 

medication,  n.  dosage,  medicamentation 
(rare) . 

medicinal,  a.  curative  (contextual),  medi- 
camentary  (rare),  medicinable  (archaic), 
medicatory  (rare);  spec,  druggy. 

medicine,  n.  1.  leechcraft  (archaic), 
leechdom  (archaic),  therapy  (chiefly  in 
combinaiion) ;  spec,  loimology,  pharma- 
ceutics, pharmacology,  pharmacy. 
2.  drug  (properly  spec),  physic  (archaic 
or  spec),  medicament,  dope  (chiefly 
spec;  slang);  spec,  simple  (archaic), 
elixir,  lincture  or  linctus,  electuary, 
nostrum,  druggery  (a  collective),  abstract, 
extract,  demulcent,  triturate,  drops, 
tisane. 
medicine   man.     Spec,   powwow   (North 


fW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
meander,  n.:  winding,  course. 
meander,  v.  i.:  wind,  wander. 
meaning,  a.:   eTprefmire. 
meantime,  adv.:   meanwhile. 
meantime,  n..'   interval. 
measured:  uniform,  deliberate. 


measureless:    infinite,  fathom- 
less. 
meaty:   pithy. 
meddle:   interpose. 
meddling:   Tneddlesome. 
medial:   intermediate,  average. 
median:   intermediate. 


mediate:   indirect. 
mediate,  v.  i.:   interpose. 
mediate,  v.  t.:  arrange. 
medicable:   curable. 
medieate:   drug. 
mediocre:   ordinary. 
meditate:  consider. 


l^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

278 


MENTAL 


American  Indian),  piache  {French;  Afri- 
can), peai. 

meditative,  a.  considerative,  contempla- 
tive, ruminative. 

medium,  n.  1.  mean  {usually  spec),  aver- 
age, mediocrity  {rare). 

2.  iSce  INTERMEDIARY,  AGENT,  AGENCY. 

3.  In  hypnosis,  etc.:  subject;  spec,  psy- 
chic, hypnotic,  oracle. 

medley,  n.  mixture;  spec,  jumble,  mess, 
hash,  hodgepodge,  hotchpot  (rare) ,  farrago 
{about  equivalent  to  ''hodgepodge" ;  literary), 
gallimaufrey  {about  equivalent  to  ''hodge- 
podge"; rare),  muddle,  mishmash  {rare), 
melange  {French),  porridge,  olio,  olla  po- 
drida  {an  olio;  Spanish),  potpourri,  maca- 
roni {rare),  mob  {rare),  pasticcio  {Italian), 
pastiche  {French),  omnium-gatherum  (coZ- 
loq.),  pell-mell  {rare),  cento,  charivari. 

meet,  v .  t.  Spec,  encounter,  rencounter 
{equiv.  of  "encounter,"  now  rare),  front, 
face,  cross,  cope  {archaic),  match,  see, 
join,  intersect,  oppose,  fight,  experience, 
defray,  satisfy,  overcome. 
Antonyms:    see  avoid. 

meet,  v.  i.  1.  See  join,  collide,  agree. 

2.  assemble,  gather,  collect,  forgather 
{chiefly  Scot.;  chiefly  spec);  spec  con- 
vene, rally,  rendezvous,  congress  {rare), 
congregate,  caucus,  muster,  parade, 
troop,  hill,  gam,  reassemble,  reconvene. 

Antonyms:    see  separate,  scatter. 

3.  In  reference  to  time:  coincide,  concur, 
strike. 

meeting,  n.  1.  Spec  encounter,  rencoun- 
ter {rare),  facing,  fronting,  joining,  junc- 
tion, intersection,  opposition,  fight. 

2.  See  satisfaction,  collision,  agree- 
ment, appointment. 

3.  assembly,  gathering,  collection;  spec 
congress,  convention,  congregation  {rare 
or  eccl.,  except  of  the  act  alone),  conclave, 
cabal,  conference,  meet  {sports),  rendez- 
vous, conventicle,  congression,  conversa- 
zione {Italian),  turnout  {colloq.),  sabbath, 
seance,  rally,  eisteddfod,  caucus,  duel, 
muster,  parade. 

Antonyms:  cf.  separate,  scatter. 

4.  coincidence,  concurrence. 
meeting,  a.  1.  Spec,  concutient  {implying 

a  concussion). 


Antonyms:      see  scattering,  separa- 
tive. 
2.  coincident,  concurrent,  simultaneous. 

melodious,  a.  euphonious  {learned  or  lit- 
erary), harmomous,  sweet-sounding,  mel- 
lisonant  {archaic),  mellifluent  or  mellif- 
luous, musical,  sweet,  mellow,  sirenic 
{fig.;  rare),  Orphic  {fig.);  spec,  songful, 
rich,  silvery,  tunable. 
Antonyms:    see  discordant,  harsh. 

melody,  n.    Spec,  air,  diapason,  descant, 
lay,     plainsong,     counterpoint,     carillon, 
chant,   chime,  sweetne,ss,  run,  ranz-des- 
vaches  {French). 
Antonyms:    see  Discord. 

member,  n.   1.  part  {contextual),  organ; 
spec,  limb,  branch,  joint,  colon. 
2.  socius  {Latin  and  tech.;   chiefly  spec); 
spec  fellow,  conventioner,  conventionist, 
incorporator,  founder. 

membrane,  n.  film;  spec,  skin,  pia  mater, 
decidua,  caul,  chorion,  arachnoid,  dura 
mater,  meninges  {pi.),  hyaloid,  mesogas- 
ter,  epithelium,  endocardium,  endocarp, 
endoderm,  meninx,  web,  tympan,  con- 
junctiva, drumhead,  etc. 

membrous,  a.  membraniform  {tech.  or 
learned),  membranoid  {tech.);  spec  epi- 
thelial, cuticular,  webby,  weblike,  skinny, 
membranaceous,  membraneous. 

memorable,  a.  rememberable  {rare);  spec. 
noteworthy. 

memorandum,  n.  note,  notandum  {rare); 
spec  minute  {chiefly  in  pi.),  jurat,  ab- 
stract, tezkere,  agenda  {pi.). 

memorandum  book,  tickler  {colloq.  or 
cant;  chiefly  spec). 

memorial,  n.  remembrance  {rare);  spec. 
memorandum,  cahier  {French),  monu- 
ment, factum  {a  Gallicism),  hoarstone 
{chiefly  hist.),  ebenezir,  trophy. 

memory,  n.  1.  intelligence  {contextual), 
faculty  {contextual),  retention,  recollec- 
tion. 

2.  In  reference  to  the  act  or  to  the  time  to 
which  the  memory  runs:  remembrance; 
spec.  idea. 

menagerie,  7t.  Spec  zoo  {colloq.  or  hu' 
morous). 

mental,  a.  subjective;  spec  intellectual, 
intellective,   emotional,    psychic   or   psy- 


(W  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

medium,  o. ;  intermediate,  fair, 
ordinary. 

mediumship:   agency, 

meek:    submissive,  humble. 

meet,  a.:  becoming,  appropri- 
ate. 

meetinghouse:   church. 

melancholia:    depression. 

melancholic:   depressed. 

melancholy:  humor,  depres- 
sion. 

melancholy:  depressed,  de- 
pressing, sad. 


meld:  disclose. 

melee:  fight. 

meliorate:   improve. 

melioristic:   hopeful. 

mellow:  ripe,  melodious,  soft, 
intoxicated. 

mellow:  ripen,  soften,  intoxi- 
cate. 

melt:  liquefy,  diminish,  vanish, 
soften. 

memento:   reminder. 

memorialize:  address,  cele- 
brate. 

memorize:   learn. 


men:  mankind. 
menace,  n.;   threat. 
menace,  v.  t.:  threaten. 
mend,  v.  t.:    improve,  cure,  ex- 
piate, repair. 
mend,  n.;  repair. 
mendacious:   lying. 
mendacity:  he.  lying. 
mendicant,  a. .    begging. 
mendicant,  n  ;  beggar,  friar. 
menial,  a.:   base. 
menial,  n.;   servant,  wretch. 
menstruum:   solvent. 
mensurate:   measure. 


K^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

279 


MENTAL    HEALING 


chical,  immatoiial,  inner,  inward,  interior 
or  iuternal,  eognitive  (kcli.),  epistemonic 
(tech.).  intentional  [Scholastic  philosopky), 
purposive,  reasoning,  etc. 
Autofii/ms:    sec  material,  mechanical. 

mental  healing,  jisychothcrapy,  psychop- 
athy (rare);  spec,  hypnotlierapy. 

mentally,  adr.  Spec,  intellectually,  psy- 
chically, emotionally,  internally,  interi- 
orly, inly,  inward,  inwardly. 

mention,  v.  t.  enumerate,  numerate  (rare), 
relate,  recount,  specify;  spec,  name,  des- 
ignate, individualize  (rare),  particularize, 
rehearse,  retail,  recite,  note,  overname 
(rare),  nominate,  tell,  quote,  remember, 
recommend,  cite,  itemize,  notice,  margin, 
narrate. 
Antonynis:        see    disregard,    ignore, 

OMIT. 

mention,  n.  enumeration,  numeration 
(rare),  relation,  recounting,  recountment 
(.rare),  specification;  spec,  rehearsal,  re- 
cital, naming,  designation,  noting,  note, 
particularization,  retaihng,  recitation, 
nomination,  telling,  quoting,  quotation, 
citation,  tale,  remembrance,  dinumera- 
tion  (rare),  itemization,  notice,  narration. 

mercenary,  a.  venal,  sordid;  spec,  hireling 
(implying  contempt),  salable,  purchasable, 
hired. 

mercenary,  n.  hireling;  spec,  pensioner  or 
pensionary,  myrmidon,  Hessian  (U .  S.;  a 
political  or  military  hireling),  lansquenet, 
bashi-bazouk. 

merciful,  a.  kind,  clement,  lenient,  gra- 
cious, humane,  gentle,  mild. 

Antonyms:    see  implacable,  cruel,  un- 
feeling, RELENTLESS. 

mercury,  n.  quicksilver  (ike  popular 
name;  meaning  silver  that  is  alive,  or 
"quick"),  hydrargyrum  (tech.). 

mercy,   n.   clemency,   lenity  or  lenience, 
graciousness,  grace,   goodness;  spec,  for- 
bearance, quarter  (mil.). 
Antonyms:     see  cruelty,  unxindness, 

RETRIBUTION. 

mere,  a.  bare,  bald,  simple,  naked,  plain, 
sole,  single;  spec.  dry. 

merely,  adv.  barely,  only,  alone,  simply, 
etc. 

meridian,  n.  1.  acme  (rare),  mid-sky  (po- 
etic), mid-heaven  (astron.  and  astral.) . 
2.  See  HEIGHT,  circle. 


mermaid,  /(.  .seamaid  (poetic),  seamaiden 
(poetic),  merrovv  (Anglo-Irish);  spec. 
merwoman  (rare). 

merman,  n.  seaman  (rare  or  poetic);  spec, 
inarineiuiill. 

merry-go-round,  7i.  carrousel,  round- 
about (Eng.),  whirligig,  turnabout. 

merrymaking,  n.  gayety,  merrymake  (ar- 
chaic), merriment;  spec,  riot,  conviviality, 
festivity,  revel,  C'omus  (a  personification), 
guadcamus,  jollification  (colloq.),  jubilee, 
high  jinks  (colloq.),  frolic,  Maying. 
Antonyms:    see  lamentation. 

message,  n.  communication  (contextual); 
spec,  dispatch,  express,  evangel  (rare,  exc. 
of  the  Gospel),  embassage  or  embassade 
(archaic  or  obs.),  letter,  telegram,  tele- 
pheme,  tclclogue,  telephone,  cablegram, 
cable,  heliogram,  radiogram. 

message-conveying,  a.  nunciative,  Mer- 
curial (fig.),  messenger,  ambassadorial 
(chiefly  spec.);  spec,  internuncial,  inter- 
nunciary. 

messenger,  n.  Spec,  emissary,  envoy, 
nunciate  (rare),  nuncio  (rare),  nuntius 
(rare),  Mercury  (fig.),  bode  (archaic),  in- 
ternuncio (rare),  express,  herald,  post 
(chiefly  hist.),  poster,  courier,  intelligencer, 
chuprassy  (Anglo-Indian),  runner,  peon 
(India) ,  hircarra  (India) ,  chiaus  ( Turkish) . 

messmate,  7i.  associate  (contextual),  com- 
rade (contextual),  buddy  (colloq.),  com- 
mensal (literary  or  rare). 

metal,  n.  element  (contextual),  ore  (chiefly 
poetic;  chiefly  spec);  spec,  bullion,  gate, 
pig,  sow,  regulus. 

metallic,  a.  1.  ory  (rare),  metalline  (a  gen- 
eral term,  not  indicating  metal  qualities 
so  closely  as  "metallic");  spec,  brazen, 
silvery,  gilt,  golden,  aureate,  coppery, 
leaden,  stannic,  etc. 
2.  See  HARSH. 

metaphorical,  a.  figurative,  allegorical 
(usually  more  spec.),  parabolic  (rare), 
transumptive  (rare). 

metaphysics,  n.  Spec,  ontology,  epistem- 
ology. 

meteor,  ri.  1.  phenomenon  (contextual); 
spec,  wind,  cloud,  rain,  hail,  snow,  etc. 
2.  Spec,  (referring  to  the  concrete  object) 
fire  ball,  bolide,  falling  star,  shooting  star, 
meteorite,  exhalation  (archaic),  Androme- 
did,  Lyraid,  Leonid,  Perseid,  etc. 


fW  Cross  references:  .see  Note. 
mentality:  intelligence,  mind. 
mercantile:   commercial. 
merchantable:   salable. 
merciless:      unfeeling,     cruel, 

fierce. 
mere,  n.:  boundary. 
merely:   hardly. 
merge:   absorb. 
merit:   worth,  due. 
merited:   deserved. 


meritorious:   deserving. 

merriment:  gayety,  merry- 
making. 

merriness:   gayety. 

merry:   gay,  cheerful. 

merry-andrew:    buffoon. 

xnerrymake:   disport. 

mesalliance:    marriage. 

mesh,  n.:  hole,  net,  network. 

mesh,  V.  I.;  catch,  entangle,  en- 
gage. 


mesmeric:   hypnotic. 
mesmerize:   hypnotize. 
mesne:   intermediate. 
mess,  n.;  dish,  meal,  medley. 
mess,  V.  t.:  feed,  confuse. 
mess,  II.  i.:  eat,  dabble. 
messy:   confused. 
metaphysical:  immaterial,  ab- 
stract. 
mete,  !>.<.. ■  measure,  distribute. 
mete,  n.."  boundary. 


IW  See  Notes  of  Explanation, 

280      ' 


MINION 


meteoric,  a.  Spec,  atmospheric,  transi- 
tory, flashing. 

meteorite,  n.  meteor,  meteoroUte,  cloud 
stone. 

meteorological,  a.  Spec,  atmospherical. 

method,   n.    manner;      spec,    procedure, 
process,  plan,  order,  system,  scheme,  rule. 
Antonyms:    see  confusion. 

methodical,  a.   Spec,  orderly,  systematic, 
regular,  businesslike. 
Antonyms:  see  confused. 

methodize,  v.  t.  order,  systemize;  spec. 
regularize. 

mew,  V.  i.  cry  {contextual),  miaow,  miaul, 
mewl,  caterwaul. 

microbe,  n.  microorganism,  germ;  spec. 
bacterium,  microphyte,  microzyme. 

middle,  a.  central,  centric  or  centrical 
{rare;  literary  or  tech.),  mid  {71010  tech.  or 
literary),  midway  {rare  and  chiefly  poetic), 
middlemost  {superl.),  middest  {superl.; 
rare),  midmost  {superl.),  mesial  {tech.), 
mesian  {tech.);  spec,  equatorial. 

Antonyms:    border  {cf.  border,  n.),  cir- 
cumfereiitial  {cf.  circumference). 

middle,  n.  center,  mid  {rare  and  literary), 
midmost  {the  exact  or  nearest  approachable 
middle),  middlemost  {rare);  spec,  midst, 
thick,  midships,  saint  {her.),  bull's-eye, 
cazimi  {astral.). 
Antonyms:  see  border,  verge,  circum- 
ference, RIM. 

middle  class,  bourgeois  {esp.  the  shop- 
keeping  middle  class). 

middleman,  n.  Spec,  intermediary,  brok- 
er, go-between,  regrater,  butty  (dial.), 
bummaree  {Eng.),  salesman,  saleswoman. 

midshipman,  n.  middy  {colloq.),  reefer 
{slang);  spec,  guinea  pig  {Eng.  naut. 
slang),  oldster,  youngster. 

midwife,  n.  obstetrician,  accoucheuse 
{French),  Lucina  {fig.),  obstetrix  {rare). 

midwife,  v.  t.  attend  {often  euphemistic  or 
affected),  accouche  {rare),  deliver  {often 
vnth  "of). 

midwifery,  n.  obstetrics. 

migrate,u.z.transmigrate(rare),trek(»Soi<</i 
African  or  colloq.),  wander  {fig.  or  spec), 
nomadize  {rare);  spec,  run  {of  fish),  emi- 
grate, immigrate. 


migrating,  a.  migrant,  migratory,  trans- 
migrant {rare);  spec,  emigrant,  ipimi- 
grant. 

migration,  n.  transmigration  {rare),  trek 
{South  African  or  colloq.);  spec,  rush,  run, 
passage,  emigration,  immigration,  inter- 
migration. 

mild,  a.  1.  See  gentle,  merciful,  moder- 
ate. 

2.  In  reference  to  weather,  balmy  climate, 
etc.:  temperate;  spec,  balmy,  smooth 
{rare),  green  {as  in  "a  green  winter"), 
clement,  soft  {chiefly  Scot,  and  dial.), 
summery. 
Antonyms:    see  severe,  rough. 

milden,  v.  t.  1.  ameliorate. 
2.  See  SUBDUE,  relax. 

military,  n.  soldiery,  sword  {fig.);  spec. 
militia,  marines,  infantry,  troops,  etc. 

milk,  n.  Spec,  buttermilk,  skim,  colos- 
trum, beestings,  foremilk,  strippings. 

milk,  V.  t.  Spec,  extract,  exploit,  nurse. 

milky,  a.  lacteal  {tech.),  lacteous  {rare), 
lactary  {chiefly  spec.) ,  galactic  {rare);  spec. 
lactescent. 

mill,  n.  Spec,  crusher,  stamper,  brake, 
malaxator  {rare),  quern,  windmill. 

millenarian,  7i.  millenary,  chiliast  {rare). 

millennium,  n.  millenary,  chiliad  {rare). 

milliner,  n.  modiste  {French). 

millstone,  n.  Spec,  buhrstone,  quern- 
stone,  runner. 

mince,  n.  mincemeat;  spec,  forcemeat  or 
{rare)  force,  hash. 

mind,  74. 1.  /See  remembrance,  conscious- 
ness, SOUL,  intention,  will,  spirit, 
courage,  thinker. 

2.  Referring  to  the  mental  facidty:  mental- 
ity;   spec,    head,    heart,    intellect,    nous 
{tech.),  brains  {pi.;  colloq.). 
Antonyms:    see  body. 

mine,  ?i.  meum  {learned). 

mine,  n.  1.  Referring  to  place  where  min- 
erals, ores,  precious  stones,  etc.,  are  got: 
spec,  pit,  shaft,  placer,  colliery. 

2.  See  STORE. 

3.  In  mil.  use:  spec,  countermine,  fou- 
gasse  {French),  caisson,  case. 

mineral,  n.  Spec,  ore,  rock. 
Antonyms:    see  vegetable,  animal. 


XW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
meticulous:  careful,  scrupulous. 
metropolis:    city,  center. 
metropolitan:    capital. 
mettle:   energy,  courage. 
mettlesome:       energetic,     cou- 
rageous. 
mew, !).  t.:  molt,  confine. 
miaow:   mew. 
miasma:   exhalation,  haze. 
midday:   noon. 
middling:   ordinary. 
midget:    dwarf. 
midst:   middle.   '' 
midway,  n.:  middle. 


mien:   carnage. 
might:   energy,  power,  force. 
mighty:      energetic,    powerful, 
forceful,  able,  big,  great. 
mildew:    stain,  blight. 
militant:  fighting,  combative. 
mill,  V.  I.:  grind,  groove,  beat. 
mill,  V.  i.:   grind,  go. 
mime,  v.  :  act. 
mime,  n.:  actor,  buffoon. 
mimic,  a.:    imitative,  imitated. 
mimic,  n.:  imitator,  buffoon. 
mimic,  v.  t.:  im-itate. 
minaret:   tower. 
mince,  v.  t.:  chop,  mangle. 


mince,  v.  i.:    go,  talk. 

mincing:  affected. 

mind,  v.  t.:  attend,  notice,  obey, 

consider. 
minded:   disposed. 
mindful:  attentive,  careful. 
mindless:  unintelligent ,  careless . 
mine,  v.t.:  dig,  undermine,  ruin. 
mine,  v.  i.:   burrow. 
mingle:   mix,  associate. 
miniature:   small. 
minikin:  delicate,  affected,  small. 
minimize:  diminish,  belittle. 
minimum:   least. 
minion:   creature. 


If/"  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

281 


MINISTER 


minister,  n.  1.  agent;  spec,  councilor, 
diplomatic  agent,  dewan  {Anglo-lnJlaii), 
pander. 

2.  clergyman  {the  general  technical  term), 
parson  {colloq.,  fainiliar,  or  depreciatory, 
exc.  as  used  sptc.  by  the  English),  pastor; 
spec,  ecclesiastic,  preacher,  priest,  rector, 
curate  {archaic,  exc.  as  the  name  of  a 
clergyman),  vicar,  clerk  {?iow  chiefly  legal 
or  hist.),  cleric,  father  (a  title,  esp.  of  com- 
mon reverential  address  among  Roman 
Catholics),  patrico  {cant),  churchman, 
gownsman  {rare),  divine,  angel,  reverend 
{rare;  a  term  of  respectful  or  deferential 
address  or  reference),  domine  or  dominie 
(obs.  in  U.  S.,  except  in  Dutch  Reformed 
Church),  chaplain,  hturgist  {rare),  cassock 
(colloq.),  cure  {French),  prophet,  padre 
{Italian),  presbyter,  predikant,  deacon, 
helper,  regular,  canon  or  canonic,  druid. 

minister,  v.  i.  attend;    spec,  pander. 

ministerial,  a.  1.    See  attendant. 
2.  Spec,   clerical,    clerkly,   priestly,   par- 
sonic or  parsonical   or   parsonish    {often 
colloq.  or  depreciatory),  pastoral. 
Antonyms:    see  lay. 

ministry,  n.  1.   See  agency,  council 

2.  In  relation  to  the  duties,  office,  or  char- 
acter of  a  clergyman:  spec,  administration, 
cure,  itinerancy,  rectorship,  vicarage,  cu- 
racy, priesthood. 

3.  Meaning  clergymen  collectively:  clergy; 
spec,  priesthood,  parsondom  {colloq.  or  de- 
preciatory), pulpit  {fig.),  frock  {fig.),  cloth 
{fig.;  with  "the"),  council. 

Antonyms:    see  laity. 

minor,  a.  Spec,  less,  by  or  bye,  lesser. 

minor,  n.  infant  {technical  in  this  sense); 
spec,  ward,  pupil. 

minority,  n.  1.  childhood  {contextual),  in- 
fancy {technical  in  this  seiise),  minorage 
{rare),  nonage  {relatively  unusual);  spec. 
pupilage,  wardship. 

2.  less  {with  "ike'),  few  (with  "the"); — no 
good  synonym. 
Antonyms:    see  bulk,  majority. 

minstrel,  n.  entertainer  {contextual);  spec. 
bard  {Celtic),  gleeman  (archaic),  jongleur 
(French) . 

minus,  a.  Spec,  less,  wanting. 

minute,  a.  small,  tiny  (a  term  of  popular 
use;  often  deprecatory,  excusatory,  orthelike); 
spec,  atomic,  wee  (colloq.),  microscopic  or 
microscopical,  nice,  minikin,  smallest. 


Antonyms:    see  immense,  large,  qrrat. 

minute,  a.    Spec,  circumstantial,  trifling, 
particular,  elaborate. 
Antonyms:    st't' general. 

mire,  v.  t.   1.  bemire,  lair  (Scot.);    spec. 
embag. 
2.  See  dirty. 

mirror,  n.  Spec,  glass,  looking-glass,  specu- 
lum, pier-glass. 

mis-.  Tliis  prefix  implies  positive  error, 
pcrmrsion.,  or  inistake;  mal-  and  caco- 
(which  latter  is  relatively  rare)  imply  faulti- 
ness  or  imperfection  which  may  be  of  any 
degree,  slight  or  great. 

misanthrope,    n.    misanthropist;      spec. 
cynic,  Timonist  (fig.;  rare). 
Antonyms:   see  philanthropist. 

misanthropy,  n.  misanthropism ;  spec. 
cynicism,  cynism  (rare). 

misbecome,  i'.  t.  mis-suit. 
Antonyms:    see  become. 

misbehave,  v.  t.  misconduct. 

misbehavior,    n.    behavior    (contextual), 
misconduct,  disorder  (rare),  misdemeanor 
(chiefly  spec);  spec,  malfeasance,  malver- 
sation. 
Antonyms:    see  decorum. 

misbelief,  n.  belief  (contextual),  error; 
spec,  unbelief,  delusion. 

miscalculate,  V.  t.  Spec,  miscount,  mis- 
compute,  misreckon. 

miscarry,  v.  i.  1.  See  fail. 
2.  abort  (a  technical  term);  referring  only 
to   animals),   sUp    (colloq.),   sUnk,   warp, 
pick  (dial.  Eng.). 

miscellaneous,  a.  mixed,  farraginaceous 
(literary),   indiscriminate;      spec,   hotch- 
potch, general. 
Antonyms:    see  particular. 

miscellany,  n.  mixture;  spec,  medley, 
miscellanea  (pi.),  collectanea  (pi.). 

mischief,  n.  1.  See  harm,  injury,  detri- 
ment. 

2.  Referring  to  the  action  of  mischief  mak- 
ing: spec,  destruction,  ruination,  roguery 
(playful),  devilry  or  devilment. 

mischief-maker,  n.  mischief  (rare),  fire- 
brand (fig.),  hempy  (jocidar),  rogue  (play- 
ful); spec,  breedbate  (archaic). 
Antonyms:    see  peacemaker. 

mischievous,  a.  1.  See  harmful,  in- 
jurious. 

2.  playful  (contextual),  roguish,  wicked 
(colloq.);  spec,  arch,  impish,  puckish,  elf- 


1^="  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

minister,  v.  i.:  attend,  contrib- 
ute, serve. 

mint,  V.  t.:  coin. 

minus:  less,  wanting. 

minute,  n.:  moment,  memorari- 
dum. 

minutia:  detail. 

minx:   hussy. 

mire,  n.:  marsh,  mud,  dirt. 


mirth:   gayety. 
mirthful:  gay. 
mirthless:   sad. 
miry:   marshy,  dirty. 
misapply:  apply,  pervert.' 
misappropriate:    appropriate, 

embezzle,  steal. 
misbegotten:   illegitimate. 
misbode:  forebode. 
miscall:    abuse,  misname. 


misconceiTe:   misunderstand. 
misconduct:   misbehave. 
misconstrue:  pervert. 
miscreant:    unbeliever,  rascal, 

wretch. 
misdeem:  misjudge. 
misdemeanor:  transgression. 
misdescribe:  describe. 
misdirect:    guide,  mismanage, 

pervert. 


K^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

282 


MIX 


ish   or  elvish,   tricksy,   prankish,   urchin 
{rare),  waggish. 

misdo,  V.  t.  do  {contextual);  spec,  misper- 
form, misexecute. 

misesteem,  V.  t.  1.   See  disrespect. 
2.  misjudge,  misvalue,  misrate,  mismeas- 
ure,  misappreciate. 

misfire,  n.  miss,  fizzle;  spec,  sputter; — 
vsed  of  a  firearm. 

misf  orm,  v.  t.  Spec,  misshape,  miscreate. 

misfortune,  n.  fortune  {contextual);  spec. 
mischance,  mishap,  accident,  adversity, 
disaster,  calamity,  scourge,  catastrophe, 
affliction,  misventure  {archaic),  reverse, 
casualty,  misadventure,  contretemps 
{French),  ill,  down  {colloq.;  used  esp.  in 
"ups  and  downs"),  illth  {rare),  blow,  fatal- 
ity, sorrow,  cross,  infelicity,  infliction,  vis- 
itation, tragedy,  fate,  destruction. 
Antonyms:    see  fortune. 

misinterpret,  v.  t.  Spec,  misexplain,  mis- 
render,  misunderstand. 

mis  join,  v.  t.  Spec,  misally,  mismarry, 
mismate,  misyoke. 

misjudge,  v.  t.  misdeem  {archaic). 

mismanage,  v.  t.  Spec,  misdirect,  mis- 
guide, mishandle,  misconduct,  fumble, 
blunder,  botch. 

misname,  v.  t.  miscall,  misterm,  mistitle, 
mis-style,  misnomer  {rare),  becall  {rare); 
spec,  befool,  beknave,  beslave,  nickname. 

misplace,  v.  t.  1.  mislay,  mis-set. 
2.  See  DISPLACE. 

mispronounce,  v.  t.  mis-speak  {rare),  mis- 
sound;   spec,  mangle. 

mispronunciation,  n.  mis-speech  {rare), 
cacoepy  {tech.),  cacology  {rare;  tech.); 
spec,  manglement. 

misquote,  v.  t.  misgive  {rare),  miscite,  mis- 
repeat  {rare);  spec,  misrecite. 

misrelate,  v.  t.  Spec,  misreport,  mistell, 
misrecite. 

misrepresent,  v.  t.  belie  {literally  "to  give 
the  lie  to"),  color,  miscolor  (a  stronger, 
less  euphemistic  term  than  "color"),  dis- 
guise, falsify;  spec,  caricature,  disparage. 

miss,  n.  mademoiselle  {French),  signorina 
{Italian),  senhorita  {Portugiiese),  senorita 
(Spanish),  Fraulein  {German). 

miss,  V.  t.  Spec,  lose,  muff,  mistake,  cut, 
escape,  slip,  omit,  want,  overlook,  over- 
pass, pass. 


Antonyms:    see  get,  perceive. 

miss,  V.  i.  Spec,  fail,  deviate,  misaim,  mis- 
fire, miscue,  err  {rare). 

miss,  71.  Spec,  oversight. 

missed,  a.  lost;  spec,  astray. 

missile,  n.  projectile;  spec,  dejectile  {rare), 
arrow,  bullet,  ball,  shell,  shot,  slug,  bomb 
or  bombshell,  squib,  boomerang,  bolas 
{Span,  cfc  Port.),  dart. 

misstate,  v.  t.  Spec,  misrelate,  misreport, 
misword,  garble. 

misstep,  v.  i.  &  n.  Spec,  slip,  stumble, 
stub,  trip. 

mister,  7i.  monsieur  {French),  signor  {Ital- 
ian), eenhor  {Portuguese),  senor  (Spa7i- 
ish),  Herr  {Gc7'7nan). 

mistress,  n.  1.  See  LADYLOVE. 
2.  In  a  bad  sense:  paramour,  wench  {ar- 
chaic); spec,  sultana,  minion  {rare), 
doxy  {ca7it  or  slang),  trull  {archaic;  co7i- 
te7nptuous),  tart  {slang),  concubine,  pros- 
titute. 

misunderstand,  v.  t.  mistake;  spec,  mis- 
comprehend, misconstrue,  misknow,  mis- 
apprehend, misconceive,  misperceive. 

misusage,  n.  1.    Spec,  misuser  {laiu);  see 

ABUSE,  PERVERSION. 

2.  Referring  to  words:  barbarism;  spec. 
cataehresis  {rhet.). 

mitigate,  v.  t.  I.  soothe,  subdue,  temper, 
soften,  allay,  ease,  alleviate,  ameliorate, 
assuage,  palliate  (a  wrong),  quiet,  quieten 
{the fears;  rare),  relieve. 
Antonyms:  see  aggravate. 
2.  See  RELAX. 

mitigating,  a.  mitigatory,  soothing,  soft- 
ening, alleviating,  ameliorating,  pallia- 
tive (o/zwongr),  assuasive,  balmy. 

mitigation,  n.  subdual,  allayment,  allevi- 
ation, amelioration,  assuagement,  pallia- 
tion {of  wrong) ,  relief. 

mix,  V.  t.  &  i.  1.  Spec,  blend,  combine,  inter- 
mingle, intermix  {intensive  for  "mix"),  in- 
terfuse, mell  {archaic),  temper,  interlard, 
{fig.),  co-mingle  or  commingle  {intrnsii'c 

for  "mi7igle");  contemper,  braid  {dial.), 
compose,  confection,  immingle  {rare), 
immix,  commix  {archaic  or  poetic;  in- 
tensive for  "7nix"),  caudle,  hotchpotch 
{rare),  confound,  confuse,  interlace,  inter- 
grade,  distemper,  amalgamate,  alloy,  in- 
terplait,   shuffle,   intertangle,    pie,    beat. 


t^^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
misdoubt:  doubt,  fear. 
misemploy:  abuse. 
miser:  jiiggard. 
miserable:  distressing,  lament- 
able, calamitous,  wretched. 
miserly:  stingy. 
misery:   distress,  calamity. 
mlstormed:    misshapen. 
misgive,  v.  i.:  fear. 
misgiTing:  distrust,  fear. 
niisgovern,  v.  t.:  rule. 


misguide:  guide. 
misliandle:    ill-treat. 
mishap:  misfortune. 
misinform:   deceive. 
mislay:   misplace. 
mislead:   deceive. 
mislllie:   dislike,  displease. 
mismate:  misjoin. 
misrule:  govern. 
missing:  absent. 
missisb:   affected. 
missive:   letter. 


mist,  V.  i.:  rain. 
mistaliable:      uncertain,    am- 
biguous. 
mistalte,  v.  i.:  err. 
mistake,  n.;  error. 
mistalien:   erroneous. 
misterm:   misname. 
mistime:    antedate,  postdate. 
mistreat:   ill-treat.  [bode. 

mistrust:  distrust,  guess,  fore- 
mlsty:  foggy,  hazy,  dim,  cloudy. 
misuse:   ill-treat. 


55?^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

283 


MIXED 


pnupo,    cross,    nu'lanjio,    jioach,   levigate, 
puddlo,  blunge. 
Antoiii/ms:    «t  separate,  classify. 

2.    ^S'tC  ASSOCIATE. 

mixed,  a.  Spec,  blended,  combined,  im- 
niixod,  medley,  tempered,  confused,  di- 
versifunl,  heterogeneous. 

mixture,  n.  SjHr.  mingling,  mingle,  min- 
glement,  minglemangle  {cliicfly contemptu- 
ous), blend,  blendure  (rare),  compound, 
combination,  composition,  compounding, 
commixture  {intensive  for  "mixture"), 
commixtion  (rare  or  tech.),  mix  (coUoq.), 
immixture  (intoisive  for  "mi.rture"),  ad- 
mixture, alloy,  hodgepodge,  hotchpotch, 
amalgam,  intermixture  {intensive  for 
''mixture"),  cross,  hash,  jumble,  eucrasy 
(learned),  concoction,  melange  (French), 
chowchow,  confusion,  shuffle,  interfu- 
sion, interfluence  (rare),  medley,  motley, 
theocrasy,  interflow  (rare),  batter,  paste, 
mush,  intertanglement,  levigation,  inter- 
lacement, intertexture,   interlacery.     Cf. 

MIX. 

mob,  n.  1.  rabble,  canaille  (French;  a  term 
of   contempt),    clamjamphrie    (Scot,    and 
dial.  Eng.);   spec,  ruck,  raff,  riffraff,  rag- 
tag, rag-tag  and  bobtail,  dregs. 
2.  See  CROWD,  people. 

model,  71.  form;  spec,  pattern,  design, 
example,  dummy,  manikin,  last,  cast, 
phantom  (ayiat.),  miniature,  copy,  type. 

moderate,  a.  Spec,  temperate,  reason- 
able, indifferent,  passable,  mild,  low  (as 
contrasted  with  "high"  or  "intense"),  spar- 
ing, slack,  easy,  chaste,  modest,  gentle, 
fair,  ordinary,  merciful,  decent,  light. 
Antonyms:     see  extreme,  exorbitant, 

EXTORTIONATE,     OUTRAGEOUS,     EXTRAVA- 
GANT, STEEP. 

moderate,  v.  t.  diminish,  lessen,  slack, 
slacken,  slake  (rare),  allay,  abate;  spec. 
alloy,  alleviate,  sober,  temper,  qualify. 

moderately,  adv.  temperately,  indiffer- 
ently, pretty,  etc. 

moderation,  n.  moderateness,  temperate- 
ness;  spec,  temperance,  chastity,  chaste- 
ness,  reasonableness,  indifference,  pass- 
ableness,  passability,  lowness,  slackness, 
slackening,  easiness,  modesty,  gentleness, 
fairness,  mercy,  diminution,  abatement, 
decency,  alleviation. 
Antonyms:  see  aggravation  (cf.  ag- 
gravate). 

modern,  a.     Spec,  present,  present-day. 


late,  recent,  up-to-date  (colloq.),  ui)-to- 
t  he-minute  (dang),  neoteric;  (learned), 
fm-de-sieclc  (French),  twentieth-century, 
new-fashioned,  newfangled,  fresh. 

Anfoni/ins:    see  .\ncient. 
modernness,    ti.    modernity,    neotcrism 
(chiefly  spec;  learned  or  tech.). 

Antonyms:  see  antiquity. 
modest,  a.  Spec,  diffident,  demure,  de- 
corous, decent,  delicate,  retiring,  quiet, 
bashful,  humble,  unpresumj)tuous,  un- 
pretending, unobtrusive,  imostentatious, 
inobtrusive  (rare),  boastlcss,  unassuming. 

Aidonyms:    see  SHO^\^^,  lewd,  indecent, 

ASSUMING,   boastful,    BOLD,    LICENTIOUS, 

conceited,  opinionate,  gaudy. 
modesty,  n.     Spec,  diffidence,  decorum, 
etc. 
Antonyms:      see  boldness,  boastful- 

NESS. 

modulate,  v.  t.  adjust  (contextual);  spec. 
inflect,  tongue  (music;  to  modulate  with  the 
tongue),  accentuate,  pitch. 

modulation,  n.  adjustment  (contextual); 
spec,  accent,  pitch,  inflection,  brogue,  ca- 
dence, tonguing. 

Mohammed,  Muhammed,  n.  Mahomet 
(now  obsolescent),  Baphomet  (a  inedieval 
cabalistic  corruption),  Mahovmd  (the  usual 
name  in  the  Middle  Ages),  Prophet  (udth 
"the,"  "our,"  etc.). 

Mohammedan,  Muhammedan,  a.  Mus- 
sulman, Moslem  or  Muslim,  Mahometan, 
Turkish,  Islamic,  Islamitic,  Islamitical,  or 
Islamistic  (referring  to  Islam,  the  religion  of 
Mohammedans),  pa\Tiim  (an  archaic  Chris- 
tian term  of  reproach  or  contempt),  Sara- 
cenic, Saracenical,  Moorish  (colloq.;  India 
arid  Ceylon). 

Mohammedan,  Muhammedan,  n. 
Mussulman  (a  derivative  from  the  source 
of  Moslem;  pi.  "Mussidma7is"),  Moslem 
or,  more  accurately,  Muslim  (from  the 
source  of  Islam),  Mahometan  (now  rare), 
Moorman  (East  India),  Turk  (because  so 
many  Turks  are  Mohammedans;  chiefly 
spec).  Islamist,  Islamite,  Saracen  (esp. 
in  reference  to  the  criisades);  spec,  sufi, 
Motazilite,  Karmathian  or  Carmathian, 
Kadarite,  Shiite  or  Shiah,  Sunnite  (in- 
cluding the  Hanbalites,  Hanafites,  Mali- 
kites,  and  Shallites),  shereef  or  sherif, 
Moor,  Ismaelian  or  Ismaelian  or  Ismailian. 

Mohammedanism,  n.  Islam  (the  proper 
navw      of     orthodox     Mohammedanism), 


X^  Cross  references:  see 

Note. 

mock,  V.  t.:    ridicule,  defy,  de- 

model, V.  t.:  form. 

znizzen:  mast. 

ceive,  imitate. 

model,  a.   exemplary. 

moaii:   groan,  vioum. 

mock,  V.  i.:  jeer. 

modicum:    little. 

moat:   ditch. 

raock,  n.:  jeer,  butt. 

modifiable:   changeable. 

mob,  V.  i.:   crowd. 

mockery:   ridicule,  butt,  imita- 

modify, v.  t.:   change. 

mob,  V.  t.:  attack. 

tion,  pretense. 

modish:    .^tyli.'sh,  affected. 

mobile:  movable,  liquid,  change- 

mock-heroic:  burlesque. 

mogul:    magnate. 

able. 

modal:  formal. 

moiety:   half. 

mobilize:    assemble. 

mode:    style,  manner,  state. 

moil:    irork. 

fS"  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

284 


MONKEY 


Islamism,    Mahometanism    (obsolescent), 
Maumetry  (archaic) . 

moist,  a.   Spec,  wet,  damp,  humid  (chiefly 
poetic  or  rhetorical),  dank,  dankish,  mug- 
gy, wettish,  uliginose  or  uliginous  (rare), 
roscid  (rare),  dewy,  oozy,  vaporous. 
Antonyms:    see  dry. 

moisten,  v.  t.  &  i.  wet;   spec,  bemoist  (an 
intensive),  dampen  or  (less  usual)  damp, 
humidify  (rare),  baste,  dew,  sponge. 
Antonyms:    see  dry. 

moisture,  n.  moistness  (chiefly  of  the  state), 
wetness;  spec,  dampness,  damp,  humidity, 
mugginess,  breath,  dew. 
Antony?ns:    see  dryness. 

molasses,  n.  treacle  (the  usual  English 
term). 

mold,  n.  fungus  (tech.);  spec,  must,  musti- 
ness,  mother. 

mold,  V.  i.  must  (rare  or  Eng.  dial.),  fust 
(obs.  or  dial.). 

moldable,  a.  Spec,  figuline  or  fictile. 

molded,  a.  moulded  (a  variant),  fictile. 

molding,  n.  1.  casting. 
2.  ornament;  spec,  bead  or  astragal,  reed 
or  reeding,  chaplet,  cyma,  cavetto,  congo 
(French),  quarter-round  or  ovolo,  ogee, 
cornice,  scotia,  thumb,  torus,  torsade, 
tringle,  round,  roundel,  fillet,  cable, 
bolection  or  bilection,  casemate  or  case- 
ment, surbase,  platband. 

moldy,  a.  molded,  mucid  (rare),  mucidous 
(rare),  mucedinous  (bot.;  rare);  spec. 
mothery,  stale,  musty,  foisty,  frowzy. 

mole,  n.  Referring  to  the  animal:  mold- 
warp  or  moldiwarp  (chiefly  Eng.  dial.), 
wanty  (obs.). 

mole,  n.  njeviis  (tech.);  spec,  birthmark. 

molecular,  a.  Spec.  Brownian. 

molecule,  n.  particle;  spec,  monad,  dyad, 
triad,  tetrad,  pentad,  hexad,  heptad, 
octad. 

molt,  V.  t.  shed  (now  the  usual  term,  except 
of  birds);  spec,  cast,  slough,  mew  (tech.,  or 
archaic),  e.xuviate  (a  tech.  equivalent  of 
"slo^igh"),  throw. 

molting,  n.  molt;  spec,  ecdysis  (tech.), 
cast,  sloughing,  slough. 

moment,  n.  1.  Spec,  instant,  minute, 
flash,  trice  (now  only  in  "in  a  trice"), 
crack,  gliff  (Scot,  or  cnlloq.),  jiffy  (colloq.), 
shake  (slang),  handclap,  eycwink,  blink, 
wink  (more  common  equivalent  of  " eye- 
wink"),  twinkling. 
Antonyms:  see  eternity,  age. 
2.  See  importance,  momentum. 

momentum,  n.  energy,  moment,  impetus. 
The  terms  "ynomentum"  and  "moment"  are 
very  technical. 

monarch,  n.  sovereign  or  (poetic)  sovran, 


autocrat,  king,  crown  (fig.),  monocrat 
(rare);  spec,  kinglet,  kingling  (less  con- 
temptuous than  "kinglet"),  Caesar  (hist,  or 
fig.),  emperor,  queen,  monar chess  (rare; 
fern.),  empress,  sovereigness  (rare;  fern.), 
roitelet  (archaic),  prince  (archaic),  prin- 
cess (archaic),  royalet  (rare),  imperator 
(Latin  form  of  "emperor";  chiefly  hist.), 
Kaiser  (German;  hist.),  czar  (Russian; 
hist.).  Mikado  (Japanese),  raja  or  rajah 
(East  Indian),  Pharaoh  (hist.),  shah,  sul- 
tan, Bretwalda  (hist.). 
Antonyms:    see  subject. 

monarchical,  a.  autocratic,  kingly,  mo- 
narchial  (rare),  monarchic  (rare),  mono- 
cratic  (rare);  spec,  imperial. 
Antonyms:    see  democratic. 

monarchism,  n.  aiitocratism,  C£esarism, 
absolutism;  spec,  imperialism. 

monarchy,  n.  autocracy,  kingdom,  royal- 
ty (rare,  exc.  as  a  characterizing  term), 
realm  (chiefly  rhetorical  or  tech.),  reign 
(fig-),  princedom  (rare),  principality 
(rare),  regality  (rare). 
Antonyms:    see  democracy. 

monastery,  n.  convent;  spec,  charter- 
house, borzery  (rare),  lamasery,  vihara, 
monkery,  cell. 

monastic,  a.  conventual,  monachal, 
monkish  (often  a  term  of  reproach),  monk- 
ly  (rare). 

monasticism,  n.  monachism  (learned), 
monkism  (rare),  monkhood,  monkery 
(chiefly  contemptuous) . 

monetary,  a.  financial,  pecuniary  (chiefly 
spec),  fiscal  (chiefly  spec). 

money,  n.  Spec,  currency,  cash,  funds 
(p^),  specie,  stamps  (pL; slang),  coin  (a col- 
lective), coinage  (more  formal  for  "coin"), 
chink  (slang),  rhino  (slang),  tin  (slang), 
dust  (.dang),  brass  (slang  or  dial.),  barrel 
(political  slang),  copper  (colloq.),  ginger- 
bread (slang),  tender,  wampumpeag, 
wampum,  wakiki,  larin,  coat  money  (hist.), 
cowrie. 

Mongolian,  a.  Mongolic,  Mongol  (prop- 
erly spec),  Mogul  (chiefly  hist.);  spec. 
Chinese,  Japanese,  Samoyed,  Lappish, 
Lapponian,  Lapp. 

monism,  n.  theism,  unitism  (rare),  hen- 
ism  (rare). 

monk,  n.  ecclesiastic  (contextual),  conven- 
tual, monastic  (more  technical  than 
"monk"),  friar  (a  loose  use),  religieux 
(French);  spec,  coenobite,  anchoret,  prior, 
caloyer,  santon,  santo,  Benedictine,  tala- 
poin,  Sarabaite,  Cluniac,  cloisterer,  hos- 
pitaler or  hospitaller,  marabout,  Mekhi- 
tarist,  lama,  palmer. 

monkey,  n.  simian,  jackanapes  (archaic); 


f^^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
znold,  V.  t.:  work,  form. 


mole:    pier. 

molest:   disturb,  harm. 


mollycoddle,  n.  effeminate. 
momentary:   temporary. 


tSr'  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

285 


MONKEYLIKE 


spec,  cntollus,  piiaribn,  sagoin,  mari- 
monda,  manpabey,  marmoset,  marikina, 
sapajou,  toetoo,  vitoe,  tota,  laiigur,  chao- 
ma,  kahaii,  lar,  macaque,  macaco,  grivct, 
howler,  hoolock. 

znonkeylike,  ti.  pithecoid  (tech.);  spec. 
cebooephalic. 

monogram,  n.  cipher. 

monologue,  n.  Spec,  soliloquy. 

monopolize,  V.  t.  Spec,  engross,  corner 
(cant). 

monopoly,  n.  staple  (hist.),  soleship 
(rare);  spec,  monopolism. 

monotone,  n.  Spec,  drone,  singsong. 

monotone,  v.  t.   Spec,  intone,  drone. 

monotonous,  a.  dull,  flat,  samely  {rare); 
spec,    singsong,    wearisome,  jogtrot    (col- 
loq.),  dreary  or  drearisome  or  (rare)  drear 
(poetic),  routine. 
Antonyms:    see  vakied. 

monotony,  n.   monotone   (chiefly  spec), 
sameness,  sameliness  (rare);   spec,  hum- 
drum,   dreariness,  drearihead    (archaic), 
dreariment,  drearihood. 
Antonyms:    see  variety. 

monster,  n.  1.  Referring  to  mythical  or 
legendary  beings:  spec,  dragon,  drake 
(obs.  or  archaic),  dragonet,  behemoth, 
leviathan,  hydra,  lamid,  sphinx,  chi- 
maera,  mermaid  (fern.),  merman  (masc), 
centaur,  Frankenstein  {an  erroneous  des- 
ignation of  the  created  inonster  described 
in  the  novel  by  Mrs.  Shelly),  Scylla  a7id 
Charybdis,  Cyclops,  Erinnyes,  harpy, 
siren,  ogre  (masc),  ogress  (fern.),  bucen- 
taur,  mariche,  manticore,  hircocervus, 
hippocampus,  hippogriff,  kylin  (of  China 
and  Japan),  chichevache  (French;  obs.), 
griffin,  -nyvern  (her.). 
2.  Referring  to  what  is  abnormal  in  shape: 
monstrosity,  freak,  cacogenesis  (tech.); 
spec,  hodmandod,  terata  (pi.;  med.), 
abortion,  mooncalf  (archaic),  miscreation. 
8.  Referring  to  a  being  of  unnatural  CTV£lty: 
fiend,  devil,  shaitan  (Mohammedan). 

monstrosity,  n.  1.  abnormality,  freak; 
spec,  atrocity,  teratology. 

2.   See  MONSTER. 

monstrous,  a.  1.  Spec,  dragonish,  Cy- 
clopean, Cyclopian,  or  Cyclopic,  horrible. 

2.  unnatural,  abnormal,  freaky;  spec. 
teratological  (med.),  teratical  {med.), 
malformed,  misshapen,  miscreated. 

Antonyms:    see  natural,  normal. 

3.  See  flagrant,  outrageous,  immense. 


month,  n.  moon  {fig.);  spec,  lunation, 
ramadan  (Mohammedan). 

monthly,  a.  menstrual  (tech.),  mensual 
(rare). 

monument,  n.  1.  memorial;  spec,  grave- 
stone, sepulchcr,  cromlech  (archceol.), 
loch  (archvoL),  dagoba  (Buddhist.),  ceno- 
taph, lat  (East  India),  antiquity,  pyramid, 
menhir  (archaol.),  tombstone,  tomb,  tro- 
phy, megalith,  monolith,  trilith  or  trili- 
thon,  marble,  document. 
2.  See  boundary,  document. 

moon,  Ji.  1.  Phoebe  (poetic;  personified), 
Cynthia  (poetic;  personified),  Luna  (po- 
etic or  tech.;  personified);  spec,  plenilune 
(chiefiy  poetic),  crescent,  decrescent  {rare), 
sickle,  increscent  (chiefly  her.). 
2.  See  month,  moonlight. 

moonlight,  n.  moonshine  (poetic  or  rare), 
shine     (contextual),     moon,     moonbeam 
(chiefly  in  pi.);  spec,  earthlight. 
Antonyms:    see  dark. 

moonlight,  a.  moonshiny  {rare),  moony 
(rare). 
Antonyms:  see  dark. 

moor,  n.  moorland;  spec,  heath,  bent, 
brier. 

Moor,  n.  Moorman,  Moresco  {chiefly 
spec);  spec  Marrano  (hist.),  Maugrabee 
or  Maugrabin. 

moor,  V.  t.   Spec,  berth,  anchor. 

mooring,  n.  Spec,  berthage,  moor  (rare). 

Moorish,  a.  Moresco,  Moresque  (fine 
arts). 

moral,  a.  ethical  or  (rare)  ethic  {chiefly 
spec). 

morning,  n.  morn  (poetic  or  literary),  fore- 
noon, morningtide  (rare  or  poetic),  mor- 
row (archaic). 
Antonyms:    see  evening.    • 

morning  star,  daystar,  Lucifer,  Phosphor 
(poetic),  Phosphorus  (rare). 
Antonyms:    see  evening  star. 

morsel,  n.  1.   Spec,  bite,  bit,  titbit,  sop. 
2.  See  fragment,  particle. 

mortal,  a.  1.  Being  subject  to  death:  earth- 
born,  corporeal,  ephemeral. 
Antonyms:  see  immortal. 
2.  <See  dying,  deadly,   great,   human, 

IMPLACABLE,  LONG. 

mortal,  n.  earthling,  deathling  (rare). 
mortgage,  n.  pledge  (contextual),  charge 

(contextual),    encumbrance    (contextual); 

spec    dip    (colloq.),    bottomry,     wadset 

(Scot.),  bond,  debenture. 


fW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
monomaniac:     deranged   per- 
son, crank. 
mood:   disposition. 
moody:   changeable. 
moon,  V.  i.:  idle,  wander. 
moon-eyed:   blind. 
moonstruck:   deranged. 
moot,  n.:   assembly. 


moot,  r.  t.:  discuss. 
mopish:   depressed. 
moppet:  dear. 
morale:   spirit. 
morality:   virtue,  ethics. 
morass:   marsh. 
moratorium:  deferment. 
morbid:      ailing,    gloomy,    de- 
ranged. 


mordacious:   biting. 
mordant:   corrosire. 
more,a.;  additional,  greater,  else. 
more,  adv.:  also. 
morgue:  dead  house. 
moribund:   dying. 
morn:   daybreak. 
morose:   ill-tempered. 
morrow:    morning,  to-morrow. 


tS"  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

286 


MOUTH 


mortgage,  V.  t.    Spec,  pledge,  charge,  en- 
cumber. 
mortgagee,  n.  encumbrancer. 
mortify,  v.  t.  1.  crucify  {fig.);  spec,  humble. 

2.    See  EMBARRASS. 

mortify,  v.  i.  gangrene. 

mortise,  n.  hole  {contextual);  spec,  gain, 
dovetail,  cocket,  cog. 

mosaic,  n.  inlay;  spec,  tarsia  {tech.). 

mosaic,  a.  inlaid,  tessellated  or  tessellate 
{tech.  or  learned),  musive  {rare). 

mosquito,  n.  Spec,  gallinipper  {chiefly 
U.  S.),  Anopheles,  Culex,  wriggler. 

mother,  n.  parent  {contextual),  mamma 
or  mama  {chiefly  in  the  vocative  or  preceded 
by  a  possessive  pronoun  and  more  fash- 
ionably accented  on  the  last  syllable),  gene- 
trix  or  genitrix  {rare),  dam  {as  used  of 
human  beings  only  contemptuous),  mammy 
(a  child's  word),  mam  {colloq.;  a  childish 
■word),  matriarch  {jocular),  motherkin  (a 
dim.,  chiefly  in  affectionate  use),  author 
{contextual),  head  {contextual),  venter 
{tech.;  law). 
Antonyms:    see  child. 

motherhood,  n.  mother,  motherhead 
{rare),  mothership  maternity. 

motif,  n.  idea  {contextual),  motive  {the 
less  used  Eng.  equivalent  of  the  French 
"motif");  spec,  theme. 

motion,  n.  1.  movement,  stir;  spec,  pass, 
move,  drift,  drive,  driftage,  play,  course, 
dash,  rush,  dart,  fling,  flirt,  onset,  flight, 
flicker,  career,  dodge,  excursion,  travel, 
sweep,  creep,  set,  hitch,  flow,  countermo- 
tion,  flux,  throw,  gesture,  translation,  lo- 
comotion, walk,  run,  jump,  hop,  etc. 
Antonyms:  motionlessness  {cf.  motion- 
less). 

2.  See  ACTION,  proposal,  offer,  evacu- 
ation. 

motionless,  a.   1.  still,  immovable;  see 

STILL. 

Antonyms:    see  lively,  restless,  flow- 
ing. 

2.  stationary,   immotile,  stock-still,  im- 
mobile   {chiefly  spec);    spec,   quiescent, 
quiet,  fixed. 
Antonyms:    see  boisterous,  lively. 

motionlessness,  n.  stillness,  rest,  immo- 
bility, quiescence,  repose. 

motive,  n.   1.  cause  {contextual),  spring; 
spec,  reason,  purpose;  see  reason. 
2.  See  MOTIF. 

mound,  n.     Spec,  hill,  heap,  bank,  tu- 


mulus, barrow,  tell  {Arabic),  kurgun 
{archaol.),  cache,  esker  {geol.),  hornito, 
rampart  {fort.)  barbette  {fort.),  terp 
{Friesland),  teocaUi  {Mexican  religion), 
pyramid. 

mount,  V.  t.  1.  See  climb,  set. 
2.  Spec,  back  (a  horse),  remount,  horse 
(a  person),  bestride  {a  horse). 

mountain,  n.  elevation  {contextual),  hill 
{chiefly  spec),  heap,  highland,  mount  {po- 
etic or  archaic);  spec,  sierra,  jokul  {Icel.), 
chain,  range. 
Antonyms:    see  plain,  valley. 

mourn,  v.  t.  regret  {contextual);  spec,  de- 
plore, lament,  bewail,  wail  {rare),  be- 
moan, moan  (a  less  emphatic  word  than 
"bemoan"),  greet  {Scot.),  condole  {now 
rare),  keen  {Irish),  dirge,  behowl  {rare), 
besigh  {rare),  sigh,  overweep,  elegize. 

mourn,   V.   i.   regret    {contextual);    spec. 
lament,   sigh,   wail,   greet   {Scot.),   keen 
{Irish),  cry,  weep,  plain  {archaic),  sorrow, 
grieve. 
Antonyms:    see  exult,  rejoice. 

mourner,  n.  Spec,  lamenter,  weeper, 
howler,  mute,  keener  {Irish),  etc. 

mournful,  a.  1.  regretful  {contextual); 
spec,  lugubrious,  lamenting,  lamentatory 
{rare),  plangorous  (a  rhetorical  term), 
woeful,  sad,  moanful  {rare),  plaintive, 
flebile  {rare),  doleful,  dismal,  sorrow- 
ful, elegiac,  dirgeful,  tearful,  lachrymal, 
threnodic  or  threnodical,  waUful  {rare), 
Lenten. 
Antonyms:  see  festive. 
2.  See  lamentable. 

mourning,  n.  1.  regretting  (contextual), 
sorrow;     spec,  lamentation,  deploration 
{rare),  wailing,  moaning,  etc. 
Antonyms:    see  revelry,   exultation, 
rejoicing. 

2.  weeds  {esp.  of  a  widow);  spec  crepe 
{French),  crape,  armozeen,  crepe-de-chine 
{French). 

mouselike,  a.  myoidal  {rare). 

mouth,  n.  1.  jaws  (pi.),  gob  (dial,  or  slang), 
reb  {chiefly  Scot.). 

2.  See  grimace. 

3.  opening  {contextual),  aperture  {con- 
textual), bouche  (French);  spec,  embou- 
chure (French),  embouchement  (French), 
estuary,  debouchment  (rare),  muzzle, 
crater,  entrance,  outlet,  orifice. 

mouth,  V.  t.  1.  See  utter,  declaim, 
mangle. 


(^^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
mortified:  dead,  gangrenous. 
mortify :    ga  ngrene. 
mortuary:   dead  house. 
most,  adv.:  chiefly. 
most,  a.:  greatest. 
mostly:   chiefly. 
mot:  saying,  witticism. 


mote:   particle. 

motherly:   maternal. 

taotile:   self-moving. 

motion,  v.  i.:  gesture. 

motion,  v.  t.:  guide,  direct,  sum- 
mon. 

motley,  a.:  party-colored,  com- 
posite. 


motley,  n.:  dress,  mixture. 
mottle:   spot. 

mottled:  party-colored,  spotted. 
mould:   mold. 
moulded:   molded. 
mound,  v.  t.:   bank,  hill. 
mount,!). i.;  rise, climb,  increase. 
mount,  71.;  hill, mountain, horse. 


iSS"  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

287 


MOUTHFUL 


2.  To  touch,  rub,  etc.,  iritli  the  mouth;  spec. 

imiinblo,  lip,  kiss. 
mouthful,  n.  Kob  {now  vulgar). 
mouthpiece,    ii.    1.      Spec,   ombouohure 

{French^,  bit. 

2.    ,8('t'  SPOKESMAN. 

movable,  a.  1.  motioiu\blc  (rare),  change- 
able; spec,  mobile,  traveling. 
A?itofnj»is:    see  immovable. 

2.    ^a'  IMTRESSIULE,   CHANGEABLE. 

move,  V.  t.  1.  Spec,  transport,  transfer, 
translate  (literary,  dignified,  or  rhetorical) , 
carry,  convey,  bear,  take,  remove,  man- 
handle, hitch,  flirt,  dislodge,  shake, 
sweep,  stir,  start,  drift,  edge,  steal,  play, 
pole,  warp  (naut.),  dandle,  walk,  actuate 
(tech.),  eloin  or  eloign  (ohs.,  exc.  as  used 
with  the  reflexive  or  as  a  law  term),  impel, 
drive,  throw,  cart,  wheel,  chariot  (rare), 
motor  (colloq.),  charioteer  (rare),  channel 
(rare),  operate,  shift,  flutter,  tilt,  jiggle, 
change,  turn,  displace,  disturb,  etc. 

2.  See  AFFECT,  ROUSE,  COMPEL,  IMPEL, 
ASK. 

move,  V.  i.  1.  Spec,  pass,  drift,  lob,  loco- 
mote  (colloq.  or  cant),  career,  drive,  snail 
(rare),  stream,  streak,  lumber,  travel, 
squib  (rare),  budge,  cUp  (colloq.),  run, 
rumble,  hum  (colloq.  as  iviplying  lively 
action),  flitter,  creep,  crawl,  draggle,  drop, 
drawl  (rare),  shift,  steal,  tilt,  pole,  jerk, 
advance,  retreat,  drumble  (rare  or  dial.), 
hitch,  burst,  bounce,  edge,  idle,  startle, 
circulate,  stir,  start,  vibrate,  remove, 
trend,  flow,  go,  turn,  rush,  dash,  fling, 
falter,  flirt,  flicker,  whisk,  sail,  float,  fly, 
skip,  hop,  whip,  swing,  .shiffle,  flounce, 
lounge,  castle  (chess),  bowl,  operate,  play, 
poke. 

2.    See  DEPART,  LIVE,  ACT. 

movement,  n.  1.  motion,  conduction  (now 
esp.  of  natural  processes,  sap,  etc.);  spec. 
pass. 

2.  Referring  to  the  act  of  moving  something: 
spec,  transfer,  transferal,  transport  (chief- 
ly commercial),  carriage,  conveyal  (rare), 
conveyance,  boatage,  cartage,  disturb- 
ance, displacement. 

3.  Referring  to  a  definite  motion,  esp.  as 
tending  toward,  or  intended  to  produce,  a 
certain  result:  spec,  maneuver,  evolution, 
operation,  figure,  inversion. 

4.  Referring  to  action  of  some  kind  by  many 
or  by  people  generally:  spec,  crusade,  war, 
propaganda,  drive  (colloq.),  revolt. 

5.  See  ACTION,  act,  activity,  mechanism. 
mover,  n.    Spec,  transporter,  carrier,  con- 


veyer,   t(\amster,   drayman,   carman,   ex- 
pressman, etc. 
moving,   a.    1.      Spec,   shifting,   drifting, 
running,  stirring,  flitting,  darting,  astir, 
locomotive,  li\e,  changeful,  etc. 

2.  Spec,  motive,  motory,  material  (rare), 
motor,  transfer. 

3.  See  AFFECTING,  COMPULSORY. 

much,  n.  mickle   (archaic  or  Scot.);  spec. 
considerable  (chiefly  U.  S.),  heaps  (col- 
loq.; pi.),  lot  (colloq.). 
Antonyms:    see  little,  nothing. 

much,  adv.  Spec,  largely,  enormously, 
highly,  extremely,  considerably,  muchly 
(jocular),  greatly. 

mucous,  a.  pituitous  (tech.),  pituitary 
(tech.). 

mucus,  n.  Spec,  phlegm,  pituita  (tech.), 
snivel,  mucilage. 

mud,  n.  earth  (contextual),  dirt  (context- 
ual); spec,  mire,  muck,  slush,  sludge, 
clabber  (dial.),  slime,  ooze,  moya  (geol.), 
lute,  gumbo  (U .  S.;  colloq.). 

muddy,  a.  1.  earthy  (contextual),  dirty 
(contextual),  muddish  (chiefly  spec);  spec. 
oozy,  slushy,  sludgy,  slimy,  uliginous  or 
uhginose  (rare),  Hmous  (rare),  lutose 
(rare),  cloudy,  gritty,  roily,  sandy. 
Antonyms:  see  clear. 
2.  See  DAKK,  intoxicated,  foul,  dull, 

CONFUSED. 

muddy,  v.  t.  1.  dirty  (contextual);  spec. 
mire,  bemire  (intensive  for  "mire"),  slime, 
slush,  puddle,  roil. 

2.    See  DARKEN,  CONFUSE. 

mu9,  n.  1.    Spec,  cover,  bungle,  bungler, 
muffer,  clown. 
2.  Inbaseball:  miss;  spec. fumble, bungle. 

mufi,  V.  t.  &  i.    In  baseball:   miss;    spec. 
fumble,  bungle. 
Antonyms:    see  catch. 

mufier,  n.  In  baseball:  misser;  spec,  fum- 
bler,  bungler,  butterfingers  (colloq.). 

muffled,  a.  dull  (contextual);  spec,  puffy. 

muffler,  n.  wrap  (contextual),  muffle; 
spec,  scarf,  veil,  tippet,  disguise. 

mug,  n.  cup  (contextual);  spec.  Bellar- 
mine,  tankard,  toby. 

mulatto,  n.  hybrid,  half-breed;  spec.  grifT 
(local,  U.  S.). 

mule,  n.  horse  (contextual),  hybrid  (con- 
textual), half-breed  (contextual);  spec. 
mute  (dial,  or  cant). 

mullion,  n.  munnion  (rare),  monial  (now 
rare) . 

multiform,  a.  diversified,  various,  vari- 
form (rare),  diversiform;   spec,  protean  or 


tF°  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
movable:  duitlel. 
mow,  n.:   heap. 
mow,  n.  &  v.:   grimace. 
muck:   mannre,  dirt,  earth. 
mucky:    dirty,  filthy. 


muddle,  v.  t.:   confuse,  stupefy. 
muddle,  n.:  con  fusion,  disorder. 
muddle-headed:   confused. 
muffle,  V.  t.:  cover,  wrap,  deaden. 
mulch:    cover. 
mulct,  n.:  fine,  exaction. 


mulct,  V.  t.:  fine,  deprive. 
mulish:    intractable. 
mull:    heat. 

multifarious:  diversified. 
multifold:    many,  majiifold. 
multilateral:  many-sided. 


53^ 


See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

288 


MY 


(less  usual)  proteiform,  amoebiform,  poly- 
morphous or    {less    usual)    polymorphic, 
metamorphotic,  multiphase. 
Antonyms:    see  uniform. 

multiplier,  n.  multiplicator  (rare),  facient 
{tech.);  spec,  coefficient. 

muLtiply,  v.  t.  increase  {contextual);  spec. 
decuple  {tech.),  decuplate  {tech.),  cube, 
double,  centuplicate,  tenfold,  quadruple, 
triplicate. 

multitude,  n.  1.  Spec,  crowd,  throng, 
army,  swarm,  pack,  flock,  world,  host, 
mob  {chiefly  disparaging),  heap  {colloq.). 
pile  {obs.  or  inelegant),  hive,  legion,  herd 
{derogatory),  power  {dial,  or  colloq.),  plu- 
rality {rare),  sight  {colloq.  or  slang),  ruck 
{derogatory),  assembly,  troop,  cloud. 
2.  numerousnesSj  multitudinousness.    Cf. 

MANY,  a. 

mumble,  v.  i.  1.  mump,  mutter. 
2.  See  CHEW. 

municipal,  a.  civil  {contextual);  spec. 
city,  town,  village,  etc. 

murder,  n.  homicide  {contextual);  spec. 
massacre,  butchery,  thuggee,  thuggism, 
lynching. 

murder,  v.  t.  1.  kill  {contextual);  spec,  mas- 
sacre, butcher,  burke,  bishop,  morganize 
(U.S.),  suppress,  assassinate,  thug,  lynch. 

2.    See  DESTROY,  MANGLE. 

murderer,  n.  killer  {contextual),  homicide 
{contextual);  spec,  cutthroat,  gunman 
{colloq.  or  cant),  butcher,  assassin,  thug, 
lyncher. 

murmiur,  to.  1.  Spec,  babble,  prattle, 
frumescence  {rare),  sough,  souffle  {med.), 
purl,  hum,  rustle,  whisper. 

2.    See  COMPLAINT,  MUTTER. 

murmur,  v.  i.  1.  Spec,  babble,  bicker, 
brawl,  hum,  sough,  curr  {rare),  prattle, 
purl,  curmur  {imitative;  rare),  rumor 
{rare),  rustle,  whisper. 

2.    See  COMPLAINT,  MUTTER. 

murmiuring,  a.  murmurous,  murmurish; 

spec,  babbling,  brawling,  babbly,  purling, 

frumescent,  rustling,  whispering. 
muscle,  n.  thew. 
muscular, a.  musculous  (rare),  torous  (obs. 

or  rare);  spec,  bravvmy,  beefy  {colloq.). 
museum,    n.    repository     {rare);     spec. 

pin£ecotheca. 
mushroom,  to.  fungus;  spec,  truffle,  cham- 


pignon, chanterelle,  flap,  morel,  whitecap, 

puffbali,  etc. 
music,  ?i.  Spec,  melody,  harmony,  descant 

{part  ?nusic),  chime,  rondo. 
musical,  a.   1.     Spec,  harmonic  {obs.  or 

spec),  Orphean  {fig.),  singing,  canorous 

(rare),  philharmonic;     see  harmonious, 

MELODIOUS. 

Antonyms:    see  unmusical. 
2.  See  CLEAR. 

musician,  to.  player,  musicianer  {now 
chiefly  illiterate),  harmonist  (a  literary 
term);  spec,  luter  {hist.),  bard  {Loioland 
»Scoi.),  minstrel,  wait,  gleeman  {hist.),  lyr- 
ist, lutanist,  violinist,  oboist,  drummer, 
bugler,  etc. 

musket,  to.  Spec,  culverin,  caliver,  match- 
lock, musketoon. 

musketeer,  to.  Spec,  mousquetaire 
(French). 

mustache,  TO.  mustachio  (literary),  whisk- 
ers (pi.;  ohs.) 

mute,  TO.  dummy  (noiv  considered  a  term  of 
reproach);  spec,  deaf-mute. 

mutilate,  v.  t.  I.  In  the  sense  of  disabling 
or  destroying  a  member  or  organ:  spec. 
maim,  dismember,  disarm,  bemaim  (in- 
tensive term),  law,  expeditate  (rare),  trun- 
cate, pinion,  hamstring. 

2.    See  DEFACE,  M.\NGLE,  PERVERT. 

mutilation,  to.  1.  Spec,  maiming,  may- 
hem (law),  concision,  dismemberment, 
demembration  (chiefly  Scots  law),  lawing, 
expeditation,  truncation. 

2.    See  DEFACEMENT. 

mutter,  v.  i.  cfc  t.  Spec,  grumble,  mumble, 
murmur. 

mutter,  to.  mumblement  (rarcj;  spec. 
grumble,  mumble,  murmur.  "Growl"  and 
"snarl"  differ  from  "mutter"  in  that  they 
imply  primarily  a  warning  of  displeasure 
or  a  threat. 

mutual,  a.  common  (now  considered  an  in- 
correct usage),  commutual  (chiefly  poetic; 
emphatic  for  "mutual");  spec,  reciprocal; 
hence  (contextually) ,  interactive,  interur- 
ban,  international,  interstate,  intertribal, 
etc. 
Antonyms:    see  individual. 

muzzle,  TO.  1.  Spec,  muffle,  mouth. 
2.  mouth  (of  a  gun) . 

my,  a.  mine  (archaic,  exc.  predicative). 


TW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
multiply,  V.  i.:  increase. 
multitudinous:   many. 
mum,  v.:  act. 
mum,  a.:   silent. 
mumble,  v.  t.:  chew,  speak. 
mummer:   actor,  buffoon. 
mummery:  acting,  pretense. 
mump:   mumble. 
munch:   chew. 
mundane:  terrestrial,  worldly. 
munificent:   generovs. 


murderous:  homicidal,  fierce, 
deadly. 

mure:  wall. 

murk:  dark. 

murky:   dark,  cloudy. 

muse:   consider,  gaze. 

mushy:    soft,  emotional. 

musing:   thoughtful,  abstracted. 

muss,  n.:  confusion,  disturb- 
ance, disorder. 

muss,  V.  t.:  confuse,  disturb, 
disarrange,  dishevel. 


mussy:  confused,  disheveled. 
muster,  v.:  convene. 
muster,  n.;  assembly,  list. 
musty:  moldy. 
mutable:   changeable. 
mutate:   change. 
mute,  a.:  silent,  dumb. 
mute,  n.:   dummy,  silencer. 
mutinous:    disobedient,  insur- 
gent, [surgence. 
mutl|>y,  n.:    disobedience,   in- 
mutlny,  v.  i.:  disobey,  insurrect. 


t^"  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

289 


MYRIAD 


mysterious,  a.  hidden  {contextual),  enig- 
matic, enigmatical,  sphinxlike. 

mystic,  n.  Sptc.  cabalist,  occultist,  gnos- 
tic, quietist,  sufi,  thorapcutic  (/)/.). 

mysticism,  /(.  secrecy  (context ital);  spec. 
ontologism,  Orphism,  quietism,  cabala. 

N 

nadir,  ;;.  bottom; — no  good  sijnonyms. 
Anton  If nis:    sec  zenith. 

nail,  n.  1.  imgula  (tech.),  unguis  (tech.); 
spec,  talon,  claw. 

2.  Spec,  tack,  hobnail,  spike,  spud,  stub, 
sparable,  sprig,  brad,  clout  nail,  counter- 
clout. 

naked,  a.  1.  bare,  exposed,  nude  (a  term 
less  suggestive  of  impropriety  or  disadvan- 
tage than  "naked"),  stark-naked  (an  inten- 
sive), stark  (obs.  or  rare  for  "stark-naked"), 
in  cuerpo  {used  humorously  in  the  predi- 
cate), garmentless  {rare),  unclad,  un- 
clothed or  ungarmented  {chiefly  euphe- 
mistic), unarrayed  or  unappareled  (o 
dignified  equiv.  of  "ungarmented") ;  spec. 
bare-backed. 
Antonyms:    see  clothed. 

2.    See  EVIDENT,  MERE,  HELPLESS. 

name,  n.  1.  title  {often  spec),  term  {precise 
or  technical  in  sense,  esp.  in  science),  de- 
nomination {affected  or  obsolescent  as  used 
of  individual  names),  designation  {often 
spec),  appellation,  denotation  {now  rare 
or  obs.,  exc  spec);  spec,  alias,  appellation, 
appellative,  epithet,  firm,  style,  compel- 
lative  {rare),  compellation  {rare),  nick- 
name, nomenclature  {rare),  cryptonym 
(rare),  pseudonym,  byname,  to-name,  cac- 
on\Tn,  sobriquet,  prsenomen,  forename, 
nomen,  cognomen,  agnomen,  surname, 
addition  {obs.,  exc.  law),  binomial,  pat- 
ronymic, protonym,  toponym;  see  noun. 

2.    See  REPUTATION,  CELEBRITY. 

name,  v.  t.  1.  call,  term,  style,  denominate, 
entitle,  title  {rare),  intitule  {archaic, 
equiv.  of  "entitle"),  nominate  {rare),  no- 
menclate  {rare),  nomenclature  {rare), 
clepe  {obs.  or  archaic);  spec  dub  {often 
humorous  or  contemptuous),  cognomen 
{rare),  cognominate  {rare),  christen  {often 
general  in  colloquial  use),  count,  epithet, 
epithetize  {rare),  surname,  design  {ar- 
chaic and  chiefly  law),  nickname. 

2.    See  MENTION,  APPOINT. 

named,  o.  called,  hight  {archaic),  de- 
nominate, denominated,  etc 


namely,  a.  videlicet,  even  (^archaic  or  Bib- 
lical), scilicet  {laiv),  to  wit  {7nore  formal 
than  "namely"). 

namesake,  n.  homonym  {tech.  or  learned); 
sj)ec.  name  child,  name  son,  etc. 

nap,  71.  pile  {chiefly  spec);  spec  shag, 
down,  silk,  wool,  villi  {pi.),  villosity, 
fleece,  cotton. 

nape,  n.  poll  {rare  or  archaic),  scruff  or 
{dial.  Eng.)  scuiT  {chiefly  used  in  "scuff" 
or  "scuff  of  the  neck"),  nucha  (tech.). 

napkin,  n.  serviette  {now  a  vulgar  affecta- 
tion or  becoming  so);  spec,  doily. 

nappy,  a.  rough  {contextual),  napped,  pily 
{chiefly  spec);  spec,  shaggy,  downy,  vil- 
lous, fleecy,  cottony,  woolly. 

narcotic,  a.  anaesthetic,  anodyne,  soporif- 
ic, stupefacient,  dope    {slang  or  colloq.); 
spec,  bhang,  hashish,  hemp,  ganja,  opiate 
(nicotine,  heroin,  chloral,  etc.),  etc 
Antonyms:  see  stimulant. 

narrate,  v.  t.  Spec,  tell,  retell,  relate,  re- 
hearse, recite,  recount,  state,  discourse 
{archaic),  retail,  report,  record,  delate 
{rare  or  bookish),  chronicle,  circumstan- 
tiate, repeat. 

narration,  n.  1.  Spec  relation,  rehearsal, 
recitation,  repetition,  statement,  record, 
report,  recital. 

2.    See  NARRATIVE,  ACCOUNT. 

narrative,  n.  Referring  to  the  thing  nar- 
rated: spec  statement,  account,  narra- 
tion, history,  novel,  story,  yarn  (colloq.), 
fable,  romance,  tale,  saga. 

narrator,  n.  narrater  {rare);  spec,  reciter, 
rehearser,  recounter,  chronicler,  sayer  {ar- 
chaic), anecdotist,  raconteur  {French), 
etc. 

narrow,  a.  1.  confined,  strait  {now  archaic 
or  with  Biblical  reference),  incapacious, 
limited;  spec  constricted,  cramp,  tight, 
close,  crammy  {colloq.),  pinched,  scanty, 
scant. 
Antonyms:    see  vast,  wide,  boundless, 

SPACIOUS,  ROOMY. 

2.  In  reference  to  an  escape:  near,  close, 
bare,  hairbreadth. 

3.  illiberal,  little;  spec,  prejudiced,  fanat- 
ical, bigoted,  hidebound  {depreciatory), 
uncomprehensive,  insular,  provincial,  pa- 
rochial, untraveled,  clannish,  cliquish,  etc 

Antonyms:     see  wide,  general,  inclu- 
sive, LIBERAL,  comprehensive. 
narrow,  n.     Referring  to  a  narrow  water- 
way: spec,  strait,  tidegait,  gut.  The  plural 
forir^  "narrows"  is  common. 


}[W  Cross  rejerences:  see  Note. 

myriad:   countless. 

mystery:  form,  secret,  secrecy, 
drama. 

mystery:  art,  trade,  associa- 
tion. 

mystic:   hidden. 


mystical:  hidden. 
mystify:  perplex. 
mythical:  fictitious. 


nag,  V.  t.:  annoy. 
naive:  artless. 


namby-pamby:   affected. 
nameless:  obscure,  anonymous, 

abominable. 
nap:    sleep. 
napery:    linen. 
naphtha:   petroleum. 
narcotize:   stupefy. 


fW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

290 


NEARNESS 


narrow,  v.  t.  1.  straiten  (rare,  exc.  archaic 
or  literary);  spec,  constrict,  contract,  les- 
sen. 
Antonyms:    see  widen. 
2.  See  DIMINISH. 

nasality,  n.  twang. 

natal,  a.  1.  birth; — the  noun  used  attribu- 
tively. 
2.  See  NATIVE. 

nation,  n.  people,  nationality  (fig.),  folk; 
spec,  tribe. 

nationality,  n.  nationalism. 

native,  a.  1.  See  innate. 

2.  In  reference  to  belonging  by  birth  or 
origin:  original;  spec,  autochthonous 
(learned),  indigenous,  natural,  natal 
(chiefly  poetic),  aboriginal,  live,  innate, 
endemic  or  (less  common)  endemical,  ver- 
nacular (now  rare,  exc.  spec),  home-born, 
home-bred. 

Antonyms:    see  foreign,  false. 

3.  See  DOMESTIC. 

native,  n.  aborigine  (an  etymologically  in- 
defensible sing,  of  "aborigines,"  pi.;    but 
fairly  common  in  use),  autochthon  (liter- 
ary or  learned),   indigene    (rare);    spec. 
Creole,  countryman,  countrywoman. 
Antonyms:    see  foreigner. 
natural,  a.  1.  normal,  ordinary  (context- 
ual), regular. 
Antonyms:     see  supernatural. 

2.  See  INNATE,  ILLEGITIMATE,  NATIVE,  AC- 
CUSTOMED, PHYSICAL,  UNREGENERATE. 

3.  In  reference  to  what  is  in  accordance 
with  one's  nature:  spec,  constitutional,  in- 
artificial, connatural  (literary  and  em- 
phatic), customary,  physic  (rare),  easy, 
unlabored,  artless,  born,  lifelike,  unre- 
strained, unstudied. 

Antonyms:    see  artificial,  unnatural, 

MONSTROUS,  AFFECTED. 

naturalize,  v.  t.  1.  See  enfranchise,  do- 
mesticate. 

2.  In  reference  to  adapting  a  person  or 
plant  to  a  country  or  environment:  spec. 
acclimate,  acclimatize,  creolize,  domes- 
ticate, habituate. 

nature,  n.  1.  In  reference  to  that  which  is 
the  source  of  life  and  being:  kind  (ar- 
chaic; as  in  "Dame  kind,"  "the  law  of 
kind"). 

2.  See  universe. 

8.  character,  constitution,  quality,  inbe- 
ing  (rare),  indoles  (rare);  spec,  grain,  kind, 
type,  form,  mold,  inside,  interior,  dispo- 
sition, structure,  idiom,  heart.  ^ 

4.  naturalness. 


nausea,  a.  1.  disgust  (contextual),  sickness 
(rare  in  this  restricted  sense);  spec,  qualm, 
seasickness,  queasiness. 
2.  See  DISGUST,  abhorrence,  aversion. 

nauseate,  v.  i.  sicken,  rise  (of  the  stomach), 
turn  (of  the  stomach) ,  spleen  (rare) . 

nauseate,  v.  t.  1.  sicken,  turn  (of  the  stom- 
ach), revolt  (impbjing  a  revulsion  of  dis- 
gust); spec.  drug. 
2.  See  disgust. 

nauseous,  a.  1.  offensive  (contextual), 
qualmish  or  (rare)  qualmy,  queasy  (rare), 
sickish,  sickly  (less  emphatic  than  "sick- 
ish"),  sickening;  spec,  mawkish,  emetic, 
nasty. 

2.    See  DISGUSTING. 

nautical,  a.  naval  (chiefly  spec),  nautic 
(poetic  or  rhetorical),  tarrish  (fig.;  rare). 

navigable,  a.  1.  sailable  (rare). 
Antomjms:    see  unnavigable. 
2.  In  reference  to  balloons:    see  dirigible, 

navigate,  v.  t.  1.  sail,  pernavigate  (rare;  an 
intensive);  spec  cruise. 

2.    See  STEER,  MANAGE. 

near,  adv.  1.  by,  about,  forby  (archaic  or 
Scot.),  around  (colloq.,  U.  S.),  fast  (ar- 
chaic or  poetic,  and  now  only  in  "fast  by"), 
hard  (archaic  or  poetic;  now  only  in  "hard 
by"),  close  (only  in  "close  by"),  nigh  (ar- 
chaic or  dial.),  nearhand  (Scot.). 
Antonyms:  see  far. 
2.  closely  (stronger  than  "near"). 

near,  prep.  Spec,  by,  beside,  about,  around 
(colloq.,  U.  S.),  on,  at,  along. 

near,  a.     1.  Referring  to  space  relations: 
spec,  close  (chiefly  predicative),  nigh,  prox- 
imate (learned  or  tech.),  warm  (colloq.), 
nearby,    neighboring,    vicinal     (a    more 
learned  equivalent  of  "neighboring"),  pro- 
pinquent  (rare),  adjacent,  contiguous. 
Antomjms:    see  distant. 
2.  Referring  to  time  relations:   spec,  close 
(chiefly  predicative),   immediate,   instani 
(an  emphatic  equiv.  of  "immediate"),  im- 
pending, imminent. 
Antonyms:    see  distant. 

nearest,   a.   next,    proximal,    proximate, 
hithermost  (rare). 
Antonyms:    see  extreme. 

nearly,  adv.  Spec,  about,  toward,  nighly 
(rare),  almost. 

nearness,  n.    Spec  adjacency,  closeness, 
nighness  (archaic),  neighborhood,  appro^' 
pinquity  (rare),  proximity  (in  more  com 
mon  use  than  "proximateness"),  vicinity 
propinquity  (literary). 
Antonyms:  see  distance. 


(W  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
narrowing:     conslriction,   con- 
traction, [mean. 
narrow-minded:      intolerant, 
nasality:   resonance. 
nascent:   beginning. 


nasty:     dirty,  fiUhy,  foul,    ill- 
tempered,  dangerous. 
nativity:   birth,  horoscope. 
natty:   smart. 

naturalize:  enfranchise,  adopt, 
domesticate,  accustom,  acclimate. 


naught,  n.;   nothing,  cipher. 
naught,  a.:  worthless. 
nauseating:   disgusting. 
nave:   hub,  body. 
near,  v.  i.:  approach. 
nearlng:   approach. 


fS'  Sec  Notes  of  Explanation. 
291 


NEAR-SIGHTED 


near-sighted,   a.    short-siphtod,    mvopio 
(Uch.). 
Antonijms:  see  fak-suiUTED. 

necessarily,  a.  needs  {used  chkjly  loith 
"must"). 

necessary,  a.  I.  indispensable,  vital,  need- 
ful, need  (rare),  requisite,  essential,  in- 
evitable, behoveful  or  behoovcful  (ar- 
chaic) . 
Antonyjus:  see  unnecessary,  acciden- 
tal. . 

2.  .see  consequential,  axiomatic,  un- 
avoidable. 

necessary,  n.  indispensable,  requisite,  re- 
quirement, essential,  necessity,  needment 
(chiefly  in  pi.;    chiefly  Eng.  and  spec.); 
spec,  estovers. 
Antonyms:    see  superfluity. 

necessity,  n.  1.  indispensableness,  requi- 
siteness,  needfulness,  need,  inevitableness. 
Antonyms:    see  chance. 

2.  Referring  to  what  compels  or  must  be: 
compulsion,  must;   see  fate,  fatality. 

Antonyms:    see  chance. 

3.  See  NECESSARY,  n. 

neck,  n.  1.  cer\-ix  (tech.),  jugulum  (tech.), 
scrag  (slang,  exc.  spec),  hals  (Scot,  and 
dial.  Eng.),  gullet  (a  loose,  depreciatory 
term);  spec,  rach  (dial.),  nape,  clod,  ewe 
neck  (fig.).  The  adjective  for  "neck"  is 
"jugular." 

2.    See  CONSTRICTION,  CHANNEL,  ISTHMUS. 

neckcloth,  n.  neckpiece;  spec,  necker- 
chief, kercher  (ohs.  or  dial.),  cravat,  scarf, 
waterfall,  overlay  (rare),  soubise,  whisk, 
tie,  gimp,  stomacher,  four-in-hand,  chok- 
er (slang),  etc. 

necklace,  n.  gorget  (rare);  spec,  chaplet, 
sultana,carcanet(arcAaic),riviere(/^r'enc/i). 

necklace-shaped,  a.  moniliform  (learned 
or  tech.). 

neck-shaped,  a.  trachelate  (tech.). 

necrological,  a.   Spec,  obituary. 

necrology,  n.    Spec,  obituary. 

nectar,  n.  In  reference  to  plants:  honey, 
honeydew  (literary  and  fig.). 

need,  n.  1.  necessity;  spec,  occasion,  com- 
modity (archaic),  convenience,  turn,  want, 
privation,  use,  exigency,  distress,  lack. 

2.    See  POVERTY,  NECESSITY. 

need,  v.  t.  require,  claim,  demand,  take; 
spec,  crave  (sometimes  fig .) ,  lack. 


needle,  n.  Spec,  bodkin,  blunt,  sharp,  be- 
tween, darner,  straw. 

needlework,  n.  stitchery  (usually  contemp- 
tuous); spec,  embroidery,  insertion,  knot- 
work. 

ne'er-do-well,  n.  good-for-nothing,  losel 
(archaic). 

negative,  n.  1.  See  denial. 
2.  Of  imrds  expressing  negation:  spec,  nay 
(archaic,  exc.  as  used  in  deliberative  bodies), 
no  (the  usual  word  expressing  denial,  dis- 
sent, or  refusal),  non  placet  (used  in  voting 
"no"  in  some  assemblies). 

neglectful,  a.  disregardful;    spec,  forget- 
ful, derelict  (U.  S),  culpose;    see  care- 
less, INATTENTIVE. 
Antonyms:    see  careful, 

negligence,  n.  disregard  (contextual),  re- 
missness   (contextual),   slackness;      spec. 
laxity,    looseness,     laches,    carelessness, 
omission,  inattention. 
Antonyms:  see  care. 

negligent,  a.  remiss  (contextual),  neglec- 
tive  (rare),  slack;  spec,  lax,  loose,  harum- 
scarum,  supine. 
Antonyms:       see  careful,  thorough, 

FASTIDIOUS. 

negro,  n.  black,  blacky  (colloq.),  nigger 
(colloq.  and,  exc.  southern  U.  S.,  contemptu- 
ous), Sambo  (a  nickname),  blackamoor 
(now  only  as  a  nickname),  quashee  (pri- 
marily a  negro  proper  name;  rare),  coon 
(slang,  U.  S.),  darky  or  darkey  (colloq.); 
spec,  negress,  negrillo,  melanian,  Creole, 
Bantu,  Pygmy,  Hottentot,  Bushman, 
Ethiope,  Hindu,  Congo,  etc. 

neigh,  v.  i.  &  n.  cry  (contextual),  whinny, 
hinny  (rare;  used  only  as  a  verb),  whinner 
(dial.),  nicher  (Scot.). 

neighborhood,  n.  1.  See  NEARNESS. 

2.  region  (contextual),  vicinity  (a  Latin 
derivative,  equiv.  of  "neighborhood"),  vicin- 
age (more  definite  or  technical  than  "neigh- 
borhood" in  meaning);  spec,  precinct,  envi- 
rons (pi.),  outskirts  (pL),  venue,  presence. 

3.  See  COMMUNITY,  DISTRICT. 

nerve,  n.  1.  chord  or  cord  (now  chiefly  in 
"spinal  chord"  or  "cord");  spec,  ganglion, 
nervule,  vagus. 

2.     See    STRENGTH,    BOLDNESS,    COURAGE, 

VEIN. 

nerve,  v.  t.  1.  literally:  innervate. 


tS^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
neat:   pure,  elegant,  skillful,  or- 
derly, compact,  shapely. 
neb:    heak,  nose. 
nebulous:    cloudy. 
necessitate:    compel,  cause. 
necromancer:    magician. 
necromancy:    magic. 
needful:    poor,  necessary. 
neediness:   poverty. 
needless:    unnecessary. 
needlewoman:   sewer. 
needy:    poor. 


nefandous:    abominable. 

nefarious:   wicked. 

negation:    denial,  nonentity. 

negative,  v.  t.:  deny,  contradict, 
disprove,  neutralize,  reject. 

neglect,  n.:  disregard,  negli- 
gence. 

negligee:   undress. 

negotiate,  v.  t.:  transfer,  effect, 
accomplish,  overcome,  jump. 

negotiate,  v.  i.:  treat,  bargain. 

neighbor,  a.:   near. 

neighbor,  v.  t.:  border. 


neighbor,  v.  i.:   associate. 
neighboring:   near. 
neighborly:  friendly. 
nemesis:  justice. 
neologism:    innovation. 
neophyte:    convert,  novice. 
neoteric:    recent. 
nepotism:  favoritism. 
nerveless:    weak,  apathetic. 
nervous:  forcible,  excitable,  ap- 
prehensive. 
nervy:   strong,  bold,  courageous. 
nescient:   ignorant. 


XW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

292 


NIGH 


2.  Fig.:  see  embolden,  strengthen. 

nest,  n.  1.  In  reference  to  birds:  spec,  ham- 
mock, aerie  {often  fig.). 
2.  In  reference  to  insects,  small  animals, 
etc.:    nidus    {tech.);     spec,    bike    {Scot.), 
vespiary. 
8.  See  LAIR,  GROUP,  resort. 

nest,  V.  i.  1.  nidify  {learned  or  rare),  nidif- 
icate {rare). 
2.  See  lodge. 

nestling,  n.  bird  {contextual),  nestler 
{rare);  spec,  garlin  {iScot.). 

net,  n.  1.  toil  {now  usually  in  pi.);  spec. 
drift,  seine,  flue  or  flew,  fyke  {U.  S.), 
pound,  pod,  scringe,  trammel,'tuck,  tunnel. 
2.  fabric  {contextual),  mesh,  meshwork, 
network;  spec,  bobbinet,  lace. 

8.    See  NETWORK. 

netlike,  a.  retiform  {tech.),  reticular  {tech.), 
reticulary  {rare),  reticulose  {rare). 

netting,  n.  1.  net  {contextual);  spec,  bob- 
binet, lace. 

2.    See  NETWORK. 

network,  n.  Referring  to  interlacing  lines 
or  filaments  of  any  kind:  net,  netting, 
reticulation  (tec/i.),  reticulum  {chiefly 
spec),  meshwork  (rare),  mesh  {chiefly 
fig.);  spec,  cobweb,  plexus  or  {less  com- 
mon) plexure,  fret. 

neural,  a.  nerve  {the  noun  used  attribu- 
tively), nerval  {rare). 

neuter,  n.  1.  See  neutral. 
2.  Referring  to  bees,  etc.:  worker,  neutral 
{rare) . 

neutral,  a.  neuter  {less  usual  than  "neu- 
tral"); spec,  indifferent,  colorless  {often 
fig.),  inert. 

neutralize,  v.  t.  Spec,  negative,  drown, 
cancel,  offset;    see  defeat,  counteract, 

DESTROY,  OVERPOWER. 

never,  adv.  ne'er  {poetic),  on,  or  at,  the 
Greek  calends  {the  Greeks  had  no  dates 
called  "calends"). 

Antonyms:       see    always,    sometime, 
SOON,  sometimes. 

new,  a.  unusual  {contextual),  novel;  spec. 
recent,  original,  newfangled,  brand-new, 
unheard-of,  up-to-date  {colloq.),  fin-de- 
siecle  {French),  modern. 
Antonyms:  see  old,  shabby,  ancient, 
obsolete,  imitated. 

newcomer,  n.  comeling  {archaic),  new- 
come  {rare);  spec,  arrival,  tenderfoot 
{slang  or  colloq.),  jackaroo  {Australia), 
new  chum  {colloq.,  Australia),  recruit. 


newness,  n.  unusualness  {contextual),  nov- 
elty ;  spec,  recency,  originality,  modernity. 
Antonyms:    see  antiquity. 

new-fashioned,  a.  new,  newfangled  (de- 
preciative);  spec,  neologistis. 
Antonyms:    see  old-fashioned. 

news,  n.  information,  intelligence,  tidings 
{chiefly  rhetorical  or  poetical);  spec,  gospel, 
gossip,  report. 

newspaper,  n.  paper,  gazette  {rare,  exc.  as 
a  proper  name  or  specif.),  courant  {now 
usually  a  proper  name),  courier  {only  as  a 
proper  name). 

nice,  a.  1.  See  fastidious,  particular, 

FINE,  difficult,  DANGEROUS,  SCRUPU- 
LOUS, ACCURATE,  DISCRIMINATIVE,  ELE- 
GANT, EXACT.  AGREEABLE,  MINUTE,  CARE- 
FUL, SENSITIVE,  REFINED,  PALATABLE. 

2.  Referring  to  that  which  demands  or  re- 
quires great  skill,  acumen,  or  the  like,  in 
doing,  handling,  understanding,  etc.:  spec. 
dehcate,  subtle  or  {now  rare)  subtile,  curi- 
ous, fine,  dainty,  discriminating,  discrim- 
inative. 

Antonyms:    see  crude,  gross. 
niceness,  n.  1.  As  a  general  equiv.:  nicety 
(o  term  more  suggestive  than  "niceness"  of 
what  is  specific  and  concrete) . 

2.  Spec,  fastidiousness,  particularity,  fine- 
ness, difficulty,  scrupulousness,  accuracy, 
discrimination,  elegance,  exactness,  agree- 
ableness,  minuteness,  carefulness,  sensi- 
tiveness, refinement. 

3.  delicacy,  subtlety  or  {now  rare)  sub- 
tilty,  subtleness  or  {now  rare)  subtile- 
ness,  curiousness,  fineness,  finesse,  dainti- 
ness. 

Antonyms:  crudity  {cf.  crude),  grossness 
{cf.  gross). 

nicety,  n.  1.  See  niceness. 
2.  In  the  sense  of  a  thing  that  is  nice:  spec. 
subtlety  or  {now  rare)  subtilty,  refinement, 
distinction,  elegance,  delicacy,  accuracy, 
discrimination,  etc. 
Antonyms:    see  crudity. 

niche,  n.  recess;  spec,  tabernacle,  fenes- 
tella,  kiblah. 

nickname,  n.  name  {contextual);  spec,  by- 
word, hypocorism  {rare). 

niggard,  n.  curmudgeon  {esp.  with  "old"; 
contemptuous),  skinflint  {contemptuous), 
churl,  carl  {Scot.),  nipper  {rare),  pincher 
{colloq.),  hunks  {colloq.;  contemptuous), 
money-grub  {slang),  pinchpenny  {obs.  or 
dial.);  spec,  miser. 


fS^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

nestle,  v.  i.:  tvj,  lodge,  tnuggle. 

nestle,  v.  (.;  lodge. 

nestling:   bird. 

nestor:   old  mart,  countelor. 

net,  a.:  clear. 

net,  V.  t.:  clear,  gam. 

net,  V.  t.:  catch. 


nether:  lower. 

nettle,  v.  t.:  irritate. 

neuter,    a.:     neutral,    asexual, 

barren. 
newfangled:   modern,  new. 
next,  a.:   nearest,  immediate. 
next,  adv.:  immediately. 
nexus:  borul. 


nib:    beak,  point. 
nibble:    bite. 
nick,  n.:  notch,  cut,  break. 
nickname,  v.  (.;  name. 
niece:   relative,  bastard. 
niggardly:    stingy. 
nigh,  adv.:  about. 
nigh,  prep.  &  a.:  near. 


20 


IW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

293 


NIGHT 


Antonyms:    see  spendthrift,  waster. 
night,  n.  1.  nighttime,  nighttidc  {poetic  or 
archaic). 
Anlonjjms:    sec  day. 

2.    ^tr  DARKNESS,  SUNSET. 

nightclothes,  n.  pi.  night  gear  (archaic), 
nightdress  {chicjly  spec):  spec,  night- 
gown, nighty  (a  mirscry  or  familiar  term), 
night  robe  {dignijicd  for  "nightgoimi"), 
nightshirt,  bedgown  (rare). 

nightingale,  n.  Philomel  or  Philomela 
(poetic),  nightbird  (contextual) ;  spec,  bul- 
bul. 

nightly,  a.  1.  nocturnal  {more  learned  or 
technical  than  "nightly"),  night  (the  noun 
used  attributively). 

2.    Sec  DARK. 

nightmare,  7i.  1.  See  HORROR. 
2.  dream,    incubus    (more    learned   than 
"nightmare"),  ephialtes  (rare),  night  hag 
(rare). 

night  piece,  night  scene,  nocturne  (tech. 
or  learned) . 

nimble,  a.   1.  active  (contextual),  lively, 
agile  (often  spec),  light;    spec,  lightsome, 
quick,  ready,  tripping,  light-heeled,  hght- 
foot,  light-footed,  light-limbed,  alert. 
Antonyms:    see  sluggish. 
2.  Referring  to  the  mind:  see  READY. 

nine,  a.  novenary  (rare);  spec,  ninefold, 
nonary. 

nine,  n.  As  naming  a  group  of  nine:  nov- 
enary (rare),  nonary  (rare),  ennead  (usu- 
ally spec). 

nine -faced,  a.  enneahedral  (tech.). 

nipper,  n.  1.  claw. 
2.  Chiefly  in  pi.:  spec,  pliers  (pi.),  pincers 
(pi.),   pinchers   (pi.),    forceps    (pi.),    te- 
naculum. 

nipple,  n.  1.  mamilla  (tech.),  teat  (now  re- 
ferring to  the  nipple  of  a  quadruped,  exc 
dialectally  or  contemptuously  of  the  nipple 
of  a  woman),  tit  (now  chiefly  dial,  or  vul- 
gar), dug  (now  only  in  reference  to  animals; 
exc.  contemptuously  in  reference  to  women), 
pap  (chiefly  literary  and  somewhat  ar- 
chaic), papilla  (rare). 

2.    See  PROTUBERANCE 

nipple-shaped,    a.    mamilliform    (tech.); 
spec,  papilliform. 
nobility,  n.  1.  See  dignity,  generosity, 

GRANDEUR. 

2.  aristocracy,  gentility  (now  chiefly  de- 
preciatory), noblesse  (French),  classes 
(pi.),  patriciate,  peerdom,  peerage;  spec. 
baronage,  dukedom,  earldom. 
Antonyms:  plebeianism  (cf.  plebeian), 
lowliness  (cf.  lowly)  ;  see  people. 


8.  Referring  to  the  quality  or  state:  noble- 
ness, noblesse  (French),  peerage,  peer- 
dom (rare),  gentility  (now  chiefly  depre- 
ciatory); spec,  lordliness,  kingliness,  etc. 
Antonyms:  baseness  (cf.  base),  meanness 
(cf.  mean). 

noble,  a.   1.  See  dignified,  elevated, 
generous,  grand. 

2.  aristocratic,  gentle  (now  used  as  includ- 
ing the  loell-born  who  are  not  of  noble  rank), 
genteel  (an  equiv.  of  "gentle"  and  now  ar- 
chaic, exc.  as  broadly  applied  sarcastically 
to  people  of  quality  in  general),  nobiliary 
(rare),  generous  (7iow  rare),  gentilitial 
(rare);  spec  patrician,  lordly,  lordlike 
(rare),  kingly,  princely,  regal,  royal,  cide- 
vant  (French;  literary). 
Antonyms:  see  vulgar,  base,  plebeian, 
lowly,  mean. 

noble,  n.  well-born,  aristocrat,  nobleman, 
patrician  (orig.  spec  only),  noblewoman 
(fern.),  peer  or  (fern.)  peeress  (spec  in  the 
United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ire- 
land), illustrissimo  (Italian);  spec,  duke, 
marquis,  earl,  viscount,  baron  or  (fern.) 
baroness,  baronet,  count  or  (fern.)  coun- 
tess, Junker,  Herzog,  thane,  daimio,  wild- 
grave,  starost,  douzepers  (pi.;  obs.  or 
hist.),  fidalgo,  hidalgo,  nawab,  atheling. 
Antonyms:    see  plebeian. 

nobody,  n.     1.  no  man  (a  more  definite 
term),  nix  (slang),  none  (oftenused  as  sing., 
also  as  a  plural) . 
Antonyms:    see  someone. 
2.  nonentity,    cipher    (fig.),    lay    figure, 
nought  (an  equiv.  of  "cipher"),  nothing, 
insignificant  (rare),  obscurity  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  personage,  magnate. 

nocturnal,  a.  nightly;    spec,  (of  birds,  in- 
sects, etc.)  solifugous  (tech.). 
Antonyms:  see  daily. 

noise,  n.  sound  (contextual);  spec,  report, 
clamor,  din,  clash,  clatter,  rattle,  crash, 
hubbub,  garboil  (an  archaic  equiv.  of  "hub- 
bub"), pandemonium,  clutter  (chiefiy 
archaic  or  dial.),  coil  (archaic  or  dial.), 
racket,  hullabaloo,  hubbuboo  (rare),  clam, 
bruit  (archaic),  gabblement,  clack,  cater- 
wauling, chirm,  brawling,  grating,  hum, 
jingle;  see  outcry. 
Antonyms:    see  calm,  silence. 

noisy,  a.  sounding  (contextual),  loud, 
noiseful  (rare);  spec,  dinsome  (Scot.), 
fremescent  (rare),  pandemoniacal,  rack- 
ety; see  clamorous,  uproarious,  bois- 
terous. 
Antonyms:    see  silent. 

no-license,  a.  dry  (colloq.  or  political  slang) . 


l^=  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

nip,  V.  &  n.:   drink. 

nobleness' 

dignity,  nobility. 

nightfall:   sunset. 

nip,    V.    t.:     squeeze,   clip, 

bite. 

noise,  V.  t.. 

advertize,  report. 

nimbus:   glory,  cloud. 

blight. 

noiseless: 

silent. 

nincompoop:    blockhead,  sim- 

nip, n.:  squeeze,  clip,  bite. 

noisome: 

harmful,    foul,    ill- 

pleton,  clown. 

nix:  fairy,  goblin. 

smelling. 

f3='  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
294 


NOTABLE 


nominal,  a.  name  {the  noun  used  attribu- 
tivehj),  titular;  spec.  cognominaL 

nominate,  v.  t.  1.  See  appoint. 
2.  propose,  name  (a  less  formal  term),  pro- 
pound {now  U.  S.  and  eccL);  spec,  present, 
postulate. 

nominee,  n.  Spec,  appointee,  postulate, 
presentee. 

none,  pron.  not  any,  not  one. 
Antonyms:  see  all. 

nonentity,  n.  1.  See  nonexistence,  no- 
body. 

2.  negation,  nothing,  nonexistence,  non- 
existent {rare). 

nonexistence,  7i.  nonentity,  non-being 
{rare),  no-being  {rare),  inexistence  {rare), 
nothingness,  not-being  {rare),  nihility 
{rare),  nihilism  {chiefly  spec),  nullity 
(chiefly  spec),  non  esse  (a  philosophical 
term) . 
Antonyms:    see  being. 

nonexistent,    a.    inexistent    {rare),    null 
{chiefly  spec),  minus  {colloq.);  spec  {pred- 
icatively,  as  used  of  fire,  etc.)  out. 
Antonyms:    see  existent,  being. 

nonexplosive,  a.  inexplosive  {rare),  inert. 

nonplus,  V.  t.  stop  {contextual),  confound, 
get  {slang),  gravel,  pose,  floor,  beat  (col- 
loq.), ground  {obs.  or  rare);  see  perplex. 
Aritonyms:    see  enlighten. 

nonsense,  n.  Spec,  drivel,  slaver  (a  less 
refined  term  for  "drivel"),  twaddle,  balder- 
dash, trumpery,  rubbish,  claptrap  (slang 
or  colloq.),  froth,  trash  (an  equiv.  of  "rub- 
bish," but  a  iveaker  term),  flimflam 
(slang),  fee-faw-fum,  flummery,  bosh  (con- 
temptuous), fudge  (a  less  emphatic  equiv. 
of  "bosh"),  stuff  {contemptuous),  fooling, 
linsey  woolsey  {fig.),  havers  (pi.;  Scot^, 
shenanigan  (slang),  rigmarole,  riddlema- 
ree,  gammon  (colloq.  or  slang),  rot  (vulgar 
slang,  or  very  contemptuous),  brimborion 
(French),  flapdoodle  (colloq.;  contemptu- 
ous), stultiloquy  (rare). 

nonsense!  bosh!  (slang  or  colloq.),  tolly- 
vally!  {obs.  or  rare),  fudge!  (colloq.),  tut!, 
tush!,  fiddlededee!,  fiddlesticks!,  rubbish!, 
etc 

nonsensical,  a.  meaningless;  see  absurd. 

nonsensicalness,  n.  nonsense,  no-mean- 
ing (rare);  spec  absurdity. 

nonvocal,  a.  silent,  mute,  surd,  voiceless. 


nook,  n.  Spec  nooklet,  byplace;  see  an- 
gle, inlet. 

noon,  n.  1.  midday,  noonday  (rather  more 
definite  and  formal  than  "noon"),  noon- 
tide {literary),  midnoon  {literary;  strictly 
considered,  pleonastic) . 
Antonyms:    see  midnight. 

2.    See  HEIGHT. 

noon,    a.    midday,    noonday,    meridional 

{rare),  meridian  {rare). 

noose,  n.  Spec,  bewet  or  bewit,  hitch. 

normal,  a.  1.  ordinary,  natural;  see  aver- 
age. 

Antonyms:    see  abnormal,  monstrous, 
preternatural. 
2.  See  perpendicular. 

north,  n.  I.  septentrion  (literary),  north- 
ward or  {rare)  norward. 
Antonyms:  see  south. 
2.  northland  or  (rare)  norland. 

northern,  a.  north  {less  narrow  in  meaning 
than  "northern"),  northerly  {less  definite 
than  "northern"),  septentrional  (literary), 
boreal  or  {rare)  borean  {now  chiefly  used  in 
bot.andzool.),h\^,  northernly  {rare);  spec 
northward  or  {rare)  norward,  northwardly 
{less  deflnite  than  "northward"),  hyper- 
borean {learned  or  literary) ,  arctic,  polar. 
Antonyms:    see  southern. 

northman,  n.  hyperborean  (learned  or 
tech.);  spec  Norwegian,  Norse,  Norsk, 
Norseman. 

northward,  adv.  norward  (rare),  north  or 
{less  definite)  northerly;  spec,  northward- 
ly, poleward,  polewards,  up  (chiefly  in  "up 
7iorth"). 

north  wind,  wind  (contextual),  norther, 
north  (chiefly  poetic),  Boreas  {poetic). 

nose,  n.  1.  snout  {as  referring  to  man,  con- 
temptuous), nese  (Scot.),  smeller  (slang), 
proboscis  {humorous  or  spec;  suggesting 
esp.  a  long  nose),  beak  (fig.;  humorous), 
neb  (rare  or  Scot.). 
2.  See  smell. 

nostril,  n.  nosehole  {chiefly  dial.),  tunnel 
{rare),  nare  (archaic,  exc  as  a  hawk),  nares 
{Latin,  pi.;  anat.),  breather  (slang);  spec. 
blowhole,  spiracle  (tech.). 

nosy,  a.  snouty  {vulgar). 

notable,  a.  noticeable,  remarkable;  spec 
noteworthy,  prominent,  observable;  see 
conspicuous. 


f2^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

nomad,  n.;   wanderer. 

nomadic,  nomad,  a.:  wander- 
ing. 

nomenclature:  name,  list, 
terminology. 

nominalism:    realism. 

nonacceptance:  declination, 

nonce,  n..°  use. 

nonce,  a.:  occasional. 

nonchalant:  careless,  indiffer- 
ent. 


noncommittal:    careful. 

noncompliant:    disobedient. 

nonconformist:  dissenter, 
schismatic. 

nondescript:    indefinite. 

nonemployment:  disuse,  idle* 
ness. 

nonessential:   accidental. 

nonesucli:    paragon. 

nonhuman:    unhuman. 

nonjuring:  dissentient,  schis- 
matic. 


unequaled. 
paragon, 
stop,    predica- 

passive,   yield- 


nonpareil,  a.: 
nonpareil,  n.: 
nonplus,    n.; 

menl. 
nonresistant 

ing. 

noose,  V.  t.:  loop,  catch. 
norm:    standard,  pattern. 
normal,  n.;  average. 
nosegay:   bouquet. 
nostrum:   remedy. 
notable:  celebrity. 


td^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

295 


NOTARY 


notary,  7i.  scrivonor  (obsoloircttt),  prcfflor 

(Eng.;   chiefly  spec);   spec,  prothonotary 

or  protonotary. 
notation,  ;;.  synibololoRv;     spec,  chorog- 

rai>hy  (rare),  graphology. 
notch,  ;i.  1.  iiulontation  (confcxtual) ;  spec. 

nick,  orena,  gap,  nock, dent ,  gain,  score,  cut. 
Antonyms:  sec  projection,  tooth. 

2.  See  PASS. 
notch,  V.  t.     Spec,  crenate  (rare),  mill, 

score,  nock,  nick. 
notched,  a.  dentate;    spec,  nicked,  crenu- 

late,  gapped,  emarginate  {rare  or  tech.), 

crenate,  .scalloped. 
note,   71.    1.   In    tnusic:    spec,   semibreve, 

minim,     crotchet,    quaver,    semiquaver, 

demisemiquaver,  hemidemisemiquaver, 

pedal. 

2.  sound  {eotitextual) ;  spec,  strain,  toot, 

pipe,  peek,  mote  or  moot  (archaic);  see 

CALL,  TONE. 

note,  71.  1.  Spec,  jotting;  see  memoran- 
dum, ANNOTATION,  ABSTRACT. 

2.  See  SIGN,  letter,  distinction,  fame. 

note,  V.  t.  1.   See  notice,  mention. 
2.  Spec,  record,  jot,  dot  (less  usual  equiv. 
of  "jot"). 

notebook,  n.   Spec,  sketchbook. 

nothing,  n.  1.    As  i7nplyi7ig  the  absence  of 
anything     whatever:      nought     {literartj), 
naught  (archaic),  nil  (used  predieatively) , 
ni.x  (slang),  zero. 
A7itonytns:  see  thing,  much. 
2.  See  nonentity,  nobody,  cipher. 

nothingness,  n.  nullity. 

notice,  v.  t.  1.  perceive,  animadvert  (rare), 
observe  (more  for7nal  than  "notice"),  mark 
(now  poetic  or  rare  as  a  jncre  synonym  of 
"notice"),  remark,  heed,  regard,  reck  (a 
literary  equiv.  of  "heed"),  note  (more  em- 
phatic tha7i  "notice"),  hear  (fig.  or  spec.), 
see  (fig.  or  spec),  feel  (fig.  or  spec),  mind. 
Antomjms:  see  ignore,  miss. 

2.  Referring  to  treat7ne7it  of  a  person:  rec- 
ognize, acknowledge,  see;  spec,  patronize. 

3.  See  MENTION,  ADVERTIZE. 

notice,  n.  1.  perception,  cognizance  (lech, 
or  learned),  observation,  remark  (rare), 
mark  (rare),  note,  animadversion  (rare), 
advertence  (rare);  spec,  heed,  regard, 
sight,  hearing,  feeling,  touch. 

2.  See  INFORMATION,  MENTION,  ATTENTION, 
CARE,  ANNOUNCEMENT,  ADVERTIZEMENT. 

3.  Referring  to  the  thing  embodying  an  act 
of  i7tformation  or  notification:   advertize- 


ment  (chiefly  spec),  notification  (chiefly 
sjyec);  spec,  sign,  placard,  program,  play- 
bill, poster,  warning,  advice,  announce- 
ment. 
noticeable,  a.  perceivable,  perceptible, 
observable,  striking,  etc.;    see  notable, 

CONSPICUOUS. 

A)ito7>yn)s:  see  unnoticeable. 
notoriety,  n.  1.  notoriousness,  proverbial- 

ness,  csclandre  (FrcJich). 
Anto7iyms:  see  obscurity;  cf.  unknown. 

2.    See  FLAGRANCY. 

notwithstanding,  irrrp.  despite. 

noun,  n.  t(!rm  (contextual),  name  (chiefly 
spec),  substantive. 

nourish,  v.  t.  1,  nurture  (more  literary  than 
"nourisli"),  nutrify  (rare);  spec,  co- 
nourish,  feed. 

Antonyms:  see  starve. 
2.  See  foster. 

nourishing,  a.  nutritious,  nutrient  (a 
7)iore  learned  or  tech.  equiv.  for  "nourish- 
ing" and  "nutritious"),  nutritive;  spec. 
eutrophic  (rare),  foodful  (rare  and  chiefly 
poetic),  substantial,  sustentative  (rare), 
hearty,  polytrophic  (very  nourishing;  rare). 
A  ntonyms:  see  innutritious. 

novice,  n.  1.  In  the  religious  sense:  spec. 
probationer,  neophyte,  novitiate,  initiate, 
chela  (Anglo-Indian) . 
2.  In  the  general  sense:  beginner,  tyro; 
spec,  neophyte  (learned  or  literary),  ini- 
tiate, debutant  (French;  niasc),  debu- 
tante (French;  fern.),  entrant,  greenhorn, 
greeny  (slang  or  colloq.),  greenhead  (obs.), 
greener  (slang),  gosling  (colloq.),  fresh- 
man, kid  (sporting  or  crimi7ial  cant),  puny 
(Eng.),  youngling,  colt  (colloq.  or  slang), 
newcomer,  apprentice. 
Anto7iyms:  see  expert. 

now,  adv.  1.  In  the  present  time:  spec,  here, 
presently  (obs.,  Scot.,  or  dial.),  yet,  to-day. 
Antomjms:     see    before,    hereafter, 
afterwards. 

2.    See  IMMEDIATELY. 

noway,  adv.  noways  (the  u^mal  form),  no- 
wise (7nore  formal,  or  flavoring  of  archaism) 
nohow  (dial.). 

nowhere,  adv.  nowhither  (nowhere  in  di- 
rection). 

Antomjms:     see    somewhere,     every- 
where. 

nowhere,  n.  dreamland  (^17.). 

nullify,  V.  t.  Spec,  abolish,  negative  (rare), 
negate,  null  (rare),  irritate  (Roma7i  and 


X^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

noted:  distinguished,  famous. 

noteworthy:  notable,  consider- 
able. 

notify:  inform,  announce,  warn. 

notion:  idea,  caprice,  opinion, 
fancy. 

notorious:  well-known, conspic- 


uous, flagrant.  {though. 

notwithstanding,    conj.:     al- 
nought:    cipher,  nothing. 
novel:    7iew. 
noxious:  harmful,  catching, 

deadly. 
nozzle:   spout. 
nucleus:   center. 


nude:   naked,  bare. 
nudge:   push. 
nugatory:    invalid,  trivial. 
nugget:  lump. 
nuisance:  annoyance. 
null:     invalid,    trifling,  nonex- 
istent. 
nullity:  invalidity,  nothingness. 


t^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
296 


OBEY 


Civil  law),  cancel;    see  invalidate,  an- 
nihilate, DESTROY,  COUNTERACT.  Neither 
'^neutralize"  nor  "defeat"  is  a  close  syno- 
nym of  "nullify." 
Antonyms:  see  create. 

numb,  a.  1.  insensible  {contextual),  be- 
numbed, deadened;  spec,  asleep,  dull. 

Antonyms:   see  sensitive. 
2.  See  DULL,  a. 

numb,  V.  t.  1.  benumb,  deaden;  spec.  dull. 
Anto7iyms:  see  stimulate,  rouse. 
2.  See  DULL. 

number,  n.  1.  Spec,  total,  aggregate,  sum, 
fraction,  mass,  tally,  tale,  quota,  quotum 
(rare),    enumeration,    integer,    indiction, 
radix,  prime,  folio,  census,  figurate. 
2.  See  FIGURE,  verse. 

number,  v.  t.  1.  See  compute,  class. 
2.  mark  (contextual);  spec,  paginate,  page, 
foliate. 

numberless,    a.    innumerous    (archaic); 
spec,  innumerable,  countless. 
Antonyms:   see  few. 

numbness,  n.  1.  insensibility,  sleep, 
deadness;   spec,  dullness. 

2.   See  DULLNESS. 

numeral,  a.  numerical;   spec,  numerary. 

nun,  n.  ecclesiastic  (contextual),  sister, 
religieuse  (French),  vowess  (rare),  sancti- 
monial  (rare);  spec,  conventual,  cloisterer, 
discalceate,  Clare,  Gilbertine,  etc. 

nurse,  n.  attendant  (contextual),  nutrice 
(rare),  mammy  (a  child's  name  of  affec- 
tion; often  spec,  in  southern  U.  S.);  spec. 
fosterer  (rare),  foster  (archaic),  fostress 
(fern.),  rocker  (archaic),  dry  nurse,  wet 
nurse.  Gamp  (fig.),  parabolanus  (rare), 
sister,  nursemaid,  bonne  (French). 

nursery,  n.  1.  brattery  (contemptuous); 
spec,  creche  (French). 

2.    See  GARDEN. 

nut,  n.  Spec,  nutlet,  mast  (a  collective 
sing.),  kernel. 

nutrition,  ?i.  1.  Referring  to  the  act:  nour- 
ishment (less  formal  than  "nutrition"), 
nouriture  (rare),  nurture  (rare);  spec,  ali- 
mentation, eu trophy  (tech.  or  rare),  dys- 
trophy (tech.). 
Antonyms:  see  famishment. 
2.  See  FOOD. 

nuzzle,  V.  t.  &  i.  nose  (imphjing  merely 
action  with  the  nose,  while  "nuzzle"  suggests 
a  gentle,  often  repeated  action);  see  nestle. 


nymph,  n.  nymphid  (rare);  spec. 
nymphlet,  dryad,  oread,  oceaned,  naiad, 
majnad,  hamadryad,  hydriad  (rare), 
nepheliad  (a  modern  formation) ,  nais  (the 
Greek  form  for  "naid" ;  pi.  "naides"), 
ephydriad  (rare),  lemniad  (an  erroneous 
modern  formation) ,  poliad  (a  modem  nonce 
word).  Daphne,  Clytie,  Calypso,  Callisto, 
Hesperides  (pi.),  Hyades  (pi.).  Echo, 
houri,  nixie. 

nymphal,  a.  nymphish,  nymphean, 
nymphic,  nymjahical  or  nymphine  (rare). 


oar,  n.   Spec,  scull,  paddle,  sweep. 

oarsman,  7i.  oar  (a  term  smacking  a  little 
of  cant),  rower,  bencher  (rare);  spec. 
bowman,  stroke. 

oaten,  a.  avenaceous  (tech.);  spec.  oaty. 

oath,  n.  1.  See  invocation,  promise. 
2.  exijletive,  swear  (colloq.;  rare);  spec. 
curse  (the  term  most  suggestive  of  vulgar 
profanity),  imprecation,  cuss  (U.  S.;  slang 
or  colloq.),  rapper  (chiefly  dial.);  also 
(obs.)  'swounds,  zounds,  zooks,  'sblood, 
etc. 

obedience,  n.  biddableness  (rare),  obedi- 
ency  (rare),  submission,  submissiveness 
(referring  to  the  quality  only),  compliance, 
compliancy  (rare);  spec,  complaisance, 
fulfillment  (rare),  subservience,  obsequi- 
ousness (rare),  dutifulness,  duteousness, 
obeisance,  piety  (archaic),  morigeration 
(rare),  buxomness  (archaic). 
Antonyms:    see  disobedience. 

obedient,  a.  biddable  (archaic  or  literary), 
commandable  (chiefly  spec),  submissive, 
compliant;  spec,  complaisant,  subservi- 
ent, dutiful,  duteous  (an  equiv.  of  "duti- 
ful," but  less  suggestive  of  the  feeling,  more 
of  the  outward  act),  obeisant,  obsequious 
(rare  as  meaning  "actually  obedient"), 
pious  (archaic  equiv.  of  "duteous"), 
morigerous  (rare),  morigerate  (rare),  bux- 
om (archaic);  see  complaisant. 
Antonyms:  see  disobedient,  obsti- 
nate, defiant,  dictatorial,  undutiful. 

obelisk,  n.  column  (contextual),  guglio 
(Italian),  needle  (a  poptdar  name). 

obey,  V.  t.  hear  (obs.  or  rare),  mind,  ob tem- 
perate (rare);  spec,  follow,  fulfill.  "Heed" 
often  verges  upon  the  sense  of  "obey,"  be- 


iW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
numb:   deaden,  dull. 
numbering:  computation. 
numbskull:   blockhead. 
numerable:   computable. 
numeral:  figure. 
numerate:    compute. 
numerical:  numeral. 
numerous:   many. 
numerousness:  mtdtitude. 
nuncio:   diplomatic  agent. 


nunnery:    convent. 

nuptial:    jnatrimonial. 

nuptial:    marriage. 

nurse,  v.  I.:  suckle,  foster, 
cherish,  entertain,  manage,  em- 
brace. 

nursemaid:  nurse. 

nurture:   nutrition,  food. 

nutate:   droop,  vibrate. 

nutrient:   7iourishing. 

nutriment:   nutrition,  food. 


nutritious:      nourishing,    ali 
meidary. 


oarlock :   rowlock . 

obdurate:     wicked,     obstinate, 

unfeeling,  unyielding. 
obeisance:  deference,  obedience, 

bow. 
obeisant:    deferential,  obedient. 
obese:  fat. 


J^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

297 


OBEY 


cause  one  ivho  heeds  a  comvmnd  naturally 
obeys  it. 
Antonyms:    see  disobey,  defy. 
obey,  V.  i.  comply,  conforin,  yield. 

Antonyms:    see  disobey,  refuse. 
obituary,  /;.  1.  obit  {rare). 

2.    ^'t■<'  NECROLOGY. 

object,  n.  1.  In  reference  to  what  is,  or  may 
be,  perceived  by  the  physical  senses:  thing; 
spec,  individuality  (rare),  individual,  per- 
cept, something,  particular. 
2.  The  thing  to  the  achievement  of  which  ef- 
forts, intentions,  or  feelings  are  directed: 
aim,  intention,  intent  (obs.,  exc.  in  "to  all 
intents  and  purposes"),  purpose,  butt 
(literary),  end,  mark  (an  equiv.  of  "aim"); 
spec,  study,  view,  thought,  effort,  objec- 
tive, destination,  goal,  errand,  quarry. 

object,  V.  i.    Spec,  demur,  except,  boggle, 
challenge,  kick   (colloq.),  spurn,  repugn 
{rare),  reluct  (rare),  protest,  remonstrate. 
Aritonyms:  see  agree. 

objection,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  act:  spec. 
demur,  exception,  boggle,  challenge,  kick 
{colloq.),  objectation  (rare),  drawback, 
protest,  protestation,  remonstrance. 
Antonyms:  see  agreement. 
2.  Referring  to  the  thing  offered  by  way  of 
objecting:  spec,  exception,  kick  (colloq.), 
boggle  (rare),  demurrer,  dislike,  difficulty, 
fear,  etc. 

objectionable,  a.  objectable  (rare);  spec. 
harmful,  exceptionable,  censurable,  culp- 
able, horrid  (a  iveak  colloquialism). 

objective,  a.  external,  subjective  (the  use  of 
medieval  philosophy);  see  material. 
Antonyms:    see  subjective. 

obligation,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  act  of  ob- 
ligating:   see  BIXDING,  COMPULSION. 

2.  Referring  to  orally  or  mentally  constrain- 
ing force:  spec,  bond,  tie,  sanction,  obstric- 
tion  (rare),  incumbency  (rare);  see  duty. 

Antonyms:  see  privilege. 

3.  Referring  to  something  to  he  done  or  for- 
borne: spec,  burden,  debt,  liabihty;  see 
duty. 

4.  Referring  to  the  state  of  being  obligated: 
spec,  indebtedness,  indebtedment  (rare). 

5.  Referring  to  that  by  which  obligation  is 
created:  spec,  agreement,  bond,  chiro- 
graph, contract,  mortgage,  hypotheca- 
tion, pledge,  etc. 

oblige,  V.  t.  1.  See  bind,  compel. 
2.  Spec,  accommodate,  convenience,  fa- 
vor, gratify,  please. 


obliging,  a.    Spec,  kind,  considerate,  ac- 
commodating, clever  (colloq.),  serviceable 
(rare);  see  complaisant. 
Antonyms:    see  obstinate. 

obliquely,  adv.  sideways,  sideway,  side- 
long, askance,  askant,  slantwise,  slant; 
see  inclined. 
Antonyms:    see  vertically. 

oblong,  a.  elongate. 

obscuration,  n.  1.  5ee  darkening,  hiding. 
2.  Spec,  camouflage,  clouding,  shrouding, 
disguising,  obscurement  (rare),  shading 
(rare),  obnubilation  (rare),  obfuscation 
(rare),  glossing,  etc. 

obscure,  a.  1.  See  dark,  hidden,  ques- 
tionable, perplexing,  indistinct,  in- 
definite, DULL. 

2.  Referring  to  persons  having  no  fame  nor 
notoriety:  spec,  humble,  unknown,  name- 
less, unsung  (literary),  inglorious  (now 
rare),  recondite  (rare),  inconspicuous,  un- 
distinguished, uncelebrated,  unnoticed, 
fameless,  etc.   See  lowly. 

Antojiyms:  see  distinguished,  famous, 
conspicuous. 

obscure,  v.  t.  1.  See  darken,  hide. 
2.  Referring  to  a  making  vague  to  the  un- 
derstanding or  unintelligible:  spec,  cloud, 
shroud,  disguise,  shade  (rare),  gloss,  be- 
cloud (intensive  for  "cloud"),  befog  (in- 
tensive), bemist  (intensive),  obfuscate 
(rare),  nubilate  or  obnubilate  (rare;  equiv. 
of  "cloud"). 
Antonyms:    see  explain,  indicate. 

obscurity,  n.     Spec,  humbleness,  name- 
lessness.     Cf.  obscure,  a. 
Antonyms:    see  fame. 

obsequious,  a.  servile;  spec,  abject,  cring- 
ing, fawning,  compliant,  truckling,  syco- 
phantic, sycophantish  (rare),  pickthank 
(archaic),  parasitic  (rare;  equiv.  of  "syco- 
phantic"), supple,  subservient. 

Antonyms:  see  arrogant,  impudent, 
self-important,  self-satisfied,  self- 
assertive,  domineering. 

observance,  n.  1.  See  ATTENTION,  cere- 
mony, form. 

2.  observation   (rare),  holding,  keeping; 
spec,  celebration,  solemnization,  sanctifi- 
cation. 
Antonyms:    see  disregard. 

observe,  v.  t.  1.  See  notice,  comment. 
2.  hold,  keep,  respect  (contextual);  spec. 
follow,  celebrate,  solemnize,  sanctify,  hal- 
low, solemn  (rare). 


V^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
obituary:   necrological. 
objurgation:    censure. 
oblate:  flattened. 
oblation:  gift. 
obligate:   bind. 
obligated:    bound. 
obligatory:  binding,  compulsory. 


obliged:    bound,  compelled. 

oblique:  inclined,  indirect,  un- 
fair. 

obliquity:  inclination,  error, 
fault. 

obliterate:  efface,  cancel,  anni- 
hilate, delete.  Iful. 

oblivious:    disregardful,  forget- 


obloquy:   abuse,  discredit. 
obnoxious:   liable,  offensive. 
obscene:    indecent. 
obsequies:   burial. 
observable:    noticeable. 
observant:    attentive. 
observation:   notice,  comment. 
observatory:   look-out. 


{^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

298 


OCULAR 


Antonyms:    see  disregard,  violate. 

obsess,  V.  I.  beset  {contextual),  besiege  {con- 
textual); spec,  haunt. 

obsolescence,  n.  disappearance  {context- 
ual), dying,  waning. 

obsolescent,  a.  disappearing  {contextual), 
dying,  waning. 

obsolete,  a.  disused;    spec,  discarded,  ex- 
ploded, demoted  {rare  or  affected),  passe 
{French),  outworn,  out-of-date,  ancient, 
dead,  extinct,  past. 
Antonyms:  see  customary,  recent,  new. 

obstacle,  n.  obstruction,  prevention  {chief- 
ly fig.);  spec,  barrage,  impediment,  snag, 
ne  plus  ultra  {Latin;  learned),  rub,  block, 
difficulty,  apex  {rare),  stumbling-block, 
baffle. 

obstetrics,  n.  midwifery  (a  popular  term), 
tocology  {rare). 

obstinacy,  n.  obstinateness  {esp.  of  the 
quality),  obstinance  or  obstinancy  {rare); 
spec,  intractability,  perversity,  stubborn- 
ness, obduracy,  obdurateness,  obduration 
(rare),  unyieldingness,  contumacy,  contu- 
maciousness,  setness,  willfulness,  self-will, 
doggedness,  cantankerousness,  asininity, 
mulishness,  headstrongness,  headiness, 
bullishness,  dourness  {Scot.),  sturdiness, 
protervity  {rare),  induration  {rare),  per- 
vicacity  {rare),  hard-heartedness,  unfeel- 
ingness,  cussedness  {colloq.),  etc. 

obstinate,  a.  Spec,  intractable,  refrac- 
tory, stubborn,  obdurate,  unyielding,  con- 
tumacious, set,  willful,  self-willed,  dogged, 
stiff-necked,  cantankerous  {colloq.),  asi- 
nine, mulish,  hardened,  headstrong  or 
(colloq.)  heady,  bullish,  pig-headed  (col- 
loq.), dour  {Scot.),  sturdy  {archaic),  per- 
sistent, pervicacious  (rare),  indurate 
(rare),  hard-hearted,  camelish,  unfeeling, 
cussed  (colloq.),  etc. 
Antonyms:  see  complaisant,  obedient, 

OBLIGING,  MANAGEABLE. 

obstruct,  V.  t.  Spec,  block,  stop,  choke, 
clog,  glut,  jam,  shut,  occlude  {chiefly  tech. 
or  learned),  hedge,  dam,  foul,  barricade, 
blockade,  engorge,  obturate,  overgrow, 
silt,  oppilate  (learned),  gob  (cant),  scotch, 
encumber  or  cumber. 
Antonyms:  see  open. 
2.  See  hinder. 

obstruction,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  act:  spec. 
blocking,  choking,  clogging,  glutting,  jam- 
ming, shutting,  occlusion   (chiefly  tech.), 


blockade,  engorgement,   obturation,  en- 
cumbrance, encumberment,  embolism,  etc. 
2.  See  hindrance,  obstacle. 

obtainable,  a.  gettable  (inelegant),  pro- 
curable. 

occasional,  a.  1.  Of  what  belongs  only  to  the 
occasion:     spec,    extemporary,    extempo- 
raneous, ephemeral,  accidental,  nonce. 
Antonyms:    see  customary,  habitual. 
2.  See  infrequent. 

occupant,  n.  occupier  (less  formal  than 
"occupant");  spec,  tenant,  roomer,  lodger 
(archaic),  inmate,  transient,  interne, 
terretenant. 

occupation,  n.  1.  occupancy;  spec,  hold- 
ing, tenancy,  tenure,  habitation,  inhabita- 
tion. 

2.  employment,  engagement,  employ 
(chiefly  in  the  phrases  "in  employ"  and 
"out  of  employ"),  conversation  (rare  or 
literary),  work,  engagement. 

3.  See  business. 

occupied,  a.  employed,  busy  (now  spec). 
Antonyms:    see  indolent. 

occupy,  V.  t.  1.  Spec,  hold,  keep,  fill,  beset, 
garrison,  inhabit,  tenant,  take  (as  a  build- 
ing, a  city,  etc.). 

2.  Spec,  busy,  engage  (now  chiefly  in  the 
passive),  exercise,  employ,  beset,  interest, 
absorb. 
Antonyms:    see  vacate,  evacuate. 

occur,  V.  i.  1.  be;  spec,  fall  (chiefly  with 
"in"  or  "upon" ;  archaically  used  alone  or 
with  "out"),  befall  {archaic  as  used  alone 
or  with  "to,"  "unto,"  or  "upon" ;  usually 
with  an  indirect  object),  betide  (now  only  in 
3d  person),  arise  or  (less  usually)  rise; 
spec,  come,  pass,  worth  (archaic),  inter- 
vene, transpire  (an  erroneous  use),  super- 
vene, eventuate;  see  happen. 
2.  See  be. 

occurrence,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  action  of 
taking  place:  spec,  happening,  coming, 
falling,  fall  (rare),  chancing,  arising,  rise, 
passing,  intervention,  transpiration  (an 
erroneous  use),  intercurrence  (rare),  super- 
vention, event  (now  used  chiefly  in  "in  the 
event  of"). 

2.  Referring  to  what  takes  place:  spec,  hap- 
pening, instance,  chance,  event,  occasion, 
contingency,  circumstance,  incident,  fact, 
phenomenon,  prodigy,  thing  (contextual), 
eventuality,  scene,  episode,  landmark, 
memorabilia  (pi.). 


f^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
obstreperous:    clamorous. 
obstructionist:  filibuster. 
obstructive,  a.:  hindering. 
obstructive,   n.:  obstacle,  hin- 
drance. 
obtain:   gain,  get. 
obtainment:    getting. 
obtrude:   intrude. 
obtrusion:   intrusion. 


obtund:  dull. 
obtuse:   stupid. 
obverse,  a.:  opposite. 
obverse,  n.:  face,  counterpart. 
obviate:   overcome. 
obviation:    overcoming. 
obvious:    evident,  intelligible. 
occasion:    cause,  induce. 
occiout:   head. 
occlude:    cloxe,  obstruct,  absorb. 


occlusion:  closure,  obstruction, 

absorption. 
occult,  V.  t.:  hide. 
occultation:   hiding. 
occupancy:   occupation. 
ocean:  sea. 
oceanic:    mortne. 
octave:   eighth,  eight. 
octuple:    eightfold. 
ocular:    tn's^ial. 


{3^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
299 


ODD 


odd,  a.  1.     Spec,  unmatched,  unmated, 
peerless,  etc. 
%.  See  EXTRA. 

8.  unusual  (context uol),  peculiar,  funny 
(coUoq.),  strange,  bizarre,  singular,  eccen- 
tric, erratic;  spec,  cranky,  outre  {French), 
quaint,   outlandish,   oddish,  queer;     see 

FANTASTIC. 

Antonyms:    see  usual,  customary,  com- 
monplace. 

oddity,  ;;.  1.  peculiarity,  oddness,  bizar- 
reric  (French),  singularity,  singularness, 
eccentricity,  errationess;  spec,  crankiness, 
quaintness,  queerness,  outlandishness. 
2.  Referring  to  what  is  odd:  quality,  fan- 
tastic, crank,  queerity  (rare),  oddness 
(rare),  gig  (Eng.;  chiefly  Eton  slang). 
Antonyms:     see  commonplace. 

oddments,  n.  pi.  odds  and  ends,  manav- 
ilins  (sloTig);  spec,  remnants,  scraps,  lit- 
ter (sing.). 

ode,  n.  poem  {contextual);  spec,  monody, 
genethliacon  (rare),  triumph,  pro-ode, 
odelet  (colloq.),  epicedium,  epinicion,  pa- 
rode,  palinode  (rare),  Olympionic  (rare). 

odorous,  a.  odoriferous  (usually  spec; 
often  humorous),  odorant  (rare),  odorate 
(rare);  spec,  redolent  (chiefly  used  with 
"of"  or  "with"),  opulent  (rare),  enodic 
(rare),  rich,  savory,  smelly  (colloq.),  stink- 
ing, stenchy  (rare),  putrid,  mephitic, 
olent  (rare),  odoriferant,  aromatic.     Cf. 

SMELL. 

Antonyms:  see  inodorous. 

cBstrus,  n.  1.  See  frenzy. 
2.  Referring  to  sexual  appetite:  heat,  rut, 
rage,  passion. 

ofial,  n.  1.  Refuse  parts  in  dressing  an  ani- 
mal: garbage  (noiv  literary),  cagmag 
(dial.);  spec.  slumguUion  (U.  S.). 

2.    See  REFUSE,  DREGS. 

offend,  V.  t.  displease;   spec,  affront,  spite, 
pique,  hurt,  huff  (chiefly  in  the  passive; 
colloq.),    grate,    misUke    (literary),    miff 
(colloq.). 
Antonyms:    see  please. 

offense,  offence,  n.  1.  See  transgres- 
.'^lox,  attack. 

2.  Referring  to  the  act  of  giving  offense  to  a 
person:  offending,  displeasing,  affront, 
affronting,  etc. 

8.  Referring  to  the  state  or  feeling  of  one  of- 
fended: displeasure;  spec,  pique,  hurt, 
huff  (colloq.),  miff  (colloq.),  umbrage, 
snuff  (archaic),  displicence  (rare),  dis- 
placency  (rare). 


Antonyms:  see  pleasure. 
offensive,  a.  1.  See  aggressia'D. 
2.  unjiloasant,  disjjleasing,  ungracious, 
disagreeable;  spec,  rank  (now;  chiefly 
spec),  obnoxious  (chiefly  literary  or 
learned),  repugnant,  objectionable,  ill- 
favored,  mephitic,  horrid  (colloq.,  exc.  in 
the  now  rare  or  literary  sense  of  "revolting" 
or  "abominable"),  distasteful,  unsavory; 
see  ill-smelling,  hateful,  repellant, 
nauseous. 

Antonyms:    see  agreeable,  pleasant, 

unobjectionable,    INOFFENSIVE. 

offer,  V.  t.  1.  See  sacrifice,  propose. 
2.  spec,  tender,  present,  proffer  (chiefly 
a  literary  equiv.  of  "offer" ;  more  commonly 
in  p.  p.),  prefer  (archaic),  bid,  submit,  ad- 
vance, volunteer,  market,  cheap  (obs.). 
Antonyms:  see  refuse,  demand. 

offer,  n.  1.  See  tender,  sacrifice,  pro- 
posal, endeavor. 

2.  .Spec,  presentation,  presentment  (rare), 
proffer  (chiefly  literary),  bid,  submission, 
advance,  overture,  eirenicon  (rare),  ulti- 
matum, motion. 
Antonyms:  see  demand. 

office,  n.  1.  See  service,  position,  form, 
ceremony. 

2.  Spec,  duty,  business,  function,  part. 

3.  place  (contextual);  spec,  headquarters, 
bureau,  branch,  countinghouse  (obsoles- 
cent), department,  legation,  room,  suite. 

officeholder,  n.  placeman  (chiefly  deroga- 
tory). 

office- monger,  n.  barrator,  simoniac 
(eccl.),  simonist  (eccl.). 

officer,  n.  office  bearer,  officiary  (rare); 
spec,  official,  Dogberry  (fig.),  bureaucrat. 

official,  a.  functional,  functionary  (rare); 
spec,  authoritative,  public,   curule;     see 

FORMAL. 

Antonyms:  see  private,  informal. 

officialism,  n.  bureaucratism,  officiality 
(rare),  red-tapeism,  functionaryism  (rare); 
spec,  beadledom,  Bumbledom  (rare). 

officially,  adv.  ex  cathedra  (Latin). 

offspring,  n.  1.  Referring  to  one  individual: 
birth  (archaic);  spec,  bairn  (Scot.,  dial. 
Eng.,  or  rare),  bantling  (tiow  chiefly  depre- 
ciatory), branch  (obs.  or  humorous),  brat- 
hng  or  bratchet  (contemptux)us) ,  descend- 
ant, imp  (archaic;  esp.  in  "imp  of  the 
Devil"),  cadet,  year-old  or  yearling,  bed 
(flg.),  ohve  branch  or  olive  (Jig.,  and  now 
humorous),  chit  (colloq.),  brat  (more  or 
less   contemptuous),    sprig    (often   slightly 


t^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

odds:   difference,  advantage. 

odious:   disgusting,  hateful. 

odium:  hatred. 

odor:  smell. 

ofiend:   transgress,  sin. 

offender:  transgressor,  sinner. 


offer:   endeavor. 
offering:    sacrifice,  gift. 
offhand:    extemporaneous, 

abrupt,  careless. 
officiate:  act. 
officious:   meddlesome. 
offing:   sea,  distance. 


offish:  dtsia'il. 

offscourings:  dregs. 

offset,  V.  t.:  neutralize,  counter- 
poise, branch. 

offset,  n.:  start,  branch,  counter- 
poise, ornament. 

offshoot:   branch. 


IW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

300 


ON 


disparaging),   slip,    scion    {literary);    see 

CHILD,  LAMB,  KID,  COLT,  CALF,  CUB,  CHICK. 

Antonyms:  see  parent. 

2.  Referring  to  a  single  individual  or  col- 
lectively to  two  or  more:  product  {context- 
ual), progeny  {more  formal  than  "off- 
sprirhg"),  issue  {chiefly  legal),  generation, 
increase  {chiefly  collective  as  to  animals; 
poetical  as  to  a  single  human  offspring), 
race  {chiefly  poetic),  seed  {chiefly  Bib.), 
get  {now  only  of  animals),  produce  {rare; 
esp.  of  animals),  hatch,  puUulation  {rare), 
progeniture  {rare),  spawn  {chiefly  a  col- 
lective; contemptuous). 

Antonyms:  see  ancestor,  parent. 

3.  Referring  to  two  or  more  {usually)  ani- 
mal young:  brood  {now  somewhat  con- 
temptuous as  used  of  human  off. spring), 
Htter  {sometimes  contemptuously  used  of 
human  twins,  triplets,  etc.),  fry  {of  small 
offspring  or  contemptuously  of  youjig  or  iji- 
significant  creatures);  see  children. 

Antonyms:  see  parent. 

often,  adv.  frequently  {more  formal  and 
somewhat  more  emphatic  than  "ofte7i"), 
oft  {archaic  or  poetic),  oftentimes  {chiefly 
literary),  ofttimes  {archaic  or  poetic),  oft- 
ly  {rare).  "Repeatedly,"  "recurrently," 
etc.,  are  synonyms  of  "often"  if  the  repeti- 
tions or  recurrences  come  near  enough  to- 
gether. 
Antonyms:   see  infrequently. 

oily,  a.  1.  fatty,  lubricious  {literary),  oleagi- 
nous {chiefly  tech.),  oleose  {rare),  oleous 
{rare);  spec,  greasy. 

2.  Referring  to  a  person's  rnanners  or 
speech:  see  smooth,  unctuous. 

ointment,  n.  unguent  {more  tech.  than 
"ointment"),  unction  {rare);  spec,  olea- 
men,  cerumen,  balm,  nard,  malabathrum 
{hist.),  collyrium,  salve,  pomade,  poma- 
tum. 

old,  a.  i.  Referring  to  what  has  existed  for  a 
long  time:  aged  {more  emphatic  than 
"old"),  vetust  {rare);  spec,  ancient,  an- 
tique {archaic,  exc.  as  meaning  "old- 
fashioned"),  antiquated  {rare;  referring 
to  persons),  olden  {rare  or  poetic),  eld  {ar- 
chaic and  poetic),  early,  elder,  senior,  el- 
derly, hoar  or  {more  commonly)  hoary, 
venerable,  dateless,  rusty  {depreciatory), 
moss-grown  {fig.;  chiefly  depreciatory  or 
contemptuous),  oldish,  crusted  {humorous), 
primeval,  Ogygian  {flg.),  patriarchal, 
overold,  overaged,  gray,  gray-headed,  cen- 
turied,  stale,  oldest,  experienced. 

Antonyms:  see  young,  youthful. 
2.  Referring  to  what  formerly  existed  or  to 


the  time  when  it  existed:  spec,  ancient,  old- 
en {literary  or  archaic),  elder,  aged,  senile, 
elder n  {archaic),  primitive  {often  depred- 
ator jj),  pristine  {the  commendatory  equiv.  of 
"primitive"),  primeval. 
Antonyms:  see  new. 

oldest,  a.  Superl.  of  old:  spec,  eldest, 
firstborn. 

old-fashioned,  a.  old,  old-fangled  {rare; 

depreciatory),  antique;    spec,  antiquated, 

archaic,  fusty,  primitive,  fogyish  or  fogey- 

ish,  obsolete. 

Antonyms:  see  new-fashioned,  stylish. 

old  man.  gray  beard  {often  contemptuous), 
grandsire  {fig.  and  archaic),  gray  head, 
hoarhead  {rare  or  literary) ,  cuff  {contemp- 
tuous; chiefly  used  with  "old"),  grisard 
{rare);  spec,  patriarch,  Nestor  {fig.), 
doyen. 
Antonyms:    see  youth. 

old  woman,  beldame  {spec,  or  obsolescent); 
spec,  patriarchess  {rare),  oldwife,  luckie 
{Scot.),  gammer  {rural  Eng.),  grimalkin, 
grannam  {obs.  or  dial.),  granny  {familiar 
or  endearing  or  often  contemptuous), 
grandam  {archaic). 

omission,  n.  1.  Spec,  pretention,  preter- 
mission, skip,  exception,  exclusion,  elim- 
ination, apocope,  ellipsis,  apostrophe, 
elision,  lipography,  metemptosis;  see 
exception. 
Antonyms:  see  inclusion  (c/.  include). 

2.  Thing  omitted:  out  {colloq.);  spec,  par- 
alipomena  {pi.). 

3.  See  FA.ILURE. 

omit,  V.  t.  Spec,  pretermit,  neglect,  skip, 
slip,  spare,  hide,  except,  exclude,  miss, 
eliminate,  drop,  pass  or  {rare)  overpass, 
overlook,  forget,  overslaugh,  elide,  apoco- 
pate; see  EXCEPT. 

Antonyms:     see    include,    remember, 
mention. 

omnibus,  n.  bus  or  'bus  {colloq.). 

omnipotent,  a.  all-powerful  (more  em- 
phatic than  "omnipotent"),  almighty 
{chiefly  spec),  cunctipotent  (rare). 

omnipresent,  a.  ubiquitous,  abroad  {con- 
textual). 

omniscient,  a.  all-knowing  (simpler  and 
more  emphatic  than  "omniscient"). 

omnivorous,  a.  pantophagous  (rare), 
pamphagous  {rare). 

on,  a.  "Upon"  and  "on"  are,  in  general, 
used  without  distinction,  except  that  "on"  is 
commonly  used  except  where  demand  for 
greater  emphasis,  more  formality  or  dignity, 
or  euphony  leads  to  the  use  of  "upon"  in- 
stead. 


XW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

oil,  V.  t.:  anoint,  smear. 

Olympian:   heavenly. 

ogee:  moldimj. 

old,  n.:  antiquity. 

omen:   sign. 

ogle:   gaze. 

oldness:   age. 

ominous:   significant,  threaten- 

ogre: demon,  giant,  monster. 

olio:    medley. 

ing. 

IS^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
301 


ONCE 


one,  a.  Spec,  singular. 

one-celled,  a.   unicellular   {chiefly  biol.). 

unilocular  [chirtUj  M.). 
one-chambered,  a.  unicamerato  (tech.). 
one-colored,   (7.    luiicolor  or  unicolorous 

{rareK  monochrome;  spec,  self-colored. 
Antonyms:  sec  iwrty-colohed. 
one-eyed,  a.  monoculous   or   {less  usual) 

monocular  {both  learned  or  tech.),  single- 
eyed,  monophthalmic  {rare). 
one-footed,  o.  uniped,  monopodous  {rare). 
one-horned,  a.  unicorneous  (rare),  monoc- 

erous  {ran). 
one-layered,  a.  unilamellate,  unilaminar, 

unilaminate; — all  three  tech.  or  learned. 
one-rowed,  a.  unifarious,  uniserial; — both 

tech.  or  learned. 
one-sided,  a.  unilateral  {more  formal  or 

tech.  than  "one-sided"). 
Antonyms:  sec  MA>rr-siDED. 
only,  a.  alone  {postpositive  or  predicative). 
onomatopoeia,   n.   echoism    {rare),   ono- 

matopoesis  {rare). 

onomatopoeic,  a.  onomatopoetic,  echoic. 
oozy,  a.  1.  weepy  {colloq.  or  dial.),  spewy. 

2.    See  MOIST,  MUDDY. 

opaque,  a.  1.  opacous  {rare),  nontranslu- 
cent. 
Antonyms:  see  translucent,  tkanspar- 

ENT. 

2.    5ee  DULL,  DARK. 

open,  a.  1.  ope  {archaic  or  poetic);   spec. 
patulous  {chiefly  tech.),  patulent  {rare), 
patent    {rare),    yawning,    gaping,    wide, 
ajar,  agape,  unclosed,  expanded,  etc. 
Antonyms:  see  closed. 
2.  *See   UNCONCEALED,    exposed,    unin- 

CLOSED,  frank,  evident,  INTELLIGIBLE, 
LI.VBLE,  LOOSE,  FREE,  ACCESSIBLE,  GENER- 
OUS. 

open,  V.  t.  1.  ope  {archaic  or  poetic);  spec. 
unclose,  reopen,  divaricate,  expand. 
Antonyms:  see  close,  shut. 

2.  Referring  to  a  process  of  unfastening,  as 
in  order  to  make  free  for  passage,  of  separat- 
ing or  spreading  apart  ivhat  is  joined,  inter- 
locked, rolled  up,  etc.:  undo  ieynphasizing 
the  process  more  than  the  result,  which 
'^open'^  suggests),  dup  (archaic);  spec. 
separate,  unlock,  unclench,  unpick,  un- 
roll, unseal,  pick,  unclutch,  unfold  un- 
stop, deobstruct  (rare);  see  disclose. 

Antonyms:  see  obstruct. 

3.  Referring  to  vessels  holding  liquors,  and 
hence  in  fig.  uses  having  the  idea  of  making 


a  first  beginning  on:   spec,  broach  {orig.  to 
pierce),  tap,  uncork. 

Antonyms:  sec  close,  stopper. 
4.  .Sec  begin. 
open,  V.  i.  I.    Spec,  yawn,  gape,  expand, 
split,  crack,  part,  unclose,  dehisce. 

2.    See  EXPAND,  SPREAD,  BEGIN. 

open-air,  a.  al-fresco  {chiefly  predicative; 
learned),  hypoethral  or  hypethral  {rare); 
spec,  plein-air. 
Antonyms:  see  indoor. 

opening,  n.  1.  hole;  spec,  perforation, 
puncture,  gape,  gaping,  orifice,  aperture, 
foramen,  gulf,  open  {rare),  rift,  breach, 
tear,  lumen,  placket  hole,  intake,  gate, 
fistula,  micropyle,  drop  {U.  S.),  bole 
{Scot.),  interspace,  interstice,  spiracle, 
blowhole,  bay,  pore,  port,  hatch,  machico- 
lation, loophole,  dehiscence,  bunghole, 
dL'bouche  {French),  crater,  hazard,  em- 
brasure, lunette,  skylight,  scuttle,  scup- 
per, cut;  see  gap,  mouth,  clearing. 
2.  5ee  opportunity,  beginning,  initial, 
clearing,  glade. 

openly,  adv.  Spec,  plainly,  frankly,  above- 
board. 

opera  glass,  lorgnette  or  {less  usual)  lor- 
gnon  {both  French) . 

operate,  v.  i.  I.  See  act,  work. 
2.  To  take  effect:  go  {slang),  work;   spec. 
run. 

opinion,  7i.  1.  idea,  thought;  spec,  precon- 
ception, prejudice,  judgment,  belief,  view, 
notion  (lyiore  or  less  depreciatory  or  apolo- 
getic), mind,  dogma,  verdict  {primarily 
legal),  think  {colloq.),  tenet  {primarily  re- 
ferring to  a  religious,  political,  philosoph- 
ical or  other  doctrine  or  belief  held  by  a 
party,  sect,  etc.),  conceit  {obs.,  exc.  in  vari- 
ous phrases),  doxy  {colloq.  and  usually  hu- 
ynorous),  heterodoxy,  orthodoxy,  caco- 
doxy,  cry,  doctrine,  apprehension,  specu- 
lation. 
Antonyms:  see  caprice. 
2.  See  consideration,  advice. 

opinionated,  a.  opinionative,  opiniative 
(rare),  opinionate,  opinative  {rare),  opin- 
ioned  {rare);  spec,  dogmatic,  pragmatic 
or  pragmatical,  doxastic  {learned  and 
rare) . 
Antonyms:  see  modest. 

opponent,  n.  antagonist,  adversary  (more 
formal  than  "opponent"),  oppugner  {rare), 
opposite  {rare);  spec,  withstander,  oppo- 
sition (a  collective),  oppositionist,  counter- 


t^^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
once,  a.:  formerly. 
onerous:  burdensome. 
onset:     attach,    motion,    move- 
ment, beginning. 
onslaught:   attack,  nuh. 
onus:   burden. 
onward:  forward. 


opacity:   drdlneae. 
open,  n.:   glade,  clearing. 
open-eyed:   awake,  receptive. 
open-hearted:  /ranfc,  generous. 
open-minded:    liberal. 
opera:  drama. 

operate:    effect,   manage,  eon- 
duct,  exercise,  work. 


operation:  cu:t,  action,  conduct, 
management,  exercise,  move- 
ment, agency. 

operative,  a.:  active,  effective. 

operative,  n.:  worker. 

operose:  industrious. 

opiate:    narcotic. 

opine:   consider. 


Xj^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

302 


ORDAINMENT 


actant  or  counteragent   {rare),   enemy, 
con. 
Antonyms:  see  ally,  partner. 

opportunity,  n.  chance  {chiefly  spec.); 
spec,  turn,  occasion,  room,  space,  place, 
opening,  liberty,  leisure,  scope,  show  {col- 
loq.,,U.  S.),  slant  {slang),  time. 

oppose,  V.  t.  1.  In  the  sense  of  "to  place  ov- 
posite,  over  against,  or  before  physically," 
without  implying  any  idea  of  resistance: 
present;  spec,  contrast,  confront,  front. 

2.  In  the  sense  of  "to  set  against  {another) 
in  opposition" :  counterpose  or  contra- 
pose  {rare);  spec,  match,  countermatch, 
pit,  pitch  {rare),  measure,  play. 

3.  counter;  spec,  resist,  withstand,  meet, 
attack,  breast,  front,  gainstand  {archaic), 
head,  fight  {literally  and  fig.),  antagonize, 
oppugn  {rare),  repugnate  {rare),  buck 
{slang,  U.  S.),  hinder,  check,  stem,  con- 
tradict, obstruct,  defend,  gainsay  {lit- 
erary), cross,  countervail,  contravene, 
traverse,  counteract,  counterplot,  coun- 
termine. 

Antonyms:  see  advocate,  aid. 
opposed,  a.  Spec,  averse,  adverse,  oppo- 
nent {rare),  antagonistic,  counter,  oppo- 
site, hostile,  inimical  (o  stronger  word  than 
"hostile");    see  unfriendly,   opposing, 

UNWILLING. 

Antonyrns:  see  disposed,  favorable. 
opposing,  a.  1.  Spec,  contrastive. 
2.  Spec,  opposed,  repugnant  {rare),  re- 
sistant, resistive,  oppugnant  {rare),  ad- 
verse, counter,  contrary,  cross,  crossing. 
opposite,  a.  opponent  {rare);  spec,  antip- 
odal, polar,    converse,    confronting,    ob- 
verse {rare,  exc.  spec). 
Antonyms:  see  analogous. 
opposite,  n.  Spec,  inverse,  converse,  anti- 
pode,    counterpoint,    counterpole,    vis-a- 
vis {French),  counterpart,  obverse,  con- 
trary, contrast. 
Antonyms:  see  analogue. 
opposition,  n.  1.  Spec,  presentation,  con- 
trariety, contrast. 
Antonyms:  see  analogy. 

2.  Spec,  resistance,  withstanding,  breast- 
ing, meeting,  fight,  antagonism,  oppug- 
nance  {rare),  confrontation,  crossing,  op- 
pugnation  {rare),  hindrance,  obstruction, 
encounter,  defiance,  counteragency  {rare), 
counterinfluence,  contravention,  contra- 
diction, load,  friction. 

Antonyms:  see  aid,  yielding. 

3.  Referring  to  the  feeling  or  quality:  spec. 


aversion,  antagonism,  hostility,  antinomy, 
renitency  {rare),  inimicalness,  opponency 
{rare),  oppugnancy  {rare). 
Antonyms:  see  friendliness. 
oppress,  V.  t.  1.  Spec,  burden,  overburden, 
overweigh,  crush,  bow,  nightmare.  "De- 
press" implies  merely  that  the  mind  is  cast 
down,  without  implying  anything  as  to  the 
cause. 

2.  press  {rare);  spec,  afflict,  aggrieve,  load, 
grind,  overpress,  overbear,  screw,  squeeze, 
gripe,  pinch,  compress  {archaic),  grieve, 
overtax,  overburden,  rack. 

A  ntonyms:  see  encourage. 

3.  Spec.  SWELTER. 

oppressed,  a.  Spec,  afflicted,  aggrieved, 
burdened,  downtrod  or  downtrodden, 
loaded,  etc. 

oppression,  n.  Spec,  burdening,  affliction, 
tyranny,  overbearing,  etc.  Cf.  oppress, 
V.  t. 

oppressive,  a.  1.  burdensome,  onerous 
{more  literary  or  learned  than  "burden- 
some"), heavy,  hard,  grinding,  sore;  spec. 
inquisitorial,  racking,  tyrannical. 
2.  See  close  {in  reference  to  atmospheric 
conditions) . 

option,  n.  contract,  privilege;  spec,  strad- 
dle, spread,  put,  call. 

optional,  a.   Spec,  facultative,  discretion- 
ary. 
Ayitonyms:  see  compulsory. 

oracular,  a.  1.  oraculous  {rare);  spec,  or 
fig.  Delphian  or  Delphic,  Orphic,  Sibyl- 
line, Pythonic,  Dodonjean,  or  Dodonean, 
Dodonian. 
2.  See  hidden,  infallible,  ambiguous. 

oral,  a.  spoken,  vocal,  parol  {now  law 
only),  nuncupative  {chiefly  of  wills),  nun- 
cupatory  {rare),  verbal  (aw  erroneous 
use),  unwritten  {a  loose  use);  spec,  acroa- 
matic. 
Antonyms:  see  written. 

orally,  adv.  vocally,  viva  voce  {Latin),  nun- 
cupatively  {chiefly  of  ivills) . 

orator,  n.  speaker  {contextual),  rhetor  {now 
rare) . 

oratorical,  a.  Spec,  or  fig.  Demosthenian, 
Ciceronian. 

oratory,  n.  1.  See  eloquence. 
2.  proseucha  {chiefly  a  word  of  antiqua- 
rians); spec,  chapel,  cubiculum,  crypt. 

orchard,  n.  Spec,  peachery  (rare),  orange- 
ry {rare),  grove,  pomery  (obs.). 

ordain,  v.  t.  1.  See  appoint,  decree,  des- 
tine. 


X^^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
opportune:  timely. 
opportunism:  expediency. 
opportunist,  a.:  expedient. 
opportunist,  ri.:  timeserver. 
opprobrious:  abusive,  discredit- 
able. 


opprobrium:  abuse,  discredit. 

optimistic:  hopeful. 

option:   choice. 

opulent:  wealthy,  rich.       [tion. 

oracle:  answer,  medium,  revela- 

oratlon:   address. 

orb,  n.:  ball,  eye,  circle. 


orb,  V.  t.:  encircle. 
orbicular:  circular,  spherical. 
orbit:   circuit. 
orchestic:  dancing. 
orchestra:   band. 
ordainment:  appointment,  de- 
cree, destination. 


tS^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

303 


ORDEAL 


2.  frock,  priest  (rare),  japan  {slaug). 
Antonijius:  see  DEiiRAUK. 
order,  n.  1.  ^tr  association,  rank,  class, 

UECRKK,  UIDDINC!,  COURSK,  CROUP,  METH- 
OD, .UlR.\NtiE.MENT,  DICTATION,  DECISION, 
CONDITION,  SYSTEM,  FORM. 

2.  //(  business  usage:  spec,  commission, 
draft,  bill  of  exchange  or  {hriejly)  bill, 
check. 

S.  Referring  to  the  conduct  of  society  or  of  a 
gathering:   orderliness;    spec,   quiet,   obe- 
dience, regularity,  form,  discipline. 
order,  v.  t.  1.   See  arrange,  bid,  appoint, 

CLASSIFY,  DECREE,  DESTINE,  MANAGE, 
CONTROL. 

2.  Referring  to  the  ordering  of  goods,  etc.: 
spec,  bespeak,  engage. 

orderly,  a.  1.  Spec,  neat,  tidy,  well-con- 
ducted, well-behaved,  shipshape,  ataunt 
(ir  ataunto,  regular,  systematic,  planned, 
harmonious,  cosmic  (rare),  settled. 

Antonyms:     see   unsystematic,   disor- 
derly, CONFUSED,  UNTIDY. 
2.  See  law-abiding. 

ordinariness,  7i.  mediocrity  (the  more 
usual  word);  spec,  normality,  customari- 
ness,  etc. 

ordinary,  a.  Spec,  average,  medium,  mean 
(rare  as  an  adjective,  exc.  math.),  medial 
(rare  equiv.  of  "medium"),  middling 
(slightly  depreciatory),  mediocre  (more 
formal  than  "middling,"  and  more  depre- 
ciatory or  patronizing),  second-rate,  sec- 
ond-class,   giftless,    undistinguished;   see 

COMMON,  normal,  USUAL,  CUSTOMARY, 
COMMONPLACE.  EVERYDAY.       Cf.  FAIR. 

Antonyms:     see    unusual,    abnormal, 

SPECIAL,   WONDERFUL. 

ore,  n.  mineral;  spec,  mine  (iron  ore),  chat, 
float  (JJ .  S.),  calmine,  prill,  slimes  (pL). 

organ,  n.  1.  In  music:  instrument  (^con- 
textual); spec,  organette,  hydraulicon, 
reed  organ,  regal.  Also  (referring  to 
groups  of  stops):  spec,  great  organ,  choir 
organ,  swell  organ,  solo  organ,  pedal 
organ. 

2.  Referring  to  bodily  structures:  part; 
spec.  \Ttals  (pi.),  instrument,  medium, 
viscera  (pi.),  gland,  eye,  brain,  hand,  etc. 

organic,  a.  organized. 

Antonyms:    see  inorganic. 

organism,  n.  organization,  system;  spec. 
animal,  plant. 

organization,  7i.  1.  arrangement,  system- 
atization;  spec,  coordination,  incorpora- 
tion, regimentation,  economy. 


Antonyms:  see  disorganization. 

2.  See  organism. 

3.  Spec,  machine  (chiefly  U.  S.  politics), 
system,  association,  band,  army,  regi- 
ment, brigade,  clicjue. 

organize,  r.  t.  1.  arrange,  systematize,  sys- 
teniize;  s{)er.  coordinate,  correlate,  incor- 
l)orate,  embody,  structure  (rare),  brigade, 
regiment,  enregiment  (rare),  district. 
A7itonyms:  see  disorganize. 
2.  See  FORM. 

organized,  a.  organic  (less  usual),  system- 
atic, systematized,  etc. 

orgiastic,  a.   Spec,  corybantic. 

origin,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  act:  see  be- 
ginning, DESCENT. 

2.  In  reference  to  that  from  which  a  thing 
springs  or  arises:  beginning  (rare;  "be- 
ginning" here  is  to  be  sharply  distinguished 
from  "beginning"  in  the  sense  of  "the  first 
part  of  a  thing"),  source,  fountainhead  (an 
equiv.  of  "source,"  but  more  formal) ,  foun- 
tain (rare),  parent  (fig.);  see  cause. 
Antonyms:   see  result. 

original,  a.  Spec,  first,  initial,  earliest, 
primary,  primitive,  pristine,  primal  (rare), 
prime  (rare),  fontal  (literary),  primordial, 
radical,  prototypal  or  prototypical,  arch- 
etypal (an  equiv.  of  "prototypal"),  proto- 
plastic or  (rare)  protoplast,  aboriginal, 
oldest ;  see  innate,  new. 
Antonyins:  see  imitated,  commonplace. 

original,  n.  1.  In  reference  to  a  thing  from 
which  another  is  copied  or  on  which  it  is 
patterned:    spec,  copy,  prototype,  arche- 
type (an  equiv.  of  "prototype"). 
A.itonT/ms:  see  copy. 
2.  See  character. 

originate,  v.  t.  Spec,  begin,  start;  see  in- 
vent, cause,  create. 
Antonyms:  see  copy,  imitate. 

originate,  v.  i.  begin;    see  result,  arise, 

PROCEED. 

originative,  a.  Spec,  inceptive,  inventive, 
imaginative;  see  creative,  productive. 

ornament,  n.  1.  ornation  (rare);  spec. 
decoration  or  (rare)  decorament,  adorn- 
ment, figure,  embelUshment,  trim,  gar- 
nish or  garnishment,  grace,  bedizenment, 
fal-lal,  offset  or  set-off,  glory,  flourish, 
curlie-wurlie  or  curlywurly,  knickknack, 
kick-shaw,  gaud,  drapery  (rare),  illumina- 
tion, fret,  clasp,  molding,  vermiculation, 
finial,  guard  (obs.  or  hist.),  filigree,  folia- 
tion, fringe,  gem,  jewel,  tassel,  festoon, 
flower,    inlay,    buhl,    clock,   boss,    stud. 


t^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
ordeal:   trial. 
orderless:    disorderly. 
orderliness:   arrangement. 
ordinance:    arrangement,  law, 

appointment,     destiny,    decree, 

ceremony. 


ordinary,  n.:  meal. 

ordination:  appointment,  de- 
cree, destination. 

ordnance:  artillery. 

organic:  living,  constitutional, 
structural,  organized. 

orgy:   rite,  carouse,  dissipation. 


orient,  n.:  east. 
orient,  a.:  eastern. 
orient,  v.  t.:  adjust. 
oriental:  eastern. 
orientate:  adjust. 
orifice:   opening. 
originator:   o  eator. 


t:W  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
304 


OUTCROP 


crocket,  tambour,  plume,  tooi^  orphrey  or 
orfay,  rational,  border,  margm,  decalco- 
mania,  graffito,  topia,  crewel,  cuspidation, 
sprig,  Moresque,  fillet,  fioritura,  frontlet, 
patera,  parure,  patch,  diadem,  earring, 
motif  {French),  frog,  button,  frill,  flounce, 
furbelow,  chiffon,  piping,  chain,  leglet, 
bracelet,  necklace,  labret,  etc. 
2.  See  HONOR. 

ornament,  v.  t.  Spec,  beautify,  adorn, 
decorate,  embellish,  garnish  {71010  rhetor- 
ical or  with  allusion,  to  Matt,  xii:  44),  grace, 
deck  or  {intensive)  bedeck,  set  {contextual), 
beautify,  bedizen  or  {less  iisual)  dizen, 
daub  or  {intensive)  bedaub,  bedight  {ar- 
chaic and  poetic  for  "bedeck"),  prank,  trick 
{often  used  with  "out"),  dress,  trim,  blazon 
or  emblaze,  figure,  embroider  {rhetorical, 
exc.  of  needlework),  damascene  or  {less  us- 
ual) damaskeen,  damask  {an  equiv.  of 
"damascene"),  chase  or  enchase,  set,  en- 
grail, guard,  broider  {archaic),  paint,  fur- 
below, foliate,  fret,  cable,  gem  or  {inten- 
sive) begem,  braid,  mold,  boss  or  emboss, 
mosaic  {rare) ,  inlay,  instar,  trim  or  {rare) 
betrim,  bestar,  head,  work,  bejewel  or 
{rare)  enjewel,  spangle,  tassel  or  {inten- 
sive) betassel,  embroider,  paper,  panel, 
vermiculate,  festoon,  lace,  illumine  or  il- 
luminate, illustrate,  gild  or  {emphatic) 
engild,  enamel,  enring  {rare),  befeather 
{intensive),  becurl  {intensive),  befur  {in- 
tensive), enflower  {rare),  beflower  {rare), 
flag,  medallion,  hatch,  branch,  impearl  or 
{intensive)  bepearl,  carve,  couch,  pounce 
(hist.),  frieze  {rare),  hemstitch,  incrust 
(emphatic),  tool,  tinsel,  pipe,  pink,  scallop, 
flounce,  fringe. 
Antonyms:  see  deface,  strip. 

ornamental,  a.  ornamentive;  spec,  adorn- 
ing, decorative,  fancy,  dressy. 

ornamentation,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  act: 
spec,  adornment,  decoration,  embellish- 
ment, garnishment,  ornature  {rare),  em- 
broidery or  {archaic  or  poetic)  broidery, 
frilling,  fretting,  vermiculation,  foliation, 
tooling,  etc. 

2.  Referring  to  ornaments  collectively  or  to 
ornamental  work:  spec,  adornment,  deco- 
ration, garnish,  work  {much  used  in  compo- 
sition), embroidery  or  broider  {archaic  or 
poetic,  exc.  of  needlework) ,  pride  {archaic), 
bravery  {archaic),  finery,  garniture,  trap- 
pings {pL),  turnery,  cutwork,  needlework, 


foliation  or  (rare)  foliature,  frillery,  frip- 
pery, fallalery  {rare),  trim,  brass,  inlay, 
tracery. 

ornamented,  a.  Spec,  adorned,  decorat- 
ed, ornate,  decorate  {literary  or  archaic), 
decked,  embellished,  etc.,  ornate,  distinct 
(a  Latinism,  and  chiefly  poetic) ,  florid,  fine, 
figured,  figurative  {rare),  gorgeous,  Asiat- 
ic, fancy,  beplumed  {intensive),  brocaded, 
inlaid,  inwrought,  marbled,  storied, 
mooned,  behung,  foliaged,  flowered,  gem- 
my,  spangled,  crocketed,  crotcheted,  fret- 
ted, cuspidate,  cuspidated. 
Antonyms:  see  simple. 

orphan,  a.  parentless,  twice-bereaved 
{contextual  and  rhetorical);  spec,  father- 
less, motherless,  unmothered. 

orthodox,  a.  sound;  spec,  canonical. 
Antonyms:  see  heretical. 

orthodoxy,  n.  soundness;  spec,  canonical- 
ness. 
Antonyms:  see  heresy. 

ossuary,  n.  charnel  house  {the  more  usual 
term). 

other,  a.    Spec,  else,  another,  additional; 

see  DIFFERENT. 

Antonyms:  see  same. 
otherwise,  adv.  othergates  {dial.),  or,  else- 
wise,  etc.;  spec,  alias. 
Ajitonyms:  see  likewise. 
out,  adv.  1.  forth  {stronger  and  more  formal 
than  "out"). 

Antonyms:  see  in. 
2.  See  aloud. 
out,  n.  quondam  {obs.),  has-been  {slang). 
outbreak,  n.  I.  burst,  eruption,  outburst 
{intensive  for  "burst");  spec,  round  {of  ap- 
plause); see  EXPLOSION. 

2.  Referring  to  the  outward  exhibition  of  re- 
pressed activity,  feeling,  passion,  etc.  {the 
terms  in  sense  2  being  used  also  fig.):  spec. 
storm,  flare-up,  blaze,  roar,  outleap,  peal, 
explosion,  volley,  flash;  see  fit. 

3.  See  disturbance. 
outcast,  n.  1.   See  exile. 

2.  Referring  to  social  status:  spec,  pariah, 
cagot  {French;  rare),  declasse  {French), 
Ishmael  {fig.),  derelict,  dregs  {pi.). 

outcome,  n.  issue,  end,  termination,  fruit 
{fig.),  effect,  hatch  {rare),  event,  sequel, 
upshot,  final;  see  proceeds,  result. 
Aiitonrjms:   see  beginning,  source. 

outcrop,  n.  emergence  {contextual),  bas- 
set; spec,  gossan. 


XW  Cross  references:  see  N 

ite. 

ostensible:   apparent. 

oust:    deprive,  expel,  eject. 

Orphic:   oracular,  melodious. 

ostentation:  show. 

ouster:   ejection. 

orthodox:   conventional. 

ostentatious:  showy. 

out,  a.:    nonexistent,  astray. 

orthodoxy:   conventionality, 

ostler:  groom. 

out-and-out:   unqualified. 

opinion. 

ostracism:     expulsion,    exclu- 

outbreak: v.  t.  &  i.:  burst. 

orthography:  spelling. 

sion. 

outburst,  n.:  outbrealc. 

oscillate:  vibrate. 

ostracize:   expel,  exclude. 

outburst,  V.  i.:   burst. 

osculate:   kiss. 

otiose:  indolent,  useless,  barren. 

outcast.  It.:  abandoned. 

osmotic:  diffusive. 

ought,  n.:   duty. 

outcrop,  n.:   emergence. 

osseous:   bony. 

ought,  71.   cipher. 

outcrop,  v.  i.:  emerge. 

XS^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

305 


OUTCRY 


outcry,  n.  noise  (context tinl),  clamor,  vocif- 
eration or  (rare)  vociforiuice  (chiefly 
spec.)  rumor  (archaic),  bruit  (archaic), 
exclaim  (rare):  spec,  exclamation,  up- 
roar, bellow,  bawl  (chiefly  (lerogatory), 
dirduni  (Scot.),  shout,  din,  ecphonosis, 
brawling,  scolding,  etc. 
A  fi  t( )  rt  y  m  s :  sf  c  c a  lm  . 

outdate,  v.  t.   Spec,  antiquate. 

outdo,  V.  t.  exceed,  overdo  (archaic);  spec. 
outgo,  outwrangle,  outwork,  outweep, 
outshout,  outhowl,  outswear,  outsec,  out- 
voice, out  thunder,  outroar,  outlie,  out- 
leap,  out  jump,  outbrave,  outbrazen,  out- 
bray,  outdrink,  outdare,  outcharm,  out- 
swagger,  out  boast,  outbluster,  out-Hec- 
tor, outjuggle,  outblush,  outgive,  outeat, 
outdress,  outshine,  etc. 

outdoor,  a.  extraforaneous  (pedantic). 
Antonyms:  see  indoor. 

outdoors,  adv.  outdoor  (used  only  in  com- 
bination, as  in  ''outdoor-grown"). 

outface,  V.  t.  face  (contextual),  outlook, 
outfront  (rare);  spec,  outstare,  outfrown, 
defy. 

outflow,  V.  i.  outgo,  outpour  (chiefly  poet- 
ic), flow  (contextual);  spec,  outstream, 
outwell,  ebb. 

outflow,  n.  1.  outgo  (contextual),  flow  (con- 
textual);  spec,  effluence,  efflux,  effluxion, 
outpour,  outpouring,  effusion,  outgush, 
outrush,  escape. 
Antonyms:  see  incoming. 
2.  Referring  to  what  flows  out:    spec,  ef- 
fluence, escape,  efflux,  effluxion,  effluvium, 
issue  (rare),  effluent,  lasher  (chiefly  local 
Eng.). 
Antonyms:  see  inflow. 

outfly,  V.  t.  outsoar,  oversoar  (rare),  over- 
fly (rare). 

outgo,  n.  1.  outgoing;  spec,  emanation,  re- 
flux, ebb,  sally,  sortie ;  see  outflow. 
Antonyms:  see  income. 
2.  See  expenditure. 

outgrowth,  n.  excrescence  or  (rare)  ex- 
crescency  (now  u^unlly  an  abnormal  out- 
growth), enation  (rare);  spec,  caruncle, 
condyloma,  apophysis. 

outhouse,  n.  skilling  (Eng.);  spec,  office, 
outoffice. 

outlaw,  n.  proscript  {formal),  wolf's  head 
(tech.),  Robin  Hood  (fig.). 

outlaw,  V.  t.  proscribe  (formal). 

outlet,  n.  opening  (contextual),  issue  (rare); 
spec,  exit  (often  formal  or  literary),  egress 
(literary  or  formal),  loophole,    meuse  or 


muse  (now  dial.),  issue  (rare),  offlct  (rare), 
emissary  (obs.  or  Roman  antiq.),  port, 
porthole,  floodgate,  sluice,  penstock, 
escape. 
Antonyms:  see  inlet. 
outline,  ri.  1.  contour  (chiefly  spec),  con- 
iorno  (Italian),  line  (usually  in  pi., 
"lines");  spec,  lineament  (often  in  pi., 
"lineaments"),  lineation  (rare),  tournure 
(French;   rare),  rehef,  silhouette,  profile; 

see  BOUNDARY. 

2.  Referring  to  a  drawing  of  the  general 
lines  of  something:  dehneation  (less  defi- 
nite but  /nore  formal  than  "outline");  spec. 
sketch,  draft,  skeleton. 

3.  Referring  to  a  crude  or  incomplete  state- 
ment, which  7nay  be  elaborated:  descrip- 
tion (contextual);  spec,  draft,  scheme, 
conspectus,  sketch,  minute,  skeleton. 

outline,   v.   t.    1.    delineate    (contextual); 
spec,  contour,  sketch,  crayon,  block,  pro- 
file, skeleton,  silhouette. 
2.  describe    (contextual);     spec,    sketch, 
draft,  minute,  skeleton,  skeletonize  (rare). 

outmaneuver,  v.  t.  outgeneral  (primarily 
mil.);  spec,  outplan,  outplot  (rare),  out- 
flank, outjockey. 

outnumber,  v.  t.  overcount  (rare);  spec. 
outman,  outvote. 

out-of-the-way,  a.  devious. 

outrage,  n.  1.  See  injury,  INSULT,  ABUSE. 
2.  Spec,  atrocity,  enormity. 

outrageous,  a.  I.  excessive,  purple  (fig.; 
literary),  great  (contextual),  rank,  precious 
(ironical);  hence,  with  the  underlying  idea 
of  an  extreme  that  in  some  way  violates 
propriety:  spec,  monstrous,  egregious, 
atrocious,  black  (fig.),  heinous,  enormous, 
horrible  (often  colloq.  in  a  milder  sense), 
awful  (colloq.  or  slang),  arrant  (chiefly  a 
term  of  abuse  or  reprobation),  ungodly 
(slang),  absurd;  see  flagrant,  unrea- 
sonable. 
Antonyms:  see  moderate,  gentle. 
2.  See  ABUSIVE, 

outrigger,  n.  extension  (contextual);  spec. 
cop  (obs.  or  dial.),  float,  rave,  lade  (local 
Eng.),  whisker. 

outshine,  v.  t.  In  literal  or  figurative  use: 
overshine  (rare),  eclipse;  spec,  outbeam 
(rare),  outluster,  outflash,  outflame  (rare), 
outray  (rare),  outblaze,  outbrave,  out- 
glitter,  outdazzle,  outsparkle,  outglow, 
outglare. 

outside,  adv.  &  prep,  without  (now  becom- 
ing archaic  or  formal,  esp.  as  a  preposi- 


I^=  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
onter:   exterior. 
outfit,  n.;   equipment. 
outfit,  r.  t.:    equip. 
outlandish:  foreign,  eccentric. 
outlast:   survive. 
outlay,  V.  (.;,  expend. 


outlay,  n.:  expenditure. 
outplay:  defeat. 
outpour,  V.  t.:  emit. 
outpour,  n.;   outflow. 
output:  product. 
outrage:  injure,  ill-treat,  abuse, 
insult. 


outrank:    precede. 
outre:   odd. 

outright,  adv.:   entirely. 
outright,  a.;  thorough,  unqtudi- 
fied,  frank. 
outrun:   outstrip. 
outspeak:  tutstrip. 


XW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

306 


OVERPLUS 


Hon),  beyond  (used  only  to  indicate  rela- 
tion to  one  within). 

outsider,  n.  Spec,  outlier,  nonmember, 
extern,  exoteric;  see  foreigner. 

outskirt,  n.  edge;  spec,  suburb,  purlieu 
(archaic); — all  much  used  in  pi.  form. 

outstrip,  V.  t.  pass  (contextual);  spec,  dis- 
tance, outdistance  (emphatic  for  "dis- 
tance"), devance  (rare),  cote  (fig.),  out- 
run, overrun  (rare),  lose,  outgo  (archaic), 
forespeed  (rare),  outpace,  forereach,  fore- 
run (rare  or  fig.),  outspeak,  outsail,  out- 
row,  outwing,  outswim,  outstream,  out- 
trot,  outsoar,  outride,  outfly,  outfoot, 
outgallop,  outmarch,  overfly,  outwalk. 

outweigh,  V.  t.  outbalance  or  overbalance, 
overweigh,  outpoise  or  overpoise  (chiefly 
fig.),  down  weigh  (rare). 

outwork,  re.  Spec,  outfort,  ravelin,  re- 
doubt, demilune,  bawn,  etc. 

oven,  n.  Spec,  kiln,  dryer,  baker  (U.  S.). 

over,  adv.  &  prep.  Spec,  above,  by,  beyond, 
upon,  throughout,  up,  across,  etc. 

over,  adv.  Spec,  across,  throughout,  again. 
Also  see  excessively. 

overbear,  v.  t.  1.  See  intimidate,  bully. 
2.  overcome;    spec,  overwhelm,  overrule, 
override,  overtop,  supersede. 

overburden,  v.  t.  burden  (contextual),  sur- 
charge (literary),  overweigh. 

overcoat,  re.  greatcoat,  topcoat,  wrap- 
rascal  (Eng.;  archaic);  spec,  spencer, 
Raglan,  tabard,  surtout  (formerly  not 
spec),  ulster,  Inverness,  pea-jacket. 

overcome,  v.'t.  conquer,  vanquish;  spec. 
crush,  bow,  rout,  surmount,  obviate, 
overpower,  overwhelm,  prostrate,  sub- 
due, subject,  quell,  subjugate,  meet,  mas- 
ter or  (intensive)  overmaster,  outmaster 
(rare),  overmatch,  overthrow,  overbear, 
exhaust,  rush,  weather,  overrule,  nego- 
tiate (a  use  easily  shading  into  the  collo- 
quial or  slang),  super  ate  (rare),  overman 
(rare);    see  confute,  defeat,  obviate, 

OVERBEAR. 

overcome,  a.  conquered,  vanquished;  spec. 
crushed,  defeated,  heartbroken,  broken- 
hearted, etc. 

overcoming,  re.  conquest,  vanquishment ; 
spec,  crushing,  surmounting,  superation 
(rare),  surmountal  (rare),  defeat,  obvia- 
tion,  overpowering,  subduing,    subdual, 


subjection,  subjugation,  mastery,  over- 
mastery,  overwhelming,  exhaustion,  ne- 
gotiation, overthrow,  etc.;  see  defeat. 
overdo,  v.  t.  1.  Spec,  overtire,  overfatigue, 
overweary,  overtax,  overtask,  overwork, 
overwalk,  overdrive,  exhaust,  drive,  over- 
ride, overstrain. 

2.  Spec,  overcarry  (a  matter,  proceedings, 
etc.),  overact. 

3.  See  EXAGGERATE. 

overflow,  v.  t.  1.  Spec.iflood,  overflood  (rare; 
emphatic  for  "flood"),  inundate,  deluge, 
overrun,  overbrim,  overboil,  overwash 
(rare),  wash,  overspill  (rare);  see  fill. 
2.  In  the  sense  of  "to  cause  to  be  over- 
flowed": spec,  flood,  float,  flow. 

overflow,  v.  i.  1.  Spec,  inundate,  exundate 
(rare),  debord  (rare),  overstream,  over- 
spill (rare),  overwhelm. 

2.  Referring  to  the  vessel  or  other  thing  that 
is  overflowed:  spec.  swim. 

3.  See  ABOUND. 

overflow,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  act:   spec. 
flooding,  inundation,  deluge. 
2.  Referring  to  that  which  overflows:  spec, 
wash;   see  flood. 

overhang,  v.  i.  impend  (literary  or  rare); 
spec,  beetle,  overlean  (rare),  jut. 
Antonyms:  see  recede. 

overhang,  re.   Spec,  eaves,  overbrow. 

overhanging,  a.  hanging,  pendent  or  pen- 
dant. 

overlap,  v.  t.  ride  or  override,  interlap 
(rare),  imbricate  (rare,  or  tech.  and  spec). 

overlapping,  a.  Spec,  equitant,  imbri- 
cated. 

overlay,  v.  t.  cover  (contextual);  spec. 
ground,  hide,  coat,  whip,  seize,  wrap, 
pave,  sand,  veneer;  see  coat,  plate, 
hide. 

overlie,  v.  t.  Spec,  cap,  crown,  overlap, 
override. 

overload,  v.  t.  overburden,  overcharge, 
overweight,  overlade  (rare);  spec,  over- 
freight, overballast. 

overloaded,  a.  overfraught  (rare). 

overlook,  v.  t.  1.  command,  oversee  (rare); 
spec,  rake,  give  upon  (a  Gallicism). 
2.  See  EXAMINE,  ignore,  excuse,  miss, 
oversee. 

overlying,  a.  superincumbent,  super- 
jacent (rare). 


XW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
outspoken:   blunt,  frank,  loud. 
outspread:   expand. 
outstart:  beginning. 
outstretch:   extend. 
outward:   exterior,  formal. 
outwear:  exhaust. 
outworn:   exhausted. 
oval:  egg-shaped. 
ovate:  egg-shaped. 
ovation:   celebration. 
overabundance:  excess. 


overawe:    intimidate,  abash. 
overbearing:   arrogant. 
overcast,  v.  t.:  darken,  cloud. 
overcast,  a.:  cloudy. 
overcharge:     load,   crowd,   ex- 
aggerate. 
overcloud:   cloud,  darken. 
overcolor :  axaggerate. 
overoonfldence:   assurance. 
overconfident:   assured. 
overdone:  excessive. 
overdraw:   exaggerate. 


overdue:  accrued,  late. 
overflowing :    excessive. 
overgreat:  excessive. 
overhead:  aloft. 
overlarge:  excessive. 
overleap:  jump. 
overly:    excessively. 
overmatch:  overcome. 
overmost:  top. 
overmuch:   excessive. 
overpass:   pass,  miss,  cross. 
overplus:  excess. 


1^1/"  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
307 


OVERPOWER 


overpower,  v.  t.  I.  overcome  (contextual), 
t"orci>;   apcc.  neutriUize,  mii^ster. 

2.    ^■<Y  DAZZLE. 

overrate,    i'.    t.    overestimate,    overprize, 
overvalue. 
Antonijms:  see  underrate,  undervalue. 

overreach,  r.  t.  deceive  (contextual),  out- 
wit ;  vpec.  outtrick,  jockey  or  (more  em- 
phatic) outjockey,  best  (colloq.),  circum- 
vent, outknavc  (rare). 

overreach,  r.  i.  interfere  (contextual),  forge. 

overreaching,  n.  outwittal,  overreach 
(rare);  spec,  jockeying,  circumvention, 
besting. 

oversee,  v.  t.  overlook  (a  less  usual  and  less 
definite  word);  spec,  superintend,  super- 
vise, overseer  (rare). 

overseeing,  a.  supervisory,  supervisal 
(rare);  spec,  superintendent. 

overseeing,  n.  supervision,  supervisal; 
spec,  superintendence. 

overseer,  n.  overlooker  (rare),  boss  (slang 
or  ca7it),  supervisor,  surveyor  (rare);  spec. 
superintendent,  superintender,  foreman, 
forewoman  (Jem.),  driver,  intendant, 
manager,  maistry  (Indian),  censor,  floor- 
walker, matron,  gauger,  provost,  reeve, 
tackier,  boatswain,  provedore,  provedi- 
tore  (Italian). 

overshoe,  n.  Spec,  galosh  (chiefly  British), 
rubber,  gum  (chiefly  local  and  colloq.;  usu- 
ally in  pi.),  patten.  India-rubber  (obso- 
lescent), arctic  (U.  S.). 

oversight,  n.  1.  care  (contextual),  super- 
vision,   supervisal    (rare);     spec,    super- 
intendence,    intendance,      management, 
superintendency,  censorship. 
2.  See  MISS. 

overspread,  v.  t.  cover  (contextual),  spread; 
spec,  overcome  (rare),  mantle  or  (em- 
phatic) overmantle,  immantle  (rare), 
overcast,  lay,  film,  suffuse,  perfuse  (rare), 
dip  (rare),  bespread  (emphatic),  pall, 
whelm,  smear. 

overspreading,  n.  Spec,  suffusion  (rare), 
mantling. 

overstay,  v.  i.  outstay. 

oversupply,  v.  t.  overstock,  glut. 

overtake,  v.  t.  catch,  overhaul  (chiefly 
naut.). 

overtire,  v.  t.  overdo,  overfatigue,  over- 
weary ;  sceTiRE,  WEARY,  overdo,  exhaust. 

overtire,  n.  overfatigue,  overweariness; 
spec,  exhaustion. 

overturn,  v.  t.  1.  In  a  physical  sense:  over- 


throw, throw  (chiefly  spec),  capsize,  up- 
set, overset  (now  rare),  overbalance;  spec. 
coup  {Scut.),  culbut  (rare),  upturn,  toj)- 
ple,  tumble,  evert  (archaic),  cast,  fling, 
overtopple,  prostrate,  down,  overblow. 
Antonyms:  see  balance. 
2.  //(  a  nonphysical  sense:  see  confute. 

overturn,  n.  overthrow,  capsize,  upset, 
overset  (rare);  spec,  overbalance,  upturn, 
eversion  (archaic),  cast,  fling,  throw,  pros- 
tration. 

overwhelm,  v.  t.  1.  See  cover,  overflow, 

OVERCOME. 

2.  Referring  to  immaterial  things  that  are 
heaped  or  forced  upon  (something)  to  ex- 
cess: spec,  swamp,  deluge,  flood,  drown, 
kill  (colloq.),  oppress. 

overwork,  v.  t.  overdo,  overlabor,  overtoil, 
ovorply  (rare);  spec,  overstudy. 

own,  a.  1.  peculiar  (now  formal  and  always 
implying  exclusiveness) ,  german  (used  in 
"brother  german,"  "sister  german,"  etc.), 
private. 
2.  See  appropriate. 

own,  V.  t.  1.  have,  possess  (more  formal), 
hold  (often  spec). 
2.  See  acknowledge. 

owner,  n.  holder,  proprietor  (^more  formal 
and,  in  business,  more  usual),  proprietress 
(feni.  equiv.  of  "proprietor");  spec,  bearer, 
occupant,  master,  lord  (rhetorical,  or  a 
term  of  feudalism) ,  esquire. 

ownership,  n.  possession,  property,  pos- 
sessorship,  proprietorship,  proprietary 
(rare);  spec  hand,  dominion,  title. 

owning,  a.  proprietary,  possessory. 

ox,  n.  beef,  bullock  (?iow  always  an  ox; 
formerly  a  young  bull);  spec,  stot,  steer. 

oxhead,  n.    Spec,  bucrane  or  bucranium. 

oxidation,  ?i.  oxygenation  (chiefly  spec), 
oxidization;  spec  eremacausis,  combus- 
tion. 

oxidize,  v.  t.  oxidate,  oxygenate  (chiefly 
spec),  oxygenize  (rare);  see  rust,  burn. 


pace,  V.  i.  1.  See  go. 

2.  amble,  rack,  single  or  single-foot 
(U.S.).     See  GAIT. 

pachyderm,  Ji.  As  applied  to  persons: 
thickskin,  ironclad,  hog-in-armor. 

pacifiable,  a.  pacificatory  (rare),  appeas- 
able, placatory  (rare),  propitiable,  propi- 
tiatory, placable. 


tJF"  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
override:  overlie,  cmerbear. 
overrule:   overbear,  abrogate. 
overrun:   overflow,  frequent. 
oversea:  foreign. 
overshadow:   darken,  cloud. 
overstatement:   exaggeration. 
overstep:   cro3s,  exceed. 
overstock,  n.:  excess. 


overstrain:   strain. 
overstretch:   strain. 
overt:    evident,  unconcealed. 
overthrow,  i\  t.:  overturn,  over- 
come, abolish,  confute. 
overtire:    overdo,  exhaust. 
overture:  offer. 
overwatch:   watch,  guard. 
overweening,  a.:  arrogant,  con- 


ceited. 

overweening:    arrogance,    con- 
cept. 

overweight:   excess. 

owed:   due. 

owing:  due,  accrued, attributable. 


pace,  n.;   step,  gait,  speed. 


tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

308 


PALE 


pacific,  a.  1.  pacificatory,  peacemaking; 
spec,  mollifying,  soothing,  appeasing, 
placatory,  propitiatory,  propitiative,  con- 
ciliatory, conciliative,  irenical  or  (less  usu- 
ally) irenic. 
Antonyms:  see  vexatious,  combative. 

2.    See  PEACEABLE. 

pacify,  V.  t.  1.  Spec,  mollify,  soothe,  pla- 
cate, appease,  propitiate,  conciliate,  pa- 
cificate  {rare),  satisfy,  content. 
Antonyms:    see   annoy,    agitate,    dis- 
turb, IRRITATE,  VEX. 
2.  See  CALM. 

pack,  n.  1.  See  bundle,  set,  multitude, 

FLOCK,  herd,  kennel. 

2.  Referring  to  playing  cards:  deck,  stack. 
pack,  V.  t.  1.  See  bundle,  fill,  crowd, 

FAKE. 

2.  place  (contextual),  arrange  (contextual), 
stow. 

packing,  n.  1.  package  (rare),  impaction 
or  impactment  (rare  or  tech.). 
2.  Referring  to  what  is  used  in  packing: 
spec,  stuffing,  gasket,  dunnage. 

packsaddle,  n.  saddle  (contextual),  bat; 
spec,  aparejo  (local,  U.  S.). 

paddle,  n.  1.  See  oar. 
2.  A  hoard  at  the  circumference  of  a  wheel: 
float. 

page,  n.  attendant  (contextual);  spec,  but- 
tons (colloq.),  ichoglan  (Turkish),  footboy, 
henchman  (hist.),  donzel  (archaic). 

pail,  n.  Spec,  bowie  (shallow;  Scot.),  pig- 
gin  (chiefly  dial.  Eng.). 

pain,  n.  1.  See  distress. 

2.  discomfort  (contextual),  distress  (con- 
textual), anguish  (archaic,  exc.  spec),  suf- 
fering (contextual);  spec,  hurt,  acho, 
agony,  bale  (literary),  torment,  torture, 
pang,  smart,  lancination,  sting,  stitch, 
twinge,  throe,  gripe,  dolor  (obs.  or  rare) . 

3.  In.  pi.:  see  work,  care,  childbirth. 
pain,  V.  t.  I.  See  grieve. 

2.  distress  (contextual),  anguish  (formerly 
not  spec;  rare);  spec,  hurt,  agonize,  tor- 
ment, torture,  rack,  twinge,  pang  (rare), 
sting,  smart,  gripe,  bite. 
Antonyms:   see  please. 

pain,  V.  i.  Spec,  twinge,  shoot,  rage,  rankle, 
pang  (rare). 

painful,  a.  1.  See  depressing,  careful, 

DIFFICULT,   annoying,   AFFLICTIVE. 

2.  distressing  (contextual),  fell  (chiefly 
poetic),  severe,  sharp  (pain);   spec,  hurt- 


ful, pungent,  agonizing,  poignant,  tor- 
menting, torturous,  evil,  dololous  or 
dororific  (literary;  rare),  sore,  baleful 
(literary;  rare),  biting  (fig.);  see  trouble- 
some. 
Antonyms:  see  pleasant. 

paint,  V.  t.  1.  depict  (contextual);  spec. 
limn  (literary  or  archaic),  bepaint,  image 
(contextual),  daub,  grain,  fresco,  wash, 
raddle  or  reddle,  pencil  (archaic),  flat,  im- 
paste, miniate,  distemper. 
2.  See  COLOR,  describe. 

paint,  V.  i.     Spec,  blot,  smear,  wash, rouge. 

painter,  n.  depicter  (contextual;  forynal  or 
rare),  brush  (cant),  brushman  (rare);  spec. 
limner  (literary  or  archaic),  paintress 
(fern.),  dauber  or  daubster,  plein-airist 
(cant),  primitive,  landscapist. 

painting,  n.  1.  Spec,  depiction  (contextual; 
formal  or  rare);  spec,  limning  (literary  or 
archaic),  daubery,  imagery  (contextual), 
easeldom  (a  nonce  word). 

2.  Spec,  daub,  canvas,  watercolor,  dis- 
temper, encaustic,  plafond  (French), 
monochrome,  grisaille,  gouache  (French), 
impasto  (Spanish),  fresco,  grotesque, 
elydoric  (rare),  lithochromy,  miniature. 

3.  See  DESCRIPTION. 

painty,  a.  pastose  (artist's  cant). 

palace,  n.  Spec,  basilica  (Greek  and  Ro- 
man hist.),  seraglio,  Vatican. 

palatable,  a.  tasteful  (rare;  a  stronger 
word  than  "palatable"),  gustable  (obs.  or 
rare),  tasty  (chiefly  colloq.):  spec  savory, 
relishable,  dainty,  nice,  delicate,  Epicu- 
jean  (bookish ) ,  toothful  (rare) ,  toothsome, 
toothy  (colloq.),  appetizing,  delicious,  am- 
brosial or  ambrosian  (fig.),  racy,  nectarean 
or  nectareous  or  nectared  or  nectarine 
(fig.),  savorous  (rare),  sapid,  sipid  (rare 
for  "sapid"). 
Antonyms:  see  unpalatable,  tasteless. 

palate,  n.  roof  (contextual). 

pale,  a.  1.  light;  spec,  pallid,  wan  {nearly 
an  equiv.  of  "pallid'  ),  wannish,  paly 
(chiefly  poetic),  pasty,  ghastly,  spectral, 
blanched,  colorless,  doughy  (colloq.  equiv. 
of  "pasty"),  lunar  (fig^,  mealy,  blank 
(now  rare),  bloodless,  cadaverous,  waxy, 
deathlike,  sickly-looking,  sickly,  white- 
faced,  whey-faced,  white. 
Antonyms:  see  blushing,  flushed,  red, 

RED-FACED,   DARK 

2.  See  DIM. 


t^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
packed:  compact,  full,  crowded. 
packet:   bundle,  book,  set. 
pact:    agreement,  contract. 
pad,  II.  t.:  cushion. 
pad,  n.;  cushion,  foot,  tablet. 
paddle,  v.  i.:  dabble,  row. 
paddock:   enclosure. 
paean:   hymn,  song. 
pagan:   heathen. 


pageant:   device,  float. 

pageantry:  display. 

paid:   hired. 

painstaking,  a.:  careful. 

painstaking,  n.:  care,  elabora- 
tion. 

paint,  n.;  pigment,  cosmetic. 

pair,  n.:   two. 

pair,  1).  t.:  double,  match,  marry, 
mate. 


pair,  V.  i.:  match,  marry,  mate. 
paired:   double. 
pal:   mate,  accomplice. 
palate:   taste,  liking. 
palatial:   grand,  imposing. 
palaver,  n.:   talk,  cajolery. 
palaver,  v.  i.:  talk,  cajole. 
pale,  n.:   stake,  fence,  inelosure, 

bound. 
pale,  11.  i.:  fade. 


21 


t^"  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
309 


PALE 


pale,    V.  f.     Spec.  Avhiton,   white,  sickly, 
blanoh. 
pale,  r.  i.  whiten,  Wanch. 
Autonyms:  sec  blusu. 
pallor,   n.  jialoncss;    spec,  bloodlessncss, 
ghastUness.  etc.     Cf.  pale,  a. 
Aiitimtjms:    see  flush. 
palm,  n.  1.  RcfeiTiug  to  part  of  the  hand: 
flat  (coUoq.),  thenar  (tech.). 

2.    Sec  HANDLK,  HANDHREADTH. 

palmist,  /!.  cliiromant  or  chiromancer  (less 
usual),  pahnister  (rare). 

palmistry,  n.  chiromancy  (less  usual). 

paltry,  a.  mean  {ouphasinng  the  idea  of 
pettiness,  stinginess,  or  poverty  of  spirit); 
spec,  contemptible,  trivial,  scurvy,  scald 
{archaic;  an  equiv.  of  "scurvy"  ),  cheap, 
woeful,  pitiful  or  {less  usually)  pitiable, 
worthless,  rubbishy,  trashy,  scrubby, 
footy  {colloq.,  Eng.),  foolish  {archaic). 
Antonyms:  see  generous. 

pan,  n.  1.  Spec,  skillet,  Turk's-head,  tache, 
heater,  pattypan. 

2.  Referring  to  part  of  a  balance:  scale. 

3.  See  HOLLOW',  subsoil. 

panacea,  n.  remedy  {contextual),  cure-all 
or  heal-all  {colloq.  or  disparaging),  cathol- 
icon  {archaic  or  literary),  panpharmacon 
or  pampharmacon  {rare),  panace  or  panax 
{rare),  polychrest  {obs.  or  rare),  panchres- 
ton  {obs.). 

pancake,  n.  flapjack  {dial,  or  U.  S.);  spec. 
froise  or  f raise  {Eng.). 

pane,  n.  1.  See  compartment. 
2.  Referring  to  a  window  glass:  spec,  quar- 
rel or  {rare)  quarry,  quirk.  a 

panel,  n.  1.  See  list,  jitry,  insertion. 
2.  Spec,     compartment,     table,     tablet, 
frontispiece,  medallion. 

pantomime,  n.  1.  actor  {contextual);  spec. 
pantomimist,  mute. 

2.    See  DRAMA,  GESTURE. 

pantry,  n.  Spec,  buttery  {an  old-fashioned 
term  for  "pantry"),  butlery  {often  used  as  a 
more  pretentious  name  of  any  "pantry"), 
cuddy  {naut.). 

papacy,  n.  pontificate,  popeship,  pope- 
dom or  popehood  {less  usual  terms). 


papal,  n.  pontifical  {formal),  apostolic, 
]>apistic  or  i)apistical  {usually  hostile  or 
opprobriou.s),  papish  {usually  hostile). 

paper,  /;.  1.  Spec,  pelure,  demy,  crown,  tis- 
sue, papyrus,  casse  paper,  flimsy,  fools- 
caj),  hieratica,  papier-mache  {French), 
quarto,  onionskin,  etc. 
2.  See  document,  newspaper,  composi- 
tion, ARTICLE. 

papery,  a.  paper  {the  noun  used  attribu- 
tively), chartaceous  or  {rare)  cartaceous 
{chiejlytcch.),  jjapyraceous  {learned). 

papilla,  71.  papule;  spec,  papillule. 

pappus,  n.  Spec,  plume,  plumule,  clock, 
egret. 

parable,  n.  allegory,  similitude  {less  usual, 
and  not  technical);  spec,  haggada. 

paradise,  n.  1.  Eden  {emphasizing  the  idea 
of  innocent  simplicity;    while  "paradise" 
emphasizes  the  idea  of  unalloyed  happi- 
?iess) . 
2.  See  heaven. 

paragon,  n.  nonesuch  (o  homelier  Anglo- 
Saxon  term),  nonpareil,  phoenix  {fig.), 
flower  {Jig.),  pink  (fig.),  rose  {fig.),  queen 

(Jig.). 

paragraph,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  mark  or 
character:   pilcrow  {archaic). 
2.  See  PART. 
parallel,  v.  t.  1.  follow. 
Antonyms:    see  cross. 
2.  See  compare. 
parallel,  a.  1,  equidistant;   spec,  concen- 
tric, collateral. 
Antonyms:       intersecting,   inclined, 

DIVERGENT. 

2.  See  ABREAST,  ANALOGOUS,  EQUAL. 

3.  concurrent. 

paralysis,  7i.  paralyzation  {rare),  palsy 
{chiefly  spec),  palsification  {chiefly  spec), 
sideration  {rare);  spec,  stroke,  hemiplegia, 
diplegia,  paresis,  paraplegia. 

paralyze,  v.  t.  1.  palsy  {now  chiefly  fig.  or 
spec),  palsify  {rare),  impnlsy  {rare);  spec. 
benumb,  freeze  {often  fig.),  lethargize  {of- 
ten fig.). 

Antonyms:    see  animate,  stimulate. 
2.  Sec  enervate,  disable. 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

palette:   tablet. 

paling:  fence. 

palisade,  n.:  fence,  stake,  cliff. 

palisade,  v.  t.:  fence. 

pall,  n.:  corporal,  haze. 

pall,  r.  t.:  drape,  overspread. 

pallet:   bed. 

pallet:   implement,  catch. 

palliate:   mitigate. 

pallid:   pale. 

palm:  foist,  handle. 

palmate:   hand-shaped. 

palmer:    pilgrim,  monk. 

palmy:   prosperous. 

palpable:    evident,  intelligible. 

palpate:  feel. 

palpitate:   pulsate. 


palsied:    paralyzed,  trembling. 
palsy,  n.:   paralysis. 
palsy,  V.  t.:  paralyze,  disable. 
palter:   prevaricate,  dodge 
pamper:   indulge. 
pamphlet:  book. 
pamphleteer:  author.       [ister. 
pander:  go-between,  bawd,  min- 
panegyric:  eulogy, 
panel:    partition. 
pang:   pain,  emotion. 
panic:  fear. 
panicky:   apprehensive. 
panjandrum:   magnate. 
panoply:   armor,  covering. 
pant,  V.  i.:   breathe,  blow,  gasp, 

long,  pulsate. 
pant,  n.:  breath. 


panting:   longing. 

pap:    nipple. 

pap:   porridge.  [tious. 

paper,  a.:  papery,  literary,  ficti- 

pappose:  downy. 

papule:   pimple. 

par:    equality. 

parade,  n.;  show,  disclosure, 
march. 

parade,  v.  t.:  show,  disclose, 
march. 

parade,  v.  i.:  meet,  march. 

paradisiacal:   heavenly. 

parallel,  n.:  analogue,  counter- 
part. 

parallel,  v.  t.:  compare. 

parallelism:  comparison,  ana- 
logue, analogy,  equality. 


t^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

310 


PARTICLE 


paralyzed,  a.  paralytic,  palsied  {chiefly 
spec,  or  fig.);  spec,  paretic. 

paramour,  ?i.  lover  {contextual);  spec,  lady- 
love, mistress,  concubine,  hetaira.  ^^ Para- 
mour^' now  is  mostly  used  in  reference  to 
one  who  takes  the  place,  without  the  rights, 
of  a  husband  or  wife. 

parapet,  n.  Spec,  babette,  battlement, 
bartizan  (a  term  apparently  fi,rst  used  by 
Sir  Walter  Scott,  and  due  to  a  misconcep- 
tion), glacis,  esplanade,  breastwork. 

paraphrase,  n.  repetition  {contextual),  ren- 
dering {contextual),  rewording,  rehash 
{contemptuous),  restatement. 

paraphrase,  V.  t.  reword,  repeat  {context- 
ual), restate. 

parasite,  n.  1.  See  hanger-on. 
2.  Spec,    entozoon,    epizoon,    epiphyte, 
commensal. 

parasol,  n.  sunshade  {an  Anglo-Saxon 
term,  growing  in  use,  and  likely  to  drive 
"parasol"  out  of  use). 

parboil,  v.  t.  cook  (contextual) ,  boil  {con- 
textual), coddle  {chiefly  spec). 

parchment,  n.  1.  skin  {contextual),  sheep- 
skin;  spec,  forel,  pell. 

2.    See  DOCUMENT. 

pare,   v.   t.   cut   {contextual);    spec,   slice, 

shave,  skive,  beat  {Eng.),  dole. 
parent,  n.   Spec,  father,  mother. 
Antonyms:    see  offspring,  child,  son, 

DAUGHTER. 

paring,  7i.  cut  {contextual);  spec,  slice, 
shave,  shaving,  skive,  skiving,  chip. 

park,  n.  paradise  {chiefly  referring  to  Orien- 
tal parks);  spec,  common,  Prado. 

parlor,  n.  1.  A  room  in  which  to  hold  con- 
versation: spec,  locutory. 
2.  best  room,  drawing-room   {more  pre- 
tentious than  "parlor"),  foreroom  {archaic 
or  obs.). 

parochial,  a.  parish  {the  noun  used  adjec- 
tively;  and  not  having  the  secondary  con- 
notations of  parochial) . 

paroxysmal,  a.  In  geology:  spec,  catas- 
trophic, cataclysmic. 

parquet,  n.  1.  See  FLOOR. 
2.  auditorium,  orchestra  {chiefly  U.  S.). 

parrot,  n.  1.  popinjay  {archaic  or  obs.), 
poll  {orig.  an  equivalent  for  "Mary";  con- 
ventionally used  as  the  proper  name  of  any 
parrot),  polly  {di7n.  of  "poll"). 

2.    See  IMITATOR. 


parry,  n.  In  fencing:  piiradf}  {less  usual); 
spec,  prime,  seconde,  tierce,  carte,  quinte, 
septime,  counter. 

parsonage,  n.  Spec,  benefice,  rectory, 
parsonium  {southern  U.  S.). 

part,  11.  1.  parcel  {archaic  or  law);  spec. 
portion,  proportion,  member,  division, 
subdivision,  section,  segment,  fragment, 
piece,  snatch,  scrap,  crumb  {fig.),  install- 
ment, callop,  cantle  {chiefly  Eng.),  moiety 
{a  loose  use;  properly,  "one  half"),  ele- 
ment; see  SHARE,  FRAGMENT,  REMNANT, 
JOINT,  ORGAN,  DIVISION. 

Antonyms:    see  all,  whole. 

2.  Referring  to  the  parts  of  printed  matter: 
spec,  number,  book,  livraison  {French), 
fascicle,  fascicule,  or  fasciculus,  passage, 
chapter,  section,  paragraph,  clause,  com- 
ma {Greek  and  Latin  prosody). 

3.  Referring  to  a  character  acted  in  a  play 
or  in  real  life:  role,  cue,  pageant  {archaic), 
lines  {pi.),  cast. 

4.  See  SOME,  OFFICE,  SIDE,  DEPARTMENT, 
PLACE,   FRAGMENT. 

partake,  v.  i.  1.  See  share. 

2.  participate  {with  "in").  "Partake"  is 
folloiued  by  "of." 

partial,  a.  1.  Spec,  biased,  one-sided,  in- 
terested, unfair,  prejudiced;  see  fond. 

Antonyms:    see  impartial. 
2.  fractional,  component, portional  {rare); 
spec,  half,  incomplete. 

Antonyms:     see   absolute,    complete, 

THOROUGH. 

partiality,  n.   Spec,  bias,  one-sidedness, 
interest,  unfairness,  prejudice,  favor,  fa- 
voritism,   prepossession,    nepotism;     see 
fondness. 
Antonyms:  see  impartiality. 

partially,  a.  partly;  spec,  fractionally,  in- 
completely, restrictedly,  etc. 
Antonyms:  see  wholly. 

particle,  n.  1.  Spec,  bit  {often  somewhat 
colloq.),  atom  {very  emphatic),  snip  {col- 
loq.),  atomy  {rare),  iota  (o  sense  arising 
from,  and  often  alluding  to.  Matt,  v:  18, 
"iota"  being  etyniologically  equivalent  to 
"jfi"))  jot  (a  sense  arising  from,  and  often 
alluding  to.  Matt,  v:  18),  tittle,  whit  {most- 
ly with  a  negative  expressed  or  implied), 
trifle  {often  in  "jot  or  Utile"),  mite  {colloq.), 
morsel,  scintilla  {usually  flg.  and  used  with 
a  negative),  rap  {used  with  a  negative;  used 


t^5'"  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
paramount:      superior,     con- 

trolliiif/,  supreme. 
parcel,  n.:   division,  bundle. 
parcel,  v.  I.:    divide,  distribute, 

bundle . 
parch:    burn,  dry. 
parching:   hot. 
pardon:    excuse. 
pardonable:   excusable. 
parent:   father,  mother,  origin. 


parental:  futherly,  maternal. 
parenthetical:   inserted. 
pariah:   outcast. 
parity:   equality,  analogy. 
parlance:  language. 
parley,    n.:     conversation,   con- 
ference, discussion. 
parley,  v.  i.:    treat,  converse. 
parliament:   assembly. 
parody:   burlesque. 
parole,  n.:  promise. 


parole,  v.  t.:  free. 
paroxysm:  fit,  ecstasy,  spasm. 
parry,  v.  t.:  avert. 
parry,  v.  i.:  fence. 
parsimonious:   stingy. 
parson:  minister. 
part,  V.  t.:   divide,  separate,  dis- 
tribute. 
part,  V.  i.:  separate,  break, depart. 
partible:  divisible. 
participate:   share,  partake. 


(W  Sec  Notes  of  Explanation. 

311 


PARTICULAR 


isp.  in  "without  a  rap"  or  "not  a  rap"), 
siiiitch  (coUoq.,  U.  iS.),  prain,  droji, 
motoling  (rare),  molecule,  corijuscle,  cor- 
puscule,  gnmulc,  shred,  dust  (rare),  nip, 
glimmer,  spark,  sjjock.  Heck,  crumb, 
stiver,  driblet,  electron,  ion,  sup. 

Antonyms:  see  big  thing. 
2.  In  grammar:  spec,  preposition,  con- 
junction, interjection,  inflex,  prefix,  suf- 
fix, enclitic,  proclitic,  etc. 
particular,  a.  1.  special,  especial  (cquiv.  of 
'^special,'  but  archaic  in  this  sense),  spe- 
cific; s/wc.  restricted;  sec  definite. 

Antonyms:     see   miscellaneous,    gen- 
eral. 

2.  Spec,  nice,  dainty,  close,  circumstan- 
tial, narrow,  minute,  detailed. 

3.  Sec  SPECIAL,  FASTIDIOUS,  CAREFUL,  IN- 
DIVIDUAL, INTIMATE,  CONSCIENTIOUS. 

particular,  7i.  Spec,  detail,  circumstance, 
respect  (u^ed  with  "in,"  as  in  "in  this  one 
respect"),  regard,  point. 

particularize,  v.  t.  Spec,  detail,  itemize, 
specify. 

partition,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  act:    see 

DIVISION,  DISTRIBUTION. 

2.  Referring  to  the  dividing  thing:  spec. 
fence,  wall,  septation  (rare),  phragma, 
septum,  septulum,  dissepiment,  dia- 
phragm, brattice  or  brattish,  cloison 
(French),  interseptum,  bulkhead,  panel, 
mediastinum,  perpend.    See  division. 

partizan,  n.  adherent  (contextual),  par- 
tisan (a  variant),  sider,  factioneer  (rare), 
sectionary  (rare),  sectionist  (rare),  fautor 
(rare),  partialist. 

partizanship,  ?i.  Spec,  party,  dissension, 
fautorship  (rare);  spec,  ministerialism, 
poUticalism,  chquism,  cUquishness,  party- 
ism. 

partner,    n.    associate;    spec,    copartner 
(rnore  formal),  halver  (fig.),  accompUce, 
cavaUer,  sharer. 
Antonyms:    see  opponent. 

partnership,  n.  association;  spec,  copart- 
nership, sharing. 

parturient,  a.  travailing  (archaic). 

party,  n.  1.  association  (contextual),  group 
(contextual) ;  spec,  division,  interest,  side, 
faction,  clique  (a  term  of  contempt  or  re- 
proach). 

2.  See  COMBINATION,  PARTIZANSHIP, 
GROUP,  PERSON,  DETAIL. 

3.  Referring  to  a  social  affair:  assembly 
(contextual) ;  spec,  rout  (chiefly  hist.),  re- 
ception, ball,  dance,  etc. 

party-colored,  a.  variegated;   spec,  mot- 


tled, motley,  piebald,  pied,  pinto  (sotUh- 

western  U.  S.),  skewbald. 
Antonyms:    see  one-colored. 
pass,  ti.  passage;  spec,  defile,  notch  (U.  S.), 

gap,   neck,  gut,   cut,  gate,   col   (French), 

ghaut  or  ghat  (Anglo-I ndian) ,  kotal  (East 

I  rnlia). 
pass,  V.  i  1.  See  go,  move,  change,  occur, 

DIE,  CIRCULATE,  DECIDE,  DESCEND, 
THRUST. 

2.  In  reference  to  time:  elapse  (chiefly 
formal  or  technical),  lapse  (rare),  go;  spec. 
flit  (usually  with  an  adverb,  a^  "by,"  "over," 
etc.),  glide  (usually  with  "by"),  slip  (usii- 
ally  with  an  adverb,  as  "by,"  "away,"  etc.), 
expire,  run,  wear  (often  with  "on"),  flow 
{with  "by"). 

3.  Referring  to  the  going  by,  away,  or  the 
like,  of  some  state,  emotion,  etc.:  go,  over- 
pass (rare),  sink,  slip,  overblow. 

4.  Referring  to  the  transfer  of  rights  from 
one  to  another:  go,  devolve,  fall. 

pass,  V.  t.  1.  See  cross,  deliver,  extend, 

OUTSTRIP,  exceed,  ENACT,  MISS,  IGNORE, 
APPROVE,   PROMISE. 

2.  In  the  sense  of  "to  get  by  or  go  by":  spec. 
clear,  skirt,  leap,  overpass,  transmeate 
(obs.  or  rare),  stride. 

3.  Ill  the  sense  of  "to  let  go,  or  cause  to  go": 
let;  sjicc.  frank,  graduate. 

4.  Referring  to  time:  spend,  overpass 
(rare),  wear  (often  with  "away"),  use, 
while  or  wile  (usually  with  "away");  spec. 
beguile,  moon,  languish  (usually  with 
"out"  or  "away"),  drowse. 

pass,  n.  1.  See  state,  thrust,  death,  mo- 
tion, MOVEMENT. 

2.  authorization  (contextual),  permission 
(contextual),  paper  (slang;  a  collective); 
spec,  order  (Eng.),  passport,  purwanah 
(East  Indian). 

passable,  a.  1.  pervious  (rare);  spec,  ford- 
able. 
Antonyyns:    see  impassable. 
2.  See  MODERATE,  fair. 

passage,  ti.  1.  passing  (emphasizing  the 
idea  of  the  action);  spec,  going,  motion, 
movement,  change,  exchange,  encounter, 
enactment,  migration,  evacuation. 

2.  In  reference  to  time:  lapse,  elapse 
(rare),  tract  (rare),  efilux  (literary),  ef- 
fluxion (literary);  spec,  course,  revolu- 
tion, expiry,  run. 

3.  way  (contextual);  spec,  shoot,  cut,  com- 
munication, defile,  corridor,  gallery,  hall, 
entry,  door,  gate,  mouth,  cloister,  head- 
ing, drift,  level,  tunnel,  winze,  shaft,  flue, 


X^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
particularity:   indiixduality. 
particularize:  mention,  infer. 
parting,   n.:    departure,  death, 
division,  farewell. 


partisan:   var.  of  partizan. 
partition:    divide,  distribute. 
partly:    partially. 
parts:   ability. 
parturience:   childbirth. 


parvenu:  upstart. 
pasquil:   satire. 
pasquinade:  satire. 
passager:    obs.    var.    of    pas- 
senger. 


iW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
312 


PATRONYMIC 


chimney,    caponier,    cuniculus    {archoeol- 
ogy),  sap,  iter,  chute,  vomitary  {chiefly 
hist.).  Also  see  1st  PASS. 
Antonyms:    see  impasse, 

4.  Referring  to  literature:  spec,  comma- 
tion  (Gr.  irrosody),  pericope  {chiefly  in 
writing  on  Biblical  literature),  common- 
place, collectanea  {pL).     Also  see  part. 

5.  Referring  to  music:  spec,  bar,  measure, 
phrase,  melody,  coda,  etc. 

passenger,  n.  passager  {ohs.);  spec,  fare, 
inside  {colloq.),  outside  {colloq.). 

passer,  n.  passer-by  {emphatic),  by-passer 
(equiv.  of  "passer-by"),  passenger  {rare). 

passing,  a.  1.  In  the  physical  sense:  spec. 
transmigratory,  transient. 

Antonyms:    see  enduring. 
2.  Fig.:  spec,  current,  fleeting,  revolving; 
see  CURSORY,  transient,  great,  hasty. 

passing,  n.  I.  See  passage. 
2.  Fig.:      spec,     transition,     graduation, 
lapse,  elapse;  see  death,  occurrence. 

passive,  a.  1.  nonresistant,  patient  {rare). 
2.  See  inactive. 

passiveness,  n.  1.  passivity,  nonresistance, 
irresistance  {rare),  patience  {rare), 
2.  See  inactivity. 

passover,  n.  pasch  {archaic  or  hist.). 

passport,  n.  pass  {contextual),  license  {con- 
textual); spec,  credentials  {pi.),  dustuck 
or  dustuk  {East  Indian). 

password,  n.  countersign  or  {for  short)  sign, 
word  {short  for  "password"),  shibboleth 
{spec,  or  fig.);  spec,  watchword,  parole. 

past,  a.  bygone,  gone  {rare,  exc.  as  used 
predicatively) ,  preterite  {rare,  exc.  as  a 
grammatical  term),  bypast  (emphatic 
equiv.  of  "past"),  foregone  {archaic), 
ancient  {archaic  or  obs.,  exc.  spec);  spec. 
ago  {predicative),  agone  {archaic),  over- 
passed, elapsed,  preterlapsed  {rare);  see 
former,  obsolete. 
Antonyms:  see  present,  future. 

past,  n.  foretime  {rare),  heretofore  {rare); 
spec,  history,  yesterday. 
Antonyms:    see  present,  future. 

paste,  n.    1.   In  cookery:    dough   {cliiefly 
spec.);    spec,  batter,   brioche,   macaroni, 
spaghetti,  vermicelli. 
2.  Referring  to  any  of  various  things  sug- 


gesting the  paste  of  cookery:  spec,  pastel, 
dope,  electuary,  magma,  strass;  see  cos- 
metic, cement. 

pasteboard,  n.  board  {sliort  for  "paste- 
board"; chiefly  cant),  carton  {rare  or  spec); 
spec,  cardboard,  millboard,  strawboard, 
binder's  board. 

pastoral,  n.  1.  composition  {contextual), 
eclogue;  spec  idyl,  bucolic  {chiefly  in  pi.). 
2.  See  crosier. 

pastry,  n.  bakemeat  {obs.),  p3,tisserie 
(French);  spec  pie,  cake,  tart,  puff,  etc. 

pasture,  n.  1.  pasturage;  spec,  grass,  graz- 
ing. 

2.  Referring  to  the  land:  grassland;  spec. 
grazing,  lea  (dial,  or  Eng.),  range  {U .  S.), 
cowgate  (Eng.),  yard  (U.  S.  and  Canada). 

pasture,  a.  pascual  {rare),  i)ascuous  (rare); 
spec  grazing. 

pasty,  a.  1.  doughy. 
2.  See  soft,  sticky. 

patchy,  a.  Spec,  spotty  (painter's  cant). 

paternity,  71.  fatherhood,  fathership,  sire- 
ship  (rare). 

path,  n.   1.  way  (contextual);  spec,  track, 
footi)ath,  trail,  berm. 
2.  See  WALK,  course. 

pathless,  a.  unpathed  (rare);  spec,  un- 
tracked  (rare),  trackless. 

pathological,  a.    Spec,  morbid,  morbific. 
Antonyms:    see  healthful. 

patience,  n.  patiency  (rare),  patientness 
(rare);  spec  endurance,  forbearance, 
long-suffering,  sufferance,  longanimity 
(rare),  forbearing. 

Antonyms:      see  uneasiness;    also  cf. 
irascible. 

patient,  a.  self -restrained  (contextual); 
spec  enduring  or  (rare)  endurant,  long- 
suffering,  longanimous  (learned  or  liter- 
ary), magnanimous  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  irascible,  intolerant, 
uneasy. 

patient,  n.  1.  In  medicine:  subject,  case; 
spec  clinic. 

2.  Referring  to  one  acted  upon  in  any  way: 
subject. 

patriot,  n.     Spec  compatriot,  jingo  (con- 
temptuous).  Chauvinist,  patriotess  (Jem.). 
Antonyms:  see  traitor. 


XW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
passe:   nl/sntrte,  worn-out,  faded. 
pa,ssioD.:  xiij/tring,  anuer,  frenzy. 
passionate:      intense,     angry, 

frantic. 

past,  i)rep.:  by. 
past,  nilv.:   by,  beyond. 
pastel:   paste,  crayon,  picture. 
pastil:   candle,  lozenge. 
pastime:  diversion. 
pastor:   minister. 
pastoral:   rural. 
pasturage:  grazing,  pasture. 
pasture,  v.  t.:  graze. 
pat,  a.:  appropriate. 


pat,  «.;  stroke,  lump,  caress. 
pat,  !>.  t.:  strike,  caress. 
patch,  ?i.;    repair,  piece,  spot, 

field. 
patch,  !).  t.:  repair. 
paten:   plate,  disk. 
patent,  a.:   open,  evident. 
patent,  n.:  document,  right. 
paternal:    fatherly,     inherited, 

descended. 
paternity:   fatherhood,  descent. 
pathetic:   affecting. 
pathos:    suffering,  compassion, 

lamentaldeness. 
patois:  dialect. 


patrician,  a.;  noble,  aristo- 
cratic. 

patrician,  n.;   noble,  aristocrat. 

patricide:  homicide. 

patrimonial:  ancestral,  hered- 
itarij. 

patrimony:    hereditament. 

patriotic:   public. 

patrol,  !>.  t.:   traverse,  guard. 

patrol,  ti.:  guard,  watchman. 

patron :  defender,  benefactor, 
customer,  saint,  deity. 

patronage:  aid,  custom. 

patronize:  protect,  aid,  notice. 

patronymic:  family. 


C^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

313 


PATTER 


patter,  r.  i.  1.  strike  (rontciinal),  pit-a- 
pat,  pit-pat,  pitter-patter; — all  but 
"strike"  being  iniitatire. 

2.    .*^(•(■  DAHHLK. 

patter,  >i.  jMt-a-pat,  iiattering,  pit-pat, 
pitter-patter. 

pattern,  n.  1.  form  (contcrtual),  original 
(contextual):  spec,  model,  block,  norm  or 
{Latin)  norma,  copy,  type,  archetype,  ex- 
ompliu-  {rare),  paradigm  {rare),  mold  or 
mould,  template  or  templet,  curb  or  kerb, 
plan,  last. 

2.  //(  o  figurative  or  secondary  sense:  spec. 
ensample  {archaic),  paragon,  mirror 
(rare),  idea. 

3.  See  EXAMPLE,  DESIGN. 

pave,  V.  t.  cover  {contextual),  lay  {context- 
ual); spec,  cobble,  causey  {chiefly  Scot.), 
pitch,  slab,  concrete,  flag,  brick,  flint,  pave- 
ment (chiefly  in  p.  p.  " pavemented") ,  floor. 

paved,  a.  paven  (chiefly  poetic),  pave- 
mented (rare);  spec,  flagged. 

pavement,  n.  pave  (chiefly  U.  S.),  paving; 
spec,  flagging,  cobbles  {pi.),  causey  (chiefly 
Scot.). 

paver,  n.  pavior  (more  formal),  paviner 
(rare);  spec,  flagger. 

pawn,   V.   t.     pledge    (contextual);     spec. 
(in  reference  to  putting  with  a  pawnbroker 
to  secure  a  loan)  spout  (colloq.  or  slang), 
sweat  (slang). 
A/ttony)ns:   see  free. 

pawnbroker,  n.  broker  (contextual) ,  lum- 
berer (obs.  or  slang),  uncle  (slang). 

pawnshop,  7i.  pawnbrokery  (rare),  mont 
de  piete  (French;  used  of  those  of  various 
other  countries  besides  France),  spout 
(slang),  popshop  (slang). 

pay,  V.  t.  1.  With  the  person  as  the  object: 
spec,  compensate,  remunerate,  satisfy,  re- 
pay, prepay,  reward,  requite  (often  iron- 
ical), reimburse,  indemnify,  stipend  (rare), 
recoup  (often  used  reflexively),  recom- 
pense, stand  (colloq.),  fee,  salary. 

2.  With  the  debt,  obligation,  or  cause  o1  in- 
debtedness as  the  object:  discharge  (con- 
textual), satisfy,  settle  (contextual),  liqui- 
date, quit,  acquit  (archaic);  spec,  sink, 
lift,  compound,  foot,  honor,  defray,  meet, 
discount. 

Antonyms:   see  repudiate,  dishonor. 

3.  With  what  is  given  in  payment  as  the 
object:  give  (contextual),  render;  spec. 
tribute. 

pay,  V.  i.     Spec,  fine  (Eng.),  toll. 

pay,  n.  profit  (contextual);  spec,  compen- 


sation, reward,  requital,  recompense,  re- 
muneration, stipend,  prebend,  satisfac- 
tion, per()uisite,  percentage,  brokerage, 
conunission,  freight;  see  hike,  see. 

paying,  (/.  Spec.  comjjeMsatory,  compen- 
s;iti\(',  reniuneratory,  remunerative,  prof- 
it aljle. 

payment,  n.  1.  The  act  of  paying  a  person: 
spec,  compensation,  remuneration,  satis- 
faction, repayment,  reward,  requital,  re- 
imbursement, recoupment,  recompense. 

2.  The  act  of  paying  a  debt:  discharge 
(contexlual),  .settlement  (contextual),  sat- 
isfaction; spec,  liquidation,  quittance,  ac- 
quittance, sinking,  lifting,  compounding, 
settlement,  defrayal,  discount. 

3.  That  which  is  given  by  way  of  payment: 
render;  spec,  blood  money,  salvage,  scot, 
royalty,  earnest,  gale  (rare  or  U.  S.),  gar- 
nish (hist.),  relief  (hist.),  prestation,  her- 
iot;  see  fee,  installment. 

peace,  n.  1.  Spec,  concord,  accord  (rare), 
harmony,  amity,  frith  (obs.  or  hist.), 
truce,  pax  (Latin),  friendliness. 

Antonyms:  see  dissension,  war. 
2.  Referring  to  a  person's  mental  condition, 
actual  or  seeming:  spec,  equanimity,  com- 
posure, placidity  or  placidness,  calmness, 
quiet  or  quietness,  quietude,  rest,  requi- 
em {rare),  tranquillity  or  tranquilness,  re- 
pose, peacefulness,  imperturbation  (rare). 

Antonyms:    see  activity. 
peaceable,   a.    1.   peaceful    (rare);    spec. 
pacific,  quiet,  gentle,  bloodless. 

Antonyms:     see  irascible,  combative, 

PUGNACIOUS,  QUARRELSOME. 
2.    See  PEACEFUL. 

peaceful,  a.  1.  amicable,  peaceable,  con- 
cordant, harmonious. 
2.  Spec,    equanimous    (rare),    composed, 
placid,  calm,  quiet,  restful,  tranquil. 
Antonyms:    see  agitated. 

peacemaker,  n.  makepeace  (archaic),  pa- 
cificator  (rare),    peacemonger   (opprobri- 
ous); spec,  dove  {fig.). 
Antonyms:    see  mischief-maker. 

peace  message,  irenicon  (rare),  olive 
branch  (fig.). 

peacocklike,  a.  pavonian,  pavonine. 

peak,  n.  1.  See  point,  summit. 
2.  Referring  to  a  ynountain  summit  ending 
in  a  point:  spec,  pinnacle,  horn  (rare  or 
coyisdously  fig.),  pike  (now  local  Eng.,  or 
used  in  proper  Jiames),  butte  (U.  S.), 
cone,  cusp  (rare),  ben  (Scot.;  chiefly  used 
in  proper  names),  nunatak. 


r^r"  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
patter,  v.:  babble,  chatter. 
patter,  n.:   babble,  chatter,  dia- 
lect. 
pattern,  r.;  imitate. 
paucity:  fewness. 
paunch:    (ihrlomerK 


paunchy:  fat. 
pauper:    beggar. 
pauperize:   impoverish. 
pause,  V.  i.:  stop,  hesitate. 
pavilion:     tent,     bell,    canopy, 

building. 
paw,  n.:    hand,  foot,  handwrit- 


ing. 
paw,  V.  t.:  handle. 
pawl:   lever,  catch. 
pawn:   piece. 
pawn :    pledge. 
payable:   due. 
peacemaking:   pacific. 


X^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
314 


PENNATE 


Antonyms:    see  bottom,  plateau. 

pearl,  n.  1.  margarite  (archaic);  sec  drop. 
2.  nacre  {learned  or  tech.). 

pearly,  n.  1.  perlaceous  (rare);  spec,  nacre- 
ous, nacrous  (rare). 
2.  See  LUSTROUS,  gray. 

pear-shaped,  a.  pyriform,  obconic  (math.). 

peasant,  n.  countryman  (contextual) ,  boor 
(obs.,  exc.  of  Dutch,  German,  or  other 
foreign  peasants),  bucolic  (humorous), 
contadino  (Italian;  niasc),  contadina 
(Italian;  fern.),  peasantess  (fern.);  spec. 
cotter,  cottar,  cottier  (Great  Britain  and 
Ireland),  muzhik  or  moujik,  ryot,  fellah. 

pea-shaped,  a.  pisiform  (tech.). 

pebble,  n.  stone  (contextual) ;  spec,  chuck- 
le (a  quartz  pebble;  Scot.),  plum. 

peck,  V.  t.  strike  (contextual),  beak  (rare); 
spec,  pecket  (rare),  peckle. 

peculiar,  a.  1.  own,  proper  (rare,  exc.  spec), 
individual,  idiosyncratic;  spec,  appro- 
priate, idiomatic.     See  own. 

2.    See  ODD,  SPECIAL. 

peculiarity,  n.  1.  properness  (rare),  idio- 
syncrasy, individuality;  spec,  idiom. 
2.  See  ODDITY. 

pedant,  n.  precisian  (contextual);  spec. 
bluestocking  (feni.;  usually  contemptu- 
ous), morosoph.  pedantess  (fem.). 

pedantic,  a.  pedantical  (rare),  budge  (lit- 
erary);   spec,  bluestocking  or  (for  short) 
blue  (usually  contemptuous),  bookish. 
Antonyms:  see  colloquial. 

peddle,  v.  t.  sell  (contcttual) ;  spec,  canvass 
(usually  less  derogatory  than  "peddle"), 
hawk,  cadge  (dial,  or  slang). 

peddler,  n.  seller  (contextual),  pedlar  (a 
variant),  peripatetic  (humorous  and  con- 
textual); spec,  canvasser,  hawker,  cadger 
(dial,  or  slang),  costermonger  or  coster 
(Eng.),  haggler  (Eng.),  huckster  or  (rare) 
hucksterer  (chiefly  a  term  of  local  use  in 
specific  senses),  husksteress  or  huckstress 
(Jem.),  faker  (slang),  cheap  Jack  (slang; 
contemptuous),  cheap  John  (slang;  con- 
temptuous), packman,  duffer  (slang),  col- 
porteur. 

pedestrian,  a.  peripatetic  (chiefly  humor- 


ous, exc.  spec),  perigrinator  (rare);  spec 
tramp,  itinerant,  hiker,  walker,  runner. 

pediment,  n.  frontal;  spec  frontispiece, 
fronton  (rare  or  obs.  equiv.  of  "frontis- 
piece"). 

peek,  V.  i.  &  n.  look  (contextual),  peep, 
squint;  see  glance. 

peeker,  n.  peeper;  spec  Paul  Pry,  Peep- 
ing Tom. 

peekhole,  n.  eyehole,  eyelethole  (rare), 
eyelet  (rare),  loophole;  spec  squint, 
hagioscope,  Judas,  oillet  (hist.). 

pellet,  n.  Spec,  pebble,  hailstone,  bullet; 
see  GLOBULE,  grain. 

pelt,  V.  t.  strike  (contextual);  spec  pep- 
per, bepepper  (an  intensive),  bepelt  (an 
intensive),  stone,  egg,  pellet,  lapidate 
(rare),  bombard. 

pen,  n.  style  (literary  or  rhetorical),  stylus 
(a  rare  equiv.  of  "style");  spec  quill, 
goose  quill. 

pen,  71.  inclosure  (contextual);  spec  fold, 
penfold  or  pinfold  (chiefly  Eng.),  coop, 
hutch,  sty,  cruive  (Scot.),  crib,  stall,  pit, 
cage,  crawl,  pound. 

penalty,  ?i.  1.  Referring  to  what  is  inflicted 
in  order  to  punish:    punishment;    spec. 
chastisement,   whipping,    flogging,    fine, 
forfeiture;  see  fine. 
Antonyms:    see  reward. 
2.  See  disadvantage,  handicap. 

pencil,  71.  1.  See  brush. 
2.  marker     (contextual);     spec    crayon, 
chalk,  charcoal,  keelivine  (Scot.). 

pendant,  ?i.  drop;  spec,  flap,  tag,  pendicle 
(rare),  pendule  (rare),  coach  whip  (naut.), 
lobe,  lob  (rare),  flag,  eardrop,  pendeloque 
(French),  cul-de-lampe  (French),  tassel, 
jag,  tippet,  bulla;  see  chandelier. 

penetrate,  v.  t.  1.  In  a  sense  implying 
force:  spec  interpenetrate,  impenetrate 
(rare),  compenetrate,  cut,  sink,  invade, 
interdigitate  (rare),  interosculate  (rare), 
bore,  burrow,  etc;  see  pierce,  per- 
forate. 
2.  See  enter,  pervade,  indent,  affect, 

UNDERSTAND,   PERCEIVE. 

penetrative,  a.  1.  penetrant,  penetrating; 


t.-W'  Cross  rcjcrences:  see  Note. 
peal,  n.;  rinying,  set,  outbrealc. 
pearl,  v.  t.:  yranulate. 
pebble,  d.  t.:  grain. 
peccadillo:  fault. 
peck,  V.  i.:   strike,  eat. 
peck,  n.:  strolce,  dot. 
peculate:    steal. 
peculiarize:    uidiridualize. 
pecuniary:    iniiiutanj. 
pedagogic,   pedagogical:    in- 
structive. 
pedagogics:   teaching. 
pedagogue:  teacher. 
pedagogy:   education. 
pedestal:  support. 
pedigree:  descent,  genealogy. 
pedlar:   var.  of  peddler. 


peel,  n.:  skin,  bark,  hull. 

peel,  B.  (..'  skin,  decorticate,  hull, 
strip. 

peep:  peek,  glance,  emerge, 
chirp. 

peer,  n.:  equal,  noble. 

peer,  v.  i.:  look,  emerge. 

peerage:   nobility. 

peerless:    unequaled. 

peevisb:  complaining,  irasci- 
ble. 

peg:   pin. 

pelage:  coat. 

pellicle:  film. 

pell-mell:  hasty. 

pellucid:   clear,  intelligible. 

pelt,  V.  t.:   throw,  drive. 

pelt,  V,  {.:   strike. 


pelt,  ;(.;  skin. 
pen,  V.  t.:   confine. 
penalize:  punish,  handicap. 
penance,  n.;  punishment. 
penance,  v.  t.:  punish. 
pencbant:   inclination. 
pencil,  V.  t.:   depict. 
pendency:    continuance,  droop. 
pendent:     drooping,    hanging, 

undecided. 
pending,  prep.:  during. 
pendulous:    hanging. 
penetrate,  v.  i.:  enter,  soak. 
penitent:   regretful. 
penitentiary:   prison. 
penmansbip:    handwriting. 
pennant:  flag. 
pennate:   winged,  feathered. 


t^"  Sec  Notes  of  Explanation. 
315 


PENNON 


spec,  insiiuiatiii};;  .str  rKiiMicATivi:,  i'ii:uc- 
iNt;. 

2.    >'(<•  SHARP,  IMEUClNCi,  SUHTLl'. 

pennon,     n.     Sfxc.       pennoncel     (hist.), 

stroainor;  .s<r  flac;. 
penny,    u.    1.   copper   {contextual),   saltce 

{glong;  Eng.). 

2.    Sec  CKNT. 

pensioner,  ti.  pensionary  {often  in  a  sinis- 
ter sense),  jiensionnaire  {French;    rare); 

sec  MKHCKNAKY. 

penthouse,  n.  lean-to;  spec.  i)lutcus  {Ro- 
man antiq.). 

people,  n.  1.  Referring  to  a  body  of  persons 
constituting  a  nation,  tribe,  race,  or  tlie 
like:  folk  {chiefly  spec);  spec,  landfolk 
(rare),  countryfolk,  country,  race,  tribe, 
heritage,  nation,  state. 

2.  Referring  to  persons  standing  in  some 
special  relation  or  havi7ig  some  characteris- 
tic by  lehich  they  are  classed  together:  folk 
{hss  formal  than  "people");  spec,  city, 
town,  village,  boys  {pL),  girls  (pi.),  men 
{pi.),  women  {pi.),  company,  public. 

3.  The  ordinary  people  as  distinguished 
from  the  nobility  or  from  the  ivealthy  or 
educated:  populace  {sometimes,  inore  in- 
vidiously, equiv.  to  "mob"),  commons, 
commonalty  (a  collective),  commonality 
{rare),  commonage  {rare),  commune 
(hist.),  proletariat,  masses  {pi.),  mass 
(tised  with  "the"),  generality  or  {with 
"the")  general  {archaic),  vulgar  {rare; 
used  with  "the"),  multitude  {used  with 
"the"),  democracy,  demos  {learned  or 
tech.  or  spec);  spec,  crowd,  mob,  gentry. 

Antonyms:  see  nobility. 

4.  folks  or  folk  {"folks"  is  now  the  com- 
moner term,  and  is  rather  informal  or  col- 
loquial; "folk"  is  archaic,  exc.  spec),  they 
{an  indefinite  use  of  the  pronoun),  men 
{properly,  male  people). 

people,  V.  t.  1.  populate,  empeople  {inten- 
sive; literary);  spec,  settle. 
Antonyms:   see  depopulate. 

2.    See  INHABIT. 

perceive,  v.  t.  see;  spec,  seize,  catch,  ap- 
prehend, appreciate,  discern,  apperceive 
{rare,  exc.  tech.),  read,  find,  penetrate, 
pierce,  descry,  tell,  observe,  recognize, 
cognize  {rare  or  tech.),  sense,  detect,  spot, 
smoke  {archaic),  trace,  scan  {rare),  hear, 
feel,  snuflF,  sniff,  smell;  see  understand, 

DISTINGUISH,    notice. 

Antonyms:    see  miss. 


perceive,  /'.  /.  Spec,  intuit  {rare  oi 
letini(d),  know,  understand,  feel. 

perceiver,  n.  percipient;  spec,  observer, 
discenier,  etc. 

percentage,  /(.  Spec,  pay  (contexturd), 
l)ackwardati()n  {I'Jng.  Stock  Exchange), 
contango  {Eng.  Stock  Excfuinge),  factor- 
age. 

perceptible,  a.  per^ei\^•^ble;  .9pec.  appre- 
h(Misible,  ai)precial)l(',  disccniible,  detect- 
able,  tangible,  sensible,  observable;    see 

VISIBLE. 

Antonyms:    see  imperceptible,  unper- 

CEIVABLE. 

perception,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  act:  see- 
ing; spec,  seizure,  appreliension,  discern- 
ment, penetration,  descrial  (rare),  observa- 
tion, recognition,  percipience  {rare),  ap- 
perception, knowledge,  cognizance,  detec- 
tion, cognition,  illusion,  sensation,  vision, 
intuition,  feeling,  hearing,  smell,  sight. 
2.  Referring  to  the  faculty:  senses,  sensa- 
tion, perceiving,  ken  {rare  or  archaic  or 
literary);  spec  eye,  tela;sthesia,  touch, 
feeling,  hearing,  smell,  sight,  conscious- 
ness;  see  INSIGHT. 

perceptive,  a.  Spec  apprehensive,  in- 
tuitive, intuitional,  etc 

perch,  n.  rest  {contextual^,  roost  {chiefly 
spec). 

perch,  V.  i.  rest  {chiefly  spec);  spec 
alight,  sit,  roost. 

perching,  a.  insessorial. 

perfect,  a.  consummate,  ideal;  spec  ut- 
ter;   see  COMPLETE,  FAULTLESS. 

perfect,  v.  t.  perfectionize  {rare),  perfec- 
tionate    {rare);    spec,   consummate;    see 

COMPLETE,  IDEALIZE. 

perfection,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  act  or  ac- 
tion: perfectation  {rare),  pcrfectionation 
{rare),  perfectionizement  {rare),  perfec- 
tionment  {rare);  spec  completion,  ideaU- 
zation,  consummation. 

2.  Referring  to  the  state:  perfectness,  per- 
fectiveness  {rare),  perfectivity  {rare); 
spec  finish,  faultlessness,  utterness;    see 

EXCELLENCE,  CORRECTNESS,  HOLINESS. 

Antojiyms:  see  imperfection. 

3.  Of  one  that  is  perfect:  perfect  {rare); 
spec,  crown  {flg.),  bloom  or  flower  {fig.). 

perforate,  v.  t.  penetrate  {contextual), 
pierce  {contextual),  foraminat«  {rare); 
spec,  terebrate  {rare),  riddle,  tunnel,  tre- 
pan or  trepanize,  transforate,  prickle, 
pink,  punch,  prick. 


t^^  Cros!  references:  see  Note. 
pensile:    hanging. 
pension,  n.:  all'wance. 
pension,  r.  t.:  retire. 
pensive:   sad. 
penurious:   stingy. 
penury:   porerty,  deficiency. 
peppery:  pungent,  irascible. 


perambulate,  v.  f.:  traverse. 
perambulate,  r.  i.:  walk. 
perambulation:  circumference. 
perceivable:   perceptible. 
percept:   object. 
percolate:   exude,  filter. 
percolation:  exudation. 
percuss:   strike. 


percussion:   stroke,  shock. 
percussive:    striking. 
perdition:   ruin. 
peremptory:  commanding,  dog- 
matic, decisive,  absolute. 
perennial:   lasting. 
perfidious:   unfaithful. 
perforative:  piercing. 


XW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

316 


PERSIFLAGE 


perforated,  a.     Spec,  fenestrate  or  fenes- 
trated, furaminated. 
perform,  y.  <.   1.  do,  discharge,  fulfill ;  see 

DO. 

2.    See   FILL,    ACT,    OBSERVE,  ACCOMPLISH. 

performance,  n.  1.  doing,  discharge,  ful- 
fillment; spec,  act,  action,  accomplish- 
men-t,  ceremony. 

2.  Referring  to  a  play,  part,  etc.:  spec. 
play,  entr'acte  (French),  concert,  sing  (rare 
or  colloq.),  matinee,  vaudeville;  see  snow. 

performer,  n.  1.  See  doer. 
2.  Spec,  executant,  soloist,  duettist,  sing- 
er, balancer,  acrobat,  equilibrist,  contor- 
tionist, etc  ;  see  player. 

perhaps,  adv.  perchance  (formal;  obsoles- 
cent or  literary),  possibly,  perad venture 
(archaic  or  literary),  maybe  (less  dignified 
than  "perhaps");  spec,  probably,  possi- 
bly, belike  (archaic),  haply  (archaic  or  po- 
etic), happily  (archaic;  rare). 

period,  n.  1.  time  (contextual) ;  spec,  epoch, 
eon,  era,  age,  span,  spell,  stage,  cycle, 
eternity,  season,  term,  limit,  interval, 
epact,  luster  or  lustrum,  kalpa,  manvan- 
tara,  indiction,  semester. 
2.  See  END. 

periodic,  a.  Spec,  epochal,  seasonal,  cy- 
clic,  serial,   secular,   termly,   centennial; 

see  INTERMITTENT. 

Antonyms:    see  irregular. 

periodical,  n.  publication  (contextual); 
spec,  serial,  weekly,  monthly,  quarterly, 
magazine,  bulletin,  gazette. 

perjure,  v.  t.  Used  reflectively:  man- 
swear  (archaic),  forswear. 

perjured,  a.  forsworn,  mansworn  (ar- 
chaic) . 

perk,  V.  i.  1.  Spec,  strut. 
2.  See  SPRUCE. 

permanence,  n.  permanency;    spec,  im- 
movableness,  fixity,  fixture  (archaic),  con- 
stancy, durableness,  lastingness. 
Antonyms:   see  transience. 

permanent,  a.  Spec,  fixed,  standing,  ir- 
removable, immovable  (literally  or  fig.), 
pucka  or  pakka  (Anglo-Indian);  see  last- 
ing, constant,  unfading,  durable. 

Antonyms:    see  transient,  temporary, 
shifting,  provisional. 

permissible,  a.  allowable,  free;  spec,  open, 


sufferablc,  unprohibited,  admissible,  dis- 
pensable (eccl.). 

permission,  n.  allowance,  permit  (rare), 
leave;  spec,  sufferance,  toleration,  favor, 
license,  liberty,  conge  (French)  or  congee 
(rare),  grace  (Eng.  universities),  exeat, 
dispensation,  see  authorization. 
Antonyms:    see  forbiddance. 

permissive,  a.  Spec,  facultative  (literary); 
spec,  dispensative  or  dispensatory. 

permit,  v.  t.  allow;  spec,  let  (with  an  in- 
finitive, usually  used  without  "to"),  toler- 
ate, leave  {with  an  objective  and  the  infini- 
tive), suffer  (now  chiefly  archaic),  license, 
have  (only  with  a  negative,  as  in  "he  will 
not  have  it  mentioned"),  facilitate  (rare); 
see  authorize. 
Antonyms:  see  forbid. 

permit,  n.  Spec,  chop  (in  Chinese  and 
East  Indian  trade),  firman  (Turkish);  see 
license,  passport. 

permitted,  a.  licit  (literary);  spec,  wel- 
come (contextual). 

perpendicular,  a.  1.  See  erect,  precipi- 
tous. 

2.  In  geometry:  normal  (more  technical 
than  "perpendicular"),  cathetal  (rare); 
spec,  vertical. 

perplex,  v.  t.  1.  puzzle,  bepuzzle  (an  inten- 
sive), fog  (fig.);  spec,  mystify,  nonplus, 
set,  corner,  get  (colloq.),  divide  (rare), 
embarrass,  stagger,  metagrabolize  (rare); 
see  confuse. 
Antonyms:  see  enlighten. 
2.  See  complicate. 

perplexed,  a.  doubtful  (contextual),  puz- 
zled; spec,  nonplussed,  embarrassed,  etc. 

perplexing,  a.  Spec,  puzzling,  embarrass- 
ing, knotty,  obscure,  etc.;  see  confusing. 

perplexity,  n.  1.  doubt  (contextual),  per- 
plexedness,  puzzle,  puzzlement  (rare), 
puzzledom  (rare);  spec,  nonplus,  quan- 
dary, nonplussation  (rare),  embarrass- 
ment, fog  (fig.);  see  confusion. 

2.  Referring  to  what  perplexes:  difficulty 
(contextual),  puzzle;  spec,  cobweb  (fig.). 

3.  See  complexity. 

persecute,  v.  t.  1.  oppress,  pursue;   spec. 
(often  fig.)  dragoon,  dragoonade. 
Antonyms:  see  indulge. 
2.  See  afflict,  beset,  urge. 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

perform,  v.  i.:  act. 

perfume,  n.:   smell,  sceiit. 

perfume,  i'.  t.:  scent. 

perfunctory:  formal,  indiffer- 
ent. 

peril,  n.:   danger, 

peril,  V.  t.:   mdanqer. 

perilous:    ilanijcront. 

perimeter:    circumference. 

periphery:  circumference, 
houndnri/. 

periphrasis:    circumloc.utinn. 

periphrastic:   circumlocutory. 


perish:   die,  decay,  end. 

perishable:  destructible,  decom- 
posable. 

perk,  II.  i.:  strut,  spruce. 

perk,  V.  t.:  erect,  spruce. 

permeable:    pervious. 

permeate:    pervade. 

permutation:   interchange. 

pernicious:  destructive,  harm- 
ful, ririnouf!. 

perorate:   declaim,  end. 

peroration:   discnurse,  end. 

perpetrate:   do,  commit. 

perpetration:   commission. 


perpetual:  constant,  eternal, 
endless. 

perpetuate:  continue,  eternal- 
ize. 

perpetuation:  continuatiori, 
eternity. 

perpetuity:  constancy,  eternity. 

perquisite:    pay,  profit. 

perseverance:  continuance, 
constancy. 

persevere:   cotitinue. 

persevering:  constant,  continu- 
inii. 

persiflage:  banter. 


53^  Sec  Notes  of  Explanation. 
317 


PERSIST 


persistent,  a.  i.  Spec,  sedulous,  willful, 
uitfiduous;    *ro  orstinatk. 

2.    ^\f  CONSTANT.  CONTINUING. 

person,  it.  1.  In  the  sciuse  of  "a  htwian  be- 
ing": man  (myiv  only  in  imlefinitc  phrase-'^, 
as  ^'cvery  man,"  etc.,  ami  understooil  as 
primarily  meaning  a  male,  but  inclnding 
women  by  implication),  individual  {chiefly 
a  colloquial  vulgarii^m  or  disparaging), 
party  (spec,  cxc.  when  vulgar  or  slang  as  a 
simple  equivalent  of  "person"),  fellow 
{chiefly  colloq.,  undignified,  or  even  vulgar), 
body  {familiar),  piece  {archaic  or  dial.), 

»wight  {archaic,  exc.  in  "luckless  wight," 
"hapless  icight"),  chap  {familiar  and  un- 
dignified), human  {now  chiefly  humorous 
or  affected  or  used  as  a  neuter  in  gender); 
spec,  {as  viewed  in  a  certain  ivay)  spirit, 
beast,  presence,  animal,  personage,  na- 
ture, soul,  homo  {tech.;  generic),  creature 
{often  depreciating,  condescending,  or  pity- 
ing), figure,  form,  shape,  hand,  mind, 
mouth,  machine,  chit,  card  {slang),  bloke 
{vulgar  slang),  chal  {Gypsy),  billy,  billie 
{Scot.),  birkie  {familiar  or  jocular;  Scot.), 
buckie  {Scot.),  smarty  {colloq.,  U.  S.), 
hulk,  worthy,  worm  or  earthworm  {in 
contempt),  egoist  or  egotist,  dry-as-dust, 
dragoon,  dog  {in  contempt  or  abuse),  dis- 
reputable, insect  {in  contempt),  wagtail 
{contemptuous;  rare),  deceiver,  dupe, 
blockhead,  etc. 

2.  In  theology,  of  the  Deity:  hypostasis, 
personaUty;  spec.  Father,  Son,  Holv 
Ghost. 

3.  In  law:  university  {chiefly  Roman  or 
Civil  law),  universitas  {Lat.  equiv.  of  ^'uni- 
versity"), corporation,  body  {colloq.). 

4.  See  PERSONALITY. 

personage,  n.  1.  person  {in  this  sense  chief- 
ly with  a  qualifying  word  or  words),  some- 
body {colloq.),  figure,  bigwig  {humorous  or 
contemptuous), ch.Sira.cteT{contextual),huzz- 
wig  {derisive;  rare),  big  bug  {slang),  cla- 
rissimo  {Italian; obs.),  magnifico  {Italian), 
proceres  (pi.;  Latin;  rare  exc.  hist.);  see 

MAGNATE. 

Antonyms:  see  nobody. 

2.    See  CARRIAGE. 

personal,  a.  1.  individual;   spec,  intimate; 

see  BODILY,  PRIVATE. 

2.  Of  property:   movable. 

3.  In  theology:  e.ssential,  hypostatic. 
personality,  n.  character,  individuality. 


personate,  v.  t.  impersonate  {usually 
spec.),  personify  {rare);  see  act,  counter- 
feit. 

personate,  v.  i.    Spec,  masquerade. 

personify,  v.  t.  1.  //(  the  sense  of  represent- 
ing as  a  pcrf^on,  or  symbolizing  by  a  human 
form:  impersonate,  personation,  person- 
alize {rare),  imjjersonify  {rare); — "person- 
ify" being  the  most  common. 

2.    See  EMBODY. 

perspiration,  n.  excretion  {contextual), 
water  {contextual);  spec,  exhalation, 
sweat  (a  word  erroneously  avoided  as  vul- 
gar), sweating,  diaphoresis  {tech.). 

perspire,  v.  i.  &  t.  excrete  {contextual); 
spec,  exhale,  sweat,  swelter. 

pervade,  v.  t.  1.  penetrate,  permeate,  fill 
{contextual),  commeate  {rare);  spec,  in- 
terfuse {in  a  nonphysical  sense),  imbue, 
impregnate,  infiltrate. 

2.    See  ANIMATE.  , 

perverse,  a.  1.  See  wicked,  perverted. 
2.  Implying  a  going  counter  to  what  is 
reasonable  or  demanded:  froward  {liter- 
ary), wayward,  cross-grained,  cantanker- 
ous, untoward  or  {rare)  untowardly, 
oblique  or  obliquitous  {both  rare),  con- 
trarious  {mostly  literary),  contrary  {col- 
loq.), wrong-headed,  cussed  {U.  S.;  slang; 
primarily  a  euphemistic  oath),  thwart 
{rare);  see  intractable,  obstinate. 
Antonyms:  see  complaisant,  manage- 
able. 

perversion,  n.  1.  distortion;  spec,  wrench, 
twist,  misuse,  misusage,  misrepresenta- 
tion, misappropriation,  misapplication, 
misconstruction,  misdirection. 
2.  degeneration,  depravation,  degrada- 
tion, corruption. 

perversity,  n.  1.  See  wickedness. 
2.  perverseness,  frowardness  {literary), 
waywardness,  untowardness,  obliquity 
{rare),  contrariousness  {mostly  literary), 
wrong-headedness,  cussedness  {U.  S.; 
sla?ig),  thwartness  {rare);  see  intracta- 
bility, obstinacy. 

Antonyms:   complaisance    {cf.    complai- 
s.ivnt),  nianageableness  {cf.  manageable). 

pervert, y.i.  1. distort;  S7>cc.  wrest,  vVTench, 
twist,  misuse,  warp,  wTithe  {rare),  torture, 
strain,  wiredraw  (fig.),  wry  {archaic),  wring 
{archaic),  misapply,  misturn  {rare),  muti- 
late, misdirect,  corrupt,  misconstrue, 
sophisticate,  garble,  misrepresent. 


(S^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

persist:   continue. 

persistence:  continuance,  con- 
stancy. 

persistent:  constant,  continu- 
ing. 

personable:  good-looking. 

perspective:  delineation,  ap- 
pearanre. 

perspicacious:  discerning. 


perspicacity:   discernment. 
perspicuity:    intelligihility;  cf. 

CLEAR  (loT  clearness) . 
perspicuous:  clear,  intelligible. 
persuade:  induce. 
persuasive:  inducive. 
pert:    impudent. 
pertain:   belong,  relate. 
pertaining:   belonging. 
pertinacious:    constant. 


pertinacity:   constancy. 
pertinency:    relation. 
pertinent:   belonging,  relative. 
pertness:   impudence. 
perturb:  disturb. 
perturbation:  disturbance. 
peruse:   read. 
pervasive:  cf.  diffusive. 
pervert,  v.  i.:   apostasize. 
pervert,  ri.:   apostate. 


%^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

318 


PIEBALD 


2.  deprave,  degrade,  degenerate,  corrupt. 

perverted,  a.  distorted,  perverse,  wry  {lit- 
erary), misdirected,  etc. 

pervious,  a.  penetrable;  spec,  permeable, 
diathermanous. 
Antonyms:    see  impenetrable. 

pessimist,  n.  Spec,  cynic,  malist,  miser- 
abilist. 

pest,  n.  1.  See  disease. 
2.  Referring  to  something  inflicting  harm 
or  distress:  bane,  curse;  see  trouble. 
Antonyms:    see  good. 

pesthouse,  n.  hospital,  lazaretto  or  {less 
common)  lazaret  {chiefly  spec,  and  referring 
to  foreign,  esp.  Oriental,  countries). 

pestle,  n.  pounder  {contextual),  muUer, 
brayer. 

pet,  n.  dear,  fondling,  darling,  duck  {chief- 
ly a  term  of  endearme7d),  daut  {Scot.),  fa- 
vorite^ spec,  dotage,  cosset,  cade. 

pet,  a.  cherished,  favorite,  fond,  cosset, 
cockney  {obs.  or  rare;  Eng.),  darling. 

pet,  n.  fit,  huff,  tiff,  peeve  {colloq.  or  slang). 

petrify,  V.  t.  lapidify  {rare),  lithify  {rare); 
spec,  fossilize,  calcify,  gorgonize,  enmar- 
ble  or  immarble. 

petroleum,  n.  rock  oil;  spec,  kerosene, 
petrol  {Eng.),  gasoline  {U.  S.  eqaiv.  of 
Eng.  "petrol"),  naphtha,  maltha,  etc. 

petticoat,  n.  Spec,  balmoral,  crinoline, 
fustanella  {in  Greece). 

pew,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  inclosed  seat: 
spec.  box. 

2.  Referring  to  the  uninclosed  seat:  bench; 
spec,  slip  {U.  S.). 

philanthropist,   n.   philanthrope   {rare); 
spec,  humanitarian  {often  contemptuous) . 
Antonyms:   see  misanthrope. 

Philistine,  n.  Philister  (a  Germanism), 
gigman  {.so  used  by  Carlyle),  Goth,  Hun, 
Vandal. 

philosopher,  n.  philosoph  (rare),  philos- 
ophaster  {derogatory);  spec,  philosopheress 
{fern.;  huynorous;  rare),  metaphysician, 
peripatetic,  cynic.  Scholastic,  Lockian, 
Hegelian,  etc. 


philosophy,  n.  metaphysics,  philosophism 

{derogatory);  spec,  epistemology,  empiri- 
cism, ideahsm,  teleology,  ontology,  etc. 

phonetic,   a.    1.    phonic,    phonal    {rare); 
spec,  phonographic. 
2.  See  SONANT. 

photograph,  n.  photo  {colloq.),  print  {con- 
textual), catch  {colloq.);  spec,  minette, 
kodak,  daguerreotype. 

physic,  V.  t.  1.  See  drug. 
2.  Spec,  purge,  drench. 
Antonyms:     see  constipate. 

pianist,  n.  pianiste  {fern.;  cant),  piano- 
fortist  {formal);  spec,  cembalist  (rare). 

piano,  n.  pianoforte  {formal),  clavier 
{Ger.);  spec,  pianette,  pianino. 

pick,  V.  t.  1.  See  strike,  pierce,   choose, 

MAKE,  EAT,  PLAY. 

2.  detach     {contextual),     pluck     {chiefly 
spec);  spec,  cull,  gather,  pull,  cut. 

3.  Referring  to  a  fowl,  bird,  etc.:    clean 
{contextual),  pluck;   spec,  plume  {rare). 

pickle,  11.  Spec,  brine,  marinade,  dip. 

pickle,  V.  t.  do  {contextual),  preserve  {con- 
textual); spec,  brine,  souse,  marinade, 
corn,  salt. 

pickpocket,  n.  thief  {contextual),  gonoph 
{cant),  robber  {contextual),  wire  {cant; 
Eng.);  spec,  cutpurse,  dip  {cant),  pick- 
purse  {obs.),  dipper  {cant),  swell-mobs- 
man  {slang). 

picture,  n.  1.  piece  {contextual);  spec,  por- 
trayal, portray  {rare),  scene,  delineation, 
daub,  tableau,  miniature,  monochrome, 
monotint,  perspective,  drawing,  etching, 
painting,  oil  {colloq.  or  cant),  watercolor 
{colloq.),  print,  primitive,  landscape,  sky- 
scape, marine,  seascape  {a  less  proper 
equiv.  of  "marine"),  lithograph,  photo- 
graph, portrait,  portraiture,  chromo- 
graph,  zincograph,  pasticcio  {Italian), 
pastiche  {French),  pastel,  cyclorama,  pan- 
orama, diorama,  etc. 

2.    See  IMAGE,  COUNTERPART. 

pie,  n.  pastry  {contextual);  spec,  pate 
{French),  patty,  pattycake,  bury. 


XS^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

pesky:  unpleasant. 

pester:   annoy. 

pestiferous:  morbific,  harmful, 
destructive,  deadly,  infectious. 

pestilence:  disease. 

pestilential:  deadly,  harmful, 
troublesome,  infectious. 

pet,  V.  t.:   indulge,  caress. 

petite:   small. 

petition,  n.:  asking,  address. 

petition,  v.  t.:  ask,  address. 

petition,  v.  i.:  ask,  appeal. 

petted:  pet. 

pettifog:   prevaricate. 

pettifogging:  prevarication, 
trickery. 

pettish:   irascible. 

petty:  unimportant,  mean,  in- 
ferior. 


petulant:   irascible. 

phantasm:  fancy,  apparition, 
ghost. 

phantasy:  fancy,  caprice,  im- 
agination. 

phantom,  n..'  apparition,  idea. 

phantom,  a.:  apparitional, 
ghostly. 

Pharisaic:  hypocritical,  formal. 

Pharisee:  hypocrite. 

phase:   appearance,  state. 

phenomenal:  apparent,  ex- 
traordinary. 

phenomenon:  occurrence,  ap- 
pearance. 

philology:  linguistics. 

phlegmatic:  calm,  dull,  slug- 
gish. 

phosphorescent:  luminescent. 

phrase,  v.  t.:  ilrscribe. 


phraseology:  expression,  dic- 
tion, language. 

physic,  a.:   cathartic. 

physic,  n.:  drug,  medicine, 
cathartic. 

physical:  material,  corporeal. 

physician:  doctor. 

physique:   build,  constitution. 

pick,  V.  i.:  choose,  eat. 

pick,  n.:  stroke,  choice,  best. 

picked:  choice. 

picket,  n.:  stake,  detail,  watcher, 
post. 

picket,  V.  t.:  fence,  guard,  sta- 
tion. 

picnic:  cf.  excursion. 

pictorial:   graphic. 

picture,  v.  t.:  depict,  imagine, 
describe. 

piebald:   party-colored. 


BS&'"'  Sec  Notes  of  Explanation. 
.319 


PIECE 


piece,  n.  1.  Spec,  hunk,  luinch,  junk, 
ohunk,  chuck,  rag,  hunp,  chuinp,  imun- 
mock  ((vcfidic),  shivd,  scrap,  snatch,  chip, 
cantlc,  canth>t,  patch,  llap,  goblx-t,  end, 
bit,  block,  blad  {Scot.)',  cHp,  cutting,  bite, 
mouthful,  print,  jiat,  cut,  shcc,  cutlet, 
chop.  fragnieiU.  clout  (archaic  or  dial.), 
cabbage  {a  collect  ire).  Sec  part. 
2.  In  games:  man;  spec,  blot,  draught, 
pawn,  king,  knight,  castle,  nueen,  bishoji. 
S.  RefiTriiig  to  laml:  plot,  plat,  lot  {chief- 
ly U.  S.),  area,  patch,  canton  (obs.  or 
rare);  spec,  field,  squ.are,  bed,  gore,  cir- 
cle, block,  corner. 

4.  See  EXAMPLE,  COIN,  FIREARM,  COMPO- 
SITION, ARTICLE,  STATUE,  PICTURE,  SCULP- 
TURE. 

piecemeal,  a.   Spec,  limbmeal  (archaic). 

pier,  n.  I.  sujiport  (contextual);  spec,  post, 
buttress,  pillar,  foundation. 
2.   Referring  to  a  pier  iri  the  water:   spec. 
mole,  quay,  jutty,  jetty,  dike  (local  Eng.), 
groin,  dock  (colloq.);  see  wharf. 

pierce,  v.  t.  1.  penetrate  (contextual),  em- 
pierce  (literary  and  intensive);  spec,  im- 
pale, prick,  pink,  transpierce,  transfix, 
puncture,  pick,  breach,  hole  (rare),  tere- 
brate  (rare),  lance  (poetic  or  spec),  drill, 
bore,  brog  (dial.),  gore,  spear,  dock  (cook- 
ery), needle,  gimlet,  skewer,  javelin;  see 
PERFORATE  (wkich  implies  the  making  of  a 
hole  clear  through). 

2.    See  AFFECT,  ENTER,  PERCEIVE. 

piercing,  a.  1.  penetrative,  penetrating, 
perceant  (archaic  and  poetic),  perforative; 
spec,  cutting. 

2.    See  SHARP,  AFFECTING,  PAINFUL,  HIGH 

(in  sound),  discerning,  sarcastic 

pig,  n.  swine,  hog,  porker;  spec,  roaster, 
whinnock,  Tantony  (dial.),  sow. 

pigeon,  n.  dove  (in  ordinary  usage  a  some- 
what narrower  term  than  "pigeon");  spec. 
duffer,  culver,  cushat  (chiefly  Scot,  and 
dial.  Eng.),  squab,  piper,  homer,  fantail, 
pouter,  tumbler,  etc. 

pigeonlike,  a.  columbine  (literary  or  tech.), 
dovelike. 

pigment,  n.  color  (contextual) ;  spec,  dye, 
paint,  wash,  tincture  (rare). 


pigsty,  n.  swinery,  hogsty,  sty,  piggery. 

pilgrim,  n.  1.  Sec  jouhneyer. 
2.  dcv<.)tee,  i)almer  (hi.^t.  or  archaic;  prop- 
erly spec),  jjcrcgrinator  (affeeted). 

pill,  n.  ball  {colUni.  or  contcrtual);  spec. 
bolus,  globule  (frotn  its  shape),  j)ellet  (a 
small  pill),  pilule  (a  small  pill). 

pillar,  n.  1.  pier,  column  (properly  spec); 
spce.  shaft,  post,  stanchion,  stanchel, 
jamb,  pilaster,  atlas,  caryatid,  stele, 
needle,  obelisk,  herm,  columella,  standard, 
newel. 
2.  See  SUPPORT. 

pillory,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  instrumeiU  of 
punishment:     spec   jougs    (Scot.;    hist.), 
cangue  (\ised  in  China). 
2.  Referring  to  the  form  of  punishment: 
spec,  cyphonism  (Greek  antiq.). 

pimple,  n.  Spec,  papula,  papule,  pustule, 
chalazion,  wheal,  ruby,  carbuncle. 

pimply,  a.  pimpled;  spec  pustular,  pustu- 
late, i)ustulous. 

pin,  n.  1.  peg;  spec,  nog,  bolt,  cog,  spill, 
bodkin,  gnomon,  forelock,  norman  (chief- 
ly naut.),  wrist,  kevel,  duledge,  tongue, 
tang,  fin,  broach,  needle,  dowel,  toggle, 
thole,  treenail,  skewer,  spile,  style. 
2.  In  games:  spec,  skittle,  teiipin,  nine- 
l)in,  duekjiin,  candlepin. 

pincerlike,  a.  forcipate  (tech.) 

pincers,  n.  pi.  pinchers,  tweezer.s.  claw 
(sing.),  forceps;  spec,  pincette  (sing.), 
crowV)ill  or  crow's-bill  (siiig.). 

pioneer,  n.  1.  See  engineer. 
2.  forerunner,  dewbeater  (dial,  or  rare); 
spec,  planter,  settler,  colonist. 

pipe,  71.  1.  Referring  to  a  kind  of  musical  in- 
strument: spec  fife,  chanter,  straw  (col- 
loq.), piiies  (pL),  flute,  flageolet,  oboe, 
shawm,  hornpipe. 

2.  Referring  to  the  smoker's  pipe:  spec 
meerschaum,  callean  or  calean,  hubble- 
bubble,  narghile,  chibouk,  hookah,  dudeen, 
peacepipe,  calumet  (A7ner.  Indian). 

3.  See  tube,  cask. 

pirate,  n.  I.  sea  robber  or  (for  short  and 
contextual)  robber,  marauder  (contextual), 
corsair  (chiefly  spec).,  rover  (co7itextual) , 
picaroon    (rare),    seadog    (chiefly   spec). 


fc&^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

pillage:   plunder. 

pine,  r.  i.:  lanyiii.th,  long. 

piece,  r.  t.:  join,  repair. 

pillow :   cushion. 

pinion,  ;;..•  feather. 

pled:   parly-colored. 

pilose:    hairy. 

pinion,  t).  t.;  maim,  hold,  bind. 

piety:  religiousness,  obedience. 

pilot,     n.:      steersman,     guide, 

pink,  n.:  extreme. 

piggery:  pigsty. 

guard,  aviator. 

pink,    V.  t:    pierce,    perforate. 

piggish:     sunnish,    gluttonous, 

pilot,  V.  t.:  steer,  guide. 

indent. 

greedy. 

pilotage:  guidance. 

pinnacle:   turret,  peak,  height. 

pigmy,  n.:  variant  of  pygmy. 

pily:    nappy. 

pious:    religious,  obedient. 

pigtail:  cue. 

pimp:    bauyd. 

pip,  n.:   seed. 

pike,  n.:  point. 

pin,  V.  t.:  fasten,  hold,  bind. 

pipe,  !'.  t.:  tube,  utter. 

pilaster:  pillar. 

pinch,  V.   t.:    squeeze,  oppress. 

pipe,  V.  i.:  whistle,  speak,  sing. 

pile,  n.:  hair,  nap. 

straighten,    force,    famish, 

ex- 

phui. 

pile,  n.:  heap. 

tort,  arrest. 

piquant:     sharp,    stimulating, 

pile,  t>.  t.:    heap,  load,  furnish, 

pinchbeck:   counterfeit. 

iniKi/eiit. 

accumulate. 

pinched:    narrow,  thin. 

pique,  n.:  offense. 

pile,  V.  i.:   accumulatf . 

pinching:    distressing. 

pique,  V.  t.:  offend. 

pilfer:  steal. 

pinchpenny:   iiigoard. 

piracy:   robbery. 

tS"  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

320 


PLAIN 


seathief    (rare),   sea  wolf    (o   pseudo-ai-- 

chaism),     marooner     (rare),     buccaneer; 

^pec.  privateer,  viking. 

2.  Referring  to  the  vessel:  spec,  sallee-man, 

privateer. 

pirate,  V.  i.  maraud  (contextual),  rob  (con- 
textual), picaroon  (rare);  spec,  privateer. 

pistol,  n.  firearm  (contextual),  flute  (slang), 
gun  (colloq.),  shooting  iron  (slang);  spec. 
revolver,  snaphance,  bulldozer,  petronel, 
dag,  derringer. 

piston,  n.   Spec,  j^lungcr,  ram,  bucket. 

pit,  n.   1.  See  hole,  trap,  auditorium, 

HELL,  ABYSS. 

2.  Referring  to  a  .surface  depression  as  on 
the  body:  hollow  (contextual) ;  spec,  alveo- 
lus, puncture. 

pitch,  V.  i.  1.  See  descend,  fall,  engage. 
2.  Referring  to  a  ship's  head  on  a  down- 
ward motion:   jjlunge. 
Antonyms:  see  roll. 

pitch,  n.  1.  See  throw,  slope,  degree, 

INTENSITY,   MODULATION. 

2.  Of  a  ship:  plunge. 
pitcher,  n.  ewer  (literary  or  archaic),  jug 

(Eng.);     spec,    urceus    (tech.),    urceolus 

(tech.). 
pitcher-shaped,  a.  urceolate  (tech.). 
pith,  n.   1.  heart  (cordextual) ,  core  (co}t.- 

textual);  spec,  pulp,  cord,  medulla  (tech.). 

2.    See  ENERGY,  ESSENCE,  FORCE. 

pith,  V.  t.  dccerebrize  (tech.). 

pithy,  a.  1.  porous  (contextual);  spec. 
corky. 

2.  Referring  to  literature,  etc.:     substan- 
tial,  meaty,   matterful    (colloq.),   pithful 
(rare);  see  concise,  forcible. 
Antonyms:    see  empty. 

pitted,  a.  variolate,  punctate,  puncturate, 
foveate,  foveolate  or  foveolated,  alveo- 
late, lacunose  (rare),  favose,  cuppy; — all 
hut  "pitted"  and  "cupped"  learned  or  tech. 

pivot,  n.  1.  axis,  gugdeon  (chiefly  spec); 
spec,  jewel. 
2.  Fig.:  see  center. 

place,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  general  concep- 
tion of  extension  in  space:  see  space. 
2.  Referring  to  a  definite  portion  of  space, 
of  greater  or  less  extent  and  occupied  or  un- 
occupied: space;  spec,  spot,  part,  local- 
ity, situation,  location,  side,  region,  quar- 
ter, scene,  tract,  corner,  locale  or  (less 
commonly,  but  more  properly)  local,  pro- 


venience, district,  division,  latitude,  longi- 
tude, neighborhood;  see  bounds. 

3.  Referring  to  a  particular  locality  as  be- 
ing a  center  of  population  and  modified  or 
more  or  less  determined  in  character  by  lo- 
cal usages,  customs,  etc.:  spec,  city,  town, 
hamlet,  village,  dorp,  borough,  vill,  etc. 

4.  'Referring  to  a  place  as  occupied  by  a 
body:  position,  locality,  location,  situa- 
tion; spec,  seat,  site  or  (rare)  situs,  sta- 
tion, locus  (tech.),  emplacement  or  (rare) 
placement,  post,  pitch  (rare),  whereabout 
or  whereabouts. 

5.  Referring  to  a  portion  of  the  earth's  sur- 
face: see  territory. 

6.  With  "in":  in  lieu,  in  stead. 

7.  See  position,  abode,  resort,  rank, 
opportunity. 

place,  V.  t.  1.  locate,  position  (rare),  situ- 
ate; spec,  set,  lay,  rest,  fix,  slip,  em  place, 
dispose,  bestow  (archaic),  pitch,  station, 
stand,  ir  stall,  plant,  collocate,  perch, 
pose,  impose  (archaic),  deposit,  orientate 
or  orient,  rank,  tee  (golf);  see  pack, 

2.  Referring  to  the  determination  of  the 
position  of  a  thing:  locate,  localize,  allo- 
cate (learned,  tech.,  or  rare),  position 
(rare);  spec,  lodge. 

3.  Referring  to  finding  a  position,  as  of 
employment,  for:  berth,  billet. 

4.  See  DATE,  CLASS,  attribute,  put,  ap- 
point, BESTOW. 

placing,  n.  1.  placement  (rare),  emplace- 
ment (literary  or  tech.);  spec,  fixation, 
resting,  stationing,  depositing,  installa- 
tion, bestowal  (archaic),  preposition 
(rare),  postposition,  bedding,  orientation. 
2.  location,  allocation  (tech.  or  learned), 
localization. 

placket,  n.  opening  (contextual),  placket 
hole,  slit,  fent  (chiefly  dial.  Eng.). 

plagiarist,  n.  plagiator  (rare),  plagiary 
(rare),  transcribbler  (contemptuous) ,  crib- 
ber  (colloq.  or  spec). 

plagiarize,  v.  t.  &  i.  abstract  (contextual), 
crib  (colloq.  or  spec),  steal  (extremely  op- 
probrious) . 

plaid,  n.  pattern  (contextual),  checker  or 
chequer;   spec,  tartan. 

plain,  n.  flat,  champaign  (literary),  cham- 
pian  or  champion  (obs.,  dial.,  or  archaic), 
level;  spec,  prairie,  steppe,  tundra,  llano, 
pampa  (chiefly in  pi.),  sebka  (North  Africa) . 


fW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

pirouette:  whirl. 

piscatorial:  fishing. 

pit,  !).  (.;  fisiht,  oppose. 

pit,  V.  t.:  hollotv,  indent. 

pitch,  n.:  resin. 

pitcbi,  V.  t.:  erect,  establish, 
throw,  modulate,  arrange. 

pitchy:   black. 

piteous:  compassionate,  lament- 
able. 


pitiable:  lamentable,  paltry, 
rnnliiiiptible. 

pitiful:  compassionate,  lament- 
able, pidtrij,  contenipliliU:. 

pittance:  little,  allowance,  alms. 

pity,  n.:    compas.sion.. 

pity,  )i.  t.:   compassionate. 

pivotal:   axial,  central. 

placable:   pacifiable. 

placard,  jt.;  notice,  advertize- 
ment. 


placard,  v.  t.:  publish,  adver- 
tize. 

placate:   pacify. 

placatory:    parificntory. 

placid:    peaceful,  calm. 

placidity:   peace,  calm. 

plague,  n.:  disease,  annoyance. 

plague,  V.  t.:  trouble,  annoy. 

plain,  n.:  clear,  evident,  intelli- 
gible, simple,  homely,  mere, 
dull,  artless,  crude,  uniform. 


(Sr^  Suu  Notes  of  Explanation. 
321 


PLAINSONG 


Antonyms:    sec  hill,  mountain. 

plainsong,  n.  meloily,  counterpoint,  can- 
tilena {Ihilian:  tech.),  canto  {music). 

plan,  7i.  1.  delineation  {contextual);  spec. 
diagram,  chtu't,  layout  {U.  S.),  ichnogra- 
phy ;  see  map. 

2,  idea,  method,  conception,  design, 
scheme,  system,  program;  spec,  contriv- 
ance, device,  arrangement,  line,  lay  {slang 
or  cant),  game,  plot,  rede  {archaic  or  po- 
etic), project,  trick,  forecast  {rare),  in- 
trigue, conspiracy. 

plan,  V.  I.  1.  See  delineate,  diagram. 
2.  contrive,  arrange,  study,  design;  spec. 
provide,  set,  lay,  concert,  calculate  {ar- 
chaic), project,  program  {rare),  premedi- 
tate, devise,  block  {chiefly  with  "out"), 
shape,  cast,  plot,  forecast  {rare),  maneu- 
ver, conspire. 

plan,  V.  i.  devise,  shape,  contrive;  spec. 
arrange,  study,  scheme. 

plane,  n.  1.  plain  {archaic),  flat;  spec. 
horizon. 

2.    See  DEGREE. 

plane,  v.  t.  smooth;  spec,  mill,  traverse. 

planet,  n.  star  {contextual),  light  {context- 
ual); spec,  primary,  secondary  (a  less  usu- 
al equiv.  of  "sateUite"),  sateUite,  signifi- 
cator,  lord,  hyleg,  etc.,  Mercury,  Venus, 
earth,  Mars,  Jupiter,  Saturn,  Uranus, 
Neptune. 

planking,  n.  plank  (a  collective);  spec, 
and  collectively)  berthing,  skin,  compar- 
tition  {rare). 

planning,  n.  contriving,  arrangement, 
study,  etc.     See  plan,  v.  t. 

plant,  n.  1.  organism  {contextual),  wort 
{obs.  or  rare,  exc.  in  combination);  spec. 
herb,  set,  vegetable,  plantlet,  exotic, 
seedling,  flower,  flora  (a  collective;  tech.), 
quick  {a  collective;  archaic  or  rare),  herblet. 
2.  See  apparatus,  equipment,  estab- 
lishment. 

plant,   V.  t.   1.   set   {chiefly  with   "out"); 
spec,  transplant,  sow,  prick,  tub,  ridge, 
replant. 
Antonyms:  see  uproot,  extirpate. 
2.  see  fix,  hide,  deposit,  put,  colonize, 
settle. 

plantation,   n.    1.  A   group  of  cultivated 
plants:    spec,   basket,    pinetum,   pinery, 
nopalry,  vineyard. 
2.  See  estate,  farm. 

plant-eating,  a.  herbivorous,  phytopha- 
gous {tech.),  phytivorous  {a  hybrid  term). 


plaster,  n.  1.  In  medicine:  spec,  cataplasm 
{obs.),  charge,  sinapism,  diachylon. 
2.  Spec,   cement,   jiargct,   paste,   stucco, 
staff,  mortar,  daub,  mud. 

plaster,  v.  t.  beplaster  {an  intensive) ;  spec. 
parget,  daub,  cement,  tarras  or  trass, 
mortar,  stucco,  staff. 

plasterwork,  n.  Spec,  stucco,  staff,  par- 
geting, scagliola. 

plastic,  a.  1.  See  creative. 
2.  moldable,  fictile,  formable,  ductile. 
Antonyms:    sec  elastic,  rigid. 

plate,  n.  1.  Spec,  sheet,  lamella  {tech.), 
paten  {rare),  web,  plaque,  escutcheon, 
fish  plate  or  {for  short)  fish,  slab,  scute  or 
scutum,  vamplate,  tile,  planch,  sala- 
mander; see  lamina. 

2.  dish  {contextual),  paten  {archaic  or 
hist.,  exc.  spec);  spec,  platter,  griddle  or 
girdle. 

3.  *See  ENGRAVaNG. 

plate,  v.  t.  1.  overlay;    spec,  gild,  silver, 

platinize,  nickel,  etc. 

2.  In  printing:  spec,  electrotype,  stereo- 
type. 

plE,teau,  n.  highland,  platform,  tableland; 
spec,  mesa  {southern  U.  S.),  field,  paramo 
{chiefly  So.  Amer.),  puna. 
Antonyms:    see  valley,  peak. 

plate- shaped,  a.  placoid  {tech.). 

platform,  n.  1.  floor  {contextual),  dais 
{rare,  exc.  spec),  stage,  pulpit  {archaic  or 
spec);  spec  scaffold,  suggestum  {Roman 
antiq.),  emplacement,  perron,  catafalque, 
footboard,  drop,  roundtop,  top,  turn- 
table, stand,  bridge,  predella;   see  dais, 

ROSTRUM. 

2.    (See  STATEMENT. 

platter,  n.  plate,  charger  {literary  CT  tech.) , 

trencher  {obs.  or  hist.);  spec,  graol. 
plausible,   a.    1.   specious,   fair-seeming, 

colorable,  colored. 

2.  fair-spoken,  smooth,  suave,  bland. 
play,  V.  i.  1.  move  {contextual);   spec,  lap, 

lick,  dance,  caper,  jiggle,  flutter,  wave, 

ripple;  see  caper,  w^a.ve. 

2.  idle,  disport  {literary),  sport  {chiefly 
spec);  spec  toy,  wanton,  trifle,  flirt;  see 

FROLIC,  TOY. 

Antonyms:    see  work,  study. 

3.  perform  {formal);  spec,  melodize  {chief- 
ly humorous  or  jocular),  flourish,  descant, 
pipe,  drum,  finger,  pick,  pluck,  blow, 
chime,  harp,  flute,  fiddle,  doodle  {Scot.), 
duet  {rare),  thrum,  smite  {the harp;  poetic). 


XW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
plain-spoken:  blunt, frank. 
plaint:   lamentation,  complaint. 
plaintiS:  acctiser. 
plaintive:   mournful. 
plait,  n.:  fold,  braid. 
plait,  r.  t.:  fold,  braid. 
plaiting:   braid. 


planch:  plate. 
plane:  flat. 
plank:   board. 
planter:  farmer,  pioneer. 
plash,  V.  t.:  interlace. 
plash,  V.  i.:  splash. 
plash,  n.:  splash,  rain. 
plashy:   marshy. 


plat,  T.  t.:  braid. 
plat,  n.:  piece,  diagram,  map. 
plat,  r.  t.:   diagram. 
platitude:    commonplace. 
platitudinize:  commonplace. 
platitudinous:  commonplace. 
platoon:   body,  set. 
plaudit:  applause. 


^^W'  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
322 


PLEASURABLE 


4.  In  playing  cards:  spec,  crossruff  (cant), 
seesaw,  nig  (slang),  renege,  revoke,  dis- 
card. 

Antonyms:    see  pass. 

5.  See  SHINE,  GAMBLE. 

play,  V.  t.  1.  move  (contextual);  spec,  wield, 
ply,   operate,   dribble    (in  football);    see 

FIRE,  THROW,  EXERCISE. 

2.  Referring  to  the  playing  of  a  musical  in- 
strument: touch  (chiefly  with  "strings," 
"keys,"  etc.,  as  the  object);  spec,  sweep, 
pick,  pluck,  tune,  breathe,  bow,  finger, 
twang,  twangle,  band  (contemptuous), 
pound  (contemptuous),  doodle  (cidefly 
Scot.),  drum,  thrum. 

3.  Referring  to  the  playing  of  a  card  or 
piece  in  a  game:  spec,  throw,  table,  move, 
discard,  sacrifice. 

4.  See  ACT,  EXECUTE,  OPPOSE,  DISCHARGE. 

play,  n.  1.  motion  (contextual);  spec,  wield- 
ing, lap,  lick,  lambency,  dance;  see  jig- 
gle, CAPER,  FLUTTER,  WAVE,  RIPPLE, 
EXERCISE. 

2.  Spec,  disport,  sport,  fun,  toy,  toying, 
trifling,  flirting;  see  frolic. 

Antonyms:    see  work. 

3.  See  diversion,  sport. 

4.  sport,  fun;  see  jest. 
Antonyms:    see  earnestness.  • 

5.  Referring  to  a  game:  spec,  throw,  move, 
sacrifice,  crossruff,  seesaw,  renege. 

6.  A  theatrical  play:  piece,  drama,  comedy, 
tragedy,  revue  (French);  see  drama. 

7.  See  TURN,  discharge,  freedom,  dra- 
ma, action,  gambling,  performance. 

player,  n.  1.  performer;  see  musician,  act- 
or,  ACROBAT. 
2.    See  GAMBLER. 

playful,  a.  sportive,  playsome  (rare), 
gamesome  (literary);  spec,  kittenish, 
tricksy  (literary),  tricksome  (chiefly  liter- 
ary), wanton,  half-serious,  toyful,  toy- 
some;    see  FROLICSOME,  MISCHIEVOUS. 

Antonyms:  see  earnest,  serious. 

playground,  n.  playstead  (rare);  spec. 
court. 

plaything,  n.  sport,  toy,  whimwham  (ar- 
chaic or  rare);  spec,  hewgag  (U.  S.),  doll, 
puzzle,  whirligig,  kite. 

pleading,  n.  allegation,  plea;  spec,  bill, 
answer,  complaint,  duply  (obs.  or  hist.), 
duplication,  demurrer,  reply,  rebutter, 
surrebutter,  etc. 

pleasant,  a.  1.  pleasing,  pleasurable, 
agreeable,  acceptable;  spec,  comfortable, 
likable  or  likeable,  admirable,  enjoyable, 
delightful,    delightsome    (literary),    deli- 


cious, delectable  (often  ironical  or  humor- 
ous), delectate  (rare),  lovely,  charming, 
fascinating,  captivating,  entrancing,  pre- 
possessing, pretty,  nice,  sweet,  blessed, 
luscious,  attractive,  gracious  (now  archaic 
or  poetic),  desirable,  satisfactory,  dulcet, 
joysome  (rare),  joyful,  gladsome,  good, 
welcome,  seemly,  gratifying,  flattering, 
pleasureful  (rare),  lustly  (archaic),  glori- 
ous (colloq.),  jolly  (colloq.),  goluptious 
(slang  or  humorous);  see  acceptable. 
Antonyms:  scctorturous,  unpalatable, 
unpleasant,  offensive,  abominable, 
shocking,  disgusting,  unbearable. 
2.  Referring  to  a  person's  conduct  toward 
others:  see  agreeable. 

pleasantry,  n.  1.  play,  banter,  raillery, 
badinage  (French),  dicacity  (obs.  or  ar- 
chaic), persiflage,  chaff;  spec,  jesting, 
pleasance  (archaic),  drollery,  facetious- 
ness,  funniment  (jocular  or  colloq.). 
2.  Of  the  act  exhibiting  pleasantry:  banter, 
drollery,  rally,  raillery,  roast  (colloq.),  fun- 
niment (jocidar  or  colloq.),  facetiae  (pi.; 
Latin);  see  jest. 

please,  v.  t.  pleasure  (rare),  take;  spec,  de- 
light, oblige,  charm,  captivate,  enchant, 
enamour  (chiefly  used  with  "of"),  gratify, 
flatter,  tickle,  satisfy,  ecstasize,  enrap- 
ture, titillate,  enravish  (literary),  hit  (col- 
loq.), suit,  regale  (rare);  see  elate, 
gladden. 
Antonyms:  see  pain,  offend,  anger, 
disgust,  grieve,  displease. 

please,  v.  i.  like.  That  "please"  and  "like" 
here  are  intransitives  with  the  infinitive  as 
the  accusative  showing  the  subject  of  pleas- 
ure, is  shown  by  the  fact  that  this  use  is  ex- 
actly equivalent  to  the  passive  expression 
"I  shall  be  pleased  to,"  etc. 

pleased,  a.  Spec,  delighted,  glad,  glad- 
some, gladful,  jubilant  (archaic),  gladly 
(archaic),  fain,  happy,  joyful,  joyous,  joy- 
ant  (rare),  gleeful,  high,  satisfied,  eude- 
monic  (rare),  blithe  or  blithesome  (chiefly 
poetic),  elate,  exultant,  blissful,  blessed, 
blest,  heavenly,  paradisiacal,  paradisial, 
proud. 

Antonyms:    see  angry,  blank;  also  cf. 
offend. 

pleasure,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  mental 
state  or  emotion:  pleasedness  (rare) ,  pleas- 
ance (archaic  and  poetic);  spec,  delight, 
delectation  (noio  rather  affected  or  hu- 
7norous  for  '^delight" ) ,  happiness,  gladness, 
gladsomeness,  joy,  joyfvdness,  joyance, 
joyancy,  delectation,  felicity,  bliss,  blissful- 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
playbill:   notice. 
playday:   holiday. 
playfellow:  comrade. 
playhouse:   theater. 
playmate:   comrade. 


playsome:  plai/ful. 
playtime:   holiday. 
playwright:   dramatist. 
plaza:   .'square. 

plea:   allegation,  defense,  claim, 
excuse,  appeal. 


pleach:   interlace. 
plead,  V.  i.:  appeal,  ansiver. 
plead,  V.  t.:  defend,  stale. 
pleader:   advocate. 
pleasing,  a.:    pleasant. 
pleasurable:   pleasant. 


B2r°  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
323 


PLEASURE 


ness,  likinc,  jrratifioation,  satisfaction,  en- 
ioymont.t'lation.julMlanco,  jubilancv.juhi- 
lation,  jubilee  {rare),  beatitude,  blessed- 
ness, blitheness,  paradise,  glory,  elysium, 
heaven,  heyday,  jiteundity  (rare),  oude- 
niony  {rorcj;  sec  uejoicin«,  admiration. 
Anio)ii/ms:  sec  anc.eu,  offensk,  ca- 
lamity, DISGUST,  PAIN,  TORTURE,  DIS- 
I'LEASURE. 

2.  Referring  to  the  thing  that  pleases:  spec. 
delight,  joy,  gratifieation,  satisfaction,  en- 
joyment, treat,  diversion,  entertainment. 

Antonyms:  see  torture. 

3.  See  WILL. 

pleasure,  v.  i.  1.  Spec,  delight,  Joy,  jubi- 
late; see  REJOICE. 
2.  See  wnLL,  desire. 

plebeian,  a.   1.  basebom  or  base,  prole- 
tarian, popular  {rare),  gregal  or  gregarian 
(rare),    roturier    (French),  ignoble    (rare 
or  literary),  vulgar  (rare),  common,  mean. 
Antonyms:      see  aristocratic,  noble, 

KINGLY. 

2.  See  cosrMONPLACE,  low,  co.\rse. 

plebeian,  n.   proletarian,  proletary,  pleb 
(slang),   roturier    (French;    often  spec); 
spec,  client  (Roman  hist.). 
Antonyms:  see  noble. 

plebeianism,  n.  plebeianness  (rare),  ro 
ture  (French). 

pledge,  n.  1.  security,  plight  (rare),  gage, 
pawn;    spec,  hostage,  deposit,  collateral, 
wager  (ohs.  or  archaic),  stake. 
2.  See  earnt:st,  toast,  promise. 

pledge,  V.  t.  &  i.  1.  deliver  (contextual), 
plight  (chiefly  poetic  or  rhetoric-al;  noiv 
rare);  spec,  deposit,  wage  (obs.  or  ar- 
chaic), pawn,  impawn  (rare  or  emphatic), 
gage  (archaic),  hypothecate,  mortgage, 
impledge  (rare),  impignorate  (chiefly 
Scots  law),  pignorate  (rare),  dip  (colloq. 
equiv.  of  "pawn"),  borrow  (ohs.),  stake. 
Antonyms:  see  free. 
2.  See  BINT),  promise,  toast. 

pledget,  n.  stupe,  dossil,  tent,  tampion, 
plug. 

pleonasm,  n.  superfluity  (contextual),  re- 
dundancy, verbosity;  spec,  tautology, 
diffuseness. 

pleonastic,  a.  superfluous  (contextual),  re- 
dundant. 

plow,  plough,  V.  t.  1.  ear  (archaic),  tUl, 


br<>ak,  fallow  (sprr.  or  rare);    spec,  sub- 
soil, rib,  riilge,  rafter,  hack. 
2.  See  cleave. 

plower,  plougher,  n.  plowman,  tiller, 
jilowjogger  (hiiiNiirous  or  contemptuous), 
elodlioppcr  (derogatory). 

plowing,  ploughing,  /(.  earing  (obs.  or  ar- 
chaic), tilling;  s/wc.  coaration  (rare). 

plow-wise,  ploughwise,  adv.  boustrophe- 
don. 

pluck,  n.  1.  See  pull,  jerk. 
2.  viscera,  haslet  or  harslet,  gather  (obs.; 
chiefly  spec). 

plug,  n.  douk  (chiefly  Scot.);  spec,  dowel, 
dottle,  plunger,  wad,  tamjjion;  see  stop- 
per, PLEDGET. 

plumage,  n.  feather  (chiefly  in  pi.),  feath- 
ering, plume  (chiefly  in  pi.);  spec,  hackle 

.or  heckle,  down,  dowTiiness,  mantle,  mir- 
ror, mail. 

plume,  n.  1.  feather,  plumage  (rare);  spec. 
plumet,  egret,  culgee  (Anglo-Indian). 
2.  panache;  spec,  crest. 

plummet,  71.  weight  (contextual),  lead, 
bob,  plumb. 

plump,  a.  1.  fat,  full,  rotund,  chubby, 
chuff  (obs.  or  dial,  equiv.  of  "chubbif), 
embonpoint  (French),  full-figured,  crum- 
my (slang),  buxom,  sleek,  pudgy  (rare), 
plumpy  (rare),  opulent  (a  Gallicism). 
Antonyms:  see  thin. 
2.  See  direct,  blunt. 

plumpness,  n.  fatness,  rotundity,  embon- 
])oint  (French). 

plunder,  v.  t.  1.  With  the  person  or  thing 
from  which  plunder  is  taken  as  its  object: 
pillage  or  (archaic)  pill;  spec,  harry,  dev- 
astate, rifle,  ravage,  loot,  rob,  desolate, 
sack,  spoil,  despoil,  strip,  maraud,  raid, 
ransack  (rare),  flay,  ravish,  spoliate, 
pluck,  fleece,  foray,  gut,  dacoit  (India), 
pirate,  picaroon  (rare),  boothale  (ar- 
chaic), pilfer  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  protect,  enrich. 
2.  With  the  thing  as  object  lohich  is  taken 
away:  pillage  or  (archaic)  pill;  spec. 
rifle,  harry,  loot,  rob,  strip,  ransack  (rare), 
pirate,  ravish,  scoff  (slang),  pilfer  (rare). 

plunder,  V.  i.  piUage,  raven,  reave  or 
(Scot.)  reive;  spec,  maraud,  rob,  depre- 
date, boothale  (archaic),  loot,  foray,  for- 
age, pirate,  freeboot,  prey,  pilfer  (rare). 


Er"  Cross  rejercnces:  see  Note. 

plethoric:     full-blooded,    bom- 

conspiracy, intrigue. 

pleat:  fold. 

bastic. 

plot,  v.:   diagram,  plan,  devise. 

plenary:    absolute. 

plesus:  network,  group. 

conspire,  intrigue. 

plenipotentiary,  a.:  absolute. 

pliable:      flexible,     adaptable. 

pluck:   pull. 

plenipotentiary,     n.:      diplo- 

manageable. 

plucliy:   courageous. 

matic  agent. 

pliant:   flexible,  yielding,  com- 

plumb, a.:  vertical. 

plenitude:  abundance,  fullness. 

plaisant,    adaptable,    manage- 

plumb, adv.:  vertically,  exactly. 

plenteous:   abundant. 

able. 

plumb,  V.  t.:  sound. 

plenty,  n.:  abundance. 

plicate:  fold. 

plume,  V.  t.:     feather,   spruce. 

plenty,  a.:  abundant. 

plication:  fold. 

congratulate. 

plenum:    fullness,    space,    as- 

plod: walk,  drudge. 

plump,  V.  t.:  fatten,  distend. 

sembly. 

plop:  fall. 

plump,  V.  i.:  fall,  blurt. 

plethora:   excess. 

plot,  n.:    piece,  diagram,  plan. 

plump,  a/h'.:  directly,  stuldenly. 

(W  See  Notes  oJ  Explanation. 

324 


POKE 


plunder,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  action:  pil- 
lage; spec,  rapine,  ravin,  sack,  sackage 
(rare),  harrying,  prey  (archaic),  spoil,  de- 
spoliation, spoliation,  expilation  (rare), 
reave  or  (Scot.)  reive^  plunderage  (rare), 
freebooting,  devastation,  desolation,  ma- 
raud;   see  ROBBERY. 

2.  Referring  to  what  is  taken:  booty,  pil- 
lage, plunderage  (rare),  spoil,  loot,  ravin 
(rare  or  literary),  rapine  (rare  or  literary) , 
creaghorcreach  (Scot.andlr.)  ,Y)iUer  (rare). 
plundering,  a.  predatory,  depredatory, 
ravenous. 

ply,  V.  t.  1.  See  EXERCISE,  PLAT,  ATTACK, 
URGE. 

2.  belabor  (as  with  arguments  or  questions; 
rare),  assail;  spec,  overwhelm. 
pocket,  M.   1.  See  hollow,  cul-dE-sac, 

BIN. 

2.  Referring  to  a  pocket  in  a  garment  or  at- 
tached to  the  person:  placket  (rare);  spec. 
fob,  burse. 

pocket,  V.  t.  pouch  (rare  or  archaic);  spec. 
appropriate,  steal. 

pocketbook,  n.  wallet  (now  obsolescent), 
porte-monnaie  (French). 

poem,  n.  poesy  (archaic);  spec,  ballad,  cy- 
cle, dit  (archaic),  ditty,  duan  (Gaelic), 
eclogue,  epic,  epigram,  epilogue,  epitha- 
lamium,  epode,  erotic,  fabliau  (French), 
georgic,  gloss,  heroic,  heroid,  iambic, 
idyll  or  idyl,  ithyphalhc,  Limerick,  lyric, 
madrigal,  melody,  monody,  mythopoem, 
ode,  odelet,  partheniad  (rare),  pastoral, 
Pindaric,  quatorzain,  rhapsody,  ron- 
deau, Romance,  rondel,  rune  (Finnish), 
satire,  sestina  or  sestine,  sirvente  (Ital- 
ian), song,  sonnet,  Thebaid,  Theseid,  tri- 
olet, virelay,  Voluspa,  monostich,  deca- 
stich,  tristich,  tetrastich,  pentastich,  hex- 
astich,  heptastich,  octastich,  telestich,  etc. 

poet,  n.  maker  (archaic),  epopoeist  (rare), 
Parnassian  (chiefly  spec),  versifier  or  verse- 
man  (contemptuous),  bard,  poetaster  (de- 
preciatory); spec,  rimer  or  rhymer,  rimist 
or  rhymist  (rare),  rimester  or  rhymester 
(depreciatory),  poeticule,  poetling,  bard- 
ling,  poetess  if  em.),  druid,  elegist,  epicist, 
gnomic,  iambist.  Laker,  Lakist,  lyricist, 
lyrist,  minnesinger,  Ronsardist  or  Ron- 
sardian  (rare),  scop  (hist.),  skald,  son- 
neteer, sonnetist  (rare),  troubadour, 
trouvere. 
Antomjms:  see  prosaist. 

poetic,  a.  poietic  (rare  or  learned),  poet- 
ical, creative,  imaginative,  Dircsean,  Heli- 


conian, mural  (rare),  Parnassian  (chiefly 
spec);  spec,  elegiac,  epic  or  epical,  epodic, 
idyllic. 

poeticize,  V.  i.  compose  (contextual) ,  poet- 
ize ;  spec,  elegize,  lyricize,  sonneteer. 
Antonyms:    see  prose. 

poetry,  n.  1.  poesy  (archaic),  Muse,  verse; 
spec,  rime,  song,  epos,  ghazal,  macaronic, 
minstrelsy  (rare). 
2.  poeticalness,  poeticness; — both  rare. 

point,  n.  I.  Spec,  needle,  style,  pin,  tang 
(now  dial,  or  spec),  prong,  spike,  nib, 
neb,  tine,  pointrel  (rare),  pike,  gad, 
prickle,  fin,  beakiron,  aciculus,  spicule, 
spine,  tag,  calk,  calkin,  bodkin,  fang. 

2.  Referring  to  any  more  or  less  angular 
end:  spec  tip,  apex,  cusp  (chiefly  tech.), 
angle,  peak,  neb,  nib,  toe,  spout. 

Antonyms:    see  side. 

3.  See  DOT,  PLACE,  DEGREE,  PARTICULAB, 
FEATURE,  EFFECTIVENESS,  MOMENT,  LACE, 
TIP. 

point,  V.  t.  sharpen  (contextual),  acuminate 
(rare) . 

pointed,  a.  1.  sharp;  spec,  acute,  cusped, 
cuspated  or  cuspidate,  mucronate  or  mu- 
cronated,  mucronulate,  peaked,  peaky, 
picked  (archaic),  piked,  beaked,  acicu- 
late,  spiry. 
Antonyms:    see  blunt. 

2.    See  DIRECT,  EFFECTIVE,  SHARP. 

pointer,  n.  1.  directer;  spec,  finger, 
gnomon,  hand,  arm,  fescus,  index,  tongue. 
2.  See  TIP. 

poison,  n.  1.  virulence,  venom  (archaic  or 
spec),  toxicant  (tech.),  virus  (tech.  or  lit- 
erary); spec,  toxin,  contagion,  drug. 
Antonyms:  see  antidote. 
2.  See  CORRUPTION. 

poison,  a.  toxic,  venomous;  see  poison- 
ous. 

poison,  V.  t.  1.  intoxicate  (rare),  venom 
(archaic  or  spec),  envenom  (literary  and 
intensive;  chiefly  fig.),  venenate  (rare), 
empoison  (rhetorical  or  a  literary  inten- 
sive; often  fig.);  spec,  drug,  veratrize, 
vitriolize. 

Antonyms:    see  disinfect. 
2.  See  embitter. 

poisonous,  a.  venomous  (archaic  or  spec), 
virulent  (chiefly  spec),  poisoning,  virous 
(rare),  venenous  (rare),  venenose  (rare), 
toxicant  (tech.),  toxic  (tech.);  spec,  me- 
phitic. 
Antonyms:   see  innocuous,  healthful. 

poke,  V.  t.   1.  push   (contextual),   thrust. 


t^°  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
plunge,   n.:    thrust,  dive,  dip, 

descent,  throw,  gamble. 
plunge,  v.:    sink,  thrust,  dive, 

dip,  descend,  throw,  gamble. 
plunger:   gambler,  piston. 
plurality:  multitude,  majority. 


excess. 
ply,  V.  t.:  fold. 

ply,  n.;  fold,  layer.  [urge. 

ply,  V.  t.:   exercise,  play,  attack, 
poach, !).  t.:  trample,  mix. 
poach,  V.  i.;  walk,  sink. 
poach,  V.  i.:  hunt. 


pod:   hull. 

poignant:     painful,    pungent, 

intense. 
poise,  n  •   balance,  carriage. 
poise,  v.:  balance. 
poke,  V.  i.:  project,  move,  rvork, 

delay. 


22 


SW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
325 


POLE 


prod,  jab  (colloq.),  job  {colloq.),  punch; 
v</)fr.  pole. 

2.    ^t'f  I'ROTHUDE. 

pole,  H.  1.  stick,  beam,  mast  (chiefly  spec); 
siH'c.  shaft  (now  rare),  spile,  pile,  stave, 
sprit,  staff,  stanp;  (Scot,  and  dial.),  caber 
(Scot.),  upher  (Ettg.),  quant  (Eng.). 
2.  Referring  to  the  pole  of  a  vehicle:  tongue, 
reach,  shaft,  stalT,  nib,  neap  {U.  S.), 
tiissel-booin  (South  Africa). 

policeman,  n.  copper  (slang),  bluebottle 
(slang),  bluecoat  (colloq.),  cop  (slang), 
bulk  or  bulky  (Eng.  slang),  bobby  (E?ig. 
slang),  peeler  (Eng.  slang),  runner  (Eng. 
slang),  Robert  (rare;  Eng.),  trap  (Eng. 
slang);  spec.  constable,  gendarme 
(French),  pristaf  (Russian),  patrolman, 
roundsman  (U.  S.),  sergeant,  points- 
man (Eng.). 

polish,  V.  t.  1.  smooth  (contextual),  shine, 
slick;  spec,  scour,  burnish,  furbish,  glance 
(tech.;    U.  S.),  glaze,  planish,  levigate, 
buff,  pumice. 
Antonijms:    see  roughen. 

2.    See  REFINE. 

polish,  n.  I.  shine;  spec,  burnish,  glaze, 
glazing. 

2.   See     REFINEMENT,     ACCOMPLISHMENT, 
ELEGANCE. 

polished,  a.  1.  burnished,  glossy;    spec. 
glac6  (French). 
Antonyms:    see  rough,  dead. 
2.  See  refined,  elegant. 

polisher,  n.  polissoir  (French);  spec,  bur- 
nisher, rubber,  bob,  skive,  jigger,  buff, 
runner,  dolly,  lapper. 

polite,  a.  1.  civil,  courteous,  genteel  (now 
often  somewhat  depreciatory),  gentle  (ar- 
chaic), mannerly;  spec,  soft,  gracious,  at- 
tentive, gentlemanly  or  (less  usual)  gen- 
tlemanlike, urbane,  courtly,  gallant,  chiv- 
alrous, debonnair  (a  literary  archaism); 

see  RESPECTFUL. 

Antonyms:    see  impolite,  contemptu- 
ous,    IMPUDENT,     UNGENTLEMANLY,    UN- 
MANNERLY, BOORISH,  ROWDYISH. 
2.    See  REFINED,  ELEGANT. 

politeness,  a.  civility,  courtesy,  courte- 
ousness,  gentilesse  (archaic),  politesse 
{French;  depreciatory) ,  comity  (literary  or 
legal);    spec,  devoir  (archaic  or  literary). 


gallantness,  breeding,  gallantry,  gracious- 
ness,  urbanity,  mannerliness,  attentive- 
ness,  respect. 

Antonyms:        sec    impoliteness,    con- 
tempt, IMPUDENCE. 

pond,  n.  lake  (contextual);  spec,  pondlet, 
cistern  (rare),  tank  (dial,  or  local),  pool, 
carr  (local  Eng.),  piscina  or  piscine  (rare), 
decoy;  see  pool,  vivarium. 

pony,  n.  hobby  (archaic  or  hist.);  spec. 
potro  (Spanish),  chelty  (Scot.),  goonhilly 
(Eng.),  merlin,  tat  or  tatt  (Anglo-Indian). 

pool,  n.  pond  (contextual);  spec,  fresh, 
plash,  puddle,  linn  (chiefly  Scot.),  tank, 
Bethesda,  natatorium,  jheel  (East  India), 
decoy  (hunting) . 

poor,  a.  1.  impecunious,  impecuniary 
(rare),  needy,  needful  (rare);  spec,  beg- 
garly, destitute,  penniless,  indigent,  mon- 
eyless, poverty-stricken,  dollarless  (a 
nonce  word),  fortuneless. 
Antonyms:    see  rich,  prosperous. 

2.  See  deficient,  imperfect,  meager, 

thin,  unproductive,  humble,  INFERIOR, 

insignificant,  unskillful. 

poorhouse,  n.  workhouse,  almshouse. 

poorly,  adv.  1.  ill;    spec,  imperfectly,  de- 
fectively, indifferently,  inadequately,  bad- 
ly, wretchedly,  sorrily,  meanly,  miserably, 
insufficiently,  scantily,  pitifully. 
Antonyms:    see  well. 

3.  Spec,  piteously,  humbly,  weakly,  ab- 
jectly, contemptibly,  despicably,  etc. 

pope,  n.  bishop  (contextual),  popeling  (di- 
minutive  and  contemptux)us) ,  papa  (obs.), 
high  priest  (rare). 

popularize,  v.  t.  vulgarize  (rare),  general- 
ize (rare),  democratize,  familiarize  {now 
rare). 

porch,  n.  1.  entrance  (contextual),  stoop  (a 
loose  or  erroneous  use;  U.  S.);  spec,  gal- 
ilee,  distyle. 

2.    /See  VERANDA. 

pork,  n.  The  flesh  of  swine:  spec,  pig,  hog 
(rare),  swine  (rare  or  contemptuous),  gam- 
mon, sparerib,  souse,  bacon,  etc. 

porous,  a.  holey,  open. 
Antomjms:  see  compact. 

porridge,  n.  Spec,  gruel,  loblolly  (obs.  or 
dial,  equiv.  of  "gruel"),  pap,  mush,  flum- 
mery, stirabout,  hasty  pudding,  crowdie 


f^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
pole,  V.  t.:   push,  move. 
polemic,  a.:  disputatious. 
polemic,  n.:  disputaiU,  dispute. 
policy:    certificate,  art. 
policy:  wisdom,  art,  expediency. 
politic:    wise,  artful,  expedient, 

timeserving. 
political:   public. 
politics:   government. 
polity:   government,  state. 
poll,  n.:  head,  list. 
poll,  V.  t.:  top,  cut,  list. 
pollard,  a.:  hornless. 


pollute:    dirty,  foul,  contami' 

nate,  desecrate. 
poltroon:   coward. 
pommel:  knob. 
pomp:   grandeur,  show. 
pompon:   ball,  tuft.         \basiic. 
pompous:  self-important,  bom- 
ponder:    consider. 
ponderous:      heavy,     massive, 

labored,  dull. 
pontiff:    priest,  bishop. 
pontoon:  boat. 
pool,  n.:  fuTuI,  association. 
pool,  v.:  combine. 


poorly:   ailing. 

pop,  I'.  I.:   crack. 

pop,  V.  t.:   explode,  present. 

pop,  n.:  explosion. 

pope:   bishop. 

populace:   people. 

popular:    public,  plebeian,  lay, 

common,    acceptable,    accepted, 

cheap. 
populate:   people. 
pore,  V.  i.:  gaze,  consider, 
pore,  n.:   hole. 
porosity:   hole. 
porous:  holey. 


t^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation* 
326 


POTSHERD 


or  crowdy  {Sect.  S:  dial.  Eng.),  burgoo, 
brochan  {Scot.),  drammock  {Scot.),  pa- 
nada or  panade,  polenta,  sagamite  (Amer. 
Indian) . 

port,  n.  1.  See  gate, 
2.  opening    {contextual),    porthole,    em- 
brasure'(rare). 

port,  n.  Nautical:  larboard  {obs.). 

portable,  a.  portative  {chiefly  hist.),  car- 
riageable {rare). 
Antonyms:    see  fixed. 

portico,  n.  colonnade;  spec,  stoa,  parvis, 
exedra,  proaulion,  Poecile,  xyst,  veranda, 
prostyle,  hexastyle,  octastyle,  etc. 

pose,  V.  t.  place  {contextual),  posture,  pos- 
turize  {rare),  set. 

pose,  V.  i.  posture,  attitudinize  {chiefly  de- 
predatory), posturize  (rare);  spec,  pea- 
cock {rare). 

position,  n.  1.  place,  situation,  station, 
set,  standpoint,  bearing;  spec,  gauge. 

2.  posture. 

3.  place,  situation,  billet,  post,  berth; 
spec,  office,  bed,  incumbency,  dignity,  in- 
tendancy,  magistrature,  magistracy,  mas- 
tership, portfolio,  countship,  professor- 
ship, judgeship,  etc. 

4.  Referring  to  the  place  one  holds  in  pub- 
lic estimation  or  customary  consideration: 
place,  status  {tech.  or  literary),  situation, 
standing,  dignity,  honor;  see  rank. 

5.  Referring  to  the  mental  view  taken  or 
professed:  see  attitude. 

possess,  V.  t.  1.  See  have,  own,  inform, 

CONTROL,  KEEP,  AFFECT,  CONVINCE. 

2.  Referring  to  possession  by  spirits:  di- 
abohze,  demonize,  bespirit;  spec,  bedevil, 
obsess  {only  in  the  passive). 
possession,  n,  1.  having;    spec,  seizin, 
tenure. 

2.  See  HOLD,  OWNERSHIP,  PROPERTY, 
CONVICTION. 

3.  theolepsy,  enthusiasm  {rare);  spec,  be- 
devilment,  obsession. 

possessor,  n.  haver,  holder;  spec,  bearer. 
possibility,  n.   1.  potentiality,  potency; 


spec,  practicabihty,  feasibiHty,  workabil- 
ity. 
Antonyms:  impossibility. {cf.  impossible). 

2.  See  CONTINGENCY. 

3.  Referring  to  the  thing:   potential,  may- 
be {colloq.). 

possible,  a.  1.  Referring  to  capability  of  be- 
ing brought  into  existence:  potential ;  spec. 
compossible  {rare  or  literary),  practicable, 
feasible,  workable,  doable  {colloq.  or  in- 
elegant) . 
Anto7iyms:  see  impossible. 
2.  Referring  to  what  is  capable  of  being 
{that  is  of  being,  or  not  being,  true;  or  of 
coming,  or  not  coming,  to  pass)  so  far  as  the 
mind  can  see:  see  contingent,  thinkable. 

possibly,  adv.  potentially,  etc.,  maybe;  see 
perhaps. 

post,  n.  Spec,  stake,  picket,  baluster, 
stud,  jamb,  sidepost.  cheek,  newel,  bol- 
lard, puncheon,  bitts  (pi.),  loggerhead,  dol- 
phin, rymer,  stump,  heel,  harre  {dial.  Eng. 
equiv.  of  "heel"  of  a  gate);  see  pillar,  pier. 

post,  V.  t.  1.  mail  {U.  S.),  drop. 

2.  See  list,  inform,  publish. 

3.  enter,  record. 

postcard,  n.  postal.  Some  distinguish  a 
"postal"  from  a  "postcard." 

postdate,  v.  t.  mistime  {contextual). 
Antonyms:    see  antedate. 

posterior,  n.  1.  See  back. 
2.  rear;    spec,  crissum;   see  rump,  but- 
tocks. 

postern,  n.  doorway  {contextual),  posticum 
{rare). 

postscript,  n.  addition  {contextual),  envoy 
{literary  or  learned),  subscript,  subscrip- 
tion. 
Antonyms:    see  preface. 

posture,  n.  1.  position,  attitude,  pose,  set 
{colloq.);    spec,   decumbence    or   decum- 
bency  {literary  or  tech.),  decubitus,  squat, 
guard. 
2.  See  attitude,  state. 

pot,  n.  Spec,  crock,  kettle,  bicker,  crag- 
gan  {archceol.),  posnet  {archaic),  jar,  jar- 


ZS'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

port,  V.  t.:   carry. 

port,  n.:  carriage. 

portage:    transportation,  carry. 

portal:  doorway,  gate. 

portend:  signify. 

portent:   sign,  wonder. 

portentous:  significant,  ex- 
traordinary, wonderful. 

porter:  doorkeeper,  gatekeeper. 

porter:   transporter. 

portfolio:  case. 

portiere:   curtain. 

portion,  n.:  part,  share,  fate, 
dower.  [dower. 

portion,  v.  t.:  apportion,  endow, 

portly:    dignified,  fat. 

portmanteau:   handbag. 

portrait:  picture,  likeness, 
description. 


portraiture:  depiction,  picture, 

description. 
portray:  depict,  describe. 
pose,  V.  t.:  nonplus. 
pose,  n.:  posture. 
poser:  settler. 
posit:   assume. 
positive:   decided. 
posse:  force. 

possessed:  derangeS,determined. 
post,  V.  i.:  hasten. 
post,  n.;   messenger,  mail. 
post,  V.  t.:  place,  station. 
post,n.:  place,  fortification,garri- 

son,  branch,  position,  stage,  star 

tion,  settlement,  goal. 
poster :   notice. 
poster:   messenger. 
posterior:   later,  hind. 
posterity:  descendant. 


postfix:   suffix. 

postlude:  afterpiece. 

postpone:  defer,  subordinate. 

postulate,  n..°  condition,  propo- 
sition, assumption. 

postulate,  V.  t.:  ask,  assume. 

posture,  V.  t.:  pose. 

pot&ble:   drinkable. 

potation:   drink,  beverage. 

potatory:   drinkable. 

potency:  power,  intensity,  in- 
fluence. 

potent:  powerful,  intense,  in- 
fluential. 

potentate:  state,  ruler. 

potential:   possible,  powerful. 

pother:  dust,  disturbance,  fuss. 

potion:  drink,  dose. 

potpourri:  medley. 

potsherd:  fragment. 


t^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

327 


POTTAGE 


dini^ro    (French),    jackshay   or    jackshoa 
(Australia). 
potter,  r.  i.  putter,  fiddle,  trifle,  fiddkv 
faddk\  poke,  niggle,  dabble,  dawdle;  sec 

TIUFLE. 

pottering,  a.  trifling,  poky  or  jioking  (col- 
loq.),  etc. 

pound,  n.  inclosurc  (contextual),  green- 
yard (Eng.),  ponfold,  pinfold. 

pour,  r.  t.  1.  flow  (contextual):  spec,  de- 
cant, 80use,  pump  {fig-)>  effund  (rare),  ef- 
fuse {rare),  transfuse  (rare),  flood,  super- 
fuse  {rare;  literanj),  cascade,  cataract, 
libate. 
2.  See  LAVISH. 

pouring,  n.  pour  {rare);  spec,  decanta- 
tion,  effusion,  transfusion  {rare),  regurgi- 
tation, circumfusion,  perfusion  {rare),  li- 
bation. 

poverty,  n.  1.  impecuniosity,  impecuni- 
ousness,  indigence;  spec,  pauperisna,  beg- 
gary, pennilessness,  penury,  destitution, 
need,  neediness,  necessity,  want. 
Antonyms:  see  we.'U^th. 
2.  Spec,  deficiency,  meagerness,  humble- 
ness, etc. 

powder,  n.  dust;  spec,  flour,  mea,l,  grit, 
pulvil  (rare),  farina  (rare),  bloom,  diapasm 
{archaic),  putty,  rouge,  pounce;  see  ef- 
florescence, DOSE,  COSMETIC,  DUST. 

powder,  v.  t.  1.  sprinkle    {contextual),  be- 
powder    (intensive),    dust;     spec,    flour, 
meal  (rare),  dredge,  pounce,  frost. 
2.  See  PULVERIZE. 

powdery,  a.  dusty,  pulverulent,  pulver- 
aceous  or  pulverous  (rare);  spec,  floury, 
mealy,  farinaceous  (obs.,  exc.  med.). 

power,  n.  1.  Referring  to  a  capacity  for  ex- 
erting physical  force  or  achieving  results: 
strength,  might  (poetic  or  rhetorical), 
force  (now  rare),  energy,  virtue,  puissance 
(literary),  potency  or  potence  (rare), 
reach;  spec,  leverage,  arm  {fig.). 
Antonyms:    see  weakness. 

2.  Referring  to  exerted  physical  power,  or 
power  in  action:  see  force. 

3.  authority;  spec,  (in  the  sense  of  "power 
of  attorney")  procuration  (rare,  exc.  spec), 
carte  blanche  (French),  warrant,  proxy. 

4.  potentate;  see  state,  ruler. 

5.  See  ABILITY,  INFLUENCE,  FACULTY, 
CONTROL,  MEANING,  INTENSITY,  COGENCY, 
MULTITUDE,  STATE,  RULER. 

powerful,  a.  1.  strong,  energetic,  forceful, 
forcible,  potent  (chiefly  poetic  or  rhetori- 


cal), mighty  (rhetorical),  might ful  (ar- 
chaic), main  (now  obs.  or  rare),  puissant 
(literary),  })oten(ial  (rare);  ,s/)cr.  prepo- 
tent (intensive),  multipoteiit  (rare),  Her- 
culean, armipotent,  bellipotent  (now 
jocose  or  ironical). 

Antonyms:      see  weak,  faint,  power- 
less. 
2.  See    able,    forcible,    influential, 

COGENT. 

powerless,  a.  weak,   strcngthless,   impo- 
tent, forceless,  mightless  (archaic);  spec. 
helpless,  paralytic. 
Antonyms:     see  powerful,  strong. 

practical,  a.  1.  Referring  to  what  has  to  do 
tvith  practice,  action,  or  fact,  as  opposed  to 
"theoretical"  or  "ideal":  positive,  practic 
(archaic),  operative,  pragmatical  or  prag- 
matic (obs.,  exc.  in  theol.),  hard-headed  or 
(rare)  hard;  see  matter-of-fact. 
Antonyms:  see  vision.\jiy,  imagina- 
tive. 
2.  See  USEFUL,  virtual,  working. 

practice,  practise,  v.  t.  1.  See  DO,  exer- 
cise, PURSUE. 

2.  To  do  or  perform  habitually  in  order  to 
acquire  skill:  do  (contextual),  perform,  re- 
hearse, record;  spec,  repeat. 

practice,  practise,  n.    1.   See  exercise, 

PURSUIT,  CUSTOM,  HABIT,  ARTIFICE. 

2.  performance,  rehearsal,  recording; 
spec,  repetition. 

3.  Referring  to  the  active  or  absolute  sense 
of  carrying  on  or  conducting  something,  as 
opposed  to  "theory":  performance,  ortho- 
praxy   (rare),    conduct;    see    ceremony, 

USAGE. 

4.  Referring  to  the  intransitive  sense  of  a 
way  of  action  or  proceeding:  see  proce- 
dure. 

prairie,  a.  plain  (U.  S.  and  colonial  British; 
chiefly  in  pi.);    spec,  steppe,  savannah, 
prairillon  (rare). 
Antonyms:    see  forest. 

praise,  v.  t.  approve  (contextual),  applaud 
(chiefly  spec);  spec,  bepraise,  puff,  laud, 
exalt,  flatter,  extol,  bless,  magnify,  glori- 
fy, celebrate,  commend,  acclaim,  eulo- 
gize, collaud  (rare),  crack  (colloq.),  pre- 
conize  (rare),  doxologize,  sing,  carol, 
chant  (poetic),  hymn,  compliment. 
Antonyms:  see  scold,  reprove,  cen- 
sure, condemn,  abuse,  defame,  dispar- 
age, RIDICULE. 

praise,  n.  approval  (contextual),  applause 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
pottage:  soup. 

pottery:       ceramics,     earthen- 
ware. 
pouch,  n.:  bag. 
poucb,  V.  t.:  pocket,  swallow. 
pouch,  V.  i.:  bag. 
pouchy:    hag-shaped. 


poultry:  fowl. 

pounce,  n.:  powder. 

pounce,  re.;  claw. 

pounce,    V.    i.:     swoop,  jump, 

dart,  descend. 
pounce,  re.;   swoop,  jurrip,  dart, 

descent. 
pounce,  V.  I.:  seize. 


pound,  V.  t.:    impound. 
pound,  II.  <.;  pulverize,  beat. 
pour,  V.  i.:  flow. 
pour,  n.:  flow,  pouring. 
pout,  !'.  i.:   sulk. 
practised,  practiced:    experi- 
enced. 
practitioner:  icorker. 


SW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

328 


PRECURSORY 


{chiefly  spec);  spec,  acclaim,  acclama- 
tion, laud  (rare),  laudation,  puff,  extol- 
ment,  exaltation,  magnification,  glorifica- 
tion, celebration,  commendation,  collau- 
dation  (rare),  doxology,  puffery,  compli- 
ment or  complimentation;  see  eulogy. 
Antonyms:        see    scolding,    reproof, 

DISPARAGEMENT,  RIDICULE,  CENSURE,  CON- 
DEMNATION, ABUSE. 

praiser,  n.  approver,  applauder,  puffer, 
proneur  {French),  etc.;  spec,  eulogist, 
encomiast. 

praising,   a.   approving,   applausive,    etc. 

Cf.  PRAISE. 

Antonyms:      see  censorious,  abusive, 

CONDEMNATORY. 

praiseworthy,  a.  good  {contextual),  com- 
mendable. 
Antojiyms:    see  contemptible. 

prance,  v.  i.  1.  Referring  to  horses:  spring, 
tittup,  caper,  brank  (Scot,  or  dial.),  cur- 
vet, cavort  {U.  S.;  colloq.). 
2.  See  RIDE,  caper,  swagger. 

prance,  n.  1.  Referring  to  a  horse:   tittup, 
curvet,  cavort  {U.  S.;  colloq.). 
2.  See  caper. 

prayer,  n.  1.  See  appeal. 
2.  Referring  to  an  appeal  to  God:  bead 
{obs.),  orison  (archaic  or  literary),  oration 
(hist.),  invocation;  spec,  paternoster  or 
(for  short)  pater,  litany,  rosary,  complin, 
suffrage,  oremus  (rare),  miserere,  con- 
fiteor,  memento,  grace,  collect,  kyrie 
eleison,  Te  igitur,  etc. 

preach,  v.  i.  Spec,  exhort  (contextual) ,  ser- 
monize, evangelize,  gospel  (rare),  pulpit 
(rare),  homilize,  preachify  (colloq.;  con- 
temptuous) . 

preacher,  n.  discourser  (contextual),  sky 
pilot  (colloq.  or  slang);  spec,  sermonizor, 
homilist,  homilete,  Boanerges,  Devil 
dodger  (humorous  and  contemptuous), 
preacheress  (fern.;  rare),  predicator  (rare), 
pulpitarian  (rare),  pulpiteer  or  pulpiter 
(chiefly  contemptuous),  sermoneer  (rare), 
predicant  (rare),  evangelist,  lecturer, 
rounder,  circuit  rider;  see  minister. 

preaching,  a.  predicatory  (rare),  predi- 
cant (rare). 


preaching,  n.  discourse  (contextual);  spec. 
pulpitry,  sermonizing,  homiletics  (pi.), 
preachment  (chiefly  contemptuous),  pred- 
ication (archaic),  evangelization. 

prearrange,  v.  t.  arrange  (contextual);  spec. 
preorder  (rare),  preconcert,  precontract. 

prearranged,  a.  cut-and-dried  (colloq.; 
chiefly  depreciatory). 

prearrangement,  n.  Spec,  preconcert 
(rare),  precontract. 

precede,  v.  t.  1.  antecede,  forego  (literary 
or  archaic);  spec,  forerun,  prevene  (rare), 
usher  (literary);  see  lead,  introduce. 
Antonyms:    see  follow. 

2.  outrank,  rank. 

3.  See  antedate,  preface. 
precedence,    n.    1.    precedency,    antece- 
dence,   predecession     (rare),    precession 
(rare);  spec,  lead,  pas  (French),  priority. 

Antonyms:    see  following. 
2.  precedency,  priority;  spec,  preference, 
preaudience;  see  advantage. 

precedent,  n.  ensample  (archaic);  see  au- 
thority. 

preceding,  a.  precedent  (rare),  foregoing, 
antecedent;   spec,  precursory,  prodromal, 
prior,  prodromic,  last;    see  past,  intro- 
ductory, SUPERIOR. 
Antonyms:    see  following,  successive. 

precious,  a.  1.  See  valuable,  costly,  es- 
timable, outrageous. 
2.  precise  (contextual)  ,TpTecieuse  (French; 
properly  f em.),  bluestocking   (of  women), 
priggish,  prudish  (rare),  precisian,  purist. 

precipitation,  n.  1.  jSee  hastening,  haste. 
2.  deposit  (contextual);  spec,  rainfall,  rain, 
dewfall,  dew,  snowfall,  snow,  hail. 
Antonyms:  evaporation  (cf.  evaporate). 

precipitous,  a.  steep  (contextual),  perpen- 
dicular, sheer;   spec,  cliffy,  craggy,  head- 
long (rare),  scarry  (rare). 
Antonyms:    see  gentle. 

precisian,  n.  1.  Spec,  puritan,  stickler. 
2.  Referring  only  to  language:    precieuse 
(French;   a  sing,  or  a  collective;   properly 
fem.    sing.),    prig,    bluestocking     (fern.); 
spec,  formalist;  see  pedant. 

precocious,  a.  forward,  advanced,  prema- 
ture. 


I^^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

praiseful:   laudatory. 

prank,  n.:  frolic,  caper,  jest. 

prank,  v.  t.:   ornament. 

pranktui:  frolicsome,  mis- 
chievous. 

prankish:  frolicsome. 

prate:    babble,  chatter. 

prattle:  babble,  chatter, murmur. 

pray,  v.  t.:   bring. 

pray,  v.  i.:  appeal. 

prayerful:    devout. 

preach,  v.  t.:  proclaim,  teach, 
utter. 

preachment:  preaching,  dis- 
course. 


preamble:  preface,  introduction. 

prebend:  pay,  benefice. 

precarious:    uncertain. 

precatory:   asking. 

precaution:  action,  care. 

precautious:   careful. 

precept:  bidding,  rule,  saying. 

preceptive:  commanding,  in- 
structive. 

preceptor:  teacher. 

precieuse,  a.:  precious,  fastidi- 
ous. 

precieuse,  n.:  precisian. 

precinct:  inclosure,  neighbor- 
hood, boundary,  district. 

precipice:   cliff. 


precipitancy:   rush,  haste. 

precipitate,  o.;  falling,  rush- 
ing, hasty. 

precipitate,  v.  t.:  throw,  send, 
drive,  hasten,  deposit. 

precipitate,  n.:  deposit. 

precise:  definite,  fastidious, 
diametric,  exact,  accurate. 

precisely:   exactly. 

precisian,  a.:   precious. 

preclude:   prevent. 

preconceive:   anticipate. 

preconception:  opinion,  an- 
ticipation. 

precursor:  forerunner. 

precursory:   precediiig. 


iW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
329 


PREDACIOUS 


Antonyms:  see  backavard,  dull,  stupid. 

predacious,  a.  predatory,  raptorial,  ra- 
p;u'ious.  ravening ;  stc  carnivorous. 

predecessor,  n.  antecessor,  foregoer  {ar- 
chaic or  rare);  spec,  forerunner,  harbinger 
{archaic  or  literary),  herald,  precursor;  sec 

ANCKSTOR. 

Antonyms:  see  follower. 

predicable,  a.  affirraable. 

predicament,  n.  condition  {contextual), 
dilemma,  quandary,  corner,  hole  {colloq.), 
mess,  scrape,  fix,  impasse  {French),  pickle 
{colloq.),  plunge  {obs.  or  dial.). 

predict,  v.  t.  1.  foretell,  forecast,  cast  {lit- 
erary or  obsolescent) ,iore-announce  {rare) , 
forespeak  {rare);  spec,  prognosticate, 
prophesy,  forebode,  bode  {archaic),  pres- 
age, divine,  augur,  vaticinate  {rare),  fore- 
say  {rare),  foredoom  {rare),  portend 
{rare),  harbinger  {rare),  fatidicate  {rare). 
2.  Se^  GUESS. 

predict,  v.  i.  soothsay,  forecast;  spec. 
prophesy. 

prediction,  n.  1.  Spec,  prognostication, 
prognostic,  presage  {rare),  foreboding, 
forebodement,  boding  {obsolescent),  fore- 
cast, east  {obsolescent),  prophecy,  augurj^, 
prognosis  {ined.);  see  divination. 
2.  See  GUESS. 

predictive,  a.  soothsaying;  spec,  pro- 
phetic. 

predictor,  n.  foreteller,  forecaster,  caster 
{literary),  seer;    spec,  prophet,  etc.     See 

PREDICT. 

preface,  n.  introduction,  foreword,  pre- 
amble {rare,  exc.  spec),  prologue  {learned), 
foretalk  {rare),  proem  {learned),  exordium 
{rare),  prolegomenon  (learned),  induction 
(rare),  preambulation  {rare). 
Antonyms:  see  po.stscript. 

preface,  v.  t.  precede  {contextual),  pream- 
ble (rare,  exc.  spec),  prologue,  premise 
{rare). 
Antonyms:    see  follow. 

prefatory,     a.      introductory,      prefacial 
{rare),  prefatorial  (rare),  proemial  {rare), 
preambulatory  (rare),  preambular  (rare), 
preambulary  (rare). 
Antonyms:   see  following. 


prefigure,  v.  t.  1.  indicate,  show,  shadow, 
foreshow,     foretype     {rare),     prefigurate 
{rare),  pretypify  {rare);  spec,  foreshadow, 
adumbrate. 
2.   See  imagine. 

prefix,  n.  affix,  addition  {contextual),  pre- 
fixture  {rare);  spec  infiex  {rare). 
Antonyms:    see  suffix. 

prefix,  V.  t.  affix,  add  {contextual). 

prefixing,  /(.  i)refixture,  prefixtion  {rare); 
spec,  prosthesis,  prothesis. 

pregnancy,  n.  gestation  {more  tech.  than 
"pregnancy"),  gravidity  {rare),  gravid- 
ness  (rare),  heaviness  {contextual),  in- 
gravidation  {rare). 

pregnant,  a.  1.  gravid,  heavy  {contextual), 
great  (usually  in  "great  with  child"),  big 
(usually  in  "big  with  young"),  teeming 
(archaic),  enceinte  (French),  gestant 
(rare),  impregnant  {rare). 
2.  See  productive. 

prehensile,  a.  seizing  (contextual),  prehen- 
sive  (rare),  prehensory  {rare). 

prejudice,  v.  t.  incline,  bias,  prepossess, 
partialize  {rare),  turn  (chiefly  with 
"against"  or,  less  commonly,  "for"),  ma- 
lignify  {rare),  earwig  {fig.),  preengage 
(rare) . 

prejudiced,  a.  inclined,  biased,  etc.;   see 
partial,  narrow. 
Antonyms:    see  impartial. 

prelude,  n.  1.  In  music:  preamble  {poetic), 
prolusion  (j-are),  descant  (historical);  spec. 
overture,  voluntary,  ritornello  {Italian)  or 
ritornel. 
2.  (See  introduction,  forerunner. 

premium,  n.  Spec,  reward,  payment,  gift, 
fee,  agio. 

preparation,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  act:  pro- 
vision, fit  (colloq.,  U.  S.);  spec,  concoc- 
tion, composition,  confection,  mixture, 
adaptation,  dressing,  equipment,  strenjith- 
ening,  cooking,  make-up,  make-ready 
(jyrinting),  formation,  etc. 
2.  Referring  to  the  state:  see  prepared- 
ness. 

preparatory,  a.  preparative ;  spec,  disposi- 
tive,  introductory,  concoctive,  warning, 
strengthening,  etc. 


tS^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

predate :   antedate.  [cious. 

predatory:    plundering,  preda- 

predestine:   destine. 

predetermine:  appoint,  des- 
tine, deride. 

predicate,  v.  t.:  state,  base. 

predicate,  n.:   .statement. 

predicative:  affirmative. 

predilection:  inclination. 

predispose:   incline. 

predominance:  control,  prev- 
alence. 

predominant:  controlling, 
prevalent.  [vail. 

predominate,  v.  i.:  control,  pre- 

predomination:    control. 


preeminent:     superior,    chief, 

controlling. 
preempt:   buy. 
preen:   spruce. 

prefer:  advance,  present,  choose. 
preferable:  desirable,  better. 
preference:    advancement, 

choice,  liking,  precedence. 
preferential:  chosen. 
preferment:   advance. 
preferred:    chosen. 
pregnable:   assailable. 
prehistoric:    ancient. 
prejudice,    n.:     injury,    detri- 

mrnt,  partiality,  opinion. 
preiudicial:    injurious. 
prelacy:    epi.iropacy. 


preliminary,  a.:  introductory. 
preliminary,  n.:  introduction. 
prelude,  v.  t.:    introduce,  fore- 


run. 
premature: 

cious. 
premeditate: 


untimely,    preco- 


plan. 
premeditated:  deliberate. 
premeditation:   consideration, 

flrpising. 
premier,  a..-   chief ,  first. 
premier,  n.:  chief. 
premonish:  warn. 
premonition:    warning,    fore 

boding. 
preoccupation:   absorption. 
preoccupied:   absorbed. 


tsF"  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
330 


PRESUPPOSITION 


prepare,  v.  t.  1.  ready  (rare),  dight  (ar- 
chaic in  romance,  or  poetic),  fit  {colloq., 
U.  S.),  dispose  (archaic),  make,  work, 
boun  (archaic  or  Scot.),  busk  (archaic  or 
(Scot.);  spec,  gird;  see  adapt,  dress, 
LEARN,  MAKE,  COOK.  "Prepare"  is  used 
as  a  general  synorujm  of  very  many  words 
indicating  a  process  or  action  that  is  in- 
tended to  bring  something  into  a  state  of 
readiness  for  some  given  purpose,  as  for 
"warm,  heat,  cool,  dry,  train,  educate,  load, 
prime,"  etc. 

2.  Spec,  (referring  to  making  a  person 
ready  with  a  retort,  reply,  speech,  or  the  like, 
for  a  given  occasion):  load,  charge,  prime. 

3.  provide,  make-up,  concoct;  spec,  mix, 
confection;  see  make,  furnish,  form, 
COMPOSE,  etc.  "Prepare"  in  this  sense  is 
used  for  many  terms  (as  in  sense  l),  as  for 
"develop,  complete,  plan,"  etc. 

prepare,  v.  i.  frame  (rare),  fit  (rare),  boun 
(archaic  or  Scot.),  busk  (archaic  or  Scot.). 

prepared,  a.  ready,  fit;  spec.  ripe. 

preparedness,  n.  preparation  (rare),  readi- 
ness. 

preparing,  a.  Spec,  afoot,  making; — the 
use  of  the  present  participle  "preparing"  in 
this  sense  being  by  many  considered  con- 
trary to  good  usage. 

presence,  n.  1.  State  or  fact  of  being  present 
in  a  place:    presentiality  (rare),  present- 
ness;  spec,  attendance,  company,  face. 
Antonyms:    see  absence. 

2.    See  NEIGHBORHOOD,  CARRIAGE. 

present,  a.  1.  presential  (rare),  here  (rare). 
Antonyms:    see  absent. 

2.  instant  (archaic,  exc.  spec),  current, 
now  (rare),  hving  (as  in  "a  living  issue"); 

see  MODERN. 

Antonyms:    see  past,  future. 

3.  See  available. 
present,w.now; — bothwordsusedwith"the." 

Antonyms:    see  past,  future. 
present,  v.  t.  1.  See  show,  introduce,  op- 
pose,   NOMINATE,    offer,    ADVANCE,    EX- 
PRESS, SUGGEST,  GIVE. 

2.  With  the  person  as  the  object:  gift  (rare), 
gratify  (archaic);  spec,  tip  (colloq.),  com- 
pUment. 


Antonyms:  see  deprive. 
3.  express  (contextual),  lay,  bring,  put, 
prefer,  submit,  adduce,  pop  (colloq.). 

presentation,  n.  presentment  (rare);  see 
show,  gift,  offer. 

preservation,  n.  1.  See  protection,  sav- 
ing, keeping. 

2.  conservation,  conservancy  (chiefly  Brit- 
ish), saving,  cherishment  (rare),  embalm- 
ment (rare). 

3.  confection  (mostly  spec),  cure;  spec. 
ensilage,  mummification,  smoking,  can- 
ning (U.S.),  etc 

preserve,  v.  t.  1.  See  protect,  save,  main- 
tain, KEEP. 

2.  Referring  to  the  keeping  in  existence  or 
to  the  prevention  of  destruction,  waste,  or 
the  like:  conserve,  conservate  (rare),  in- 
corrupt (rare);  spec  save,  cherish,  en- 
shrine (often  fig.),  embalm,  balm  (archaic 
or  rare) ,  file,  record. 

Antonyms:    see  waste,  destroy,  abate, 
annihilate,  extinguish. 

3.  keep  (contextual),  conserve,  do  (con- 
textual); spec,  confect,  process,  cure,  sea- 
son, ensilage,  ensile,  ensilate  (rare),  bar- 
becue, bloat,  kipper,  smoke,  kyanize,  tin 
(chiefly  British),  can  (U .  S.),  pot,  candy, 
embalm,  mummify,  jerk;  see  pickle,  dry. 

preserve,  n.  1.  conserve;  spec,  sweetmeat, 
confection,    compote,    marmalade,    jam, 
jelly,    sauce,    goggles    (pi.;     rare),    dun 
(chiefly  in  pi.). 
2.  Spec,  warren. 

president,  n.  presider  (less  formal) ,  head, 
preses  or  prseses  (chiefly  Scot.);  spec. 
chairman,  dean,  deacon,  prefect,  moder- 
ator, provost,  speaker,  toastmaster,  rec- 
tor, reeve  (Canada). 

press,  V.  t.  1.  crush,  cram  (colloq.),  crunch; 
spec  screw,  crowd,  cylinder,  roll,  roller, 
calender,  tread,  iron,  goose,  mangle;  see 
push, squeeze,  crush,  tread. 

Antonyms:   see  stretch,  expand. 
2.  See  constrain,  urge,  distress,  en- 
list, CROWD. 

pressure,  n.  1.  press,  oppression  (poetic); 
spec,  bearing,  crowding,  crowd,  crushing, 
crush,    crunching,    crunch,    screw,    load, 


JJ^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
prepense:   deliberate. 
preponderance:    control,  prev- 

alenre. 
preponderant:   controlling, 

prevalent. 
preponderate:  control,  prevail. 
prepossess:  absorb,  prepidice. 
prepossessing:   attractive. 
prepossession:  absorption,  par- 

tiality. 
preposterous:   absurd. 
prepotent:    powerful. 
prerequisite:    condition. 
prerogative:  right.        [predict. 
t>resage,  j'.  t.:  forebode,  signify. 


presage,  n.:  foreboding,  sign. 

prescience:  foreknowledge,  fore- 
sight. 

prescient:  foreseeing. 

prescribe:  dictate,  appoint. 

prescription:  dictation,  ap- 
pointment, limitation,  formula, 
custom. 

prescriptive:   customary. 

present,  n.:   gift. 

presentable:    proper. 

present-day:   modern. 

presentiment:  foreboding,  an- 
ticipation. 

preserver:   protector,  saver. 

preside:   walch,  act. 


press,  n.:  pressure,  constraint, 
distress,  haste,  crowd,  cupboard. 

pressing:   urgent. 

prestige:   influence,  reputation. 

presto,  adv.:  suddenly,  imme- 
diately. 

presume,  v.  t.:  venture,  assume, 
infer. 

presumption,  n.:  assumption, 
inference,  arrogance,  impu- 
dence, assurance.  \sumed. 

presumptive:      probable,     os- 

presumptuous:  venturesome, 
arrogant,  assured,  impudent. 

presuppose:   assume. 

presupposition:  assumption. 


tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

331 


PRETEND 


counterprcssviro,  prcssion  [rare),  imprcs- 
sure  (rare),  impressment  (rare);  sec  push, 

SQUEEZE,  CRUSH. 

2.    ^^Of  DISTRESS,  URGENCY,  EXIGENCY. 

pretend,  v.  t.  1.  feign,  sham,  sinuilato,  af- 
fect, act,  make-believe,  counterfeit,  gam- 
mon [slang  or  colloq.),  dissemble  (rare  or 
ohs.);  spec,  profess. 
2.  See  IM.VGINE. 

pretend,  v.  i.  feign,  feint,  dissemble,  make- 
believe,  sham. 

pretended,  a.  pretensive  (less  common  than 
"pretended"),  sham,  feigned,  feint  (rare), 
dissembled,  connterfeit,  jTOstiche  (French), 
affected,  simulated,  osten.sible,  spurious, 
colorable,  dummy,  bogus  (colloq.),  false, 
imitated,  acted,  imitation,  artificial,  hypo- 
critical; spec,  shoddy;  see  false. 

pretender,  n.  feigner,  simulator,  make- 
beheve,  dissembler,  actor,  panjandrum, 
counterfeiter;     spec,   sciolist,    antichrist; 

see  DISSEMBLER,  DECEIVER,  QUACK,  CLAIM- 
ANT, HYPOCRITE. 

pretense,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  action,  hab- 
it, or  fact:  pretension,  affectation,  feign- 
ing, simulation,  mummery,  masquerade, 
imitation,  postiche  (French),  mockery, 
falsity,  show,  sham,  gloze  (rare),  make- 
believe;  spec,  profession,  puppetry,  eu- 
phuism, bluff,  shoddyism;  see  decep- 
tion, DISSEMBLING. 

2.  Referring  to  the  thing  embodying  or  used 
for  pretense:  pretension,  veil,  show,  sham, 
postiche  (French ) ,  affectation,  mask,  guise, 
imitation,  make-believe;  spec,  mockery, 
shoddy  (colloq.),  tinsel,  profession. 

3.  See  CLAIM,  PRETEXT. 

pretentious,  a.  affected,  airy,  TartufRan 
or  Tartuffish  (fig.),  topping,  high,  big  (col- 
loq.), brassy  (colloq.),  important,  fastuous 
(rare);  spec,  high-sounding;  see  ambi- 
tious, SHOWY. 
Antonyms:    see  unaffected,  hujible. 

pretentiousness,  n.  airs  (pi.),  side  (slang; 
chiefly  British),  bigness. 

preternatural,    a.    nonnatural;    see  un- 
natural, supernatural. 
Antonyms:    see  normal. 

pretext,  n.  pretense,  subterfuge,  cover, 
color,  cloak,  veil,  blind. 

pretty,  a.  1.  Spec,  cute  (colloq.),  cunning. 
2.  See  GOOD-LOOKING,  beautiful,  con- 
siderable. 

prevail,  v.  i.  1.  predominate,  preponder- 
ate, reign  (chiefly  spec),  rule,  obtain,  sub- 
sist; spec.  rage. 

2.  As  used  with  "on"  or  "upon,"  or  "loith": 
see  o\':ercome,  succeed,  control. 


prevalence,  n.  predominance,  currency, 
reign. 

prevalent,  a.  predominant,  preponderant, 
prevailing,  general,  current;  spec,  rife, 
regnant  (rare),  ruling,  running. 

prevaricate,  r.  i.  equivocate,  palter,  quib- 
ble, shuffle,  whiffle  (rare),  dodge,  shift, 
tergiversate,  sophisticate,  quirk  (rare), 
pettifog  (rare),  ergotizc  {rare). 

prevarication,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  action, 
practice,  etc.:  equivocation,  paltering, 
shuffling,  quibbling,  evasion,  tergiversa- 
tion, sophistry,  casuistry,  pettifogging. 
2.  Referring  to  an  instance  of  exhibiting 
prevarication:  equivocation, evasion, quirk, 
qui]),  quibble,  dodge,  shuffle,  quillet 
(rare),  carriwitchet  (slmig).  A  "prevari- 
cation" may  or  may  not  be  a  "lie";  a  "lie" 
may  or  may  not  involve  a  "prevarication." 

prevaricator,  n.  sophist,  sophister,  shuf- 
fler, quibbler,  etc. 

prevent,  v.  t.  preclude,  deter,  help,  debar, 
stop,  save  (with  "from"),  forestall  (obso- 
lescent), forbid,  prohibit,  interdict,  hinder, 
foreclose  (rare),  inhibit,  shield  (archaic), 
forfend  (archaic),  help;  spec,  veto,  re- 
strain, bar;  see  estop. 
Antonyms:  see  aid,  cause,  conclude, 
incite. 

prevention,  n.  preclusion  (rare),  inhibi- 
tion, stoppage,  prohibition,  determent, 
forcstaUing,  restraint,  etc.;  see  obstacle, 
estoppel. 
Antonyms:  see  aid,  prevention,  in- 
citement. 

preventive,  a.  preventative,  preclusive,  in- 
hibitory, inhibitive,  deterrent,  prohibitive, 
prohibitory,  hindering;  spec,  prophylactic. 
Antonyms:     see  contributory. 

previous,  a.  antecedent,  anterior,  preced- 
ing, precedent,  prior,  foregone,  fore  (obs.), 
preallable  (rare);  see  former. 
Antonyms:    sec  subsequent. 

previousness,  n.  antecedence,  anterior- 
ness,  priority^,  etc. 

previsional,  a.  previsionary,  foresightful 
(rare) . 

prey,  n.   1.  quarry,  ravin  (literanj),  kill; 
spec.  pelt. 
2.  See  victim. 

prey,  v.  i.  1.  See  plunder. 
2.  Referring  to  the  animal:   ravin;    spec. 
kill  (rare). 

price,  n.  charge,  rate;  spec,  quotation, 
fiars  (pi.;  Scot.),  ransom. 

prick,  n.  1.  See  dot,  wound,  sting. 
2.  point  (contextual) ,  pricker;  spec,  prod, 
goad,  brog  (dial.),  prickle. 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
pretence:   variant  of  pretense. 
pretension:   claim. 
prettiness:   oood-lookingness. 


pretty,  adv.:   moderately. 
prevailing:  prevalent. 
prevaricative:   rvaswe. 
priceless:    invaluable. 


prick,   V.   t.:    pierce,  perforate, 

sting,  choose,  appoint,  erect. 
prick,  V.  i.:    thrust,  ride,  rise, 

stino- 


fW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
332 


PRIVACY 


prickle,  n.  prick  {contextual);  spec,  thorn, 
spine,  acicule,  spicule,  needle,  thistle. 

prickly,  a.  pricky  {rare  or  dial.);  spec,  acu- 
leate,   aciculate,    spiny,    thorny,    thistly, 
echinate,  echinated,  echinulate,  burry. 
Antonyms:  see  smooth. 

pride,  ?i.   1.  self-esteem,  proudness,  dis- 
dainfulness, haughtiness.    "Vanity"  is  not 
a  synonym  of  "pride". 
Antonyms:     see  humility. 

2.    See  ARROGANCE,  ELATION, 

pride,  y.  <.  plume;  see  congratulate. 

priest,  n.  minister  {contextual);  spec,  hier- 
ophant,  priestlet  or  priestling  {chiefly 
contemptuous),  father,  patrico  {cant),  con- 
fessor, pope  {Greek  Church),  levite,  lama, 
brahmin,  brahman,  bonze,  Brehon,  fe- 
tial,  pontiff,  pontifex,  flamen,  corybant, 
corybantian,  fulgurator,  druid,  hierarch, 
sacrificer,  saminarist,  protopapas,  proto- 
pope,  powwow,  poonghie,  papa. 
Antonyms:  see  layman. 

priestess,  ?i.  Spec,  nun,  vestal,  Pythia. 

priesthood,  n.  ministry  {contextual);  spec. 
clergy,  pontificate,  pontificality  {ra7-e). 

priestly,  a.  ministerial  {contextual) ;   spec. 
hieratic,  pontifical,  pontific,  levitical. 
Antonyms:  see  lay. 

prim,  a.  spec,  prudish,  precise;  see  stiff, 
formal. 

prime,  n.  1.  See  hour,  beginning,  spring, 
accent. 

2.  Referring  to  the  early  period  of  life,  when 
the  flush  of  feeling  is  strong:  springtime, 
bloom  {fig.),  flower  {fig.),  heyday,  May 
{poetic  and  fig.). 

3.  Referring  to  the  period  of  greatest  activ- 
ity and  vigor,  usually  in  the  middle  age  of 
life:  zenith  {fig.),  height,  floruit  {rare). 

prince,  n.  1.  monarch,  princelet  {dim.), 
princeling  {dim.),  princekin  {dim.);  spec. 
pendragon,  cardinal,  duke,  mirza,  emir, 
elector. 

2.  Referring  to  a  male  member  of  a  royal 
family,  esp.  a  son  or  grandson  of  the  mon- 
arch: infant;  spec,  infante,  czarevitch  or 
tsarevitch,  dauphin. 

3.  *See  chief. 

princess,  n.  1.  See  monarch. 
2.  Referring  to  a  female  member  of  a  royal 
family,  esp.  a  daughter  or  granddaughter  of 
the  monarch:  spec,  infant,  infanta,  czarina 
or  tsarina,  dauphiness. 

principal,  n.  1.  See  chief. 


2.  Referring  to  a  person  for  whom  another 
acts:  spec,  client,  consigner,  constituent, 
constituency  (a  collective). 

Antonyms:  see  agent,  go-between. 

3.  Referring  to  a  sum  of  money  as  distin- 
guished from  increase  or  interest:  capital, 
corpus  {tech.),  body. 

Antonyms:  see  interest. 

print,  V.  t.  1.  impress,  imprint,  engrave 
(/(gr.),  stamp;  see  brand,  indent. 
2.  Referring  to  marking  with  or  as  with 
type,  an  engraved  figure,  etc.:  type  {rare); 
spec,  reprint,  lithograph,  prove  or  {less 
usual)  proof,  pull,  discharge. 

print,  n.  1.  form  {contextual),  figure  {con- 
textual), impression,  imprint,  impress, 
stamp;  see  brand,  indentation. 

2.  Referring  to  matter  printed  with  or  as 
with  type:   typography,  letterpress. 

Antonyms:  see  manuscript. 

3.  Referring  to  a  particular  thing  printed: 
impression,  impress;  spec,  reprint,  proof, 
pull,  lithograph,  xylograph,  zincograph, 
zincotype,  chromograph,  cuneiform,  nega- 
tive, positive,  vignette. 

4.  See  design. 

printed  n.  Spec,  typesetter,  pressman. 

prison,  n.  Spec,  prisonhouse,  dungeon, 
pit  {obs.  or  hist.),  jail,  penitentiary,  re- 
formatory, lock-up,  jug  {slang),  round- 
house {hist.),  calaboose  or  calaboza  {local, 
U.  S.),  crib  {local,  Erig.),  kitty  {slang), 
loga  (pZ.;  slang,  Australia),  hell  {rare), 
gehenna  {rare),  college  {slang,  Eng.), 
choky  {Anglo-Indian),  bagnio,  clink 
{slang,  Eng.),  quod  {slang),  cage  {colloq.), 
guardhouse,  guardroom,  bullpen  {slang), 
stockade  {slang),  blackhole,  counter  {obs. 
or  hist.;  Eng.),  vault,  hulk,  Newgate, 
bridewell,  conciergerie  {French),  Little- 
ease,  compter  {Eng.).  It  should  be  under- 
stood that  in  early  tunes  criminals  were  not 
punished  by  imprisonment;  prisons  were 
then  used  as  places  of  detention  pending 
trial,  torture,  execution,  or  for  personal  or 
political  offenders. 

prisoner,  n.  captive  (literary  or  fig.),  caitiff 
{obs.);  spec,  jailbird,  collegian  {slang, 
Eng.),  culprit,  detenu  {masc;  French), 
dctenue  {fem.;  French),  cageling. 

privacy,  n.  Referring  to  avoidance  of,  or 
freedom  from,  publicity:    privateness,  in- 
timacy {rare  or  spec),  intimity  {rare). 
Antonyms:    see  publicity. 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

prickle,  v.  t.:   perforate. 

prickle,  v.  i.:   sting. 

prig:    precisian. 

priggish:  fastidious,  precious, 
conceited. 

primacy:   headship. 

primal:   original,  first. 

primary,  a.:  original,  first,  im- 
mediate, elementary,  chief. 


primary,  n.:  feather. 

primate:   chief,  bishop. 

prime,  a.:  first,  original,  first- 
rlaax,  chief. 

prime,  v.  t.:  prepare,  coat. 

pfimeval:  old. 

primitive,  a.:  original,  old, 
old -fashioned,  crude. 

primordial:  original,  elemen- 
tary. 


principal,  a.:   chief. 
principle:     assumption,    basis, 

cause,  constituent,  element,  force, 

rule,  truth. 
prior,  n.:  monk. 
prior,   a.:    preceding,   previous, 

former,  superior. 
prioress:  nun. 
priory:    convent. 
pristine:   original,  old. 


CW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

333 


PRIVATE 


private,  a.   1.  privy  {archaic),  nonpiililic 
(ran),  nonolHcitvl  [i-air),  unoflicial;   !>jhc. 
personal. 
Anlonyms:  see  official,  public. 

8.    See     HIDDEN,     SKCRETIVE,      OWN,      SE- 
CLFDED,  CONFIDENTIAL. 

privilege,  n.  ri^lit,  franchise  (legal);  spec. 
libiTty,  induljienoe.  charter,  regality,  re- 
gale,   soke,    licen.se,    monopoly,    refusal, 
frank,  prevention;  atc  option. 
Anlonyms:  sec  oblig.vtion,  duty. 

prize,  n.  1.  reward,  trophy,  premium,  meed 
(poetic  or  rhetorical),  booty  (colloq.),  palm 
(fig.  or  spec),  plum  (colloq.);  spec,  blue 
ribbon,  sweepstakes,  plate,  detur  (Har- 
vard University),  medal,  cup. 

2.    See  -ADVANTAGE,  STAKE. 

probable,  a.  1.  presumable,  presumptive, 
likely,  like  (rare;  colloq.  or  dial.),  verisim- 
ilar (learned),  verisimilous  (rare),  on  the 
cards  (u^ed  predica lively;  colloq.  cant). 
Antonyms:  sec  improbable,  impossible. 

2.    See  CREDIBLE. 

probably,   adv.   belike   (archaic  or  rare), 

hkely;  see  perhaps. 
probationary,  a.  probative  (rare). 
proboscis,    n.    Spec,    trunk,    snout,   neb, 

tongue,  haustellum,  antlia,  promuscis. 
procedure,  n.  1.  proceeding,  course;  spec. 

practice,  way,  conduct,  policy,  form;  see 

CUSTOM. 

2.    See  .\CTION,  METHOD. 

proceed,  v.  i.  1.  See  go,  arise,  continue, 

ADVANCE,  EMANATE,  RE.SULT. 

2.  act,  do,  go  (usually  with  "on");   spec. 
huggermugger;  see  progress. 

proceeds,  n.  pi.  outcome  (rare),  avails 
(pi.),  profit,  result,  issue  (obs.,  exc.  legal), 
produce  (rare),  income. 

process,  n.  outgrowth,  projection,  pro- 
tuberance, prominence,  appendage;  spec. 
apophysis,  condyle,  condyloma,  caruncle, 
comb,  barb,  barbel,  barbule,  wattle. 

procession,  n.  1.  See  going,  march. 
2.  Referring  to  the  body  of  people  in  pro- 
cession: parade,  cavalcade  (chiefly  spec), 


cortfege  (French;    rare),  (rain;    spec,  tri- 
umph, ovation,  funeral,  skinimington. 
proclaim,  v.  t.  1.  liifcrriiKj  ti  olUrial  an- 
Noiiiu-cmcnt   by   outcry:     annt)uncc    (con- 
textu(d),  cry,  call  (rare);  spec,  herald. 

2.  Referring  to  loudly  making  known:  pub- 
lish, cry,  call,  sing  (primarily  spec), 
enounce;  spec,  preach,  knell;  see  trum- 
pet. 

3.  See  SHOW,  state. 
proclamatory,  a.  annunciatory. 
produce,  n.  1.  See  product,  yield. 

2.  Referring  to  the  yield  from  plants:  prod- 
uct, yield,  crop  (chiefly  spec);  spec  truck, 
gardcnage  (rare),  emblements  (pi.),  grain, 
vegetable,  harvest;  see  fruit. 

producer,  n.  1.  See  introducer,  gener- 
ator, creator,  cause,  author,  etc. 
2.  Referring  to  one  ivho  grows  plants  for 
their  yield:  grower,  raiser,  culturist  (chief- 
ly spec);  spec  agriculturist,  horticultur- 
ist. 

product,  n.  production,  result,  produce 
(rare),  yield;  spec,  by-product,  staple, 
outcome,  origination,  output,  turnout, 
fruit,  make,  work,  issue  (rare),  birth  (fig.), 
development,  harvest,  manufacture;  see 
growth,  offspring. 

productive,  a.  rich,  fruitful,  prolific,  plen- 
teous (chiefly  poetic);  spec,  fructuous 
(rare),  proliferous,  fertile,  generative,  fat, 
luxuriant,  elaborative,  originative,  quick, 
pregnant;  see  creative,  causative, 
originative,  fruitful. 
Antonyms:    see  barren. 

profession,  n.  1.  See  acknowledgment, 
affectation,  pretension,  belief,  busi- 
ness, declaration. 

2.  Referring  to  those  in  a  profession:  call- 
ing (rare),  faculty  (archaic  or  spec);  spec. 
law,  ministry. 
Antonyms:  see  laiett. 

professional,  a.  Spec  trade,  business; — 
no  good  synonyms. 
Antonyms:  see  amateurish,  lay. 

profit,  n.  1.  See  benefit. 


}0°  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

privation:    need. 

privity:  knowledge,  complicity, 
relation. 

privy :  accessory. 

prize,  n.:  capture. 

prize,  V.  t.:  capture. 

prize,  n.:  lever,  leverage. 

prize,  r.  t.:  lever. 

prize,  V.  t.:  esteem,  value. 

probation:    trial. 

probationer:  novice,  candidate. 

probative:  probationary,  de- 
monstrative. 

probe,  V.  t.:  examine. 

probity:   uprightness. 

problem:  question,  proposition. 

problematical:    uncertain. 

process,  v.  t.:  preserve,  prosecute. 

processional:   hymn. 


proclivity:   inclination. 

procrastinate:   defer. 

procrastination:  deferment. 

procreate:   generate,  create. 

procurable:   obtainable. 

procuration:  agency,  power, 
getting,  bawdry. 

procure:   get,  induce. 

procurement:  getting,  agency, 
inducement. 

procurer:   bawd. 

prod:   poke. 

prodigal,  a.:  extravagant,  gen- 
erous, wasteful,  abu7idant. 

prodigal,  n.:  spendthrift,  waster. 

prodigality:  extravagance,  gen- 
erosity, wastefulness,  abun- 
dance. 

prodigious:      wonderful,      im- 


prodigy:  sign,  wonder,  occur- 
rence. 

produce,  v.  t.:  generate,  create, 
cause,  show,  form,  furnish, 
make,  grow,  bear,  compose,  ex- 
tend, develop. 

producible:  causable. 

profane,  a.:  impious,  unhal- 
lowed, vulgar. 

profane,  v.  t.:  desecrate  violate. 

profess:  state,  avow,  affect,  pre- 
tend. 

proffer:   offer. 

proficiency:  skill,  accomplish- 
ment. 

proficient,  a.:  skillful,  accom- 
plUhed. 

proficient,  «.;  expert. 

profile:   outline. 

profit,  V.  t.:  benefit. 


(^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

334 


PROMOTION 


2.  gain,    clearance    (rare),    lucre,    fruit; 
spec,    perquisite,    velvet    (slang),    bunce 
(slang),  graft;  see  pay. 
Antonyms:   see  loss. 

profitable,  a.  1.  See  advantageous. 
2.  gainful,    lucrative,    remunerative,    re- 
muneratory,  paying,  emolumentary  (rare), 
fat  (colloq.  or  slang) ,  rewardful  (rare) . 
Antonyms:   see  unprofitable. 

profitless,  a.  gainless,  useless;  see  un- 
profitable. 

progress,  n.  1.  See  advance. 
2.  Referring  to  a  going  on,  taking  place, 
happening,  etc.:  advance,  process,  pass- 
age, movement,  move,  course,  procession, 
progression ;  spec,  passage,  boom ;  see  de- 
velopment, REFORM. 
Antonyms:    see  recession,  decline. 

progress,  v.  i.  1.  See  advance,  reform. 
2.  advance,  proceed,  move,  go,  grow,  wag 
(colloq.),  work,  speed;    spec,  boom;    see 
develop. 
Antonyms:  see  recede,  decline. 

progressive,  a.  forward,  advanced;  spec. 
forward-looking. 
Antonyms:  see  backward. 

prohibition,  a.  dry  (colloq.). 

project,  V.  t.  1.  See  plan,  devise. 

2.  propel  (contextual);  spec,  deliver,  cast, 
eject,  hurl,  hurtle,  bolt,  shoot,  fire,  serve, 
bowl;  see  throw. 

3.  Referring  to  a  shadoiv,  light,  figure,  etc.: 
throw,  cast. 

project,  V.  i.  extend;  spec,  jut,  shoot,  out- 
shoot  (rare),  poke,  butt,  jutty  (archaic), 
peak  (rare),  knob  (rare);  see  protrude, 
protuberate. 

projecting,  a.  projective;  spec,  protru- 
sive, protrudent  (rare),  prominent,  sa- 
lient, exsurgent  (rare),  extant  (archaic), 
bold,  outstanding  (rare),  astrut  (archaic), 
emersed,  underhung,  exserted,  excurrent, 
protruding,  protuberant. 
Antonyms:  see  hollow. 

projection,  n.  1.  >See  planning. 

2.  propulsion;  spec,  throw,  cast,  hurl, 
throwing,  ejection,  shooting,  firing,  etc., 
delivery,  service;  see  throw. 

3.  projectile,  project  (rare);  see  missile. 


4.  Referring  to  the  fact  or  condition  of  pro- 
jecting: spec,  relief  (chiefly  an  art  term), 
relievo,  jut  (rare),  eminence,  salience, 
l)rotuberance,  protrusion. 

5.  Referring  to  a  thing  or  part  that  pro- 
jects: extension;  spec,  protrusion,  pro- 
tuberance, prominence  or  (rare)  promi- 
nency, spur,  elevation,  eminence,  salience, 
rising,  outshoot,  outshot  (rare),  snag,  jag, 
elbow,  point,  projecture  (rare),  finger, 
shoulder,  jut  (rare),  jutty,  outjet  (rare), 
outjut  (rare),  rag,  headland,  outgrowth, 
process. 

Antonyms:   see  hole,  cavity,  hollow, 

RECESS. 

6.  Referring  to  various  projecting  forms  in 
carpentry,  tnachinery,  etc.:  tenon,  cog, 
coak,  tusk,  tooth,  shoulder,  shouldering, 
bolster,  fang,  ear,  speer,  burr,  pallet,  kern, 
kick,  cam,  knuckle. 

prolix,  a.  lengthy,  long-winded  (often  con- 
temptuous), verbose,  wordy;  spec,  diffuse, 
exuberant. 
Antonyms:  see  brief,  concise. 

prolixity,  n.  lengthiness,  verbosity,  wordi- 
ness;  spec,  diffuseness. 
Antonyms:    see  brevity,  conciseness. 

prolong,  V.  t.  1.  See  extend. 
2.  Referring  to  sounds:   extend,  lengthen, 
hold,  carry,  continue,  protract. 

prolongation,  n.  1.  See  extension,  addi- 
tion. 

2.  Referring  to  sounds:  lengthening,  hold- 
ing, prolongment  (rare),  continuation, 
continuance;   spec,  hang,  cipher. 

promise,  n.  1.  agreement,  engagement, 
word;  spec,  pledge,  undertaking,  affiance, 
sacrament,  preengagement,  vow,  oath, 
parole,  plight  (archaic),  pollicitation,  sub- 
scription; see  contract,  betrothal. 
2.  See  earnest,  auspiciousness. 

promise,  v.  t.  agree,  engage,  undertake; 
spec,  plight  (chiefly  poetic  or  rhetorical), 
preengage,  vow,  swear,  pass,  subscribe; 
see  CONTRACT,  betroth. 

promising,  a.  1.  See  auspicious. 
2.  Referring  to  a  person  or  thing  that  bids 
fair  to  turn  out  well:   likely;   spec,  flatter- 
ing. 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

profligate,  a.:  dissipated,  ex- 
travagant, abundant. 

profligate,  «.;  dissipater. 

profound,  a.:  deep,  abstruse, 
learned,  subtle,  intense,  dense, 
low. 

profound,  n.:  deep. 

profundity:  depth. 

profuse:  extravagant,  abundant, 
generous. 

profusion:  extravagance,  abun- 
dance, expenditure. 

progenitor:    ancestor. 

progeniture:  ancestry,  descent. 

progeny:   offspring. 


prognosis:  prediction. 
prognostic,  a.:   significant. 
prognostic,  n.:   sign,  symptom. 
prognosticate:  signify,  foresee, 

predict. 
prognostication:      prediction, 

forcknoirleiige,  sign. 
program:    notice,  plan. 
progression:  advance,  progress. 
progressive,  7^..•  reformer. 
prohibit:  forbid,  prevent. 
project,    n.:     plan,   enterprise, 

drrice. 
projectile,  n.:  missile. 
projector:  founder. 
proletarian:   plebeian. 


proletariat:   people. 

proliferate:   generate. 

proliferous:  productive,  fruit- 
ful. 

prolific:  fruitful. 

prologue:    preface. 

promenade:  walk,  dance. 

prominence:  projection,  proc- 
ess. 

prominent:  projecting,  notable, 
famous ,  cons picuo us. 

promiscuous,  a..'  mixed,  con- 
fused. 

promontory:    headland. 

promote:   advance,  aid. 

promotion:  advancement,  aid. 


IS°  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
335 


PROMPT 


AnUmyms:  see irNPnoMisiNG. 

prompter,  n.  romiin.UT,  soufHor  {French; 
catifi; — (K-f  in  the  tlKulcr. 

pronounce,  c.  t.  1.  N(r  utter,  state. 
2.   Riferring  to  utterance  of  words:    utter, 
speak,  say.  articulate,  frame,  enunciate, 
enounce  (rare),  form;    spec,  clip,  garble, 
burr. 

pronunciation,  n.  utterance,  enunciation, 
saying,  etc.:  spec,  orthoepy;  see  mispro- 
nunciation. , 

proof,  n.  1.  See  evidence,  trial,  stand- 
ard. 

2.  probation    (rare),    verification,    aver- 
ment   (rare),    demonstration,    apodeixis 
{learned  or  tech.),  substantiation,  show. 
Antonyms:  see  disproof. 
8.  print  {cvniextual) ;   spec,  pull,  slip,  re- 
vise. 

prop,  I',  t.  support;  spec,  block,  shore,  un- 
derpin, underset. 

prop,  71.  support;  spec,  block,  shore,  un- 
derpin. 

propel,  V.  t.  force,  drive,  impel,  impulse 
{rare),  put,  send;  spec,  push,  dash, 
thrust,  shoot,  screw,  paddle,  row,  pole, 
sail,  stream;  see  project,  push,  thrust. 

proper,  a.  1.  See  own,  inherent,  individ- 
ual, ACCURATE,  appropriate,  FASTIDI- 
OUS, good-looking. 

2.  Referring  to  conformity  to  social  con- 
vention: becoming,  respectable,  decent, 
decorous;  spec,  demure,  chaste,  prudish, 
presentable,  elegant,  delicate,  right, 
rightful  {rare),  correct  {colloq.),  due;  see 

TIMELY. 

Antonyms:  see  improper,  untimely. 

property,  n.  1.  »S'ee  ownership. 
2.  possession  or  {generic  pi.)  possessions, 
belonging  or  {generic  pi.)  belongings;  spec. 
appurtenance,  appurtenant  {rare),  hav- 
ings {pi.),  estate,  assets,  holding  {chiefly 
in  pi.),  stocks  {pi.),  personalty,  chattels, 
goods,  realty,  land,  shares. 

prophet,  n.  1.  As  being  an  inspired  person: 
oracle;  spec,  druid,  MerUn,  sibyl. 

2.    See  PREDICTOR. 

prophetess,  n.  1.  As  being  an  inspired  per- 
son: Voluspa  {erroneoiLs) ,  sibyl. 

2.    See  PREDICTOR. 

prophetic,  a.  1.  oracular,  oraculous  {rare). 


fatidical  {literary),  fatidic  {rare),  fatilo- 
quent  {rare),  vatic  {literary);    spec.  Do- 
(.iDncan,  sibylline,  druidic  or  druidical. 
Anton ym.s:   see  blind. 

2.    Sec  I'UKDICTIVE. 

prophylactic,    a.    preventive,    synteretic 

{rare). 
proportion,  n.  1.  See  part,  ratio,  dimen- 
sion, SH.\RE,  extent. 

2.  commensuration,    commensurateness ; 
spec,  eurythmy,  match. 

Antonyms:   see  disproportion. 

3.  scale,  rate,  ratio,  quota. 
proportionate,  a.  proportional,   propor- 
tionable, commensurate,  according  {pred- 
icative) . 

Antonyms:  see  disproportionate. 

proposal,  n.  statement,  proposition,  offer, 
advancement,  submission,  overture,  mo- 
tion; spec,  nomination  (see  nominate). 

propose,  V.  t.  1.  state  {contextual),  pro- 
pound, advance,  present,  move,  offer, 
overture  {rare),  submit,  pose  {rare),  pro- 
pone {obs.  or  Scot.),  put;   see  nominate, 

MENTION. 

2.    See  INTEND. 

proposition,  statement  {contextual) ;  spec. 
axiom,  postulate,  problem,  thesis. 

pronriety,  n.  1.  Spec,  accuracy,  suitabil- 
ity, fastidiousness. 

2.  becomingness,  respectability,  decency, 
decorousness,  decorum;  spec,  demure- 
ness,  chasteness,  elegance,  delicacy,  seem- 
liness,  lightness,  prudery,  bienseance 
{French),  correctness;  see  timeliness. 
Antonyms:  untimeliness  {cf.  untimely). 

propulsion,  n.  pulsion  {rare),  propelment 
{rare);  spec,  drift,  push,  dash,  impulse 
{rare),  putting,  sending;  see  projection, 

PUSH. 

prosaic,  a.  1.  prosy. 
Antonyms:  see  florid. 
2.  See   commonplace,   matter-of-fact, 

DULL,  unimaginative. 

prosaist,    n.     proseman     {rare),     proser, 
prosateur  {French). 
Antonyms:   see  poet,  versifier. 
prose,  V.  t.  <&  i.  prosify  {chiefly  humorous), 
beprose     {intensive);      spec,     depoeticize 
{rare),  depoetize  {rare). 
Antonyms:  see  poeticize,  versify. 


r!F°  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

prompt,  a.:  ready,  immediate. 

prompt,  V.  t.:  incite,  remiiid, 
suggest. 

promulgate:   publish. 

prone:  prostrate,  inclined,  dis- 
posed. 

prong:   point,  branch.. 

pronounced:  decided,  great, 
broad. 

pronouncement:  utterance, 
statement. 

proof:    impenetrable. 

prop:   support. 


propaganda:  movement. 

propagate:  generate,  diffuse, 
tran.^mit. 

propensity:   inclination. 

prophecy,  n.:  hispiration,  pre- 
dictinn. 

prophesy,  v.  i.:  speak,  predict. 

prophesy,  v.  t.:   predict. 

propinquity:  nearness,  rela- 
tion. 

propitiable:   pacifiahle. 

propitiate:   pacify. 

propitiatory:  pacific.        [able. 

propitious:    auspicious,  favor- 


proportional:  proportionate, 
relative,  corresponding. 

proposition:  statement,  pro- 
posal. 

propound:  propose. 

proprietor:   owner. 

proprietary:  owning. 

prorate:   distribute. 

prorogue:   adjourn. 

proscenium:  front. 

proscribe:    outlaw,  forbid. 

proscript:    outlaw. 

prose:  composition,  common- 
place, matter-of-fact. 


fW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

336 


PROUDNESS 


prosecute,  v.  t.  1.  See  purstje,  exercise. 

2.  In  the  sense  of  "to  follow  up  or  attempt 
to  enforce":  push,  drive,  urge,  pursue; 
spec,  exchequer  (Eng.;  cant),  law  (rare), 
Ubel,  arraign. 

3.  sue,  implead  (archaic  or  hist.),  process 
(chiefly  Scot.). 

prospect,  n.  1.  See  view,  exploration, 

FORESIGHT. 

2.  Referring  to  what  is  to  come  or  happe?i: 
outlook,  lookout  (rare),  perspective;  spec. 
expectations  (pi.). 

prosper,  v.  i.  flourish,  thrive,  increase  (ar- 
chaic), cotton  (obs.);  spec,  succeed,  boom, 
flower  (fig.),  bloom  (fig.). 

prosperity,  n.  prosperation  (rare),  pros- 
perousness,  thriving,  flourishing,  well- 
being,  fortune,  flourish  (rare,  exc.  ivith 
"in"),  felicity  (rare);  spec,  success,  flower 
(Jig.),  bloom  (fig.),  boom. 
Antonyms:  see  calamity. 

prosperous,  a.  1.  flourishing,  thrifty,  thriv- 
ing, golden,  palmy,  happy,  swimming; 
spec,  successful,  booming;  see  fortunate, 

RICH. 

Antonyms:    see  unsuccessful,  unfor- 
tunate, POOR. 
2.  See  AUSPICIOUS. 

prostrate,  a.  1.  flat,  prone  (properly  spec), 
flatling   (obs.);    spec,   supine,   groveling, 
cumbent,  procumbent,  decumbent,  couch- 
ant,  recumbent. 
Antonyms:  see  vertical. 
2.  See  HELPLESS,  depressed. 

protect,  V.  t.  Spec,  defend,  fend  (archaic  or 
poetic  for  "defend"),  guard,  preserve, 
champion,  save,  shield,  buckler,  shelter, 
screen,  hedge,  safeguard,  secure,  bulwark, 
bestride  (archaic),  patronize  (rare),  fence 
(archaic),  shadow,  flank,  bield  (Scot.), 
sheathe,  dike,  cushion,  shoe,  arm,  bush, 
etc.;  see  guard,  hide,  cherish,  cover. 

Antonyms:  see  attack,  assail,  expose, 
harass,     plunder,     ill-treat,     ruin, 

DESTROY. 

protection,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  act:  spec. 
defense,  saving,  guard,  fence  (archaic  or 
poetic),  safeguard,  championship,  securi- 
ty, ward,  care,  patronage,  coverture, 
manus;  see  care,  guard. 
Antonyms:  see  attack,  exposure, 
plunder;  also  cf.  assail,  etc. 
2.  The  thing  that  protects:  spec,  defense, 
guard,  fence,  screen,  shelter,  shield, 
sheath,     shadow,     safeguard,     preserva- 


tive, wall,  hedge  (fig.),  bulwark,  cover, 
covert,  rock  (fig.),  cage,  bracer,  buckler, 
resist. 

protective,  a.  protecting;  spec,  defensive, 
tutelar,  guarding,  shielding,  etc. 

protector,  n.  protecter,  protection,  pre- 
server; spec,  defense,  warder,  ward,  guard, 
shelter,  shielder,  shield,  buckler,  guardant 
(rare),  keeper,  pastor,  safeguard,  palla- 
dium, champion,  promachos  (Greek  an- 
tiq.),  ghazi  (Mohammedan),  bully,  etc., 
patron. 

protest,  V.  i.  object  (contextual),  remon- 
strate, demur,  expostulate,  reclaim  (now 
rare),  obtest  (rare),  kick  (colloq.). 

protrude,  V.  t.  &  i.  extend  (contextual), 
project,  exsert  (rare),  protend  (rare); 
spec,  shoot,  poke,  peep,  loll,  pout,  evagi- 
nate. 

protrusile,  a.  extensible  (contextual),  pro- 
trusible,  exsertile  (rare),  emissile  (rare); 
spec,  evaginable. 

Antonyms:     see   retractile;     also   see 
fixed. 

protuberance,  n.  projection  (contextual), 
protuberancy;  spec,  convexity,  round- 
ness, bulge,  bulging,  swell,  swelling, 
whelk,  weal,  bilge,  bunch,  head,  lump, 
hump,  hunch,  knot,  node,  gnarl,  nodos- 
ity, hummock,  boss,  nipple,  embossment, 
bosset,  gibbosity  (literary  or  tech.),  belly, 
bump,  tuberosity,  tubercle,  bull's-eye, 
bud,  buttress,  capitulum,  capitellum, 
torus,  mamilla,  papilla,  inion,  rose;    see 

PROCESS. 

Antonyms:  see  cavity,  hollow. 

protuberant,  a.  1.  Referring  to  something 
projecting  from  what  surrounds  it:  pro- 
jecting (co7itextual) ;  spec,  convex,  bulg- 
ing, swelling,  extuberant  (rare),  hum- 
mocky,  lumpy,  knotty,  nodose,  bossy, 
goggle,  rounded. 
AntouTjms:  see  hollow,  hollowed. 
2.  Referring  to  what  has  protuberances 
upon  it  or  a  protuberating  part:  spec,  gib- 
bous, torous,  swelling,  bulgy,  bumpy, 
lumpy. 

protuberate,  v.  i.  project  (contextual), 
rise;  spec,  bulge,  swell,  bunch,  round, 
hump. 

proud,  a.  1.  As  implying  an  attitude  of  su- 
periority to,  and  contempt  for,  another  or 
others:  arrogant,  haughty,  haught  (ar- 
chaic), supercilious,  vain,  cavalier,  cava- 
lierly, uppish  (colloq.),  high-minded  (ar- 


XW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

proselyte:    convert. 

piosiness:  dullness;  for  com- 
■monplaceness,  cf.  common- 
place. 

prospect,  V.  t.:  explore. 

prospective:  future. 

prospectus:   description. 


prosper,  v.  I.:  aid. 

prostitute,  n.:   harlot. 

prostitute,  v.  t.:   deyrade. 

prostitution:  harlotry,  degra- 
dation. 

prosy:  prosaic,  matter-of-fact, 
commonplace,  dull. 

protean:   multiform. 


proteiform:   multiform. 
protest,  n.:  objection. 
protest,  II.  t.:   state. 
protestation:     statement,   pro- 
test. 
prototype:   original. 
protract:   extend. 
proudness:    pride. 


%:S^  Sec  Notes  of  Explanation. 

337 


PROVE 


chaic^,    orpiilous   or   orgilloiis    \,archaic), 
prideful    (chiejly    Scot.),    exalted;     spec. 
proudish ;  str  haughty. 
Antonyms:  see  HVMBhE. 

t.    See  PLEASED,  GRAND. 

prove,  V.  t.  1.  show,  demonstrate  {chiefly 
spec),  establish,  verify,  sustain,  substan- 
tiate; siHC.  speak,  document,  instruct 
(Scots  law),  aver  {obs.,  exc.  spec),  probate. 

Antonyms:  «f  confute,  disprove. 
2.  >\t  try,  e.xperience. 

pro\-ide,  v.  i.  1.  Sec  PREPARE,  PLAN,  STIPU- 
LATE. 

8.  purvey  (archaic),  cater. 

provider,  n.  purveyor  (archaic),  caterer 
(the  usual  cant  or  technical  term). 

provision,  v.  t.  furnish  (contextual),  vic- 
tual; spec,  ration,  fodder,  provender,  for- 
age, revictual. 

provisional,  a.  I.  temporary,  provisionary 
(rare),  tentative,  makeshift. 
Antonyms:   see  permanent. 
2.  See  conditional. 

prowl,  V.  i.  wander,  raven,  mouse. 

prudence,    n.    discretion,    prudentiality, 
thoughtfulness,     judiciousness,     circum- 
spection,  care,   considerateness   (obsoles- 
cent), counsel  (archaic);  see  expediency. 
Aritonyms:    carelessness  (cf.  careless). 

prudent,  a.  discreet,  prudential,  thought- 
ful, careful,  circumspect,  chary,  judicious, 
considerate     (obsolescent),    worldly-wise; 

see  TIME-SERVING. 

Antonyms:   see  careless. 
public,  a.  1.  popular  (rare,  and  chiefly  or 
only  in  legal  use),  general,  common;  spec. 
political,  civil,  national,  state,  provincial, 
nationwide,  statewide. 

Antonyms:  see  private. 

2.  Open  to  the  public:   patent  (rare),  exo- 
teric (rare). 

3.  See  UNCONCE.\LED. 

publication,  n.  1.  announcement,  adver- 
tizement  (chiefly  spec),  disclosure,  di\Til- 


gation  (literary),  publishment  (rare);  spec. 
celebration  (literary),  report,  proclama- 
tion, promulgation,  ventilation,  pervulga- 
tion  (rare),  emblazonment. 

2.  Referring  to  a  book:  issue,  issuance 
(rare),  cvulgation  (rare). 

3.  Referring  to  the  thing  that  is  published: 
spec,  review,  bulletin,  gazette,  magazine; 

see  PERIODICAL. 

publicity,  n.  publicness  (rare);  spec,  day- 
light, limelight  (colloq.),  spotlight  (colloq.). 
Antonyms:  see  privacy. 

publish,  V.  t.  I.  announce,  advertize  (chief- 
ly spec),  disclose,  divulgate  (literary); 
spec  bruit,  celebrate  (literary),  report, 
proclaim,  promulgate,  promulgc  (ar- 
chaic), ventilate,  blow,  emblazon,  pervul- 
gate  (rare),  trumpet,  preconize  (rare), 
bulletin,  post,  placard. 
2.  Referring  to  a  book:  issue,  evulgate 
(rare). 

pucker,  v.  t.  &  i.  wrinkle,  contract,  corru- 
gate (chiefly  spec),  gather,  pinch,  shrivel; 
spec,  knit,  purse,  bulge,  cockle,  gauge, 
ruckle  (rare),  crape,  shirr. 
Antonyms:  see  s.mooth. 

pucker,  n.  wrinkle,  gathering,  gather,  cor- 
rugation (chiefly  spec);  spec,  cockle, 
shirr,  crease. 

puckered,  a.  WTinkled,  puckery;  spec. 
pursy,  knit,  cockly. 

pugnacious,  a.  combative;  spec,  militant, 
quarrelsome,  bellicose,  contentious. 
Antonyms:  see  peaceable. 

pug  nose,  snub,  snub  nose,  flat  nose, 

pug-nosed,  a.  snub,  snub-nosed,  puggy, 
camois  or  camus  (obs.),  retrousse  (French). 
Antonyms:  see  aquiline. 

pull,  V.  t.  1.  In  this  sense  implying  an  ac- 
tual separation  or  motion  produced  by 
means  of  applied  force;  that  is,  a  result 
equivalent  to  that  denoted  by  using  words  in 
def.  2  with  an  added  adverb,  such  as 
"away,"  "off,"  "out,"  etc.:  separate  (con- 


X^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

provenance:   source. 

provender:  fodder. 

provenience:  source,     [drama. 

proverb:    saying,  byword,  talk, 

provide,  r.  t.:   prepare,  furnish. 

provided,  conj.:   if. 

providenca:  foresight,  economy. 

provident;  far-sighted,  econom- 
ical, fore-handed. 

providential:  fortunate. 

province:  division,  domain, 
jurisdiction,  sphere,  depart- 
ment, function. 

provincial:   local,  narrow. 

proving:   demonstrative. 

provision:  furnishing,  prepara- 
tion, condition,  equipment,  food, 
supply,  action. 

proviso:  clause,  condition. 

provlsoiy:    conditional. 

provocation:  incitement,  excita- 
tion, incentire,  irritation. 


provocative,  a.:  exciting,  in- 
centive, irritating. 

provocative,  n.:   incentive. 

provoke:  incite,  excite,  anger, 
irritate. 

provoking:  irritating. 

prow:   bow. 

prowess:  courage,  deed. 

proximate:    near,  immediate. 

proximity:   nearness. 

proxy:   agency,  power,  agent. 

prudery:  propriety,  precious- 
ness. 

prudish:  prim. 

prune:   trim,  abbreviate. 

prurient:   lascivious. 

pry,  n.:  lever. 

pry,  V.  i.:  examine. 

prying,  a.:  curious. 

prying,  n.:  curiosity,  examirup- 

tinn. 
psalm:   hymn. 
pseudonym:  name. 


psychic,  psychical:    mental. 

pubescence:  down. 

public,  n.:  people. 

puddle,  n.:  pool. 

puddle,  V.  i.:  dabble. 

puddle,  V.  t.:  Tnire. 

pudgy:  fat,  squat. 

puerile:  childish. 

puerility:    childhood. 

pu8,    n.:     blow,    breath    cloud, 

praise,  gesture,  wind. 
puff,    I'.;     breathe,    bloie,    emit, 

drive,  swell,  elate,  puff. 
puffy:    gusty,  swollen,  inflated, 

fat.  full,  muffled,  short-winded. 
pugilist:  fighter. 
pugilistic:  fighting. 
puissance:   power. 
puissant:   powerfid. 
puke:    vomit. 
pulchritude:   beauty, 
pule:    cry,  chirp. 
puling:    ailing. 


f^  See  Ifotes  of  Explanation. 

338 


PURE 


textual),  detach,  pluck,  wrest,  rive;  spec. 
epilate;  see  pick. 

2.  In  this  sense  implying  only  an  applied 
force  merely  tending  to  m.ove  something 
toivard  the  source  or  place  from  ivhich  the 
force  acts  (as  distinguished  from  "push") 
and  not  necessarily  implying  any  resulting 
separation  or  motion,  that  idea  being  car- 
ried by  added  adverbs,  as  "away,"  "off," 
"out,"  etc.:  spec,  drag,  tug,  tear,  wrench, 
haul,  pluck,  tweak,  twang,  twitch,  lug, 
strain,  heave;  see  draw,  jerk. 

Antonyms:  see  push. 

3.  See  ATTRACT,  DRINK,  TRANSPORT. 

pull,  n.  1.  Spec,  drag,  draw,  tug,  tear, 
wrench,  haul,  pluck,  twitch,  tweak, 
twang,  strain,  lug  (colloq.),  draft  (obs.  or 
dial.);  see  jerk. 
Antonyms:  see  push. 
2.  See  DRINK,  ROW  ipron.  to),  attrac- 
tion, INFLUENCE. 

pulp,  n.  1.  See  flesh. 
2.  mash,  mush  (colloq.),  pap,  paste;  spec. 
mucilage,  pomace. 

pulp,  V.  t.  1.  mash,  pulpify  (rare);   spec. 
masticate. 
2.  dispulp  (rare). 

pulpit,  n.  1.  platform  (contextual),  ros- 
trum (learned  or  literary;  contextual),  tub 
(slang,  Eng.). 

2.    See  MINISTRY. 

pulpy,  a.  pultaceous  (rare),  pulpous,  pasty, 

pappy  (rare),  mushy. 
Antonyms:   see  woody. 
pulsate,  V.  i.  1.  beat,  throb;  spec,  thump, 
pant,  quiver,  palpitate,  pit-a-pat,  pit-pat, 
shudder,  tremble. 

2.    See  VIBRATE. 

pulsation,  n.  beating,  beat,  throb,  stroke, 
shudder,  tremble,  palpitation,  etc.;  spec. 
pant,  quiver,  pit-a-pat,  pit-pat,  ictus, 
rhythm,  accent. 

pulverize,  v.  t.  powder;  spec,  triturate, 
levigate,  grind,  pound,  crumble,  stamp, 
flour  (rare),  meal. 

pump,  n.  1.  Spec.  Mrs.  Simpson  (slang 
or  cant). 

2.  Referring  to  the  act  of  eliciting  informa- 
tion from  a  person:  tap  (colloq.). 

pun,  n.  paronomasia  (learned),  double- 
entendre  (French),  conceit,  calembour 
(French),  equivoque  (literary),  carriwitch- 
et  (slang),  clinch  (rare),  quibble,  quillet. 


punctuate,  v.  t.   1.  point;    spec,  inter- 
punctuate  or  interpoint. 
2.  See  dot,  emphasize. 

pungency,  n.  1.  See  acrimony. 
2.  irritatingn&ss   (rare),   keenness,  pene- 
trativeness  (rare),  penetration,  poignancy 
(rare),  sharpness;  spec,  heat,  pepperiness, 
piquancy,  stimulation ;  see  acridity. 

pungent,  a.  1.  See  painful,  affecting, 

ACRIMONIOUS. 

2.  irritating,  keen,  penetrative,  penetrat- 
ing,  poignant   (rare),   sharp;     spec,  hot, 
peppery,  piquant,  stimulating;  see  acrid. 
Antonyms:    see  bland. 

punish,  V.  t.  correct  (euphemistic),  les- 
son (literary),  reward  (literary  or  ironical), 
pay;  spec,  chastize,  chasten,  discipline, 
castigate,  whip,  dress  (chiefly  with 
"down"),  trim,  smite,  haze,  decimate, 
centesimate  (rare),  ferule,  tar,  impale, 
rusticate,  masthead,  hang,  penance,  pep- 
per, draw,  Tartarize,  torture,  proctorize, 
penalize,  fine,  mulct,  imprison. 
Antonyms:  see  absolve,  reward,  ex- 
cuse. 

punishment,  n.  1.  correction  (euphemis- 
tic), reward  (literary  or  ironical),  animad- 
version (archaic),  punition  (rare),  pay- 
ment, pay;  spec,  lesson,  toco  (slang,  Eng.), 
chastening,  chastisement,  discipline,  cas- 
tigation,  whipping,  retribution,  rod, 
penance,  penitence  (rare),  impalement, 
cyphonism,  censure,  dispensation,  ven- 
geance, fine,  imprisonment. 
Antonyms:  see  absolution,  reward, 
excuse. 

2.  Referring  to  what  is  inflicted  in  order  to 
punish:  see  penalty. 

punitive,  a.  corrective  (euphemistic),  pu- 
nitory, disciplinary,  castigatory,  castiga- 
tive  (rare),  retributive,  vindictive  (rare), 
vindicatory  (rare). 

puppet,  n.  1.  lay  figure,  poppet  (obs.), 
marionette,  fantoccini  (pi.;  Italian),  neu- 
ropast  (tech.  or  rare);  spec.  Polichjnelle 
(French),  Punchinello  (Italian),  Punch, 
Judy. 

2.  tool,  jackstraw  (arch,  or  obs.),  Jack-a- 
Lent  (arch.);  spec,  creature. 

purblind,  a.  dim-sighted,  starblind,  mole- 
eyed  (rare),  cecutient  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  clear-sighted. 

pure,  a.  1.  In  a  physical  sense:  simple,  un- 


S5^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
pullet:  fowl,  hei\. 
pulley:   wheel. 
pulmonic:   consumptilie. 
pulpous:   fleshy. 
pumice:   lava. 
pummel:   heat. 
pump,  V.  i.:  breathe. 
punch,  n.:   buffoon. 
punch,  n.:   blow,  poke. 
punch,  v.:   strike,  poke. 


punctate:   dotted. 
punctation:  dotting. 
punctilio:  form. 
punctilious:    formal,    scrupu- 
lous. 
punctual::  ready. 
puncture,  ?>.  t.:  pierce. 
puncture,  tt.:  opening, 
punt,  71.  &  v.:   kick. 
punt,  V.  i. 
puny:  small. 


pup,  71.:  dog. 
pup,  !).  i.:   bear. 
pupil:   scholar. 

pupilage:  minority,  scholarship. 
puppetry:   pretense. 
puppy:    dog,  jackanapes. 
puppyism:    conceit. 
purchase,  v.  t.:  buy. 
purchase,  n.:    buying,  bwy,  ad- 
vantage, tackle. 
purchased:   bought. 


%S^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

339 


PURENESS 


mixoil.  imalloyod,  unadulterated,  donr. 
absoluto,  tino,  iu>at  ({^pec.  or  rare),  dean 
(,  bsoUscent,  i.rc.  spec);  spec,  unstaiuod, 
rofinod,  unsullied,  uncorrupted,  uncon- 
taniinatod,  etc. 

Antoinjms:  sfc  soiled. 
2.  See  SMOOTH  (os  in  sound),  full- 
HLOODED  {in  reference  to  lineage),  abso- 
lute {in  an  intensive  sense),  courect. 
S.  In  reference  to  freedotn  from  moral  de- 
filement: innocent,  guiltless,  guileless, 
sincere,  clean,  chaste,  white,  stainless, 
candid  {archaic),  seraphic,  immaculate, 
honest,  virgin,  incorrupt  or  imcorrupt,  in- 
contaminate  {rare)  or  incontaminated, 
untainted,    undefiled,    unblemished;    see 

CHASTE. 

Antonyms:   see  corkupt,  lascivious. 

purificatory,  a.  1.  cleansing,  depurant 
{med.),  depurative,  purgative  {rare),  pur- 
gatory {rare). 

2.  In  reference  to  morals:   cleansing,  pur- 
gatorial {rare),  purgatorian  {rare);    spec. 
lustratory,  lustral,  lustrative. 
Anto?iyms:  see  corruptive. 

purify,  V.  t.  1.  cleanse;  spec,  purge,  rarefy, 
refine,  fine,  clear,  depurate,  defecate, 
edulcorate,  wash,  expurgate  {rare),  epur- 
ate   {rare),  sublime,  retort,  rectify;    see 

CLEAN. 

Antonyms:   see  adulterate,  dirty,  al- 
loy, SOIL. 

2.  In  reference  to  moral  or  spiritual  clean- 
ness: cleanse,  purge,  chasten,  sublime 
{fig.),  sublimate  {fig.),  refine,  fine  {fig.); 
spec,  clarify,  catharize  {rare),  reconcile. 

Antonyms:    see  contaiiinate,  corrupt, 

SULLY. 

purity,  71.  1.  In  a  physical  sense:  clearness, 
simpleness,  absoluteness,  fineness,  neat- 
ness {rare  or  spec),  cleanness. 
Antonyms:    see  dirt. 

2.  See  CORRECTNESS. 

3.  pureness,  innocence,  guiltlessness, 
gi.iilelessness,  sincerity,  cleanness,  white- 
ness, immaculateness,  immaculacy,  hon- 
esty, \irginity,  incorruptness,  incorrupti- 
bility, chastity  or  chasteness  {esp.  in  sex- 
ual matters  or  in  style);  see  chastity. 

Antonyms:     see   corruption;     also   cf. 

LEWD,  licentious. 

purple,  a.  1.  purplish,  purply,  purpurate 
(archaic),  purpurean  {rare),  porphyrons 
(rare),    Tyrian    (literary   or   cant);    spec. 


violaceous,     hyacinthine,     mvuTcy     {aV' 

ehaic). 

2.  Sec  HLOODY,  brilliant,  outrageous. 

purple,  «.  Spec,  purpur,  murrey  {hist,  or 
archaic),  mauve,  puce,  violet,  lilac,  hya- 
cinth, cudbear,  damson,  gridelin,  helio- 
trope, magenta,  solferino,  etc. 

purposeless,  a.  idle,  intentionless  {rare), 
aimless,  endless,  driftless,  chance. 

purse,  ?i.  bag,  pocket  {rare),  burse  (ar- 
chaic), pouch  (archaic  or  poetic),  sparron 
(Scot.);   spec.  gii)ser  (archaic). 

pursue,  V.  t.  1.  follow  (contextual),  hunt, 
chase;  spec,  course,  halloo,  chevy  or 
chivy  (Eng.),  stalk. 

2.  prosecute,  push,  practice,  drive,  follow, 
cultivate. 

3.  Sec  continue. 

pursuit,  n.  1.  following,  hunting,  hunt, 
chase;  spec,  chevy  or  chivy  (Eng.),  course. 

2.  A  seeking  to  attain:   pursuance,  quest; 

see  SEARCH. 

3.  prosecution,  practice,  cultivation,  con- 
duct, business. 

4.  See  BUSINESS,  fad. 

purulent,  a.  Spec,  puslike,  suppurative, 
mattery,  festering,  pussy  (colloq.),  sanious. 

pus,  n.  humor,  matter,  purulence;  spec. 
empyema. 

push,  V.  t.  press,  propel,  thrust,  shove. 
Anionyrns:  see  draw,  pull. 

push,  V.  t.  &  i.   1.  Spec,  poke,  detrude 
(rare),  boost  (colloq.,  U.  S.),  shufHe,  hus- 
tle, jostle,  jog,  crowd,  elbow,  butt,  nudge, 
shoulder,  bunt,  punt,  pole,  spoon. 
Antonyms:    see  pull. 
2.  propel  (contextual);  see  thrust,  drive, 

CONDUCT,  ADVANCE,  PROSECUTE,  PURSUE, 
URGE. 

push,  n.  1.  pressure,  press,  propulsion; 
spec,  thrust,  shove,  poke,  trusion,  detru- 
sion  (rare),  shuffle,  jostle,  jog,  impulse, 
impulsion,  boost,  trustion  (rare),  nudge, 
bunt,  butt,  cant. 

Antonyms:  see  pull. 
2.  propulsion    (contextual);    see  thrust, 

effort,  ENTERPRISE,  AMBITION,  ADVANCE. 

push  button,  n.  Spec,  pressel. 

pusher,  n.  hustler,  rustler  (U.  S.;  colloq.), 
hummer  (slang  or  colloq.). 

put,  V.  t.  1.  place;  spec,  lay,  set,  thrust, 
cast,  hustle,  stick,  clap,  rest,  repose,  im- 
pose, throw,  fling,  collocate;  see  deposit. 
2.  In  a  sense  not  implying  the  transloca- 


XW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

pureness:  purity. 

purfle:   boriler. 

pxixgSLtioa:  cleaning, evacuation. 

purgative:  cathartic,  cleaning, 
purificatory. 

purge,  V.  t.:  clean,  purify,  re- 
mote, evacuate,  acquit,  expiate. 

purge,  n.:  cathartic,  diarrhea, 
cleaning. 


purl,  n.:  frill. 
purl,  n.  &  v.:  flow,  murmur. 
purl,  V.  t.:   edge. 
purlieu :    bound. 
purloin:   steal. 
purport,  11.:  meaning. 
purport,  !).  t.:  mean. 
purpose,  n.:  object,  intention. 
purpose,  V.  t.:  intend. 
purse,  !).  t.:  pucker. 


pursy:  short-winded,  fat,  puck- 
ered, rich. 

purvey,  v.  i.:  provide. 

purveyance:  furnishing. 

purview:    body,  scope,  view. 

push,  V.  i.:  advance. 

pushing:  enterprising,  ambi- 
tious. 

pusillanimous:  cowardly. 

pustule:   pimple. 


tSW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
340 


QUARTERS 


Hon  of  anything:   place,  lay,  rest,  repose, 
cast,  fix,  plant,  set. 

3.    See  TRANSLATE,   BASE,  ATTRIBUTE,   AP- 
PLY, PROPOSE,   ADD,  INVEST. 

puzzle,  u.  1.  See  perplexity,  question. 

2.  Referring  to  a  thing  that  puzzles:   spec. 

puzzlement  {rare),  tangram,  trifle,  ring, 

rebus. 
pygmj^  n.  atomy;  see  dwarf. 
Antonyms:    see  giant. 


quack,  v.  i.  cry  {contextual),  quackle. 

quack,  n.  pretender  {contextual),  charla- 
tan, mountebank  {now  rare  or  hist.),  sal- 
timbanco  {Italian),  quacksalver  {obsoles- 
cent), medicaster  {rare);  spec.  Sangrado, 
empiric. 

quack,  a.  charlatan,  circumforaneous 
{rare),  quacky  {rare),  charlatanish,  quack- 
ish;  spec,  empirical  or  empiric,  mounte- 
bank {i-are). 

quackery,  n.  imposture  {contextual),  char- 
latanry, charlatanism,  mountebankery 
{rare),  quackism;  spec,  empiricism. 

quadrangle,  n.  quadrilateral,  quad  {col- 
loq.),  tetragon;  spec,  trapezium,  parallel- 
ogram, etc. 

qualification,  n.  1.  change,  modification, 
limitation. 

2.  See  QUALITY,  adaptation. 

3.  condition  {contextual),  fitness,  capac- 
ity, eligibility,  competency. 

Antonyms:  see  disqualification. 

4.  In  reference  to  the  act  of  qualifying: 
capacitation,  habilitation. 

qualified,  a.  1.  able,  fit,  adapted,  compe- 
tent, eligible. 
2.  See  limited. 
Antonyms:  see  unqualified. 

qualify,  V.  t.  1.  See  describe,  moderate, 
abate,  change,  restrict. 
2.  fit,  adapt,  capacitate  (for  office),  habil- 
itate {rare);   spec,  rehabilitate,  recapaci- 
tate,  entitle. 
Antonyms:  see  disqualify. 

quality,  n.  1.  attribute,  property,  charac- 
teristic, character,  feature,  singularity, 
trait,   peculiarity,  affection   {obsolescent). 


proprium  {logic),  mark,  tinge  {fig.),  color 
{fig.),  flavor  {fig.),  savor  {fig.'),  object 
{rare);  spec,  accident,  spirit,  virtue, 
timbre,  qualification;  see  oddity. 

2.  See  nature. 

3.  stamp,    cahber;     see    class,    brand, 

RANK. 

quantity,  ?i.  1.  amount,  quantum  {learned 
or  tech.),  sum,  volume,  measure,  magni- 
tude, measurement,  matter,  mass,  block, 
length,  feck  {Scot.),  body,  bulk,  contigu- 
ity {literary),  lot  {not  colloq.,  exc.  spec; 
often  somewhat  depreciatory);  spec,  deal 
{used  usually  with  "good,"  "great,"  "vast," 
etc.),  batch  {chiefly  depreciatory;  colloq.), 
cast  {tech.  or  dial.),  size,  abundance, 
driblet,  pittance,  grist  {U.  S.;  colloq.), 
bunch  {slang),  pot,  wad  {colloq.),  lick 
{colloq.),  bundle,  complement  {rare),  par- 
cel, quota,  quotum,  quotiety  (rore) ,  journey 
{Eng.),  floor,  malt,  baking,  washing,  etc. 
2.  See  size,  duration. 

quarrel,  n.  disagreement  {contextual),  row 
{colloq.),  disturbance,  difference  {euphe- 
mistic); spec,  fight,  contention,  contest, 
controversy,  wrangle,  squabble,  brawl, 
misunderstanding,  discord,  embroilment, 
imbroglio,  feud,  bicker,  miff  {colloq.), 
tiff,  hufT,  spat  {colloq.),  discord  {obsoles- 
cent), breeze  {colloq.),  brangle  {rare), 
branglement  {obs.),  brabble  or  brabble- 
ment  {archaic),  brigue  {obs.),  collie- 
shangie  {Scot.),  cample  {Eng.  dial.),  pique 
{obsolescent). 
Antonyms:  see  agreement. 

quarrel,  v.  i.  disagree  {contextual),  dilTer 
{contextual;  often  humorous),  row  {col- 
loq.); spec,  contend,  wrangle,  squabble, 
brawl,  strive,  fight,  tiff,  huff,  bicker,  spat 
{colloq.),  fratch  {chiefly  dial.),  fray  {ar- 
chaic), cangle  {Scot.),  cample  {Eng.  dial.). 
Antonyms:  see  agree. 

quarrelsome,  a.  combative;  spec,  con- 
tentious, dissentious,  discordant,  pugna- 
cious, viTanglesome  {rare),  cat-and-dog 
{colloq.),  quarreling,  cantankerous  {col- 
loq.), currish,  ugly  {U.  S.;  colloq.),  un- 
peaceable  {rare). 
Antonyms:  see  peaceable. 

quarters,  n.  pi.  billet,  cantonment. 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

pygmy:   dwarf,  small. 

quake,  )^.;  tremble,  earthquake. 

putative:  supposed. 

pyramid:   mound. 

qualm:  fit,  nausea. 

putrefaction:     decomposition. 

pyre:   heap. 

qualmish:   nauseous,  sick. 

corruption. 

Q 

quandary:  perplexity,  predica- 

putrefactive:  decomposing. 

ment. 

putrefy:   decompose. 

quack,  n.:  cry. 

quantum:   quantity,  share. 

putrescence:   decomposition. 

quadruple,  a.;  fourfold. 

quarantine:   isolate. 

putrid:  decomposed. 

quadruple,  v.  t.:  multiply. 

quarry,  n.:  prey,  object. 

putridity:    decomposition,  cor- 

quaff, n.:   drink. 

quarry,  n.:  excavation. 

ruption. 

quag:    marsh. 

quarry,  v.  t.:  dig. 

putter:   potter. 

quagmire:   marsh. 

quarter,  n.:   fourth,  place,  ter- 

puzzle, V.  t.:   perplex. 

quail,  V.  i.:  shrink. 

ritory,  lodge,  abode,  mercy,  di- 

puzzle, V.  i.:   grope. 

quail,  V.  t.:  intimidate. 

rection. 

puzzle-headed:  confused. 

quaint:    odd. 

quarter,  v.  t.:  divide,  lodge. 

puzzlement:   perplexity. 

quake,  v.  i.:  tremble. 

quarter,  v.  i.:  lodge. 

23 


JSf^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

341 


QUARTET 


quartz,  n.  silicon  {tech.);  spec,  flint,  crys- 
tal, amethyst,  citrine,  false  topaz,  chert, 
chalcedony,  onyx,  jjisper,  etc. 

quay,  n.  N/xT.  levoo  (southern  and  icestern 
U.  S.),  bund  or  bvnidcr  (the  far  East);  sec 
riKR. 

queen,  n.  1.  monarch  (contcrtual),  princess 
{archaic),  begum  {Anglo-hidian);  spec. 
Kaiscrin,  czarina. 

8.    See  PARAGON. 

queen,  a.  royal,  regal,  reginal  (rare);   see 

KINGLY. 

question,  /;.  1.  Referring  to  the  action  or 
act:  inquiry  or  enquiry,  quest  (obs.  or 
rare),  inquest  {chiefly  tech.),  interroga- 
tion; spec,  quiz  (U.  S.),  docimasy,  cross- 
question,  interpellation;  see  examina- 
tion. 

2.  Referring  to  ichat  is  asked:  inquiry, 
query,  interrogation,  interrogatory,  quiere 
(Latin);  spec,  demand,  puzzle,  conun- 
drum, poser,  problem,  carriwitchet  (obs.  or 
rare),  puzzler,  tickler  (colloq.);  see  riddle. 

Antony tns:  see  answt:r. 

3.  Referring  to  a  subject  that  gives  rise  to, 
or  is  the  subject  of,  question:  spec,  problem, 
puzzle,  conundrum,  enigma,  knot,  sphinx, 
mystery. 

Antonyms:   see  answer. 

4.  See  DOUBT,  AMBIGTJITY. 

question,    i'.   t.    1.    ask,    inquire    or    en- 
quire,   interrogate,    query    (rare);     spec. 
catechize,    quiz    (U.   S.),   heckle,    cross- 
hackle     (chiefly     Eng.),     cross-question, 
cross-examine,    cross-interrogate,    inter- 
pellate, pump  (slang  or  colloq.),  interview, 
wonder  (v.  i.);  see  examine. 
Antonyms:   see  answer. 
2.  dispute,  challenge;  spec,  recuse. 
8.  iSee  DOUBT. 

question,  v.  i.  ask  (usually  with  "after," 
"about,"  or  "of"),  inquire  or  enquire,  won- 
der. 

questionable,  a.  doubtful,  uncertain,  dis- 
putable, debatable,  arguable,  controvert- 
ible, controversial,  equivocal,  problemat- 


ical, fishy   (slang  or  colloq.);    spec,  siis- 
jiicious;  see  ambiguous,  obscure. 
Antonyms:  see  unquestionable. 
quick,  a.  1.  See  lively,  ready,  irascible, 

MMllLK,   RAl'ID. 

2.  speedy  (as  in  "a  speedy  result"). 
quicken,  V.  i.  1.  See  live. 
2.  Also  V.  t.  accelerate,  brisk  (often  used 
loith  "up");  spec,  raise. 
Antonyms:  see  slow,  retard. 
quid,  n.  chew,  cud  (vulgar). 
quiet,  a.    1.   still,   tranquil,    placid,    un- 
moved, quiescent. 
Antoyrims:  see  agitated. 

2.  Sec  PEACEFUL,    peaceable,    CALM,   IN- 
ACTIVE, MOTIONLESS,  SILENT, 

quill,  71.  1.  See  spool. 
2.  Referring  to  part  of  a  feather:    shaft, 
barrel,  tube,  beam,  quillet,  rib. 

quitter,  ?i.  craven,  turncoat,  welcher  (cant 
or  colloq.),  crawfish  (slang). 

quiver,  n.  shake  (contextual),  tremble, 
quaver,  flutter,  flicker;  spec,  twitter, 
shiver,  twitch,  twitteration  (rare),  palpi- 
tation; see  VIBRATION,  PULSATION,  SHUD- 
DER. 

quiver,  v.  i.  shake  (contextual),  tremble, 
quaver,  flutter,  flicker;  spec,  twitter, 
shiver,  twitch,  palpitate,  tirl  (chiefly 
Scot.);  see  vibrate,  pulsate,  shudder. 

quotation,  n.  1.  citation,  selection,  ex- 
cerpt, extract,  excerption  (rare);  spec. 
cutting,  clipping,  analect,  tag,  text, 
epigraph;  see  commonplace. 

2.    See  MENTION,  PRICE. 

quotation    marks,    guillemets    (French; 

esp.  those  of  the  French  kind) . 
quote,  V.  t.  excerpt,  extract,  cite,  take. 

R 

rabbit,  n.  cony  (rare,  exc.  in  statutes,  among 
gamekeepers,  poachers,  cooks,  etc.),  bunny 
(a  pet  name),  bun  (colloq.  for  "bunny"); 
spec,  doe,  drummer,  cottontail,  jack  or 
jackrabbit. 


C^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

quartet:  four. 

quash:  invalidate,  abolish,  sup- 
press. 

quaver,  n.:  trill,  quiver,  falter. 

quaver,  v.  i.:  trill,  tremble,  fal- 
ter. 

queasy:    sensitive,  scrupulous. 

queer:   odd. 

quell:   suppress,  overcome. 

quench:    extinguish,  appease. 

quenchless:  inextinguishable. 

querulous:    complaining. 

query:  question. 

quest,  n.:  pursuit,  search,  ex- 
pedition. 

quest,  V.  i.:  search. 

question,  v.  i.:  doubt. 

quibble,  t>.  i.:  prevaricate. 

quibble,  n.;  prevarication. 

quick,  adii.:  rapidly. 


quicken,  v.  t.:  animate,  excite, 
enliven,  kindle. 

quickly,  adv.:   readily,  rapidly. 

quick-witted:    intelligent. 

quiescent:  motionless. 

quiet,  ?i.;   peace,  calm,  silence. 

quiet,  V.  t.:   calm,  still,  silence 

quietness:  peace,  calm,  still- 
ness, silence. 

quietude:    peace,  silence. 

quilt,  n.:   bedcover. 

quilt,  V.  t.:   cushion,  sew. 

quip:  sarcasm,  witticism,  con- 
ceit, caprice,  prevarication,  gew- 
gaw, oddity. 

quirk:  witticism,  prevarication, 
conceit,  caprice,  flourish. 

quit,  a.:  free. 

quit,  V.  t.:  behave,  abandon, 
slop,  leave,  pay. 

quit,  V.  i.:  desert. 


quite,   adv.:    completely,  truly, 

exactly,  very. 
quits,  a.:   equal. 
quittance:  freeing,  payment. 
quixotic:  visionary. 
quiz,  n.:  jester,  hoax. 
quiz,  V.  i.:  jest. 
quiz,  r.  t.:   question,  examine. 
quizzical:   laughable,  jesting. 
quoin:   corner. 
quondam:  former. 
quota:  quantity,  share. 
quoth:   said. 
quotidian:  daily,  trivial. 


rabble,  n.:  mob. 
rabble,  a.;  vulgar. 

rabid:  mad,  frantic,  violent. 
rabies:   madness. 


tS^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

342 


RAISING 


race,  n.  1.  breed,  group,  line,  brood,  stock, 
strain,  folk,  stem,  tribe,  nation,  people, 
family,  kind  (referring  esp.  to  animals), 
phylum    (tech.);    spec,    clan,    tribe;     see 

FAMILY,  BREED. 

2.  See  KIND. 

race,  n.  1.  See  current,  channel. 
2.  competition,  career,  course  (archaic); 
spec,  procession  (slang),  handicap,  go-as- 
you-please  (colloq.),  derby,  sweepstakes, 
broose  or  brooze  (Scot.),  lampadedromy, 
larapadephoria,  regatta. 

racecourse,  7i.  course  (contextual),  track, 
cursus  (tech.);  spec,  hippodrome. 

racecourse,  a.  dromic  or  dromical  (liter- 
ary). 

racer,  n.  competitor  (contextual),  entrant 
(contextual);  spec,  runner,  walker,  1am- 
padephore,  lampadist. 

racial,  a.  phyletic  (biol.),  gentile. 

rack,  n.  frame;  spec,  crib,  heck  (Scot.  & 
dial.  Eng.),  cratch  (obs.  or  Eng.  dial.), 
stand,  flake,  brake  (hist.). 

radiation,  n.  1.  See  emission,  ray. 
2.  In    an    intransitive    sense:     radiature 
(rare),  emanation,  irradiation,  irradiance 
or  (rare)  irradiancy;  see  shining. 
Antonyms:   see  absorption. 

radical,  a.  extreme,  ultra. 

rait,  n.  vessel,  float,  fioatboat  (rare),  ra- 
deau  (French);  spec,  crib,  kelek,  cata- 
maran, jangada,  jangar. 

rafter,  n.  beam;  spec,  principal,  couple, 
chevron,  spar. 

rag,  n.  clout  (archaic  or  dial.),  tatter,  rag- 
gery (rags  collectively);  spec,  stitch,  rib- 
bands (pi.). 

ragamuffin,  n.  ragged  robin  (fig.),  tatter- 
demalion, ragabash  (Scot.  &  dial.  Eng.). 
Antonyms:  see  dandy. 

rage,  v.  i.  1.  storm,  rave;   spec,  rampage, 
ramp,  boil,  smoke,  mad  (rare),  debacchate 
(obs.  or  rare);  see  bluster. 
2.  See  STORM,  desire,  pain,  burn. 

raging,  o.  1.  raving,  rampant;  see  frantic. 
Antonyms:  see  calm. 
2.  See  violent,  burning. 

ragpicker,  ragman,  chiffonnier  (French); 
spec,  bunter. 

rail,  n.  1.  See  bar. 
2.  Spec,  tram,  point,  gully  (Eng.),  racer; 
— referring  to  a  rail  in  a  track. 

railing,  n.  barrier;  spec,  balustrade,  ban- 
ister. 


railroad,  n.  railway,  rail  (chiefly  in  "by 
rail"),  road;  spec,  tram  (Great  Britain), 
tramway,  junction,  branch,  switchback, 
telpher.  In  the  United  States  the  local 
horse-car  or  electric  roads  are  usually 
called  "railways,"  in  British  usage  "tram- 
ways"; otherwise  "railroad"  is  the  usual 
word  in  the  United  States,  "railway"  the 
usual  word  in  British  usage. 

rain,  n.  1.  meteor  (contextual;  tech.),  fall 
(contextual),  wet  (contextuxd) ;  spec,  show- 
er, cloudburst,  pour,  downpour,  plash, 
flood,  sprinkle,  mizzle,  rainfall,  drizzle, 
flurry,  drencher,  mist,  raindown,  flash, 
drisk  (U.  S.),  skit,  dash,  brash  (chiefly 
dial.),  clash  (Scot.),  serein  (French), 
drops  (pi.). 

2.    See  FLIGHT. 

rain,  v.  i.  1.  Spec,  pour,  sprinkle,  shower, 
drizzle,  mist,  mizzle,  spit  (colloq.). 
2.  See  FALL. 

rain,  v.  t.  See  lavish. 

rainbow,  n.  bow  (rare  or  contextual),  iris 
(rare);  spec,  watergall,  weathergall. 

rainy,  a.  wet  (contextual) ,  pluvious  (rare), 
pluvial  (rare),  pluviose  (rare),  juicy 
(slatig);  spec,  showery,  drizzly,  mizzly, 
drizzling,  dripping,  drippy,  droppy  (now 
dial.). 
Antonyms:  see  clear,  sunny. 

raise,  v.  t.  1.  See  erect,  advance,  revive, 
excite,  cause,  build,  intensify,  breed, 
grow,  create,  ennoble,  elevate,  in- 
crease, brighten,  get,  expectorate, 
emboss,  strengthen,  utter,  begin. 

2.  elevate,  lift,  rise  (rare),  hoist,  heave 
(archaic,  exc.  spec),  upheave,  boost,  up- 
lift (an  intensive),  upraise,  uphold  (rare), 
rear,  uprear  (rare),  upbear  (rare),  weigh 
(chiefly  spec),  upwhirl  (rare),  higher 
(rare  or  illiterate),  height  (archaic);  spec. 
mount,  exalt  (rare),  sublime  (rhetorical  or 
rare),  float,  crane,  crank,  windlass,  jack, 
brail,  rope,  cathead,  cat,  trip,  pulley, 
levitate,  turn. 

Antonyms:  see  lower,  fell,  sink. 

3.  Referring  to  notes  or  tones:  elevate; 
spec  sharp. 

4.  As  in  "to  raise  a  question,  a  discussion, 
etc.":  stir  (used  with  "up") 

5.  See  ADVANCE. 

raising,  n.  1.  See  erection,  revival,  etc. 
2.  elevation,  lift,  heave  (rare,  exc.  spec); 
spec  boost  (slang),  uplift  (an  intensive), 


X^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

race,  v.  i.:  hasten. 

race,  v.  t.:  run. 

rack,  V.  t.:  pain,  distress,  strain, 

oppress. 
rack,  D.  i.:  go. 

racket,  n.:  din,  carouse,  frolic. 
rackety:   noisy,  lively. 
racking:   wearing. 
raconteur:   narrator. 


racy:  palatable,  lively,  stimulat- 
ing. 

radial:    divergent. 

radiance:  light,  luminosity, 
emission. 

radiant:   luminous,  pleased. 

radiate,  d.  i.:  shine,  diverge. 

radiate,  v.  t.:  emit,  diffuse. 

radiating:  luminous,  divergent. 

radiative:   divergent,  luminous. 


radiogram:   m-cssage. 

radius:   line,  circle. 

raflQe:  lottery. 

rage:  derangement,  anger,  frenzy, 

violence,  fad. 
raid,  n.:   invasion,  attack. 
raid,  v.  t.:  attack,  plunder. 
rail,  V.  i.:  scold,  revile. 
raillery:  pleasantry. 
raiment:  clothing. 


XS^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
343 


RAKE 


hoist,  exaltation  {archaic  or  rhetorical), 
sublimation  (rare),  floating,  etc.,  levita- 
tion. 

rake,  r.  t.  1.  See  GATHER,  CULTIVATE, 
SEARCH,   SCRAPE. 

2.  In  tnilitanj  usage:  enfilade. 
ram,  v.  t.  1.  beat;  spec,  tamp,  pun,  block. 

a.    See  DRIVE,  CROWD. 

rampart,  n.  circumvallation,  rampire  {ar- 
chaic), wall,  vallum  {chicjbj  spec). 
range,    n.    1.    See   row,    grazing,   area, 

PERIOD,  EXTENT,  SCOPE,  BOUND,  COMPASS, 
VIEW,  .MOUNTAIN. 

2.  distance,  reach,  throw,  fire,  cast,  shot, 
gunshot,  sweep;  see  sight,  hearing. 
rank,  n .  1.  See  ROW,  class. 
2.  Referring  chiefly  to  social  position:  po- 
sition, place,  order,  sphere,  gradation, 
grade,  estate,  station,  standing,  condi- 
tion, class,  quaUty  {obsolescent),  status 
{tech.  or  teamed),  caste,  degree;  spec,  dis- 
tinction; see  PLEBEIANISM,  NOBILITY. 

raiLk,  a.   1.  See  luxuriant,  offensive, 

OUTRAGEOUS. 

2.  ill-smelling  {contextual),  high,  strong; 
spec,  rancid;  see  foul,  fetid. 
Antonyms:   see  fragrant. 

rape,  n.  ill  treatment  {contextiud) ,  viola- 
tion, ravishment,  stupration  {rare),  de- 
virgination  {rare),  violence  {contextual) . 

rape,  v.  t.  ill-treat  {contextual),  violate,  rav- 
ish, force,  de\arginate  {rare),  deflower. 

rapid,  a.  1.  fast,  swift,  quick,  fleet  {chiefly 
poetic  or  rhetorical) ,  brisk,  smart,  Mvely, 
speedy,  raking  {rare),  apace  {predicative); 
spec,  spanking,  electric  C^^.),  running, 
round,  arrowy. 
Antonyms:  see  slow,  sluggish. 
2.  See  hasty,  frequent,  quick,  active. 

rapid,  n.  shoot,  sharp  {rare),  riffle  {U.  S.), 
sault  {local  American);  spec,  dalles 
{U.  S.  &  Canada). 


rapidity,  n.  celerity,  speed. 

rapidly,  adv.  fast,  quick,  quickly,  express, 
post  {archaic),  tite  {obs.,  exc.  dial,  in  "as 
tile  as"),  briskly,  roundly,  apace;  spec. 
electrically  {flg.). 

rare,  a.  1.  sparse,  thin,  infrequent. 
Antonyms:  see  abounding. 
2.  See  unusual,  infrequent. 

rascal,  n.  rogue,  scoundrel,  blackguard, 
villain,  scamp,  miscreant  {rare  or  literary), 
scalawag  {colloq.),  scajiograce,  rapscallion 
or  rascallion  {rare),  vagabond,  reprobate, 
knave  {often  opposed  to  "fool"),  imp,  limb 
{colloq.),  sinner  {in  trivial  itse),  varlct  {ar- 
chaic), shyster  {vulgar  or  cant;  U.  S.), 
spalpeen  {Irish),  scab  {vulgar  slang),  skel- 
lum  {archaic  or  South  Africa),  comrogue 
{archaic),  canter  {archaic),  rautener  {obs.). 

rascality,  n.  scoundrelism,  roguery,  black- 
guardism, villainy,  vagabondage,  varletry 
{archaic),  reprobacy,  knavery. 

rascally,  a.  scoundrelly,  villainous,  scamp- 
ish, roguish,  knavish,  reprobate. 

rash,  a.  hare-brained,  reckless,  unadvised 
{contextual),  temerous  {rare),  temerarious 
{literary);  spec,  adventurous,  hot-headed, 
hot-brained,     madbrain,     madcap;     see 

HASTY,  \'ENTURESOME,  CARELESS. 

Antonyms:  see  careful. 
rashness,    n.    recklessness,    temerarious- 
ness,  etc. 
Antonyms:  see  care. 
rather,  adv.   1.  more; — not  idiomatically 
synonymous. 

2.  more,  sooner,  preferably. 
rational,  a.   1.  sane,  natural,  reasoning, 
reasonable  {rare). 
Antonyms:    see  irrational,  deranged, 

UNREASONING. 

2.    See  REASONABLE. 

rationalist,  n.  In  religious  matters:  neol- 
ogist,  neologian. 


X^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

rake,  n.:  libertine. 

rake,  v.  i.:   dissipate. 

rake,  n.;   inclination. 

rake,  v.  i.:   incline. 

rakish:   dissipated. 

rally,  n.;  meeting,  recovery, 
round. 

rally,  v.  t.:  gather,  recover,  con- 
centrate, rouse,  stimulate. 

rally,  v.  i.:  meet,  recover,  rouse. 

rally,  n.:   pleasantry. 

rally,  v.  t.:   banter. 

ramble,  v.  i.:  wander. 

ramble,    n. ;  wander,  excursion. 

rambling,  a.:  -pandering,  dis- 
cursive. 

rambling,  n.;  wander. 

ramify:  branch,  extend. 

ramp:    inclination. 

rampage:   rage,  rush,  go. 

rampageous:   boisterous. 

rampant:  boisterous,  raging, 
violent,  luxurious. 

ramshackle:   rickety. 


ranch:   house,  farm. 
rancid:    ill-smelling,  rank. 
rancor,  rancour:  ill-will. 
rancorous:   hateful,  malevolent. 
random:   chance. 
range,    v.    t.:     align,    arrange, 

traverse,  classify. 
range,  v.  i.:    go,  wander,  stray, 

extend,  change,  vary,  cruise. 
rank,  v.  t.:  arrange,  class,  place, 

precede. 
rank,  v.  i.:  be. 
ranlUe,  v.  i.:  fester,  pain. 
ransack,  v.  i.:  search. 
ransom,  re.;  freeing,  expiation, 

price. 
ransom,  v.  t.:  free,  expiate,  buy. 
rant,  r.;  declaim. 
rant,  n.:   bombast. 
rap,  n.:   particle. 
rap,  n.:   stroke,  knock. 
rap,  r.  t.:   strike,  knock. 
rapacious:  greedy,  predacious. 
rapacity:   greed. 
rapier:  sword. 


rapine:   plunder. 

rapport:   correspondence. 

rapscallion:  rascal. 

rapt :  ecstatic,  absorbed,  abducted. 

raptorial:   predacious. 

rapture,    n.:     ecstasy,    frenzy, 

rhapsody. 
rapture,  v.  t.:  transport,  frenzy. 
rapturous:  ecstatic. 
rarefy :   thin,  purify. 
rase:    efface. 
rasp:   scrape. 
ratable:    correspondent. 
rate,   n.:     value,   price,  charge, 

proportion,  class,  speed. 
rate,  v.  t.:  consider,  value,  class, 

tax. 
rate,  v.  t.:  scold. 
ratificatory:    confirmatory. 
ratify:   confirm. 
rating:   scolding. 
ratio:    proportion. 
ratiocinate:  reason. 
ration,  ri.;   allowance,  food. 
ration,  v.  t.:  provision. 


tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

344 


REASON 


rattening,  n.  sabotage  (French). 
rattle,   v.   i.    1.   clatter,    ruckle,    chatter, 
clack,  brattle  (chiefly  Scot.},  bicker. 

2.    See  CHATTER,  DRIVE. 

rattle,  n.  1.  rattler,  clack;  spec,  fiddle, 
crotalum  or  crotal. 

2.  clatter,  ruckle,  clack,  chatter,  brattle 
(chiefly  Scot.),  bicker. 

3.  See  DIN,  CHATTER. 

rave,  v.  i.  wander. 

ravine,  n.  cleft  (contextual),  gap  (context- 
ual); spec,  gorge,  gulch,  gully,  defile,  gulf, 
gill  (dial.  Eng.),  clough  (now  chiefly  dial. 
Eng.),  cleuch  or  cleugh  (Scot.),  water- 
fall, linn  (chiefly  Scot.),  couloir  (French), 
barranco  (Spanish),  kloof  (South  Africa), 
khor  (Arabian),  nullah  (Anglo-Indian), 
khud  (East  India). 

raw,  a.  1.  See  uncooked. 

2.    See  CRUDE,  INEXPERIENCED,  BLEAK. 

8l  Referring  to  sores,  wounds,  etc.:  bare, 
excoriated,  fresh,  green. 
ray,  n.  1.  beam,  radiation  (rare  or  tech.), 
shaft,  emanation  (chiefly  spec),  irradia- 
tion (rare  or  rhetorical) ,  rayon  (rare) ;  spec. 
raylet,  sunbeam,  moonbeam,  streamer. 

2.    See  LIGHT,  TRACE,   GLANCE. 

reach,  v.  t.  1.  See  extend,  touch,  grasp, 

AFFECT. 

2.  make,  arrive  (archaic),  attain,  fetch, 
gain,  win;  spec,  soar  (rare),  recover  (rare), 
regain. 

3.  touch,  make; — referring  to  an  amount, 
etc. 

reach,  v.  i.  1.  See  extend,  carry. 
2.  come,  arrive,  accede  (rare),  attain;  see 

ARRIVE. 

react,  v.  i.  return;  spec,  recoil. 

reaction,  n.  Spec,  retroaction,  revulsion, 
backlash. 

reactionary,  a.  revulsive;  spec,  conserva- 
tive. 

read,  v.  t.  1.  peruse  (literary,  affected,  or  hu- 
morous); spec,  decipher,  revolve  (rare), 
see,  interpret,  thumb,  overlook  (archaic), 
Une,  deacon,  call. 

2.  See  PERCEIVE,  introduce,  learn, 
utter. 

read,  v.  i.  1.  See  study,  seem. 
2.  go,  run; — as  in  "the  passage  reads  like 
this." 

reader,  n.  peruser;   spec,  elocutionist,  lec- 


tor, gospeler,  lectress  or  lectrice  (rare), 
droner,  liner. 

readily,  adv.  ready  (now  only  in  the  com- 
parative or  superlative,  exc.  colloq.  or  dial.), 
quickly,  immediately,  summarily,  prompt- 
ly, forwardly,  etc. 

reading,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  action:  peru- 
sal (formal  or  literary),  lecture  (archaic), 
lection  (obs.);  spec,  perlection  (rare),  lin- 
ing, deaconing. 

2.  Referring  to  that  which  is  read:  spec. 
lection,  lesson,  pericope. 

ready,  a.  1.  See  prepared,  willing,  avail- 
able, fluent,  quick-witted,  accessi- 
ble. 

2.  prompt,  quick,  forward,  facile,  free, 
swift,  clever,  speedy,  handy,  adroit,  apt, 
offhand,  easy,  nimble,  alacritous,  alert, 
habile  (literary);  spec,  punctual. 

Antonyms:  see  slow,  hesitating. 

3.  suitable,  ripe. 

realism,  n.  1.  In  philosophy,  "naturalism," 
"realism,"    "conceptualism,"    and    "nom- 
inalism" are  related,  but  not  synonymous. 
Antonyyns:  see  idealism. 

2.  In  literature  and  art:  naturalism;  spec. 
Zolaism. 

Antonyms:   see  idealism,  romanticism. 

3.  See  actuality. 

realistic,  a.  naturahstic,  descendental 
(chiefly  spec);  spec  unideal,  picturesque, 
positive,  graphic  or  (rare)  graphical;  see 
descendental. 

realize,  v.  t.  1.  See  actualize,  under- 
stand, experience,  bring. 

2.  To  conceive  in  the  mind  as  being  objec- 
tively actual:  externalize,  objectify,  ob- 
jectize  (rare),  entify  (rare). 

3.  get,  make,  clear,  net. 
ream,  v.  t.  enlarge,  drift,  broach. 

rear,   v.   t.    1.    See  build,   erect,   raise, 

GROW,  establish. 

2.  Referring  to  bringing  up  by  care  and 
nurture:  raise,  breed,  foster,  educate 
(now  rare  or  spec),  nurture;  spec,  cradle. 
The  usual  term  now  is  "to  bring  up." 
reason,  n.  1.  ground,  motive,  wherefore 
(iolloq.),  score,  matter,  occasion,  founda- 
tion, cause,  basis,  root,  argument,  ration- 
ale (tech.);  spec,  gist,  pretense,  considera- 
tion; see  excuse. 
2.  Referring  to  the  faculty:    intelligence. 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

rattle,  v.  i.:  drive. 

rattle,  v.^;  knock,  confuse. 

raucous:  harsh. 

ravage,  v.  t.:  devastate,  plunder. 

ravage,  n.:  devastation. 

rave,  v.  i.:  rape. 

ravel,   v.   t.:    unravel,  untangle, 

disentangle. 
ravel,  n.:  tangle,  end. 
raven,  v.  i.:  plunder,  'prowl,  eat. 
ravenous:    hungri/,  gluttonous. 


greedy,  plundering. 
ravin:   plunder. 
raving,  a.:    delirious,  deranged, 

raging. 
raving,  «.;   delirium. 
ravish:    abduct,  transport,  rape, 

plunder,  frenzy. 
ravishment:   ecstasy,  rape. 
raw:    uncooked. 
ray,  v.  i.:  shine. 
rayless:   dark,  blind. 
raze:   demolish. 


reach,  n.:  extent. 
real:    actual,  genuine. 
realm:  domain,  sphere. 
ream:   enlarge. 
reanimate:    revive,  encourage. 
reap:   rut,  harvest,  gain. 
rear,  n.:  back,  posterior,  tail. 
rear,  a.:    him'. 
reared:   bred,  trained. 
rearward,  adt).;  backward. 
rearward,  a.:   hind. 
reason,  v.  t.:  discuss,  bring. 


f:W  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

345 


REASON 


rationality,  sense,  sanity;  see  intelli- 
gence. 

S.    See  GROUND,  BASIS. 

reason,  r.  i.  think,  rnf  iocinatc  (rarcor  tech.), 
rationato  (rarc\  inlelligizo  (rare),  intolk>c- 
tualize  {rare\  lopicizo  (rare),  paralogize 
(rare);  spec,  syllogize,  j)hilosophize,  arguo. 

reasonable,  a.  1.  //(  (he  sense  of  "agreeable 
to  reason":  rational,  logical,  sensible,  sane, 
just;  spec,  well-founded;   see  fair. 
Antonyms:     see    irrational,    absurd, 

GROUNDLESS. 

2.    ^<r  MODKR.\TE,  rational. 

reasoning,  /;.  ratiocination,  syllogization, 
discursion  or  discourse  (archaic),  logic 
(tech.);  spec,  fallacy,  sophistry. 

reassuring,  a.  .S';>er.  comforting,  assuring, 
encouraging,  cheerful. 

rebirth,  n.  renascence  (rare). 

rebuild,  v.  t.  build  (co/aextual) ,  reform 
{contextual),  reconstruct,  reeroct,  reedify 
(rare);  spec.  Haussmanize. 

recall,  v.  t.  1.  revoke  (obs.  or  rare);  spec. 
encore. 

2.  retract,  swallow  (colloq.),  withdraw, 
unsay,  recant,  renounce,  abnegate,  deny; 
.spec,  repudiate,  reject  (rare),  abjure. 

3.  In  the  sense  of  "lo  bring  back"  (to  some 
state  or  condition):  restore,  revive,  revoke 
(rare),  reclaim  (rare). 

Antonyms:  see  dismiss. 

4.  In  the  sense  of  "to  bring  back  to  the  mind 
or  as  an  object  of  memory":  retrace  (rare), 
commemorate  (rare  or  spec.),  revive. 

Antonyms:  see  forget. 

5.  See  REVOKE,  undo,  remember,  re- 
vive, COMPOSE. 

recall,  n.  1.  revocation  (obs.  or  rare),  recall- 
ment  (rare);  spec,  encore,  lure. 

2.  retraction,  unsaying,  recantation,  with- 
drawal, withdrawTnent  (rare);  spec,  ab- 
juration. 

3.  restoration,  revocation  (rare),  reclama- 
tion (rare). 

4.  retracement  (rare),  commemoration 
(rare),  revival. 

5.  See  REVOCATION,  REMEMBRANCE,  RE- 
VIVAL. 

recast,  v.  t.  1.  Referring  to  metal:  cast  (con- 
textual), refound. 

2.    See  REFASHION. 

recede,  v.  i.  1.  In  the  sense  of  "to  go  back": 
retrocede  (rare),  retrograde,  regress,  re- 
trogress, retire,  retreat,  return;  spec.  ebb. 


Anton7jms:     see   advance,    overhang, 

PROGRESS. 

2.  See  SLOPE,  DEPART,  WITHDRAW,  DE- 
CLINE. 

receive,  v.  t.  1.  accept,  get,  take,  catch, 
have,  acquire;    spec,  reset  (archaic),  em- 
brace, greet. 
Antonyms:  see  decline,  reject. 

2.  See  ADMIT,  believe,  experience,  en- 
dure, UNDERSTAND,  SHELTER,  HOLD, 
HEAR,   CONSIDER. 

3.  In  the  sense  of  "to  allow  to  come  into 
one's  presence  or  to  give  audience  to":  see, 

receiver,  n.  recipient,  receptor  (rare);  spec. 
donee  (tech.),  donatary  (csp.  Scots  law), 
grantee,  donatee  (rare),  hopper,  fence,  re- 
setter (archaic),  treasurer,  collector,  tell- 
er, etc. 

recency,  n.  recentness,  lateness,  newne.ss, 
youth,  lowness,  neoterism  (tech.  or 
learned);     see    modernness,    newness, 

FRESHNESS. 

Antonyms:  see  antiquity. 

recent,  a.  late,  new,  young,  low  (of  a  date), 
neoteric  (tech.  or  learned);  see  new,  mod- 
ern, FRESH. 
Antonyms:  see  ancient,  obsolete. 

recently,  adv.  lately,  latterly,  newly,  new 
(chiefly  iised  in  combination),  late  (rare  or 
poetic) . 

receptacle,  n.  1.  receiver,  repository,  ves- 
sel, reservoir,  container  (chiefly  comm.), 
continent  (archaic);  spec,  encasement,  cus- 
todial, bin,  locker,  drip,  well,  cist,  saveall, 
sink,  cibarium,  trough,  boot,  tabernacle, 
safe;  see  basin,  box,  case,  bag,,  cask,  etc. 
2.  support  (contextual),  base;  spec,  torus, 
thalamus.     ^ 

reception,  n.  1.  acceptance,  recipience  or 
recipiency  (rare),  receipt,  getting,  taking, 
etc. 

2.  See    admission,    belief,    shelter, 

HOLDING. 

3.  Spec,  matinee  (French  in  form,  but  An' 
glicized  in  usage),  levee,  soiree  (French), 
at-home,  drawing-room,  Friday,  durbar 
(East-Indian),  ruelle. 

reception  room.  Spec,  parlatory. 

receptive,  a.  recipient,  suscipient  (rare); 
spec,  hospitable,  open-eyed;   see  suscep- 
tible. 
Antonyms:  see  unreceptive. 

receptivity,  n.  recipiency  (rare),  receptive- 
ness;  spec,  hospitableness,  hospitality. 


C^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
reasoning:  rational. 
reasonless:   irrational,  ground- 
less, unwise. 
reassure:  encourage. 
reave,  v.  i.:  plunder. 
reave,  v.  t.:  deprive,  take. 
reave,  n.:  plunder. 
rebate,  v.  t.:  deduct.  \tton. 

rebate,  n.:    deduction,  diminu- 


rebel,  a.:  insurgent,  disobedient. 
rebel,  n.;   insurgent. 
rebel,  v.  i.:   insurrect.  fence. 

rebellion:   insurgence,  disobedi- 
rebellious:       insurgent,     diso- 
bedient. 
rebound,  v.  i.:  bound. 
rebuff,  V.  t.:  repel,  check. 
rebuff,  n.:  repulse,  check. 
rebuke,  v.  t.:  reprove. 


rebuke,  n.:  reproof. 
rebus:   riddle. 
rebut:   check,  disprove. 
recalcitrant:   disobedient. 
recant:    recall. 
recapacitate:  qualify. 
recapitulate:   repeat. 
recast,  ?i.:   refashionment. 
receipt,  v.  t.:  acknowledge. 
recension:   editing. 


tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
346 


RECORD 


recess,  n.  1.  See  interval,  retreat,  re- 
cession, INTERIOR,  INLET. 
2.  hollow,  cover,  nook,  alcove,  niche,  re- 
treat;  spec,  pigeonhole,  cubbyhole,  oriel; 
see  CLOSET. 
Antonyms:  see  projection. 

recess,  v,  t.  1.  See  hollow. 
2.  niche; — to  put  in  a  recess. 

recession,  n.  withdrawal,  retirement,  re- 
tiral,  regression,  regress,  retrocession,  re- 
treat, retrogression,  recess  (chiefly  spec), 
return;  spec,  retrogradation;  see  re- 
treat. 
Antonyms:  see  advance,  progress. 

recessive,  a.  regressive,  retrogressive;  see 
backward. 

reciprocal,  a.  correspondent,  correspond- 
ing, cross,  correlative,  complementary; 
spec,  equivalent;   see  MUTtTAL. 

reciprocal,  n.  correlate;  spec,  return, 
equivalent,  counterpart,  etc. 

reciprocate,  v.  i.  1.  correspond,  correlate. 
2.  Referring    to    motion:     alternate,    gig 
(chiefly  U.  S.),  shuttle,  seesaw. 

reciprocate,   v.  t.   1.   See   interchange, 

REQUITE,  RETURN. 

2.  shuttle,  seesaw  (rare). 
reciprocation,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  rela- 
tion:   correspondence,  reciprocality,  cor- 
relation, reciprocity;    spec,  mutuality. 

2.  Referring  to  motion:    alternation,  to- 
and-fro,  seesaw,  shuttle  (rare). 

3.  See  EXCHANGE,  RETURN. 

reciprocity,  n.  correspondence. 

recitation,  n.  1.  repetition,  rehearsal,  re- 
cital, saying;    spec,  declamation,  intona- 
tion, intonement,  pattering,  cantillation 
(rare) . 
2.  See  ACCOUNT,  mention. 

recite,  v.  t.  I.  repeat,  rehearse,  say;   spec. 
declaim   (chiefly   U.   S.),   intone,  patter, 
cantillate  (rare),  chant,  monotone,  rhap- 
sodize. 
2.  See  NARRATE,  mention. 

reckless,  a.  1.  See  careless,  rash. 
2.  Implying  heedless  rashness:  careless 
(contextual),  rash,  harum-scarum,  wild, 
wanton,  madcap,  hare-brained,  hare- 
brain,  hot-headed,  bold,  devil-may-care 
(coWo^.),  dare-devil,  temerous  (rare),  tem- 


erarious (literary);    spec,  desperate;    see 
venturesome. 
Antonyms:   see  careful,  afraid. 

recklessly,  adv.  disregardfuUy,  carelessly, 
rashly,  etc.,  slap-bang  (colloq.),  slap-dash 
(colloq.). 

recklessness,  n.  carelessness  (contextual), 
rashness,  etc.;  spec,  desperation.  Cf. 
reckless. 

reclaim,  v.  t.  1.  See  REFORM,  TAME,  civil- 
ize. 

2.  Referring  to  land:  recover,  redeem,  in 
(only  in  v.  b.  n.,  "inning";  Eng.). 

recognition,  n.  1.  See  acknowledg- 
ment, notice,  acceptance,  knowledge. 
2.  perception  (contextual),  identifica- 
tion; spec,  diagnosis,  diagnostication 
(rare),  exequatur. 

recognize,  v.  t.  1.  See  acknowledge,  no- 
tice, accept. 

2.  perceive  (contextual),  know,  identify; 
spec,  diagnose,  diagnosticate  (rare). 

recoil,  v.  i.  1.  return  (contextual),  rebound, 
resile  (rare),  kick  (chiefly  spec),  reverber- 
ate (rare);  spec,  double,  tail. 
2.  See  retreat,  shrink. 

recoil,  Ji.  1.  return  (contextual),  rebound, 
resile  (rare),  spring,  kick  (chiefly  spec), 
resilience,  reverberation  (rare);   spec,  re- 
percussion, backstroke,  bricole. 
2.  *Sec  retreat,  shrink. 

recommendation,  n.  1.  See  ADVICE. 
2.  Referring  to  a  letter  or  document  that 
recommends:    testimonial,  testimonium. 

reconciled,  a.  resigned. 

reconsider,  v.  t.  consider,  rethink  (rare), 
revise,  review, 

record,  w.  1.  account;  spec,  minutes,  diary, 
journal,  proceedings,  memorandum,  score, 
memorial,  file,  cartulary,  docket,  iter, 
logbook  or  log,  itinerary,  dufter  (Anglo- 
Indian),  protocol;  see  history,  report. 
2.  Referring  to  the  record  made  by  self- 
recording  instruments:  register;  spec. 
trace,  tracing,  phonogram,  thermograph, 
sphygmograph,  etc. 

record,  v.  t.  memorandum  (rare),  minute, 
score,  enter,  enregister  (rare),  mark,  note, 
monumentalize,  chronicle,  inscroU  (rare), 
memorize    (rare),    notch,    nick,    journal. 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

recessional:  hymn. 

recidivate:  relapse. 

recipe:  formula. 

recipience:   reception. 

recipiency:  receptivity,  recep- 
tion. 

reciprocate:  interchange,  re- 
turn. 

recital:  recitation,  account,  men- 
tion, concert. 

reck,  n.:  care,  desire. 

reck,  V.  t.:  notice. 

reckon:  compute,  consider, 
class,  anticipate. 


reckoning:  computation,  con- 
sideration, anticipation,  ac- 
count. 

recline:  incline,  rest. 

recluse:   hermit. 

reclusion:  retirement. 

recollect  (pron.  rek-o-lekt') :  re- 
member,  compose. 

recollected:  calm. 

recollection:  remembrance, 
memory. 

recommence:  renew,  begin. 

recommend:  commit,  mention, 
advise. 

recommit:  refer,  commit. 


recompense,  v.  t.:  pay,  compen- 
sate, reward. 

recompense,  n..'  pay,  payment, 
compensation,  reward. 

reconcilable:   consistent. 

reconcile:  conciliate,  reunite, 
harmonize. 

recondite:   abstruse. 

reconnaissance:  survey,  ex- 
amination. 

reconnoiter,reconnoltre:sur- 
vey,  examine. 

reconstitute:  reform.       [form.. 

reconstruct:    build,  form,  rc- 

reconvene:  meet. 


\(W  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

347 


RECORDER 


journalize,    diarize,    catalogue,    log;    we 

HISTOKICIZE. 

recorder,  ;i.  1.  Spec,  registrator  (rare), 
register  [rare),  registrer  (rare),  ehronieler. 
registrar,  registrary  [rare),  clerk,  notary, 
jirothonotary,  secretary,  gritfier  (Eng.), 
iustoriographer. 

2.  Referring  to  a  device  or  insfru7nent: 
spec,  marker,  scorer,  tracer,  electrograph, 
sphygmograph,  phonograph,  etc. 

recover,  i'.  /.  1.  get  {contextual),  regain,  re- 
acquire, retrieve,  reobtain,  repossess,  re- 
occupy,  reget  (rare),  rewin;  spec,  revin- 
dicate (rare),  replevin  (now  U.^S.),  re- 
plevy, reconquer,  recapture,  reseize. 

Antojiyms:  see  lose. 
2.  Referring  to  the  regaining  or  resuming 
of  a  state,  condition,  quality,  etc.:   regain, 
resume,  reestabUsh,  recuperate  (rare). 

5.  In  the  sense  of  "to  bring  back  from  a 
state,  condition,  etc.":  reclaim,  recall, 
rally,  rescue,  retrieve,  right  (a  reflexive); 

see  RECLAIM. 

4.  In  the  sense  of  "to  get  better  from"  (a 
sickness,  etc.):  recuperate  (obs.  or  rare), 
retrieve  (rare). 

6.  See  CURE,  REVIVE,  RETRIEVE,  COM- 
POSE. 

recover,  v.  i.  1.  recuperate,  retrieve,  re- 
cruit, rally;  spec,  convalesce. 
2.  In  the  sense  of  "to  regain  one's  footing," 

gosition,   previous  state,  etc.:    rally,  rise, 
race  (used  with  "up");  see  REvavE. 
Antonyms:  see  decline. 
recovery,  7i.  1.  getting,  regainment  (rare), 
retrieval,  repossession,  reoccupation ;  spec. 
revindication  (rare),  recapture,  replevin. 

2.  Referring  to  the  act  of  the  person  or  or- 
ganism in  getting  better  after  sickness  or 
other  evil:  cure,  recuperation,  recruit,  re- 
cruital  (rare),  recruitment  (rare),  rally; 
spec,  convalescence ;  see  revival. 

Antonyms:  see  decline. 

3.  Referring  to  the  action  of  something  ex- 
terior bringing  a  person  into  a  better  state 
after  sickness  or  evil:  restoration,  revival. 

4.  See  revival,  retrieval,  correction, 

RECLAMATION. 

re-create  (pron.  re-kre-at'),  v.  t.  create 
(contextual),  new-form,  new-create,  new- 
make,  renew. 


rectangular,  a.  orthogonal  (tech.),  rec- 
tanguiate  (rare),  normal  (rare);  spec. 
s(]uare. 

recur,  v.  i.  1.  return,  reappear;  spec,  repul- 
hilate  (rare);  see  repeat. 
2.  Sec  revert. 

recurrence,  n.  1.  return,  reappearance, 
crebrity  (rare);  spec,  frequence,  repullula- 
tion  (rare),  atavism;   see  repetition. 

2.    See  REVERSION. 

recurrent,  a.  discontinuous,  returning,  re- 
appearing; spec,  frequent,  cyclic,  haunt- 
ing, rolling,  atavistic,  repetitory,  inter- 
mittent, periodical. 

red,  a.  1.  Spec,  reddish,  reddy  (rare),  ru- 
bric (archaic),  incarmined  (rare),  rufous, 
ferruginous,  rufescent,  glowing,  burning, 
bloody,  sanguineous  (literary  equiv.  of 
"bloody"),  gory,  pink,  pinkish,  pinky,  car- 
dinal, miniate  (rare),  miniatous,  miniacc- 
ous  (rare),  copperish,  coppery,  incarna- 
dine (literary),  laky,  foxy,  coral,  coralline, 
vinaceous,  carroty,  roseate,  rosal  (rare), 
rosy,  ruby,  rubied,  rubious  (rare),  sandy, 
puniceous  (rare),  bricky,  auroral,  lateri- 
tious  (rare);  see  crimson. 

2.  Referring  to  complexion:  spec,  florid, 
blowsy  or  blousy,  blowzed,  ruddy,  rubi- 
cund (rare;  theatrical  or  rhetorical),  frowsy, 
hectic,  blushing,  blushful  (rare);  see  red- 
faced,  FLUSHED. 

Ayitonyms:  see  pale. 

3.  Referring  to  animals:  spec,  tawny, 
chestnut,  bay^  sorrel. 

4.  See  BLOODY,  bloodshot,  anarchistic, 

FIERY,  VIOLENT. 

red,  n.  Spec,  scarlet,  cherry,  cerise,  kermes, 
garnet,  grenat  (French),  stammel  (obs.), 
sanguine,  hectic,  chaudron  (French), 
terra-cotta,  carmine,  crimson,  cramoisy 
(archaic),  vermilion,  vermeil  (rare),  dam- 
ask, cochineal,  sericon,  orchil,  magenta, 
gules  (tech.  or  poetic),  pompadour,  pon- 
ceau (French),  gridelin,  coquelicot,  red- 
dle, etc. 

redden,  v.  t.  1.  rubify  (rare);  spec,  fire, 
ruddy,  ruby,  empurple,  inflame,  vermil- 
ion, rubricate  or  (rare)  rvibric,  rouge,  rose, 
crimson,  encrimson  (rare),  coral  (rare),  in- 
carnadine (literary) , rosy  (rare) ,  flush  (rare) . 
2.  Referring  to  the  complexion:   flush. 


XS'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

recount:   compute. 

recount:   narrate,  mention. 

recounting:   account,  mention. 

recoup:  deduct,  pay,  compen- 
sate, retrieve. 

recourse:  application. 

recreancy:  cowardice,  deser- 
tion, treachery,  apostasy. 

recreant,  a.:  cowardly,  treach- 
erous, apostate. 

recreant,  n.:  coward,  deserter, 
apostate. 

recreate,  r.  /.;  refresh,  divert. 


recreation:  refreshment,  diver- 
sion. 

recreative:  refreshing,  divert- 
ing. 

recriminate,  v.  i.:  answer. 

recriminate,  v.  t.:  accuse. 

recruit,  v.  t.:  strengthen,  renew, 
refresh,  enlist. 

recruit,  v.  i.:  recover. 

recruital:   recovery. 

rectificatory:    corrective. 

rectify:  correct,  reform,  redress, 
purify. 

rectilinear:  straight. 


rectitude:  uprightness,  correct- 
ness. 

rector:   minister. 

rectory:   parsonage. 

recumbency:  inclination. 

recumbent:  incliriing,  pros- 
irate. 

recuperate,  v.  i.:  recover. 

recuperate,  v.  t.:  restore,  renew. 

recuperative:   curative. 

recusance:   disobedience. 

recusant,  a.:   disobedient. 

recusant,  n.:  dissenter,  heretic. 

redact:   edit. 


tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

348 


REFLECT 


redden,  v.  i.  1.  The  words  under  "redden," 
V.  t.,  1,  are  largely  used  as  v.  i. 
2.  Referring  to  the  complexion:   flush;  see 

BLUSH. 

reddening,  a.  rubescent,  erubescent  (rare), 
flushing. 

red-faced,  a.  red  (contextual),  florid,  rud- 
dy,   rubicund    (theatrical    or    rhetorical), 
ruddy-faced,  frowsy;  see  flushed. 
Antonyms:  see  pale. 

redness,   n.    1.   ruddiness,   rubor    (tech.), 
rubescence,   rufescence    (rare),   rud    (ar- 
chaic); spec,  rosiness,  etc. 
2.  Of  the  complexion:  flush;  spec,  rash,  heat. 

redress,  n.  rectification,  redressment 
(rare),  amendment,  righting,  correction, 
satisfaction,  remedy,  repair,  rehef,  repa- 
ration. 

redress,  v.  t.  Referring  to  the  setting  right  of 
what  is  wrong:    right,   amend,  remedy, 
rectify,  correct,  repair,  reheve. 
Antonyms:  see  aggravate. 

reduce,  v.  t.  Spec,  diminish,  shorten,  ab- 
breviate, contract,  comminute,  grind,  con- 
vert, bring,  commit,  decompose,  dilute, 
smelt,  subdue,  capture,  compel,  cut. 

reed,  n.  1.  The  plant:  spec,  rush,  flag,  bent. 
2.  As  part  of  a  musical  instrument:  spec. 
tongue. 

reedlike,  a.  reedy,  reeden  (rare),  arundi- 
naceous  (tech.),  calamiform  (rare);  spec. 
flaggy,  rushy. 

reedy,  a.  1.  calamiferous  (rare);  spec. 
flaggy,  rushy. 

2.    See  REEDLIKE,  COARSE. 

reef,  n.  ledge,  key  or  (Eng.)  cay  (chiefly 
spec),  scar  (Brit.);  see  headland. 

reef,  v.  t.  shorten  (sail). 

reestablish,  v.  t.  establish,  resettle,  re- 
place, restore;  spec,  replant,  refound,  re- 
habilitate, redintegrate  (rare),  reinstate, 
revest,  reinstall,  reinthrone,  renew,  regen- 
erate,  revive,   revivify,   remonetize;    see 

RECOVER. 

refashion,  v.  t.  Spec,  reshape,  recast,  re- 
form, new-cast,  new-mold,  new-form, 
remold,  remodel,  reframe,  recompose, 
rearrange,  reconstruct,  reforge  (j^.), 
regenerate,  revolutionize. 

refashionment,  n.  Spec,  reshaping,  re- 
cast, reconstruction,  rif acimento  (Italian) , 
new-modeling,  etc. 


refer,  v.  t.  1.  See  attribute. 

2.  In  the  sense  of  "to  place  among  others  of 
its  kind":  assign  (loith  "to"). 

3.  commit,  leave,  submit,  relegate;  spec. 
send,  recommit,  remit,  relate. 

4.  send  (contextual),  direct. 
refer,  v.  i.  I.  See  relate,  appeal. 

2.  allude,   advert,   glance,   touch,   point, 
squint  (colloq.). 
reference,  n.  1.  See  attribute,  relation. 

2.  commitment,  committal,  relegation, 
recommission,  submission,  remission;  spec, 
remit  (rare),  relation. 

3.  allusion,  advertence,  glance. 

4.  mark;  spec,  asterism,  asterisk,  paral- 
lel, dagger,  obelisk. 

referential,  a.  1.  allusive;    spec,  fiducial 
(tech.). 
2.  See  relative. 

refine,  v.  t.  1.  *See  purify,  clear. 
2.  cultivate,    polish,    subtilize    (rare    or 
spec),  bolt  (fig.),  decrassify  (rare);   spec. 
spiritualize,     humanize;      see     civilize, 
idealize,  purify,  elevate. 
Antonyms:  see  brutalize. 

refine,  v.  i.  hair-split,  wiredraw,  subtilize 
(rare  or  spec). 

refined,  a.  1.  See  fine. 
2.  cultured,  cultivated,  polished,  polite 
(in  certain  collocations  only),  fine,  Attic 
(learned),  nice,  delicate,  elegant;  spec. 
ethereal,  courtly,  unrude  (rare),  overre- 
fined,  elevated,  ladylike,  gentlemanly, 
high-minded,  well-bred,  spiritual,  accom- 
plished. 
Antonyms:  see  vulgar,  unpolished, 
unrefined,  coarse,  boorish,  crude, 
gross,  rowdyish,  vile. 

refinement,  n.  1.  See  nicety,  accomplish- 
ment, SUBTLETY. 

2.  culture,  cultivation,  polish,  polished- 
ness  (rare),  refinedness  (rare),  politeness 
(rare),  delicacy,  nicety,  niceness,  ele- 
gance; spec,  courtliness,  ethereaUty, 
overrefinement,  elevation,  spirituality. 

3.  hair-splitting,  subtilization  (learned), 
micrology  (rare). 

Antonyms:  see  coarse,  boorish,  etc. 
reflect,  v.  t.  1.  See  TURN,  bring,  curve. 
2.  return,  reverberate,  flash;    spec,  mir- 
ror, glass,  image;  see  echo. 
Antonyms:   see  absorb. 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
redeem:      buy,    free,    reclaim, 

compensate,  expiate. 
redeliver:    restore. 
redemption:     buying,  freeing, 

compensation,  expiation. 
redintegrate:   renew. 
redolence:   smell. 
redolent:   odorous. 
redouble:  double. 
redoubt:  fortification. 
redoubtable:  formidable. 


redound:  contribute,  accrue. 

redundance:  excess,  pleonasm. 

redundant:  excessive,  pleonas- 
tic. 

reduplicate:   double,  repeat. 

reecbo:   echo,  repeat. 

reek,  n.:  smoke,  vapor,  exhala- 
tion. 

reek,  ii.  i.:  smoke,  smell. 

reek,  v.  t.:  smoke,  exhale. 

reeky:   smoky,  vaporous. 

reel,  n.:  spool. 


reel,  j>.  i.  &  n.:   whirl,  stagger, 

sway,  totter. 
reel,  v.  t.:  wind,  unwind. 
reenforce:   strengthen. 
reeve:    thread. 
refection:     refreshment,  enter' 

tainment,  meal. 
referable:   attributable. 
referee:  arbitrator. 
referendary:  adviser,  judge. 
referrible:   attributable. 
reflect,  v.  i.:  consider. 


IW  Sec  Notes  of  Explanation. 

349 


REFLECTED 


reflected,    a.    reflex,    reflexed,    reflective 

viirt\   borrowed;    spec,  introverted,  in- 
trorso. 
reflection,  ;i.  1.  Referring  to  the  action:  re- 
turn, rovorberation,  retlox. 
Antoui/nis:   see  ausouption. 

2.  Referring  to  the  image  formed  by  reflec- 
tion: reflex,  shadow,  idol  {literary),  image, 
glade  (chiefly  in  ^'moonglade"),  specter 
(rare);  sec  echo. 

3.  ^'(:f    CONSIDERATION,    BLAME,    DISPAR- 

AGEMKNT,  THINKING. 

reflector,   n.   reverberator;    spec,  mirror, 
specuUim,  licberkiihn  (Gertnan). 
refiow,  V.  t.  flow  {contextual),  ebb  {spec,  or 

Jig-)- 

reflux,  7!.  flow  {contextual),  reflow,  reflvi- 

ence,  ebb  {spec,  or  fig.);  spec,  backwater; 

see  OUTGO. 
reform,    n.    progress    (contextual);     spec. 

amendment,  reconstruction. 
re-form,  v.  t.  1.  remake,  renew,  reproduce, 

reconstitute,  reconstruct,  regenerate;  see 

REBUILD. 

2.    See  REFASHION. 

re-form,  v.  i.  Spec,  regrow,  regenerate. 

reform,  v.  t.  1.  See  amend,  correct,  abol- 
ish. 

2.  Referring  to  the  correction  of  bad  habits: 
amend,  mend  (archaic),  reclaim,  rectify, 
regenerate. 
Antony?ns:   see  corrupt. 

reform,  v.  i.  progress;  spec,  amend,  regen- 
erate. 

reformable,  a.  amendable,  corrigible. 

reformation,  n.  1.  Spec,  amendment,  cor- 
rection, abolition. 

2.  amendment,  reclamation,  recovery,  re- 
generation. 

re-formation,  n.  remaking,  renewal,  re- 
production, reconstitution,  reconstruc- 
tion, regeneration. 

reformative,    a.    reformatory,    reforma- 
tional;  spec,  progressive. 
Antonyms:  see  corruptive. 

reformed,  a.  regenerate. 

reformer,  n.  reformist,  reformado  (rare); 
spec,  come-outer  (slang,  U.  S.),  progres- 
sive, progressist  (rare). 

refractory,  a.  1.  See  intractable,  obsti- 
nate. 

2.  Of  objects:    obstinate,  intractable,  in- 
coercible;     spec,    unworkable,    infusible 
(rare),  unmeltable. 
Antonyms:  see  ductible,  fusible. 

refrain,  n.  repetend  (rare),  burden,  bob, 
overword  (Scot.);   spec,  tag,  chorus,  fal- 


deral or  folderol  (rare),  lullaby,  faburden 
(hist.),  lillibuUero,  ritornello  or  ritornel. 

refresh,  v.  t.  1.  see  freshen. 
2.  freshen,  invigorate,  reinvigorate,  re- 
create, renew,  renovate,  recruit,  revive, 
revivify,  refreshen  (rare),  refocillate 
(rare),  regale;  spec,  rejoice  (rare),  recom- 
fort  (rare),  refect  (chiefly  reflexive), 
breathe,  slake;  see  divert. 
Antonyms:   see  tire,  exhaust. 

refreshing,    a.    recreative,    invigorating; 
57;cc.  restful,  refective  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  wearisome. 

refreshment,  n.  1.  reinvigoration,  revival, 
recreation,  renewal,  renovation,  recre- 
ance (rare),  refection  (spec,  or  fig.),  re- 
galement, regale  (rare),  refocillation 
(rare);  spec,  relaxation,  diversion. 
2.  Chiefly  in  pi.:  provisions  (pL),  bait; 
spec,  charity,  bever  (Eng.). 

refuge,  n.  I.  Referring  to  the  fact  or  state: 
see  shelter. 

2.  Of  the  place:  retreat,  shelter,  haven, 
harbor;  spec,  asylum,  sanctuary,  grith 
(hist.),  hiding  (rare),  bield  (Scot.),  strong- 
hold, resort  (contextual),  dernier  ressort 
(French;  literary  or  spec),  den,  earth. 

refurnish,  V.  t.  furnish,  refit,  reequip. 

refusal,  n.  1.  See  rejection. 

2.  declination,  nonacceptance,  declen- 
sion; spec,  regret  (chiefly  in  pi.). 

Antonyms:    see  acceptance. 

3.  denial,  debarment,  disallowance,  nay, 
no,  nay-say  (rare  or  Scot.). 

refuse,  v.  i.  1.  decline. 
A  ntonyms:  see  obey. 

2.  balk. 

3.  renege  (now  U.  S.  or  local  Eng.),  nig 
(darig),  revoke,  renounce  (now  rare). 

refuse,  v.  t.  1.  <See  reject. 

2.  With  the  infinitival  "to":  decline. 

3.  With  the  thing  refused  as  object  or  the 
double  objective  of  thing  refused  and  the  per- 
son: deny,  debar,  disallow. 

Antonyms:  see  offer,  attribute. 

refuse,  a.  rubbishy,  recrementitious,  quis- 
(juilious  (rare);  spec,  trashy,  discarded, 
useless,  worthless,  waste,  dreggy,  drossy. 

refuse,  to.  rubbish,  recrement  (rare),  re- 
jectamenta (pi.;  learned  or  rare),  trash, 
lumber,  garbage,  offal  (tech.;  chiefly  spec), 
offscouring,  outcast  (rare);  spec,  brash, 
dross,  dregs,  crumble,  chaff,  breeze, 
sweepings  (pi.),  pomace,  rough  (chiefly  in 
pi.),  dunder,  discard,  tare,  rummage, 
gurry  (chiefly  U.  S.),  culls  (pi.;  cant), 
rape,  burr. 


1^=  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

reframe:  rpfnahion. 

refutation:   disproof. 

reflex,  n.;  reflection. 

refrigerant:   cooling. 

refute:   disprove. 

reforge:   refashion. 

refrigerate:  cool. 

regain:   recover. 

refound,  v.  t.:  reestablish. 

reft:   deft. 

regal:  noble,  kingly,  imposing. 

refract:    turn. 

refulgent:  luminous. 

regale:  feast,  entertain,  refresh. 

refrain:   abstain. 

refund:  repay. 

regard,    n.:     particular,    atten- 

(S"  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
350 


RELAPSE 


regenerate,  v.  t.  1.  See  convert,  re-form, 

REESTABLISH. 

2.  In  the  spiritual  sense:  renovate,  renew, 
resurrect,  resuscitate  (rare);  see  reform, 

REESTABLISH. 

regenerate,     a.    regenerated,     new-born 

(fig.),  reborn. 

regeneration,  n.  1.  See  conversion,  re- 
formation. 

2.  In  the  spiritual  sense:   renovation,  re- 
newal, palingenesy  or  palingenesis  or  pal- 
ingenesia  {literary  or  learned),  resuscita- 
tion (rare);  see  reformation. 
Antonyms:   see  degeneration. 

regret,  v.  t.  1.  With  the  implication  of  men- 
tal distress  over  something  lost  or  some  evil: 
see  mourn. 

2.  With  the  implication  of  mental  distress 
over  one's  own  acts  that  one  would  now  have 
undone:  repent,  rue. 

regret,  v.  i.  1.  See  mourn. 
2.  repent,  rue. 

regret,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  feeling  of  one 
who  mourns:  see  sorrow. 
2.  Referring  to  the  feeling  of  one  who  re- 
pents his  own  acts:  repentance,  penitency 
(rare),  remorse,  contrition,  compunction, 
ruth  {archaic),  rue  {archaic),  resipiscence 
{rare),  worm  {fig.). 

regretful,  a.  1.  See  mournful. 
2.  repentant,  penitent,  remorseful,  com- 
punctious, compunct  {ohs.),  contrite,  con- 
science-stricken, penitential  {rare),  sorry, 
rueful  {often  spec). 
Antonyms:  see  impenitent. 

regular,  a.  Spec,  systematical,  systematic, 
symmetrical,  even,  methodical,  constant, 
habitual,  normal,  correct,  ordinary,  quali- 
fied, orderly. 
Antonyms:  see  irregular. 

regularize,  v.  t.  normalize,  standardize; 
spec,  grammaticize. 

regulate,  v.  t.  shape,  settle;  spec,  time, 
police,  throttle;  see  control,  adjust, 
manage. 

regulation,  n.  1.  shaping,  settlement; 
spec,  police;   see  control,  management. 


2.  See  rule. 

rein,  n.  I.  band,  lines  (pZ.),  strings  {pi.; 
slang),  ribbons  {pi.;  colloq.  or  slang). 
2.  See  control,  restraint. 

reject,  v.  t.  1.  discard,  disallow,  deny,  re- 
pugn {rare);  spec,  dismiss,  cashier  {fig.), 
disapprove,  recuse,  explode  {now  chiefly 
used  in  the  p.  p.),  cast,  scout,  negative 
{chiefly  U.  S.),  repudiate,  pluck,  veto, 
respue  {rare),  plow  {Univ.  slang,  Eng.); 
see  ABJURE,  disbelieve. 

Antonyms:  see  entertain. 
2.  Implying   the  refusal  to  accept  some- 
thing offered:  refuse,  decUne,  spurn,  repel ; 
spec,  jilt,  check. 
Antonyms:  see  accept,  beg,  choose,  re- 
ceive. 

rejected,  a.  discarded,  cast-off. 

rejection,  n.  1.  Spec,  disallowance,  denial, 
discard,  dismissal,  cashierment,  repudia- 
tion, pluck,  veto,  reprobation,  disbelief, 
disapproval. 
Antonyms:  see  acceptance. 
2.  refusal,  declination,  declension,  spurn- 
ing, repulse. 
Antonyms:  see  choice,  acceptance. 

rejoice,  v.  i.  exult,  triumph,  vaunt,  insult 
{archaic),  gloat,  crow  {colloq.),  joy,  ju- 
bilate. 
Antonyms:    see  sorrow,  mourn,  com- 
plain, CRY,  WAIL. 

rejoicing,  n.  rejoicement   {rare),  exulta- 
tion, exultance,  exultancy,  elation,  joy, 
triumphing,  vaunting,  jubilance,  jubila- 
tion, jubilee,  gratulation  {rare). 
Antonyms:  see  lamentation,  mourning, 

SORROW. 

rejoicing,  o.  gratulant  {rare),  exultant. 
Antonyms:  see  sorrowful. 

rekindle,  v.  t.  kindle  {contextual),  relight, 
reinflame,  reignite,  reillume  {rare),  re- 
lume {literary),  relumine  {rare). 

rekindle,  v.  i.  kindle  {contextual),  reflame. 

relapse,  v.  i.  regress,  backslide,  slide  {rare) , 
fall,  revert,  weaken,  recidivate  {chiefly 
spec);  see  apostatize. 

relapse,  n.  regress,  regression,  fall,  rever- 


1^°  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

Hon,  care,  notice,  consideration, 

deference,  esteem,  affection,  (in 

pi.)  respect. 
regard,  v.  t.:    notice,  consider, 

esteem. 
regardful:     attentive,     careful, 

deferential. 
regarding:  about. 
regardless :  careless. 
regatta:    race. 
regency:   government. 
regenerate:    reform,  re-form. 
regent,  a.:   controlling,  ruling. 
regent,  n.:  ruler. 
regime:   system. 
regiment:   government,  system, 

diet. 
regiment,  n.:  group. 


regiment,  v.  t.:  orgaiiize. 

region:  place,  territory. 

regional:   local. 

register,  n.:  list,  record,  com- 
pass. 

register,  v.  t.:  list,  record,  ad- 
just. 

registrar:  recorder. 

regnant:  controlling,  preva- 
lent, ruling. 

regress,  n.:  return,  recession. 

regress,  n.  i.:  recede. 

regression:  return,  recession. 

regressive:  recessive,  retroactive. 

regurgitate:    pour. 

rehabilitate:  restore,  reestablish. 

reliash,  n.:  paraphrase. 

rehearsal:  recitation,  account, 
mention,  practice. 


rehearse:  recite,  narrate,  men- 
tion, practice,  train. 

reign,  n.:  control,  rule,  preva- 
lence. < 

reign,  v.  i.:  rule,  control,  pre- 
vail. 

reimburse:   pay. 

rein,  v.  t.:  check,  guide,  control. 

reinforce:   strengthen. 

reins:   kidney,  loin. 

reinstate:    reestablish,  replace. 

reinvest:   clothe,  endow. 

reinvigorate:  refresh. 

reiterate:  repeat. 

reive:   plunder. 

rejoice,  v.  t.:  gladden. 

rejoin,  v.  t.  <fc  i.:  answer. 

rejoin,  v.  t.:  reunite. 

rejoinder:  answer. 


{W  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
351 


RELATE 


sion,  throwback,  rooiilivation  {chiejly 
s}H'c.\'   buokslidin}!;;   sec  apostasy. 

relate,  v.  t.  1.  ^Vt•  NARRATi:,  MENTION. 

2.  oonnect,  correlate,  interrelate;  spec. 
apply. 

relate,  v.  i.  refer,  pertain,  appertain  {chief- 
ly  tech.),  belong  {archaic),  bear  {used  with 
"on"). 

related,  a.  1.  Referring  to  things:  con- 
nected, correlative,  correlated,  collateral, 
cognate,  connate  {rare),  allied,  congener- 
ous [learned),  congenial  (rare),  connatural 
(Ulerari/);  spec,  conjugate,  akin,  affinitive, 
paronymous. 

Antonyms:      see    unrelated,     uncon- 
nected. 

2.  Referring  to  persons:  akin,  allied  (rare 
or  spec),  sib  {archaic  and  chiefly  Scot.), 
consanguineous  or  {chiefly  tech.)  consan- 
guine, consanguinean  {rare),  cognate  {of- 
ten spec),  agnate  (often  spec);  spec  af- 
final, german  (predicative). 
Antonyms:   see  unrelated. 

relation,  n.  1.  See  narration,  ACCOUNT, 

MENTION. 

2.  apposition,  connection,  relationship, 
bearing,  respect  (in  "in  this  respect,"  "in 
one  respect,"  etc);  spec,  relevancy  or  (rare) 
relevance,  pertinency  or  (rare)  pertinence, 
alliance,  reference,  rapport,  interrelation, 
interconnection,  bearing,  correlation,  af- 
finity, concern  or  (rare)  concernment, 
business,  respect,  propinquity,  privity, 
contingency  (rare  or  Scot.),  proportion. 

3.  relationship,  kinship,  kinsmanship 
(rare),  kin,  blood,  connection  (chiefly 
spec),  consanguinity,  cognation  (now 
chiefly  spec),  agnation  (noio  chiefly  spec), 
cousinship  (spec,  exc  as  loosely  used),  sib 
(rare),  alliance,  sibness  (obs.  or  Scot.),  in- 
terrelationship; spec,  affinity,  nearness. 

4.  See  RELATIVE. 

relative,  a.  referential,  pertinent,  apper- 
taining (chiefly  tech.),  apposite  (used 
vnth  ''to"),  relevant,  germane  (liter- 
ary or  formal),  connective,  material,  pro- 
portional, correspondent;  see  compara- 
tive. 
Antonyms:  see  irrelevant. 

relative,  n.  relation,  kinsman,  kinswoman 
(chiefly  literary),  connection  (chiefly  spec), 
cognate  (chiefly  spec),  agnate  (chiefly 
spec),  belonging  (contextual),  friend  (only 
in  pi.;  rare  or  obs.),  cousin  (obs.,  archaic, 
or  familiar;  spec  exc.  as  loosely  used); 
spec,  collateral,  affine,  father,  -blood  (a 
collective),  mother,  brother,  sister,  niece, 
etc;  see  kin. 

relax,  v.  t.  1.  In  a  physical  sense:   loosen. 


unbrace  (literarj/  or  spec),  un.'?train  (rare), 
unstring  (flg.  or  spec);  spec  unbend,  un- 
thread (rare). 
Antonyms:  sec  tkuiten. 
2.  Of  imniaterial  things,  as  effort,  attention, 
severity,    etc.:     loosen,    milden,    slacken, 
slack,  diminish;    spec  mitigate,  dispense 
(rare);  see  abate,  soften. 
Antonyms:  see  increase,  intensify. 

relax,  v.  i.  1.  loosen,  slacken. 
2.  loosen,  unbend,  slack,  slacken,  milden; 
spec  soften ;  see  abate. 
Antonyms:  see  increase,  intensify. 

relaxation,  n.  1.  loosening,  unbracing, 
etc.;  spec,  resolution  (rare),  taxation 
(rare),  diastole. 

2.  loosening,  slackening,  etc.,  diminution, 
unbending;  see  softening. 

3.  See  DIVERSION. 

relaxed,  a.  loosened,  slackened,  lax;    see 

limp. 
relay,  n.  shift,  squad,  relief;    spec,  dawk 

(Anglo-Indian) ,  translator  (rare). 
relent,  v.  i.  yield,  soften,  bend. 
relentless,  a.  unyielding,  obdurate,  stern, 

unrelenting,    remorseless,    unappeasable; 

see  UNCOMPASSIONATE,  UNFEELING. 

Antonyms:    see  merciful,  compassion- 
ate. 

reliable,  a.  dependable,  trustworthy,  sure, 
certain,  authentic  (rare),  secure,  safe,  un- 
failing;   see  constant,  solvent. 

Antonyms:    see  unreliable,  untrust- 
worthy. 

reliance,  n.  1.  dependence,  recumbency; 
see  trust. 
Antonyms:  see  distrust. 
2.  See  support. 

reliant,    a.    defendant,    recumbent;     see 
trustful. 
Antonyms:  see  distrustful. 

relic,  n.  remain;  spec,  halidom  (archaic), 
survival,  antiquity;  see  reminder,  re- 
mains. 

relief,  n.  1.  projection,  relievo,  alto-relievo 
or  (Italian)  alto-rilievo,  mezzo-relievo  or 
(Italian)  mezzo-rilievo,  half-relief,  bas- 
relief  or  (less  usual)  basso-relievo  or  (Ital- 
ian) basso-rilievo. 

2.  composition;    spec,  embossment,  bas- 
relief,  high  relief,  etc. 

3.  See  distinctness,  vividness. 
relief,  a.  raised;  spec,  repoussee,  embossed. 
relief,  n.  1.  See  AID,  freeing,  mitigation, 

REDRESS. 

2.   Referring   to   the   mind,  feelings,    etc.: 
easement  (the  act),  ease,  lightening,  re- 
laxation ;  see  diversion,  comfort,  rest. 
Antonyms:  see  distress. 


l^°  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
release,  v.  t.:  free,  loose,  relin- 
quish. 


release,  n.:  freeing,  loosing,  re- 
linquishment. 
relegate:   expel,  refer. 


relevancy:   relation. 
relevant:  relative. 
reliability:   constancy. 


(W  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
352 


REMOVAL 


3.  Referring  to  one  on  duty:  rest,  respite, 
release;  spec,  spell. 
relieve,  v.  t.  1.  See  aid,  free,  mitigate, 

DEPRIVE,   REDRESS. 

2.  Referring  to  the  mind,  spirits,  or  feel- 
ings:    ease,   respite,   lighten,   relax;    see 

COMFORT,  REST. 

Antonyms:  see  distress. 

3.  Referring  to  one  on  duty,  as  on  guard,  at 
work,  etc.:  rest,  release,  free,  respite,  spell 
{nmv  U.  S.),  relay. 

religion,  n.  piety  (literary);  spec,  theism, 
henotheism,  egotheism,  polytheism,  pan- 
theism, monotheism,  etc. 

religious,  a.  1.  devout,  pious,  godly,  solemn, 
religionary  (rare),  righteous,  good  (chiefly 
contextual;  often  more  or  less  sarcastic); 
spec,  pietistie,  devotional,  God-fearing, 
holy,  heavenly-minded,  other-worldly, 
prayerful,  divine. 

2.    See  CONSCIENTIOUS. 

Antonyms:  see  irreligious. 

religious,  n.  religieuse  (French;  fern,  or 
masc),  religieux  (French;  masc);  spec. 
cenobite,  anchoret,  hospitaler,  Culdee 
(Scotch-Irish). 

relinquish,  v.  t.  abandon,  surrender,  yield, 
concede,  cede,  resign,  renounce,  deliver, 
waive,  release;   spec,  demit,  disgorge,  re- 
gorge;   see  ABDICATE. 
Antonyms:  see  keep. 

relinquishment,  n.  abandonment,  sur- 
render, yielding,  concession,  cession,  res- 
ignation, renunciation,  delivery,  waiving, 
waiver  (tech.),  release;  spec,  demission, 
regorgement  (rare),  abdication. 

rely,  v.  i.  depend,  rest,  count,  reckon, 
build,  bank,  found,  trust  (used  with  "to"), 
calculate;  spec.  lean. 

remainder,  n.  surplus,  residue,  rest  (sing, 
or  a  collective  pi.),  residuum,  residual 
(rare),  others  (pi.;  contextual),  leavings 
(pi.),  remain  (rare),  relict  (rare),  remanet 
(rare),  remanence  (rare),  balance  (co7n- 
mercial  slang);  spec,  remnant,  surplusage, 
rump,  dreg,  caput  mortuum  (literary  and 
fig.),  tally,  difference,  shadow,  fossil. 

remaining,  a.  surplus,  residual,  residuary, 
behind,  residuous  (rare),  remanent  (rare), 
odd. 


remains,  n.  pi.  relics,  relicts,  remain  (sing.; 
rare),  reliquia;  (learned  or  tech.);  spec,  dis- 
jecta membra  (Latin),  bones,  fossil, 
ashes;  see  body. 

remedy,  n.  1.  cure,  help,  boot  (archaic); 
spec,  specific,  eli.xir,  nostrum,  treacle  (now 
rare  or  fig.),  vulnerary;   see  panacea,  an- 
tidote. 
Antonyms:  see  disease. 
2.  See  redress. 

remember,  v.  t.  1.  recollect,  recall,  mind 
(archaic  or  dial.),  bethink  (obs.,  exc.  with. 
a  clause  or  reflexive),  think,  retain,  treas- 
ure, keep,  have. 

Antonyyns:  see  forget,  omit. 
2.  See  mention. 

remembrance,  n.   1.  recollection,  recall, 
memory,  retention,  mind,  remeinoration 
(rare),  reminiscence. 
2.  See  memory,  mention,  reminder. 

remind,  v.  t.  prompt,  mind  (rare),  remem- 
ber (archaic),  jog. 

reminder,  n.  1.  Referring  to  persons:  mon- 
itor, prompter,  remembrancer  {chiefly 
spec),  flapper  (so  used  in  ridicule,  after 
Swift) . 

2.  Referring  to  things:  memento,  re- 
membrance, remembrancer;  spec,  memo- 
rial, souvenir,  keepsake,  reUc,  relict  (rare), 
trophy. 

3.  Referring  to  the  action  of  one  who  re- 
minds: prompt  (chiefly  theatrical  card),  jog. 

removal,  7i.  1.  remotion  (rare),  transfer, 
shift,  change,  estrangement  (archaic  or 
rare),  sequestration,  deportation  (rare, 
exc.  spec),  remove  (rare,  exc.  spec),  re- 
movement  (rare);  spec,  dislodgment, 
extraction,  eloignment,  abstraction,  sub- 
lation  (rare);  see  withdrawal,  ejection, 
displacement. 
Antonyms:   see  insertion. 

2.  Spec,  elimination,  clearance,  deter- 
gency  (rare) ,  purging,  discharge,  retrench- 
ment, draft,  dispelling,  dislodgment, 
expulsion,  dispossession,  excision,  ef- 
facement,  etc. 

3.  Spec,  devestment,  retrenchment,  aboli- 
tion; see  deduction. 

4.  See  disposition,  discharge,  depar- 
ture. 


t^W  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

reliquary :   casket. 

relish,  n.:  taste,  liking,  flavor- 
ing, enjoyment. 

relish,  v.  t.:  enjoy,  like. 

relish,  v.  i.:  taste,  savor. 

relishable:  palatable. 

reluct:   v.  i.:  object. 

reluctance,  reluctancy:  dis- 
inclination. 

reluctant:   unwilling. 

relume:  rekindle,  light. 

remain,  v.  i.:  stay,  continue,  be. 

remain,  n.:  relic,  remains. 

remake:   reform. 


remand:   consign. 

remark,  v.  t.:  notice,  commeyit. 

remark,  v.  i.:  comment. 

remark,  n.;   notice,  comment. 

remarkable:  notable,  extraor- 
dinartj. 

remedial:  reparative,  curative. 

remediless :   incurable. 

remedy,  v.  t.:  cure,  redress,  cor- 
rect. 

remembrance:  reminder. 

remiss:    negligent,  weak. 

remission:  excuse,  forgoing, 
diminution;  cf.  abate  (for 
abatement) . 


remissive:  forgiving.         [sign. 
remit:  excuse,  forgo,  abate,  con- 
remittal:   forgoing,  excuse. 
remittent:   intermittent. 
remnant:   remainder. 
remodel:   refashion. 
remold:    refashion. 
remonstrance:   objection. 
remonstrate:  object. 
remorse :    regret. 
remorseful:  regretful. 
remorseless:    relentless. 
remote:    distant,  unrelated,  se- 
cluded, small. 
remotest:    r.rlrenie. 


tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
353 


REMOVE 


remove,  r.  /.  1.  Referring  to  the  direct  phys- 
ical moving  of  an  object  from  one  place  to 
another:  move,  transfer,  shift,  take  {chief- 
ly uaai  irilh  "from,"  '"away,"  etc.,  and  often 
esp.  contrajited  with  "bring"),  change  {con- 
textual); spec,  draw,  abstract,  estrange 
{somewhat  archaic),  sequester,  deport,  dis- 
lodge, extract,  eloign  {legal,  reflexive,  or 
obsolescent),  quit  {rare),  sublate  {rare), 
unship,  wipe  (chiefly  used  icith  "away," 
"off,"  etc.),  bear,  wash  {chiefly  used  with 
"away,"  "off,"  etc.);  see  move,  extract, 

ABSTR,\CT,  WITHDRAW,  EJECT,  UPROOT, 
DISPLACE. 

2.  In  physical  senses  in  which  the  sen^e  of 
actual  direct  bodily  transferal  is  not  dis- 
tinctly or  immediately  present:  spec,  elim- 
inate, clear  {chiefly  used  with  "away," 
"off,"  etc.),  deterge,  purge,  leach  {used 
with  "out,"  "away,"  etc.),  dislodge,  rid 
{rare),  discharge,  scour  {chiefly  used  vrith 
"away,"   "off,"  etc.),  dress,  draft,  raze; 

see  DISPEL,  EXPEL,  DISPOSSESS,  EXCISE, 
EFFACE,  ASSASSINATE. 

3.  doff  (literary),  cast,  douse  (colloq.); 
spec,  slip  (with  "off"). 

Antonyms:  see  don. 

4.  In  a  nonphysical  sense:  spec,  divest  or 
devest  (rare),  retrench,  fordo  (archaic); 

see  ABOLISH,  extinguish,  DEDUCT. 
6.    See  RETIRE,  depose,  DISCHARGE. 

rend,  v.  t.  1.  As  used  with  "away,"  "off," 
"up,"  etc.:  see  tear. 

2.  As  implying  a  tearing  to  pieces:  tear, 
lacerate,  dilacerate  (literary;  an  inten- 
sive), disrupt,  dismember,  dispiece  (rare), 
discorp  (rare),  divellicate  (rare);  spec. 
divide,  break,  burst,  shatter,  split,  chew 
{used  with  "up,"  "to  pieces,"  etc.). 

3.  See  destroy. 

rendezvous,  n.  1.  tryst  (literary;  chiefly 
spec  ) ;  see  resort. 

2.    See  MEETING. 

rending,  n.   1.  See  division,  breaking, 

BURSTING. 

2.  divulsion  (literary),  dilaceration  (liter- 
ary), disruption,  dismemberment,  dis- 
cerption  (rare),  divellication  (rare). 

renegade,  a.  tergiversant  (rare),  apostate, 
changeling  (archaic). 

renew,  v.  t.  1.  restore,  refresh,  repair, 
reintegrate,     revive,    resuscitate     (rare), 


furbish  (fig.),  refurbish  (fig.);  spec,  reju- 
venate, recruit,  replenish,  recuperate, 
resurrect;  see  REiisTAULisu,  renovate, 
iux;enerate,  refresh,  re-create,  re- 
form, REPAIR. 
Antonyms:  see  consume. 

2.  recommence,  resume,  reopen,  continue. 

3.  See  REPEAT,  FRESHEN. 

renew,  v.  i.  1.  recrudesce,  return,  regrow, 
reappear;  spec,  re-form,  regenerate. 
Antonyms:  see  decay. 

2.    <SVe  BEGIN. 

renewal,  n.  1.  restoration,  refreshment, 
reparation,  revival,  repair,  repairment 
(rare),  renovation,  redintegration,  con- 
tinuation, resuscitation  (rare);  spec,  re- 
juvenation; see  RENOVATION,  REGENERA- 
TION, REFRESHMENT,  RE-FORMATION,  RE- 
PAIR. 

Antonyms:   see  decay. 

2.  recommencement,    resumption,    con- 
tinuation, continuance. 

3.  recrudescence,    return,    regrowth,    re- 
appearance, renascence;    see  re-forma- 

TION. 

Ajitonyms:  see  decay. 

4.  See  REPETITION,  BEGINNING. 

renovate,  v.  t.  1.  renew,  furbish  (orig. 
spec),  refurbish  (orig.  spec),  revamp,  re- 
coct (rare),  retouch;  see  repair. 

2.    See  REFRESH,  REGENERATE. 

renovation,  n.  1.  renewal,  furbishment 
(rare),  refurbishment,  recoction  (rare), 
revamping;  see  repair. 

2.    See  REFRESHMENT,  REGENERATION. 

rent,  n.  return,  render,  payment,  rental, 
rentage  (rare);  spec  quitrent,  fee-farm, 
mail  (obs.  or  Scot.),  canon,  gale  (Eng.), 
gavel  (hist.),  rackrent,  stallage;  see  hire. 

repair,  v.  t.  1.  restore,  renew,  renovate, 
mend,  botch  (now  spec);  spec,  tinker, 
patch,  piece,  doctor  (colloq.),  cobble  or 
(dial.  Eng.)  clobber,  vamp,  clout,  bushel, 
darn,  finedraw,  seat,  toe,  heel,  half-sole, 
tap. 

2.  See   RENEW,  CORRECT,  REDRESS. 

repair,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  act:  renewal, 
restoration,  renovation,  mend  (rare), 
mending,  reparation  (rare). 
2.  Referring  to  the  place  mended:  mend; 
spec,  patch,  tinker  (rare),  darn,  bushel, 
vamp. 


C^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

remove,  v.  %.:  mote,  depart. 

remove,  n.:  removal,  distance, 
degree. 

remunerate:   pay. 

remuneration:   payment,  pay. 

remunerative:  paying,  profit- 
able. 

renaissance:  revival. 

renascence:  revival. 

rencounter,  n..°  contest,  duel, 
meeting. 


rencounter,  v.:   meet. 

rend,  v.  t.:  divide,  break,  burst, 
split,  tear,  disunite. 

render,  n.:  payment. 

rendezvous,  v.  i.:  meet. 

rendition:  surrender,  transla- 
tion, acting. 

renegade:  deserter,  apostate, 
traitor. 

renegade,  v.  i.:  desert,  aposta- 
tize. 

renounce:  relinquish,  abandon. 


disclaim. 
renown:  fame. 
renowned:  famous. 
rent,  v.  t.:  let. 
rent,  n.:  tear,  cleft,  breach. 
rent,  a.:   torn,  broken. 
renunciation:  relinquishment, 

disclaimer ,   self-denial;  also  cf. 

ABANDON  (ioT  abandonment) . 
reopen:   open,  renew. 
repair,  n.:  resort. 
repair,  v.  i.:  go. 


f^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
354 


REPRESENTATIVE 


3.  See  RENEWAL,  CORRECTION,  REDRESS, 
RESTORATION. 

reparative,  a.  amendatory,  satisfactive, 
corrective,  reformatory,  remedial. 

repay,  v.  t.  1.  return  {contextual),  refund, 
reimburse,  restore,  retaliate  {rare),  retrib- 
ute (rare). 

2.  See  PAY,  COMPENSATE,  REWARD,  RE- 
TRIBUTE. 

repeat,  v.  t.  1.  reiterate,  recapitulate,  iter- 
ate {now  rare,  exc.  spec);  spec,  rote,  din, 
echo,  reecho,  cuckoo,  ingeminate  {rare), 
battologize  {rare),  reword,  retell,  remur- 
mur;  see  recite,  paraphrase. 

2.  reduplicate,  redouble,  renew,  dupli- 
cate;   see  DOUBLE,  PRACTICE. 

3.  See  NARRATE. 

repeat,  V.  i.  1.  tautologize  {learned). 
2.  recur;  spec,  circulate  {referring  to  frac- 
tions, etc.). 

repel,  v.  t.  1.  repulse,  rebuff,  ward,  rebut, 
fence,  fend,  defend,  repercuss. 

2.  See  REJECT. 

3.  In  the  sense  of  to  cause  aversion  in:  re- 
pugn {rare);  spec,  disgust;  see  frighten. 

Antonyms:     see    attract,    fascinate, 

CAPTIVATE,  ENTICE. 

repellent,  a.  1.  repellant  {rare),  repulsing, 
repercussive. 
Antonyms:  see  attractive. 
2.  uninviting,  repugnant,  horrid,  repul- 
sive, repellant  {rare);  spec,  grim  or  {ar- 
chaic) grimly,  forbidding,  harsh,  chilling, 
gaunt,  stern,  unsightly,  ugly,  cold,  frigid, 
stiff,  freezing,  abhorrent;  see  disgusting. 
Antonyms:  see  captivating,  enticing, 
ingratiating,  attractive. 

repetition,  n.  1.  repeat  {rare),  reiterance 
{rare),  iterance  {rare),  iteration;  spec,  re- 
capitulation, reecho,  echo,  ingemination 
{rare),  encore,  dilogy  {rare),  tautology, 
battology,  alliteration,  place,  symploce, 
palilogy;  see  practice. 

2.  Referring  to  repeated  words  or  expres- 
sions: spec,  tautology,  dilogy  {rare),  dit- 
togram,  dittograph,  jingle. 

3.  renewal,  iteration  (literary),  iterance 
{rare),  recurrence,  duplication,  condupli- 
cation  (literary),  reduplication;  see  fre- 
quency, practice. 

4.  See  narration. 

repetitive,    a.    repetitious,   repetitionary. 


repetitional,  reduplicative,  reduplicatory 
{rare),  reiterant  (chiefly  spec),  recurrent; 
spec,  (in  rhetoric)  tautological,  tautolo- 
gous. 

replace,  v.  t.  1.  restore  (contextual),  reim- 
place  (rare),  return,  reduce  (ohs.,  exc. 
spec),  replant,  reimplant  (rare),  reset; 
spec,  reinstate,  reseat,  reinstall,  relay,  re-' 
mount;  see  reestablish. 
Antonyms:  see  displace. 
2.  displace,  supersede,  supplant;  spec. 
novate. 

replacement,  n.  1.  restoration,  reimplan- 
tation (rare),  return,  reinstatement,  rein- 
stallment,  reposition  (chiefly  spec);  spec. 
reduction  (obs.,  exc.  spec). 
Antonyms:  see  displacement. 
2.  displacement,  supersedure,  superses- 
sion (rare),  replacing,  supplantation ;  spec. 
novation. 

report,  n.  I.  In  the  generic  sense,  as  in  "if 
we  may  trust  report,"  and  without  any  pi.: 
rumor,  talk,  hearsay,  bruit  (rare);  see 
gossip. 

2.  In  a  concrete  sense,  with  the  article  "a" 
or  "an"  and  having  a  pi.,  as  in  "a  false  re- 
port of  you  came  to  us":  rumor,  bruit 
(literary),  news  (construed  both  as  a  pi.  and 
as  sing.),  talk  (rare);  spec,  canard,  mis- 
report,  cry  (now  archaic  or  rare),  hearsay 
(rare) . 

3.  statement  (contextual);  spec,  delation, 
return  (tech.),  bulletin,  cahier  (French), 
record. 

4.  See  account,  noise,  explosion, 
report,  v.  t.  1.  See  narrate. 

2.  rumor,  noise,  bruit  (literary),  fame, 
cry  (rare);  spec,  circulate. 

3.  state,  tell;  spec  delate,  repeat,  take 
(cani),  return. 

report,  v.  i.  return  (chiefly  law). 

repository,  7i.  repositary  (rare),  repertory, 
repertorium  (rare),  treasury,  salvatory 
(rare);  spec,  sacristy,  museum,  shed;  see 
receptacle,  storehouse,  warehouse. 

reprehensible,   a.    reprehendable    (rare), 
censurable,  blamable,  blameworthy, 
culpable,    reprovable,    condemnable,    il- 
laudable,  uncommendable  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  blameless. 

representative,  n.  1.  agent  (contextual); 
spec,   delegate,    deputy,    depute    (Scot.), 


l^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
reparation:     renewal,    correc- 
tion, redress. 
repartee:   answer. 
repass:   cross. 
repast:  meal. 
repeal,  v.  t.:  revoke. 
repeal,  n.:  revocation. 
repent:  regret. 
repentance:  regret. 
repentant:   regretful. 
repercuss:   repel. 


repercussion:  recoil. 
repine:  fret,  complain,  long. 
replant,  v.  t.:  plant,  transplant, 

reestablish. 
replenish:  fill,  renew. 
replete:  full,  abounding. 
repletion:  fullness,  abundance. 
replevin:  recover. 
replevy :   recover. 
replica:   duplicate. 
replication:  answer. 
reply:  answer,  echo. 


repose,  v.  t.:  prostrate,  rest, 
put. 

repose,  v.  i.:  lie,  rest. 

repose,  n.:  rest,  peace,  calm,  in- 
activity, ease. 

reposeful:  calm. 

repossess:  recover. 

reprehend:  reprove. 

reprehenslve:  censorious. 

represent:  act,  depict,  describe, 
example,  express,  show,  typify, 
symbolize. 


tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

355 


REPRESS 


deputation,  commissioner,  commission- 
aire, representant  (ran),  lieutenant,  vicar, 
substitute,  locum-tenens,  vice  (rare),  sec- 
ondary {rare),  vicegerent,  viceroy,  under- 
sheriff,  tipstatT,  burgess,  commoner,  con- 
gressman, congresswoman,  senator,  proc- 
tor, legate. 

2.    .StC  EXAMPLE. 

repress,  r.  (.  1.  See  restrain,  suppress. 
2.  suppress,  silence,   choke   (chiefly  used 
iciih    "down'"),    check,    crucify,    mortify, 
deaden,    smother,    dull,    stifle,    retund 
(rare);  see  hide,  choke. 
Antonijfns:  see  advance. 

repression,  n.  suppression,  crucifixion, 
mortification,  deadening,  check,  smother- 
ing, etc. 

reprieve,  V.  t.  &  n.  respite. 

reproach,  v.  t.  1.  See  reprove. 
2.  upbraid,  taunt,  twit. 

reproof,  n.  1.  criticism,  reprehension,  rep- 
rimand, cen.sure,  rebuke,  reproach,  chid- 
ing {now  becoming  archaic),  objurgation 
{literary  or  rare),  castigation,  upbraiding, 
exprobation  (rare),  admonition,  monition, 
lecture,  blame,  blaming  {the  action  only), 
lesson  {literary),  correction,  rating,  dress- 
ing {chiefly  v.sed  with  "down" ;  colloq.  or 
slang),  set-down  {colloq.),  jobation  {liter- 
ary and  humorous  cquiv.  of  "lecture"),  in- 
crepation  {rare),  reproval  {rare),  monish- 
ment  {archaic),  trimming  {slang),  dir- 
dum  (Scot.),  slap  {colloq.);  spec,  snub, 
rate. 
Antonyms:  see  praise,  compliment. 
2.  See  CENSURE. 

reprove,  v.  t.  1.  In  the  sense  referring  to  cen- 
sure addressed  to  the  person  criticized: 
criticize,  reprehend,  reprimand,  rebuke, 
censure,  reproach,  chide  {now  chiefly  liter- 
ary, and  becoming  archaic),  castigate 
{chiefly  spec.) ,  objurgate,  upbraid,  blame, 
admonish,  monish  {archaic),  lecture,  les- 
son {literary),  correct,  rate,  dress  {chiefly 
used  with  "down" ;  colloq.  or  slang),  trim 
{slang);  spec,  snub  (colloq.),  slash. 


Antonyms:    see  praise,  approve,  com- 
pliment. 

2.  In  the  sense  in  ivliich  adverse  criticism 
is  made  on  or  about  something:  censure, 
dispraise  (rare),  mispraise  (rare),  incul- 
pate (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  praise,  approve,  com- 
pliment. 

reproving,  a.  admonitory,  reproachful. 

reptile,  a.  I.  See  creeping,  abject,  ma- 
levolent, treacherous. 
2.  Spec,  lacertian   (referring  to  ordinary 
lizards,  geckos,  chameleons,  etc.). 

reptile,  n.  reptilian;  spec,  dragon,  hydra; 
see  SNAKE,  crocodilian. 

reputable,  a.  creditable;   see  honorable. 

reputation,  n.  name,  fame  (usually  in  a 
good  sense),  credit  (esp.  in  a  good  sense), 
repute,  prestige,  character,  report  (now 
only  with  "good,"  after  the  Biblical  usage); 
spec,  memory;  see  fame. 

resemblance,  n.  1.  simulation,  favoring, 
nearness;     spec,    assonance,    alliteration, 
imitation,  mimicry. 
Antomjms:  see  difference. 
2.  See  similarity. 

resemble,  v.  t.  simulate;  spec,  favor  (col- 
loq.), facsimile  (rare),  copy,  imitate, 
counterfeit,  mimic,  feature  (a  rare  or  dial. 
equiv.  of  "favor"),  reproduce,  follow,  echo, 
duplicate. 

resembling,  a.    1.  simulative,   imitative, 
simular  (rare),  simulant  (rare),  mimick- 
ing. 
2.  See  similar. 

resentment,   ?i.  displeasure,   anger,  um- 
brage, dudgeon,  pique,  heartburn,  heart- 
burning. 
Antonyms:  see  thankfulness. 

reservation,  n.  1.  Spec,  exception,  appro- 
priation. 

2.  Referring  to  a  district  or  tract  of  land: 
reserve. 

reserve,  n.  1.   military:  redii  (Turkish). 
2.  See  store,  fund,  constraint,  self- 
control,  distance,  reticence. 


fW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

reprieve,  n.:  deferment  (for  the 
act),  delay  (for  the  time). 

reprieve,  v.  t.:  respite. 

reprimand,  v.  t.:  reprove. 

reprimand,  n.:  reproof. 

reprint:   print. 

reprisal:   retaliation.' 

reproach,  n.:  reproof,  discredit. 

reproachful:   reproving. 

reprobacy:   rascality. 

reprobate,  a.:  abandoned,  ras- 
cally. 

reprobate,  ra.."  sinner,  rascal. 

reprobate,  v  t.:  condemn,  cen- 
sure. 

reprobation,  n. :  condemna- 
tion, censure. 

reprobative:   censorious. 

reproductive:   generative. 


reprovable:  reprehensible. 

republic:  state. 

repudiate:       reject,     disclaim, 

divorce. 

repugnance:  inconsistency, 
di.'ilike,  aversion. 

repugnant :  inconsistent,  off  en- 
sile, repellent,  opposing. 

repulse,  v.  t.:  repel,  reject. 

repulse,  n.:  repulsion,  rejec- 
tion. 

repulsive:  repellent. 

repute,  re.;  reputation,  fame. 

repute,  v.  t.:  consider. 

request,  re.;   asking,  demand. 

request,  v.  t.:  ask. 

requiem:  mass,  dirge,  chant. 

require:   ask,  demand,  need. 

requirement:  demand,  neces- 
sary. 


requisite:    necessary. 

requisition,  re.;  demand. 

requisition,  v.  t.:  demand,  im- 
press. 

requital:  return,  pay,  payment, 
compensation,  reward,  retalia- 
tion. 

requite,  v.  t.:  return,  pay,  com- 
pensate, reward,  retaliate. 

rescind:   revoke. 

rescission:   revocation. 

rescript:   decree,  law. 

rescue:   deliver,  free,  recover. 

research,  v.  t.:  investigate. 

reseat:   replace. 

resent:   dislike. 

reserve,  v.  t.:  keep,  defer,  appro- 
priate. 

reserved:  self-controlled,  reti- 
cent, distant. 


XW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

356 


REST 


3.  Referring  to  land:  reservation. 

reservoir,  n.  receiver,  receptacle;  spec. 
basin,  tank,  standpipe,  waterback,  lodge, 
fountain,  font,  magazine,  forebay. 

residence,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  fact  or  ac- 
tion: abode  (literary  or  archaic),  dwelling, 
habitation  (literary  or  learned),  habitancy 
(rare),  inhabitation  (rare,  exc.  with  "of"), 
inhabitancy. 

2.  sojourn  (chiefly  spec),  sojournment 
(rare),  abidancy  (rare);  spec,  commo- 
rancy (rare),  commoration  (rare),  stay, 
stop,  tarrying  (rare),  tarriance  (rare),  rest 
(rare  or  spec^,  s^jour  (French). 

3.  See  DWELLING  (the  house  which  is  the 
place  of  residence),  abode  (time  or  period 
of  residence) . 

resignation,  n.  1.  Spec,  abandonment, 
relinquishment,  abdication,  consignment. 
2.  acquiescence,  resignment,  resigned- 
ness,  philosophy,  submission;  spec,  com- 
pliance. 

resigned,  a.  acquiescent,  reconciled,  philo- 
sophical, submissive;  see  compliant. 
Antonyms:  see  defiant. 

resin,  n.  rosin  (chiefly  spec);  spec,  pitch, 
fat. 

resinous,  a.  resined,  resinous,  rosiny,  re- 
sinaceous (rare);  spec,  pitchy,  fat. 

resist,  v.  t.  1.  In  a  physical  sense:   with- 
stand. 
2.  See  OPPOSE. 

resist,  v.  i.  In  an  immaterial  sense:  recal- 
citrate (rare) ,  reluctate  (rare) . 

resistance,  n.  1.  In  a  physical  sense:  with- 
standing, renitency  (rare);    spec,  reluct- 
ance, reaction,  load. 
2.  See  OPPOSITION. 

resistance,  a.  1.  In  a  physical  sense:  with- 
standing, renitent  (rare),  resistive. 
2.  See  OPPOSING. 

resonance,  n.  Spec  roar,  boom,  clang, 
roll,  thunder,  din,  rumble,  etc.;  spec. 
nasality,  twang. 

resonant,  a.  sonorous,  resounding,  plan- 
gent, vibrant,  roaring,  rumorous  (archaic), 
canorous  (literary);    spec  rotund,   clan- 


gorous,    rebellant     (rare),     thundering, 
booming,  thunderous,  remugient  (rare), 
reverberant;  see  ringing,  nasal. 
resort,  n.  1.  See  expedient,  application. 

2.  Referring  to  the  act  of  going:  going,  re- 
pair, recourse  (obs.  or  rare). 

3.  place  (contextual),  retreat,  haunt,  ren- 
dezvous; spec  dive,  harbor,  nest,  joint 
(slang),  walk,  soil,   lie,   lounge,   wallow; 

see  REFUGE. 

resort,  v.  i.  1.  See  GO,  apply. 

2.  In  the  sense  of  "go  habitually  or  often": 
repair,  recourse  (obs.  or  rare) . 

3.  In  the  sense  of  "carry  one's  action":  go, 
turn,  proceed. 

resound,  v.  i.  vibrate,  peal  (chiefly  spec), 
thunder,  boom,  roar;  spec  bump,  roll; 
see  ring,  echo. 

resourceful,  a.  shifty  (Eng.). 

respect,  v.  t.  1.  In  the  sense  of  "to  have  refer- 
ence or  relation  to":  regard,  contemplate. 

2.  Spec  venerate;  see  esteem. 

3.  See  CONSIDER,  observe. 

respect,  n.  1.  See  relation,  particular, 

ATTENTION,  CONSIDERATION,  POLITENESS. 

2.  Spec  veneration;  see  esteem. 

3.  In  pL:  as  a  term  denoting  a  compli- 
mentary message  of  regard  or  esteem:  re- 
gards, commendations,  greetings,  devoirs, 
compliments,  service  (obs.  or  rare). 

respectable,  a.  Spec  honorable,  present- 
able; see  estimable,  proper,  consider- 
able, FAIR. 

respected,  a.  Spec,  venerable,  esteemed. 

respectful,  a.  reverent,  reverential,  defer- 
ential; see  polite. 

Antonyms:     see    disrespectful,    con- 
temptuous, impudent. 

responsive,  a.   1.  respondent,   lively,  re- 
sponsorial  (rare);    spec,  appealable;    see 
excitable,  sympathetic,  sensitive. 
Antonyms:  see  unresponsive. 
2.  interlocutive  (rare) ,  responsorial  (rare) . 

rest,  n.  1.  repose,  respite,  relief,  requiem, 
quiet,  resting,  breath,  breathing,  comfort; 
spec,    siesta,    meridian,    sabbatism;     see 

SLEEP,  peace,  calm. 


t^W  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

reset:   replace. 

resettle:   reestablish,  settle. 

reshape:   refashion. 

reside:   dwell,  inhere. 

residentiary,  n.:  dweller. 

residual,  a.:   remaining. 

residual,  n.:  remainder. 

residuary:    remaining. 

residue:  remainder. 

resign:  relinquish,  consign,  ab- 
dicate. 

resile,  v.  i.:  withdraw,  recoil. 

resilient:  elastic,  buoyant. 

resistive:  resistant,  opposing. 

resistless:  irresistible. 

resoluble:    decomposable. 

resolute:  determined,  coura- 
geous. 


resolution:  decomposition,  con- 
version, determination,  courage, 
decision,  analysis  (mental). 

resolvable:  decomposable. 

resolve,  v.  t.:  decompose,  con- 
vert, explain,  analyze  (men- 
tally),   decide,    dispel,    assure. 

resolve,  v.  i.:  decompose,  decide. 

resolved:  determined,  deliber- 
ate. 

resound,  v.  t.:  celebrate. 

resound,  v.  i.:  echo. 

resounding:   resonant. 

resource:   means,  expedient. 

resourceless:   helpless. 

respect,  n.:  relation,  particular, 
attention,  consideration,  esteem, 
politeness. 

respectable:  estimable,  proper, 


presentable,  considerable,  fair. 

respecting:   about. 

respective:    individual. 

respiration:  breath. 

respire,  v.  t.  &  i.:  breathe,  exhale. 

respite,  n.:  delay,  rest,  reprieve. 

respite,  v.  t.:  relieve,  reprieve, 
defer. 

resplendent:   bright. 

respond:  answer. 

respondency,  n.:  responsive- 
ness. 

respondent:  answering,  re- 
sponsive. 

response:  answer. 

responsion:  answer. 

responsible:   trustworthy. 

responsory:   anthem. 

rest,  n.:  remainder. 


24 


iW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

357 


REST 


Antonyms:    see  action,  work. 

2.  See  MOTIONLESSNESS,  SUPPORT,  BEAR- 
ING. 

rest, «'.  /.  1.  repose,  refresh,  relieve,  breathe; 
s}ycc.  wind. 
Antony nis:  see  weary,  tire,  work,  ex- 
haust. 

2.  lay,  set,  repose,  settle,  couch;  spec. 
bed,    recline,    level,    lean,    pillow;     see 

CUSHION. 

3.  See  PL.\CE,  PUT,  BASE. 

rest,  V.  i.  1.  repose,  breathe;    spec,  sab- 
batize;  see  sleep. 
Antonyms:   see  work. 

2.  lie,  set,  repose,  stand;  spec,  bed,  pil- 
low, ride,  lean,  perch,  lounge. 

3.  See  RELY,  DEPEND,  STAY,  WAIT,  CON- 
TINUE. 

restate,  v.  t.  state,  reword,  recapitulate; 

see  PAR.^PHRASE. 

restful,  a.  reposeful,  easy,  comfortable. 

Antonyms:   see  tiresome. 

rest  house,  hospital  {obs.  or  rare),  hospi- 
tium  (rare),  resting  (rare);  spec,  hospice, 
choultry  (India),  khan  (Arabian),  cara- 
vansary, caravanserai,  dak  bungalow 
(India).  The  "rest  house"  is  chiefly  an 
institution  of  India. 

restless,  a.  1.  In  a  physical  sense:  active, 
unsteady,  unquiet  (esp.  spec),  unresting; 
spec,  astatic. 
Antonyms:  see  motionless,  still. 
2.  Referring    to    mental    conditions:     see 

UNEASY. 

restlessness,  n.  1.  activity,  unsteadiness, 
unquiet,    unquietness,    inquietude,    un- 
restingness  (rare). 
2.  See  UNE.^siNESs. 

restoration,  n.  1.  return,  restitution,  re- 
duction  (rare),  reddition   (obs.  or  rare), 
restoral  (rare);  spec,  redelivery,  remitter, 
repayment. 
Antonyms:  see  deprivation. 

2.  recovery  {rare,  in  the  active  sense), 
repristination  (rare),  restitution  (rare), 
repair,  instauration  (rare),  renewal,  ren- 
ovation, retrieval  (rare);  see  cure,  re- 
vival. 

3.  see  renewal,  recovery,  repair,  re- 
placement, recall. 

restorative,  a.  recuperative,  recuperatory 
(rare);  see  curati\'E. 

restore,  v.  t.  1.  return,  regive,  reduce  (rare), 
restitute  (rare),  redeliver;  see  repay. 
2.  In  the  sense  of  "to  bring  a  person  or  part 
of  the  body  back  to  some  previous,  usually 
better,  condition" :  recover  (rare),  repair 
(rare),  retrieve,  recuperate,  repristinate 
(rare),  renew,  rehabilitate;  see  cure,  re- 
vive. 


Antonyms:  see  tire,  exhaust. 

3.  See  RETURN,  RENEW,  REPAIR,  REPLACE, 
UIX'ALL,  HEiiSTABLISH. 

restrain,  v.  t.  1.  //(  the  sense  of  "to  bring  to 
a  complete  cessation  of  activity"  or  "to 
icithhoid  from  activity":  check,  arrest, 
stop,  stay,  withhold,  deter,  rebuff,  re- 
frain (rare),  keep,  hold,  repress,  inhibit 
(literary  or  tech.),  bind,  cramp,  cohibit 
(rare),  cork  (fig.  aiui  chiefly  colloq.  or 
slang),  bottle  (fig.;   colloq.  or  slang);   see 

PREVENT,  HINDER. 

Antonyms:  see  impel,  incite. 

2.  In  the  sense  of  "to  hold  back  from  put- 
ting forth  full  activity":  check,  contain, 
govern,  rule,  constrain  (noiv  literary),  con- 
trol, bridle,  curb,  bit  (consciously  figura- 
tive), rein,  temper,  shackle  (fig.),  yoke 
(consciously  figurative),  hold,  discourage 
(now  chiefly  colloq.),  coarct  (rare),  com- 
pesce  (rare),  trash  (obs.  or  rare;  orig. 
spec.);  see  control,  confine. 

Antonyms:    see  impel,   incite,   drive, 

URGE. 

3.  In  the  sense  of  "to  hold  back  (desire,  en- 
thusiasm, feeling,  or  other  form  of  activ- 
ity)": check,  repress,  deaden,  damp, 
dampen,  chill,  chasten  (chiefly  literary), 
lessen,  control,  govern,  constrain  (now 
literary),  bridle,  curb,  hold,  bit  (con- 
sciously figurative),  confine. 

4.  *S'ee  restrict. 

restraint,  n.  1.  check,  arrest,  stopping, 
staying,  withholding,  deterrence,  deter- 
ment, keeping,  repression,  inhibition 
(literary  or  tech.);  see  prevention,  for- 
bidding. 

2.  Referring  to  the  action:  check,  govern- 
ment, control,  containment  (rare),  rein, 
discouragement  (chiefly  colloq.);  see  con- 
trol, confinement,  constraint. 

Antonyms:   see  urging,  incitement. 

3.  Referring  to  the  thing  that  restrains: 
check,  control,  bridle,  curb,  bit  (con- 
sciously fig.),  rein,  shackle,  discourage- 
ment (chiefly  colloq.),  deterrent. 

Ayitonyms:   see  incitement. 

4.  check,  repression,  control,  govern- 
ment, confinement,  bridUng,  curbing, 
cramp,  binding,  etc. 

Antonyms:  see  license. 

5.  .See  restriction. 

restrict,  v.  t.  1.  In  reference  to  confinement 
of  a  body  vxithin  a  certain  space:  see  con- 
fine. 

2.  Referring  to  the  limitation  of  the  scope 
or  extent  of  the  operation  of  activities, 
causes,  etc.:  confine,  restrain,  limit,  con- 
strain, straiten,  astrict  (rare),  restringe 
(rare);  spec,  tie,  qualify,  circumscribe. 


XJT"  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
restaurant:   eating-house. 


restful:   ccrmfortable. 
restiS:   balky. 


restive:   balky,  intractable. 
restorative:  stimulant, curative. 


f^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

358 


RETREAT 


restricted,    a.    limited,    strait    {archaic), 
strict;  see  particular,  confined. 
Antonyms:  see  absolute. 

restriction,  n.  1.  See  confinement. 
2.  confinement,  restraint,  limitation,  con- 
straint; spec,  qualification,  embargo. 

restrictive,  a.  limiting,  limitative;  spec. 
circumscriptive,  qualificatory;  see  con- 
fining. 

result,  n.  1.  effect,  consequence,  sequel,  se- 
quela (learned;  chiefly  tech.  and  chiefly 
spec),  outcome,  fruit,  product,  resultant, 
creature  (disparaging  or  contemptuous), 
sequent  (rare),  resultance  (rare),  end 
(contextual);  spec,  corollary,  superconse- 
quence,  dregs  (pi.);  see  product. 
Antonyms:  see  cause. 

2.  In  pi.:  see  proceeds. 

3.  In  mathematics:  see  computation. 
result,  V.  i.  1.  Referring  to  the  cause:   see 

eventuate. 

2.  Referring  to  what  arises  from  the  cause: 

follow,   come,  arise,  originate,  redound, 

proceed. 

resulting,  a.  resultant,  consequent,  se- 
quent (rare),  consequential,  emergent, 
arising,  appendant. 

resume,  v.  t.  1.  retake,  reassume,  recall, 
revoke;  spec,  reoccupy;  see  recover. 
2.  See  renew,  summarize. 

resumption,  n.  1.  retaking,  reassumption, 
recall;   spec,  reoccupation,  recaption;  see 

RECOVERY. 

2.  See  RENEWAL,  summarization. 

retaliate,  v.  t.  return,  requite,  repay,  re- 
tribute, retort.  "Retaliate"  is  now  used 
only  with  reference  to  the  return  of  evil. 

retaliation,  n.  return,  reprisal,  requital, 
retribution,  payment,  retortion,  talio  or 
talion  (tech.),  pay  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  absolution. 

retard,  v.  t.  1.  restrain,  delay,  slow,  forslow 
(archaic),  slacken,  slack  (rare). 
Antonyms:   see  hasten,  quicken. 
2.  See  hinder. 

retardation,  n.  1.  restraint,  delay,  retard 
(rare;    used  in  "in  retard"),  retardment 
(rare),  slowing,  slacking;  spec.  lag. 
2.  5ee  hindrance. 

retch,  V.  i.  reach  (now  dial.),  heave,  wam- 
ble (dial.),  keck  (rare),  gag. 

retentive,  a.  1.  Spec,  keeping,  continent 
(rare) . 


2.  In  reference  to  the  mind's  power  to  re- 
member:  tenacious. 
Antonyms:  see  forgetful. 

reticence,  n.  reserve,  silence,  dumbness, 
secrecy,  mumness,  reservedness,  taciturn- 
ity, reticency,  secretiveness,  closeness,  se- 
clusion.   Cf.  communicative,  talkative. 

reticent,  a.  reserved,  uncommunicative, 
silent,  dumb,  secretive,  close,  taciturn, 
mum,  secret,  dark,  private. 

Antonyms:   see  communicative,  talka- 
tive. 

retinue,  n.  following,  attendance,  tail, 
train,  trail,  suite,  suit  (archaic),  rout,  peo- 
ple (contextual);  spec,  court,  cortege 
(French),  bodyguard. 

retire,  v.  i.  1.  withdraw,  retreat. 
Antonyjus:   see  advance. 

2.  In  the  elliptical  sense  meaning,  "to  re- 
tire and  go  to  bed,"  a  sense  generally  ob- 
jected to  as  being  inexact  and  foolishly 
formal  or  affected:  bed  (rare),  lair  (of  an 
animal) . 

3.  See  recede. 

retire,  v.  t.  1.  withdraw;  spec,  seclude. 
Antonyms:  see  advance. 
2.  remove,    shelve    (fig.);    spec,   pension 
(often  used  with  "off"),  superannuate;  see 
discharge. 

retirement,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  act:  with- 
drawal, retire  (rare),  retiral  (rare),  seclu- 
sion, reclusion. 

2.  Referring  to  the  state:  withdrawal,  re- 
treat;  spec,  seclusion,  reclusion. 

retreat,  n.  1.  recession,  withdrawal,  re- 
coil (rare,  exc.  spec),  retrograde  (rare), 
rctrogradation,  katabasis  (literary;  used 
in  reference  or  allusion  to  Xenophon); 
spec,  rout;  see  retirement. 
Antonyms:  see  advance,  invasion. 

2.  recess,  place  (contextual),  cove,  recu- 
lade  (French),  retirement  (rare),  retire 
(rare);  spec  hold,  niche,  shadow,  reclu- 
sion, hibernaculum  or  hibernacle  (rare), 
grotto;  see  refuge. 

3.  See  recess. 

retreat,  v.  i.  1.  recede,  withdraw,  retro- 
grade, recoil  (rare,  exc.  spec),  go  (con- 
textual); spec,  crawfish  (chiefly  fig.;  colloq., 
U.  S.);  see  retire. 
Antonyms:  see  advance. 
2.  In  an  immaterial  sense:  see  with- 
draw. 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

resultant,  n.:  result. 

resultant,  a.:   resulting. 

resume,  n.:   summary. 

resurrect,  v.  t.:  revive,  regener- 
ate, renew. 

resiirrect,  i».  i.:  revive. 

resuscitation:  revival,  regen- 
eration, renewal. 

retail:   sell,  mention,  narrate. 

retailer:   seller. 


retain:  keep,  engage,  remember, 
hold,  detain. 

retainer:   adherent. 

retainer:  fee. 

retake:   resume. 

retaking:   resumption. 

retell:   repeat,  narrate. 

retention:  keeping,  remem- 
brance, memory,  holding,  deten- 
tion. 

reticular:  netlike,  cancellate. 


reticulation:  network. 
reticule:   workbag. 
retired:    secluded,  lonely. 
retiring:   modest. 
retort,  v.  i.  &  n.:  answer, 
retortion:  retaliation. 
retouch:   renovate. 
retrace:  delineate,  draw,  follow, 
recall.  [revoke. 

retract,  v.  t.:   withdraw,  recall, 
retract,  v.  i.:  withdraw. 


tlW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

359 


RETREATING 


retreating,  (7.  recessive,  retrograde;  spec. 
retiring. 

retribute,  r.  t.  I.  See  RETALIATE. 
2.  compensate,   repay,   avenge,  revenge, 
wreak  (archaic).       The  verb  "retribute"  is 
less  usual  than  its  synonyms. 

retribution,  ;).  1.  .See  uktaliation. 
2.  compensation,    avengcment,    revenj:.e, 
revengement,      vengeance,      recompense 
(rare).  Nemesis  (the  goddess  of  vengeance) , 
nemesis  (vengeance  in  general). 
Antonyms:   .see  fokciveness,  mercy. 

retributive,  a.  retributory,  avenging,  re- 
(luiting. 

retrieval,  ;;.  1.  See  recovery. 
2.  In  the  sense  of  "a  making  up  for":  re- 
covery. 

retrieve,  v.  t.    1.  See  recover. 
2.  In  the  sense  of  "to  make  good";    "to 
make  zip  for":  recover,  recoup. 

retroactive,  a.  retrospective,  regressive; 
spec,  ex-post  facto  (Latin). 

return,  v.  t.  1.  Referring  to  a  sending,  con- 
ducting, or  putting  back  to,  toward,  or  in  a 
previous  position  or  place:  restore;  spec. 
reconduct,  volley,  boast,  redart;  see  re- 

PtLA.CE,  reflect,   echo,  RECOMMIT. 

2.  give  (contextual),  reciprocate,  requite, 
repay,  respond  (rare);  see  retaliate. 

3.  See   REPAY,    REPORT,    ANSWER,    ELECT, 
YIELD. 

return,  v.  i.  1.  In  the  sense  of  "to  come  back 
to  or  toward  an  original  position":  recover, 
regress  (rare);  spec,  retrograde,  revolve, 
remigrate;  see  recede. 

2.  See   .\NSWER,  RECUR,  REPORT,  RENEW, 
RECOIL,  REACT,  RE^"ERT. 

return,  n.  recovery,  regress  (rare),  re- 
gression; spec,  reentry,  retrogression,  ret- 
rogradation,  countermarch;  see  reces- 
sion. 

return,  n.  1.  Spec,  volley;  see  replace- 
ment, REFLECTION,  ECHO. 

2.  reciprocation,  restoration,  requital,  re- 
payment;   see  RETALIATION. 

3.  See   RECURRENCE,    RENEWAL,    REPORT, 
REPAYMENT,   RENT,  YIELD,  REVERSION. 

reunite,  v.  t.  &  v.  i.  1.  unite  (contextual),  re- 
join, recompound,  recompose,  recombine, 
recompact  (v.  t.  only) . 
2.  reconcile. 


revel,  v.  i.  1.  disport;  spec,  riot,  roister, 
Bacchanalize. 

2.    See  UKLIUHT,  AHOUND. 

revelation,  n.  1.  Referring  to  divine  conv- 
munieations:  disclosure,  oracle;  spec. 
ajiocalypse,  gospel  (rare). 

2.    Sec  DISCLOSURE. 

revelatory,     a.     disclosing,      apocalyptic 

(chiefly  spec.  Bib.,  and  cap.). 

reveler,  n.  merrymaker;  spec.  Mayer, 
ma>na(l,  bacchant,  roisterer  or  (archaic) 
roister,  bacchanal,  bacchanalian. 

reveling,  a.  merrymaking;  spec.  Bacchic, 
Bacchanalian,  roystering,  roisterous  (rare) , 
bacchanal. 

revelry,  7i.  merrymaking,  revel-rout  (ar- 
chaic), revelment;  spec,  carnival,  deray 
(archaic),  bacchanal,  Bacchanalia  (pi.), 
orgy. 

Antonyms:     see   mourning,    lamenta- 
tion. 

reversal,  n.  1.  abrogation,  annulment;  c/. 

INVALIDATE. 

2.  inversion,  reversement  (rare). 
reverse,  a.  1.  See  back,  backward. 

2.  turned,    inverted,    inverse;     spec,   re- 

trorse,  retrograde. 
reverse,  n.  1.  contrary. 

2.  Referring  to  the  side  of  medal,  coin,  etc., 
that  does  not  bear  the  main  device:  back, 
counterpart,  verso,  tail,  pile  (archaic). 

3.  misfortune,  adversity,  backcast,  down 
(colloq.;  chiefly  used  in  "ups  and  downs"), 
backset,  check,  comedown  (colloq.),  set- 
back, pull-back  (colloq.);  see  defeat. 

4.  inverse. 

reverse,  v.  t.  1.  turn,  revert  (rare),  invert; 
spec,  retrograde,  transpose,  intussuscept, 
invaginate. 

2.    See  INVALIDATE. 

reversion,  n.  1.  In  law:  return;  spec. 
escheat. 

2.  In  thought,  discourse,  etc.:  recurrence, 
retrospect,  retrospection. 

3.  See  RELAPSE. 

4.  throwback,  atavism. 

revert,  v.  i.  1.  In  law:  return;  spec,  es- 
cheat. 

2.  To  go  back  in  thought,  discourse,  etc.: 
return,  recur,  retrospect,  remount  (rare). 

3.  See  RELAPSE,  BACKSLIDE. 


t^W  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

retrench,  v.  t.:  diminish,  re- 
move, delete. 

retrench,  v.  %.:  diminish,  econ- 
omize. 

retrenchment:  diminution, 
removal,  economy. 

retrogradation,  n.:  recession, 
declination,  degeneration. 

retrograde,  v.  i.:  recede,  de- 
cline, degenerate. 

retrograde,  a.:  backward. 

retrogression:  recession,  de- 
cline, degeneration. 


retrogressive:  backward. 

retrospect,  n.:  look,  view,  con- 
sideration. 

retrospect,  v.  i.:   look,  revert. 

retrospection:  view,  considera- 
tion, reversion. 

retrospective:    backward. 

returning:   recurrent. 

reveal,  v.  t.:  disclose,  show,  con- 
fess. 

revel,  n.:  merrymaking. 

revenge,  v.  t.:  vindicate,  retrib- 
ute. 

revengeful:   vindictive. 


revenue:   income. 

reverberate:   reflect,  echo. 

revere:   esteem. 

reverence,  n.:  esteem,  bow. 

reverence,  v.  t.:  esteem. 

reverend,  n.:  minister. 

reverent,  a.:  respectful. 

reverential:   respectful. 

reverie:  fancy,  daydream. 

revest:   reestablish,  vest. 

review,  n.:  examination,  con- 
sideration, discussion,  criticism. 

review,  v.  t.:  examine,  consider, 
discuss,  reconsider,  criticize. 


fW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

360 


RIBBON 


revile,  iK  i.  vituperate,  rail,  slang  (colloq.). 

revival,  n.  1.  restoration,  reanimation, 
raising,  revivement  (rare),  recovery,  resur- 
rection, resuscitation,  revivification,  re- 
call (contextual);  spec,  animation. 

2.  In  an  intransitive  sense:  resurrection, 
resuscitation,  rising,  revivescence  (rare), 
palingenesy  or  palingenesis  or  palingenesia 
{rare) . 

3.  In  the  sense  of  "bringing  again  to  knowl- 
edge, notice,"  etc.:  recall,  renewal,  restora- 
tion, rekindling,  resurrection,  revivement 
(rare),  revivification  (rare);  spec,  reestab- 
lishment.     See  reestablish. 

4.  In  the  sense  of  "coming  again  into  no- 
tice, currency,"  etc.:  resurrection  (rare), 
renascence,  renaissance,  revivement  (rare) , 
revival,  paligenesy  or  palingenesis  or  palin- 
genesia (rare). 

5.  In  a  religious  sense:  reawakening. 

6.  See  RECALL,  STRENGTHENING,  RENEW- 
AL, REFRESHMENT. 

revive,  v.  t.  1.  restore,  recover,  reanimate, 
wake  (religious  or  poetic),  requicken  (rare), 
resuscitate,  raise,  resurrect,  revivify,  re- 
call (contextual);  see  animate. 
Antonyms:  see  kill. 

2.  In  the  sense  of  "to  bring  again  into  ex- 
istence, notice,  or  currency":  renew,  re- 
call, restore,  revivify  (rare),  rekindle,  res- 
urrect;   see  REESTABLISH. 

3.  See  RESTORE,  RENEW,  RECALL. 

revive,  i'.  i.  1.  recover,  resurrect,  resusci- 
tate, rise. 
Antonyms:  see  die,  faint. 
2.  See  freshen. 

reviving,  a.  1.  In  an  active  or  transitive 
sense:  resuscitative,  resurrective,  revivi- 
fying. 

2.  In  an  intransitive  sense:  revivescent 
(rare) . 

revocation,  n.  recall,  rescission,  repeal. 

revocatory,  a.  revocative,  rescissory,  ab- 
rogative. 

revoke,  v.  t.  annul,  retract,  abrogate,  re- 
peal (chiefly  spec),  cancel,  rescind,  raise 
(an  embargo,  etc.),  recall,  countermand, 
counterorder  (rare);  spec,  unpray  (rare), 
unpromise  (rare),  disenact  (rare),  abolish. 
Antonyms:  see  enact. 

revoke,  v.  i.  In  cards:  renege  (local,  U.  S.), 
nig  (slang,  U.  S.). 

revolution,  n.  I.  gyro  (poetic  or  literary), 
turn,  wheel,  circuit,  circulation,  round, 
circumvolution,  whirl. 


2.  overthrow,  overturn,  upset. 

3.  See  insurgency,  passage. 
revolutionary,  a.   1.  revolutional  (rare), 

red  (fig.),  sansculottic  (fig.);   see  insur- 
gent. 
2.  See  revolving. 

revolve,  v.  i.  1.  Referring  to  an  orbit  or,  fig., 
to  what  returns  to  its  starting-place  in  a  cir- 
cuit: circle,  roll,  circuit,  orb  (rare),  turn, 
round,  wheel,  swing,  gyrate,  circumgy- 
rate,  circumvolve  (rare),  circulate. 
2.  See  rotate. 

revolve,  v.  t.  1.   roll,  wheel. 
2.  See  consider,  rotate. 

revolving,  a.  revolutionary,  gyral,  voluble 
(rare),  gyratory. 

reward,  v.  t.   1.  recompense,  requite,  re- 
guerdon  (rare),  premiate  (rare);  spec,  re- 
munerate,   gratify    (archaic),   repay,    re- 
member, flesh ;  see  pay. 
Antonyms:  see  punish. 
2.  See  punish. 

reward,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  act:  recom- 
pense, requital,  remuneration,  gratifica- 
tion (archaic),  repayment,  remembrance; 

see  PAYMENT. 

Antonyms:  see  punishment. 

2.  Referring  to  the  thing  that  rewards:  rec- 
ompense, return,  remuneration,  remem- 
brance, premium,  crown  (fig.),  bounty, 
meed  (poetic  or  rhetorical),  guerdon  (liter- 
ary), gratification  (archaic),  reguerdon 
(rare);  spec,  honorarium,  pay,  hire,  prize. 

3.  See  punishment. 
Antonyms:  see  penalty. 

rewrite,  v.  t.  rescribe  (rare);  see  copy. 
rhapsody,  n.  effusion,  rapture. 
rhetoric,  n.  1.  As  the  name  of  the  art:  elo- 
quence (rare). 

2.  As  the  name  of  a  form  of  language:  see 

diction. 
rhythm,   n.   number,    cadence,    cadency, 

rhythmus  (tech.),  pulsation  (rare);    spec. 

chime,  run,  hit  (chiefly  literary),  swing, 

meter,  measure. 
rhythmic,  a.  metrical,  metric,  numerous 

(literary;  rare),  cadent. 
rib,  n.  1.  In  anatomy:  costa. 

2.  ridge,  ribbet  (rare),  cord;  spec,  groin, 
ogive,  heme;  see  feather,  brace. 

3.  See  VEIN,  QUILL,  ridge. 
ribbed,  a.  costate. 

ribbon,  n.  1.  ribband  (archaic^,  band  (con- 
textual); spec,  cordon,  galloon. 
2.  See  strip,  badge. 


8:^^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
revile,  v.  t.:  abuse. 
revilement:  abuse. 
revise:   edit,  reconsider. 
revivify:    revive,  recall,  renew, 

refresh,  rei'.3lablish. 
revolt,    n.:     insurgence,    move- 

■menl. 


revolt,  V.  i.:  insurrect,  shrink. 
revolt,  V.  t.:  disgust,  nauseate. 
revolting:     insurgent,    disgust- 
ing, abominable. 
revolutionize:  refashion. 
revue:   play. 

revulsion:   shrink,  reaction. 
revulsive:  reactionary. 


rhapsodical:   ecstatic. 
rhyme,  rhymer,  etc. :  variants 

of  rime,  rhner,  etc. 
rib,  V.  t.:  brace. 
ribald:       abusive,     irreligious, 

coarse,  lewd. 
ribband:    ribbon,  strip,  shred, 

rag. 


tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

361 


RICH 


rich,  a.  1.  prosperous  {contextual),  wealthy, 
opulent.  atlUient,  well-to-do,  moneyed, 
solid,  livish.  pursy  (coZ/ci/.),  peeunious 
{rare),  crummy  {f<ltvu]),  doUared  [a  nonce 
inmi),  snug  (chicjli/  Iriah  dial.),  warm 
{colloq.,  Eng.). 
Antonyms:  see  poor. 

3.  See  VALUABLE,  LUXURIOUS,  MELODI- 
OUS, DEEP,  ABOUNDING,  ABUNDANT,  PRO- 
DUCTIVE, ODOROUS. 

rich  person,  moneybags  {-pi.;  humorous 
or  contemptuous),  Dives  (Latin;  in  al- 
lusion to  the  "rich  man"  of  Luke  xvi: 
19-31),  richling  (rare),  Croesus  (fig.), 
Midas  (fig.);  spec,  millionaire,  multimill- 
ionaire, billionaire. 
Antanyyns:  see  beggar. 

rickety,  a.  1.  See  weak. 
2.  shaky, ramshackle, ramshackled  (rare), 
tumbledown,  ramshackly  (rare),  cranky, 
crank,  crazy. 
Anionyrns:  see  firm. 

riddle,  7i.  1.  question  (contextual),  conun- 
drum (properly  spec),  enigma,  griph  (obs. 
or  rare);  spec,  logogriph,  logogram  or 
logograph  (an  erroneous  usage),  rebus, 
charade. 
2.  See  SECRET. 

ride,  v.  i.  1.  Spec,  lark,  prick  (archaic), 
bucket,  pump,  tool  (slang  or  cant),  walk, 
trot,  gallop,  canter,  prance,  spank,  grind 
(Eng.  university  slang),  hack,  jumble 
(rare),  jolt,  cavalcade,  spur,  tantivy  (obs. 
and  rare) ,  isLckass  (rare) . 

2.  To  ride  in  or  on  a  vehicle:  vehiculate 
(rare),  cycle;  spec,  caroche,  chariot;  see 
dri\':e. 

3.  See  REST,  FLOAT. 

ride,  v.  t.  1.  Spec,  bucket,  pump,  walk, 
amble,  trot,  canter,  lark,  prance,  hunt. 

2.  See  SIT,  TRAVERSE,  EXPEL. 

3.  bestride  (as  spectacles  do  the  nose). 
rider,  n.  1.  horseman  (itiasc),  horsewoman 

(Jem.),    equestrian,    equestrienne    (fern.; 
rare),    pricker    (archaic),    rideress    (Jem.; 
rare);  s^ec.  jockey,  galloper,  ambler,  pos- 
tillion or  postilion,  courier. 
2.  A  clause  appended  to  a  document  after 
its  drafting:  spec,  tack  (Eng.). 
ridge,  n.   1.  Spec,  ridgelet,  keel,  carina, 
rib,  carination,  fret,  fillet,  spine,   crest, 
ripple,  seam,  burr,  inion,  back,  zastruga; 
see  RIB,  WRINKLE,  wt:al. 
Antonyms:  see  channel. 


2.  Referring  to  a  ridge  of  land:  spec,  chine, 
arfite  (French),  spine,  crest,  bridge,  kame 
or  kaim  (Scot,  cfc  North  of  E ng .),  hogback, 
sowba(!k  (rare),  horseback  (U.  S.),  thank- 
you-ma'am  (colloq.,  U.  S.),  saddle,  ledge; 
see  bank,  bar,  hill. 
Antonyms:  sec  channel. 

ridged,  a.  ridgy;  spec,  keeled,  carinate, 
cristate,  crested,  corded,  twilled,  wrin- 
kled. 

ridicule, n.  derision,  mockery,  mock  (rare), 
mocking,  game  (used  ordy  in  "to  make 
game  of"),  irrison  (rare),  roasting  (colloq.; 
the  action),  roast  (colloq.;  a  specific  act); 
spec,  imitation;  see  satire. 
Antonyms:   see  praise. 

ridicule,  v.  t.  contemn,  deride,  mock,  be- 
mock,  guy    (orig.  theatrical  slaiig),  roast 
(colloq.),  scout;  spec  monkey  (rare),  sneer 
(rare) ,  skit,  burlesque,  hoot,  satirize. 
Antonyms:  see  praise. 

ridiculing,  a.  sardonic  (said  of  a  smile  or 
grin). 

right,  n.  1.  See  justice,  uprightness, 
truth. 

2.  interest,  part,  claim,  title,  droit  (law; 
chiefly  in  "droits  of  admiralty");  spec. 
equity,  patent;  see  due. 

3.  liberty,  privilege,  prerogative. 
right,  a.  1.  See  just,  correct,  appropri- 
ate,  TRUE,   conventional,    PROPER,   AD- 
vantageous,  sane,   actual,   genuine, 
straight. 

2.  dextral,  dexter. 
Antonyms:  see  left. 

3.  droitural;  spec,  contractual. 
righteous,  a.  just  (now  chiefly  Bib.),  godly, 

god-fearing,    good,    right    (rare);     spec. 
goody  (colloq.);  see  sinless,  upright,  re- 
ligious. 
Antonyms:  see  immoral. 

right-handed,  a.  dexterous  or  dextrous 
(rare). 

rightless,  a.  In  law:  dead  (fig.),  unlawed. 

rigid,  a.  1.  stiff,  indeformable  (rare),  im- 
plastic,  marbly  (a  fig.),  inflexible,  firm, 
unyielding;   see  hard. 
Antonyms:  see  ductile,  flexible,  soft, 

PLASTIC. 

2.  See  UNYIELDING,  STRICT,  FORMAL,  AUS- 
TERE. 

rigidity,  n.  1.  stiffness,  rigidness,  implas- 
ticity,  inflexibility,  firmness,  unyielding- 
ness;    see  HARDNESS. 


l^=  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
rick:   heap. 
ricochet,  v.  i.:  glance. 
rid,  V.  t.:  clear,  free. 
riddle,  n.:   sieve. 
riddle,  v.  t.:  sift,  perforate. 
ridiculous:  laughable,  absurd. 
rife:    prevalent,   current,  abun- 
dant. 
riffle:   rapid,  channel. 


riSraS,  n.. 
riflrafl,  a. 


mob. 

disreputable,  worth- 


rifle:   plunder. 

ritt,  n.:  cleft,  opening. 

rift,  V.  t.:   cleave. 

rig,     71.:      equipment,    costume, 

teain. 
rig,  v.  t.:  equip,  adjust,  clothe. 
rig,  n.:  trick,  hoax. 


rig,  V.  t.:   hoax,  manipulate. 
rigging:  equipment,  clothing. 
riglitful:   lawful,  deserved,  due. 
rigmarole:    nonsense. 
rigor:    severity,  austerity. 
rigorism:   severity,  austerity. 
rigorous:   severe,  austere,  strict. 
rile,    riley:     variants    of   roil, 

roily. 
rill:   brook. 


(W  See  Notes  of  Explanation 

362 


RISIBLE 


2.  Spec,   unyieldingness,   strictness,  for- 
mality, austerity. 

rim,  n.  edge ;  spec,  felloe  or  felly,  chime  or 
chimb,  ring,  flange,  girdle,  curb. 
Antonyms:  see  body,  center,  middle. 

rime,  rhyme,  n.   1.  crambo  {contemptu- 
ous); spec,  assonance. 
2.  See  verse,  poetry. 

rime,  rhyme,  v.  t.  berime  or  berhyme  {an 
intensive);  see  versify. 

rime,  rhyme,  v.  i.  1.  Of  words:  chink  {rare 
or  contemptuous). 
2.  Of  a  person:  see  versify. 

rimose,  a.  cleft,  rimous,  rifty,  chinky, 
clefty  {rare). 

ring,  V.  i.  &  v.  t.  1.  resound;  spec,  tinkle, 
jingle,  jangle,  dingle  {rare),  twang,  clink, 
clank,  clang,  peal  {v.  i.  only),  sing  {v.  i. 
only),  tintinnabulate  {literary),  chinkle 
{rare),  toll,  knell,  knoll  {archaic  or  dial.), 
jow  {Scot.);  see  chime,  play,  din. 
2.  As  a  V.  i.;  referring  to  the  ears:  sing, 
hum,  buzz,  tingle. 

ring,  n.  1.  resonance;  spec,  tinkle,  jingle, 
jangle,  dingle  {rare),  twang,  chink,  clank, 
clang,  clangor,  ringing,  tintinnabulation 
{literary),  chinkle  {rare),  tinnitus,  ding- 
dong  {imitative),  peal,  knell,  knoll  {ar- 
chaic or  dial.),  toll,  curfew. 
2.  See  SET. 

ring,  n.  1.  circle,  annulus  {learned  or  tech.), 
cirque  {poetic),  round,  roundel  {rare), 
hoop;  spec,  gimmal  or  gemel,  eyelet,  cir- 
clet, ringlet,  keeper,  grummet  or  grom- 
met,  whorl,  cringle,  traveler,  torque, 
thimble,  discus,  vervel  or  varvel,  washer, 
burr,  terret,  manilla,  lasket,  collar,  collet; 

see    LOOP,  FERRULE,  COIL,  CROWN,  WREATH, 

GIRDLE,  RIM. 

2.   See  SET,  COMBINATION,  ARENA. 

ring,  V.  t.  1.  See  surround,  girdle. 
2.  In  the  sense  of   "to  put  a  ring  on  or 
around":  enring  {rare);  spec,  girdle. 

ringing,  a.  resonant;  spec,  tintinnabulant 
{rare),  tinkling,  clanging,  etc. 

ringing,  n.  1.  resonance;  spec,  tintinnab- 
ulation  {literary),   tinkling,   etc.,  curfew, 
peal. 
2.  buzz  {of  the  cars). 

riparian,  a.  riverside,  riverine,  ripal  {rare), 
riparial  {rare),  riparious  {rare);  spec. 
estuarine. 

ripe,  a.  1.  Of  fruit:   mature  {obs.  or  rare); 
spec,  mellow,  soft,  overripe. 
Antonyms:  see  unripe. 


2.  Of  persons,  judgment,  scholarship,  etc.: 
mature,  developed. 

3.  See    grown,    advanced,    prepared, 

COMPLETED. 

ripen,  v.  i.  1.  Of  fruit:  ripe  {rare),  mature 
{also  fig.);  spec,  mellow  {cdsofig.). 

2.  Of  a  boil:  gather,  head. 

3.  See  DEVELOP. 

ripen, {;.  1. 1.  enripen  {rare),  mature,  mellow. 

2.    See  DEVELOP,  CURE. 

ripple,  n.   1.  agitation   {contextual),  play 
{contextual),  wave   {contextual),  wavelet, 
dimple,  ruffle,  curl,  crinkle,  lipper  {cant); 
spec,  ring,  ripplet,  ripple. 
2.  See  WAVE. 

ripple,  V.  i.  1.  play  {contextual),  wave,  lap, 
dimple,  ruffle,  curl,  crinkle,  lipper  {cant). 
2.  See  FLOW,  WAVE,  fret. 

ripple,  V.  t.  1.  agitate,  wave,  dimple,  ruf- 
fle, curl,  crinkle. 
2.  See  WAVE. 

ripply,  a.  1.  agitated,  wavy,  dimply,  ruf- 
fly  {rare),  crinkly,  ruffled. 
2.  (See  WAVY. 

rise,  n.  1.  ascent,  ascension,  ascendance, 
uprising  {rare),  levitation  {often  spec), 
heave,  tower  {rare),  mount  {rare);  spec. 
flow,  soaring,  break;  see  emergence,  as- 
cent. 

Antonyms:  see  descent,  fall. 
2.  *See  hill,  increase,  advance,  occur- 
rence. 

rise,  V.  i.  1.  ascend,  uprise,  mount,  levitate 
{chiefly  spec),  lift  {chiefly  spec),  arise 
{710W  only  poetic);  spec  soar,  climb, 
clamber,  upclimb  {rare),  upleap,  scale, 
rear,  tower,  ramp,  spring,  spire,  aspire 
{rare),  heave,  upheave  {rare),  remount, 
resurge  {rare) ,  heighten  {rare) ,  flush  {of  a 
bird),  rouse  {rare),  break,  upflow  {rare), 
exsurge  {rare),  upsoar  {rare),  emerge. 
Antonyms:  see  descend,  alight,  fall. 

2.  In  the  sense  of  "to  get  up  or  take  a  more 
erect  position":  arise;  spec  bristle,  prick, 
stand. 

Antonyms:  see  stoop. 

3.  Referring  to  the  flowing  up  of  water: 
flow,  head  {chiefly  U.  S.),  swell. 

4.  Insurrect  {rare),  insurrectionize  {rare), 
rebel,  mutiny,  revolt. 

5.  Referring  to  the  spirits,  passions,  etc: 
kindle,  wax,  mount,  tower. 

6.  See  ADVANCE,  ARISE,  APPEAR,  OCCUR, 
PROTUBERATE,  INCREASE,  RECOVER,  RE- 
VIVE, ADJOURN,  DECAMP. 


f^^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
rim,  V.  I.:  edge. 
rlzne:  frost. 
rimer:   versifier,  poet. 
rimester:   versifier. 
ring,  V.  I.;    circle. 
ringleader:   chief. 
ringlet:  ring,  lock. 


ring-shaped:   annular. 

rinse,  d.  t.:   wash,  gargle. 

rinse,  n.:  wash. 

riot,  n.:  dissipation,  merry- 
making, disturbance. 

riot, !).  i.:  dissipate,  revel,  delight. 

riotous:  merry,  boisterous,  law- 
less. 


rip,  n.:  commotion. 

rip,  !!.  i.:  go. 

rip,  n.:   tear. 

rimy:  frosty. 

rind:    I/ark,  hull,  skin. 

rise,  !i.  t.:  flush. 

risibility:   laughter. 

risible:   laughing,  laughable. 


t^r-  gee  Notes  of  Explanation. 
363 


RISING 


rising,  a.  1.  ascendant,  ascending,  mount- 
ing, resurgent  {rare);  spec,  orient. 
Antonyms:  sec  descending,  falling. 

2.    See  HILLY,  ADVANCING. 

risky,  a.  1.  Sec  D.\NGEROtJS. 
2.  scabrous     (learned    or    rare),     risque 
(French),  off-color. 

rite,  n.  form,  ceremony,  ritual  (chiefly  in 
pL);  spec,  hierurgy,  liturgy,  service,  cult, 
sacrament,  sacramental,  use,  baptism, 
proper,  mass,  form,  orgies  (pi.). 

rival,  n.  corrival  or  corival  (rare);  see  com- 
petitor. 

river,  n.  stream  (contextual) ;  spec,  rivulet, 
riveret,  riverling  (rare),  tributary,  afflu- 
ent, anabranch  (Australia),  Jordan  (Bib- 
lical), Death  (Jig.),  Lethe,  Phlcgethon, 
Styx,  Cocytus;  see  rivulet. 

river,  a.  fluvial,  fluviatile,  riverain,  riverine, 
potamic  (rare). 

rivulet,  n.  river  (contextual),  stream  (con- 
textual), streamlet  (contextual),  run  (chief- 
ly U.  S.),  runnel,  creek  (British  colonies  & 
U.  S.),  runlet,  riverlet  (rare);  .see  brook. 

road,  n.  1.  way,  passage,  roadway,  high- 
way, street,  avenue,  turnpike,  pike;  spec. 
boulevard,  ride,  track,  drive,  pave  (French), 
causeway,  ridgeway,  corduroy,  iter  (Ro- 
man hist.),  trail;  see  track. 
2.  See  anchorage,  railroad,  course, 
direction. 

roar,  n.  1.  cry  (contextual),  rout;  see  bel- 
low, SHOUT,  OUTCRY. 

2.  resonance,  thunder,  fremitus  (rare), 
buller  (Scot.),  rote  (U.  S.),  swough  (obs. 
or  archaic);  spec,  rut  (L'^.  S.),  echo. 

3.  See  OUTBREAK. 

roar,  v.  i.  1.  cry  (contextual),  rout;  see  bel- 
low, SHOUT. 
2.  See  RESOUND. 

roar,  v.  t.  cry,  rout  (rare);  see  bellow. 

roaring,  a.  1.  crying  (contextual),  routing; 
spec,  musical  (slang);  see  bellowing. 
2.  .See  loud,  bolsterous. 

roast,  n.  1.  cook  (contextual); — said  of  the 
operation  or  its  residt. 

2.  Of  meat:  spec,  barbecue,  cabob  (pri- 
marily Anglo-Indian),  sirloin,  rump, 
sparerib,  etc. 

3.  torref action  (rare);  spec,  calcination, 
decrepitation,  parch;  see  bake. 

4.  See  RIDICULE,  glow. 


roast,  V.  t.  1.  cook  (contextual;  rare);  spec. 
barbecue,  bake. 

2.  heat    (conlrxtual),   torrefy;    spec,   cal- 
cine, burn,  decrepitate,  frit,  parch'    see 

BAKE. 

3.  *S'ce  ridicule. 

robber,  n.  desperado,  plunderer,  thief ;  .spec, 
highwayman,  footpad,  bandit,  dacoit  (I?i- 
dia);  see  pickpocket,  burglar,  pirate. 

robbery,  n.  thievery,  plunder,  hold-up, 
stick-up  (Australia);  spec,  dacoity  (In- 
dia), piracy. 

robe,  n.  1.  garment  (contextual),  gown; 
spec,  cassock,  chrisom,  dalmatic,  colo- 
bium,  dolman,  surcoat,  peplum  or  peplos 
or  peplus,  prEetexta,  toga,  trabea,  manga, 
cymar,  chimer,  kimono;  see  cloak. 
2.  «S'ee  COVER,  (in  pi.)  clothing. 

rock,  n.  1.  Referring  to  a  large  tnass  of  stone: 
stone  (contextual) ;  spec,  crag,  bowlder  or 
boulder,  sarsen,  dolman,  monolith,  etc. 
2.  Referring  to  the  hard,  massive  substance 
in  general:  stone;  spec,  burr,  trap,  tufa, 
clint,  slate,  asbestos,  dolomite,  lava, 
flint,  pumice,  etc. 

rock,  V.  t.  1.  cradle. 
2.  Sec  SWAY. 

rocky,  a.  1.  stony;  spec,  craggy,  bowl- 
dery. 

2.    See  UNFEELING. 

rod,  n.  Spec,  tie,  bull,  pontil,  spindle,  slat, 
shaft,  cue,  verge,  ferule,  ferula,  pole. 

rodlike,  a.  virgate,  veretilleous  (rare), 
veretillif  orm  (rare) ,  rhabdoid ; — all  four 
tech. 

roe,  n.  eggs  (pi.);  spec,  botargo,  caviare. 

roll,  V.  t.  1.  In  the  sense  of  "to  turn  over  or 
rotate  an  object  with  the  result  of  forward 
motion  or  with  reference  to  its  motion  rela- 
tive to  what  supports  it"  (contrasting  with 
"rotate,"  which  refers  simply  to  the  turning 
round  of  the  object  about  a  central  line): 
wheel,  trundle,  truckle  (rare);  spec,  bowl, 
devolve  (archaic);  see  revol\'E. 

2.  In  the  sense  of  "to  f eld  continuously  on 
itself,"  esp.  with  "up"  or  with  an  adverb  of 
direction  or  manner:  infold,  enroll;  spec. 
furl. 

Antonyms:  see  unkoll. 

3.  See  flow,  turn,  sway,  accumulate, 

CURL,  wind,  wrap,  UTTER,  SPREAD, 
SMOOTH. 


X^°  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
rising:     rise,    insurgence,    hill, 

projection. 
risk,  n.:  danger,  chance,  venture. 
risk,   T.   t.:     endanger,   venture, 

wager. 
ritual:  formal. 
rival,  a.:  contending. 
rival,  V.  t.:  emulate. 
rival,  t.  i.;  contend. 
rivalry:   emulation. 
rive,  V.  t.:  cleave. 
riven:   cleft. 


roadside:    vayside. 

roadstead:   anchorage. 

roam,  v.  i.:  wander. 

roam,  n..°  wander. 

roast,  V.  i.:  glow. 

roasting:   hot. 

rob,  V.  t.:  plunder,  steal,  deprive. 

rob,  !'.  i.:  steal,  plunder,  pirate. 

robber:  thief,  pirate. 

robe,  r.  t.:  clothe. 

robing:   clothing.  [geiic. 

robust:    hardy,  rigorous,  ener- 

robustious:     hardy,    vigorous. 


strong,  self-assertive. 
rock,  V.  i.:  sway. 
rocket:   dart,  fly. 
rococo:   extravagant. 
rodomontade,  n.:  boasting. 
rodomontade,  a.:   boastful. 
rodomontade,  v.  i.:  boast. 
rogue:    rascal,  mischief -maker . 
roguish:  rascally,  mischievous. 
roil:   muddy. 
roily:   muddy. 
roister,  v.  i.:  bluster,  revel. 
r6Ie:    part. 


t^"  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
364 


ROTATE 


roll,  V.  i.  1.  wheel,  trundle,  trindle   {ar- 
chaic), truckle  {archaic);  spec,  grind,  wal- 
low, welter,  run;  see  bowl,  revolve. 
2.  See  GO,  WANDER,  RIDE,  PASS  (<?/  time), 

CURL,  FLOW,  WAVE,  RESOUND,  SOUND, 
TURN,  DELIGHT,  SWAY,  SWAGGER. 

roll,  n.  uOf  a  paper,  parchment,  or  the  like, 
hearing  a  record:  scroll,  volume  {archaic 
or  hist.);  spec,  pipe  {Eng.). 

2.  Referring  to  anything  rolled  up  in  cylin- 
drical form:  spec,  collar,  furl,  bolt,  fillet, 
rove  or  row. 

3.  Referring  to  the  action:  trundle,  trindle 
{archaic);  spec,  bowl,  devolution  or  de- 
volve ment  {archaic),  run. 

4.  See  LIST,  CYLINDER,  ROLLER,  COIL, 
LOAF,  WINDLASS,  TURN,  GAIT,  RESONANCE. 

roller,  n.  cylinder,  roll,  rundle  {chiefly 
spec),  trendle  {rare;  chiefly  spec),  truck, 
trundle  {chiefly  spec);  spec,  bowl,  runner, 
barrel,  mill,  drum,  jigger,  beam,  doctor, 
jack,  trolley;    see  wheel. 

romance,  n.  1.  narrative,  romant  {tech.), 
cycle  or  cyclus  {rare). 

2.    Sec  NARRATIVE. 

romantic,  a.  Spec  imaginative,  idealistic, 

fantastic,  wild,  picturesque. 

romanticism,  n.  Spec,  imaginativeness, 
idealism,  wildness,  etc. 

rondeau,  n.  poem  {contextual),  roundel 
{often  spec),  rondel  {often  spec). 

roof,  n.  1.  cover  {contextual);  spec,  thatch, 
tortoise,  tiler,  cupola,  tile,  laquear,  can- 
opy, hip  roof,  mansard,  dome,  awning, 
saddleback,  chopper  {Anglo-Indian) ,  deck 
{U.S.). 

2.    See  CEILING,  PALATE. 

roof,  V.  t.  cover  {contextual);  spec,  shingle, 
slate,  tile,  thatch. 

roofing,  n.  roofage;  spec,  tiling,  tile,  shin- 
gling, slate,  thatch. 

roof- shaped,  a.  tectiform  {rare). 

room,  11.  1.  apartment,  chamber  {rhetor- 
ical or  spec);  spec,  den,  salon  {French), 
saloon,  stew,  rotunda,  conclave,  cuddy, 
cubbyhole,  cenacle,  gloriette,  consistory, 
divan,  crypt,  cabinet  {archaic),  wardrobe, 
library,  study,  closet,  cabin,  boudoir 
{now  chiefly  poetic),  bower  {archaic), 
berth,  camarilla  {Spanish),  cellar,  stanza, 
buffet,  ward,  surgery,  cell,  zeta  {archaeol- 
ogy), sala  {rare),  salle  {French),  lodge;  see 

CHAMBER,  CELL,  ROOM,  HALL,  BEDROOM. 

2.  space,   roomage   {rare),  scope   {chiefly 


fig.),  pace  {archaic),  capacity,  accommo- 
dation; spec  margin,  headway,  seaway, 
leeway,  elbowroom. 

3.    See  OPPORTUNITY,  LODGING. 

roommate,  n.  comrade  {contextual);  spec 
chum,  tentmate. 

roomy,  a.  spacious,  large,  wide,  broad,  ca- 
pacious,   roomthy    {now   dial.),    commo- 
dious, roomful  {rare);  spec  comfortable. 
Antonyms:  see  narrow. 

root,  n.  1.  Spec,  rootlet,  radical,  radicle, 
radication  {rare),  tap,  taproot,  hand,  race. 

2.  Referring  to  hairs,  the  tongue,  nails, 
teeth,  etc.:  base,  origin. 

3.  In  philology:  radical,  etymon  {tech.). 

4.  See  SOURCE,  ancestor,  bottom,  rea- 
son. 

root,  V.  i.  strike; — said  of  plants. 

root,  V.  i.  dig  {contextual),  nuzzle,  grout, 
rootle  {rare),  grub. 

rope,  n.  line  {contextual) ;  spec,  fast,  ear- 
ing, guy,  halliard  or  halyard,  stay,  halter, 
hawser,  cable,  cablet,  painter,  swifter, 
sheet,  gad,  gasket,  ratlin,  guesswarp, 
guest-rope,  foreganger,  foretack,  fore- 
sheet,  lanyard,  boltrope,  brail,  span,  run- 
ner, downhaul,  forerunner,  messenger, 
lunge,  roband  or  robbin  {rare),  bunthnc, 
tackle,  bowline,  cord,  tack,  lariat,  lasso, 
timenoguy,  spring;  see  halter. 

ropelike,  a.  f uniform  {tech.  or  learned). 

rope-walker,  n.  acrobat  {contextual),  fu- 
nambulator  {rare),  funambulist  {rhetori- 
cal). 

rose,  71.   1,  Referring  to  the  pla7it:    rosier 
{now  poetic);  spec,  roselet. 
2.  red    {contextual);    spec,   crimson,   sol- 
ferino. 

roseate,  a.  1.  rose-colored,  rose,  rosy. 
2.  See  HOPEFUL. 

rose  garden,  rosary,  rosarium. 

roselike,  a.  rosaceous. 

rostrum,  n.  platform  {contextual),  stage, 
stand,  tribune;  see  pulpit. 

rotary,  a.  1.  See  circular. 
2.  rotative,  rotatory,  revolutionary  {rare) , 
revolving  {rare),  peristrephic  {rare);  spec. 
whirling. 

rotate,  v.  i.  &  t.  1.  turn,  revolve,  run  {con- 
textual), roll,  wheel,  whirl,  twist,  spin, 
round  {v.  i.),  twirl,  pirl  {archaic  or  dial.), 
purl  {rare  or  dial.),  birl  {Scot.),  circumro- 
tate  {rare  and  tautological). 
2.  See  alternate. 


IW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
rolled:   curled. 
rollick:  frolic. 
romance,  1).  t.:  exaggerate. 
romany:   gypsy. 
romp:  frolic. 
rompisb:  frolicsome. 
rood:  cross. 
room,  1).  i.:  lodge. 


roomer:   lodger. 

roommate:   comrade. 

roost,  n.:  perch. 

roost,  V.  i.:   perch,  lodge. 

rooster:   code. 

root,  !).  t.:  fix,  establish,  uproot, 

destroy. 
rooted:  fixed,  chronic. 
rope,  V.  t.:   bind. 


rope,  II.  i.:  string. 
roping:  cordage. 
ropy :   stringy. 
roster:   list. 
rostrate:   beaked. 
rosy:     roseate,    hopeful,   auspi- 
cious. 
rot,  n.:  decomposition. 
rot,  V.  i.:  decompose. 


%W  Sec  Notes  of  Explanation. 

365 


ROTATION 


rotation,  ?i.  1.  turn,  revolution,  round, 
roll  [rare,  cxc.  of  a  single  instance),  wlu-cl, 
whirl,  twist,  twirl,  spin,  oircunirotation 
(rare),  circumvolution,  whirligig  {rare), 
volubility  (rare). 

2.    Sec  ROUND,  SUCCESSION,  ALTERNATION. 

rough,  a.  1.  uneven,  coarse  (chiefly  spec.), 
harsh,  unsmooth  (rare),  ragged,  roughish, 
broken,  rugged,  horrid  (poetic);  spec,  sal- 
ebrous  (rare),  scabrous,  bushy,  burry, 
scraggy;    see  stubby,   burry,   craggy, 

SCRATCHY. 

Antonyms:   see  smooth,  delicate,  pol- 
ished. 

2.  Ref erring  to  weather,  the  vnnds,  etc.: 
foul,  severe,  violent,  turbulent,  harsh,  rig- 
orous (learned  or  literary),  boisterous, 
tumultuous,  rugged,  wild;  see  stormy. 

Antonyms:  see  mild. 
8.  Referrijig  to  the  water,  as  of  the  sea:  agi- 
tated (contextual),  wavy,  turbulent,  tu- 
multuous, broken;  spec,  fretful,  chop- 
ping, stormy,  wild,  uproarious,  rampage- 
ous (rare),  roaring,  boisterous. 

Antonyms:  see  calm. 

4.  Of,  or  referring  to,  the  hair,  fur,  etc.: 
shaggy,  ragged,  bushy,  hirsute  (learned  or 
literary);    spec,  unkempt;    see  unshorn, 

NAPPY. 

Antonyms:  see  smooth,  smooth-haired. 

5.  Referring  to  one's  treatment  of  others  or 
to  the  course  of  life  as  it  affects  one:  un- 
gentle, harsh,  acid,  acrimonious,  hard, 
dure  (rare),  ungenial  (rare),  untender 
(rare),  blunt,  brutal,  rude,  round,  astrin- 
gent (rare),  seamy  (fig.;  after  Shake- 
speare); spec,  brutish,  churlish,  sharp, 
savage  (colloq.),  crude,  coarse,  brute, 
surly,  sour,  foul,  gruff,  brusque,  boister- 
ous; see  impolite,  severe. 

Antonyms:    see  smooth,  gentle,  soft- 
spoken. 

6.  Referring  to  style  or  quality  in  diction, 
art,  etc.:  imperfect,  rude,  coarse,  unfin- 
ished, unpolished,  crude,  rugged,  gross, 
hirsute  (jig.  use),  borrel  or  borel  (archaic). 

7.  iSee  HAIRY,  COARSE,  CRUDE,  CLUMSY, 
UNREFINED,  ACRID,  ASTRINGENT,  DISOR- 
DERLY, ASPIRATED,  APPROXIMATE,  DIS- 
CORDANT. 

roughen,  v.  t.  rough,  coarsen  (rare),  ruffle 
{chiefly  spec),  enrough  (rare),  engrail  (lit- 


erary);   spec,  depolish  (rare);    see  fret, 

GRAIN. 

Antonyms:  sec  smooth,  polish. 

roughness,  7i.  Spec,  unevenness,  horror 
(poetic  or  rhetorical;  rare),  harshness,  as- 
perity, crudeness,  rudeness,  gruflfness, 
brutality,  bruteness,  grossness,  acidity, 
etc.     See  rough,  a. 

round,  n.  1.  See  circle,  ball,  ring,  out- 
burst, CURVE,  COIL,  revolution,  ROTA- 
TION, RUNG,  GROUP,  CIRCUMFERENCE,  DIS- 
CHARGE, CIRCUIT,  ROUTINE,  WATCH. 

2.  Referring  to  a  single  complete  turn  of 
some  kind,  as  at  play,  horse-racing,  etc.: 
turn,  spell,  bout  (noiv  chiefly  spec),  cycle, 
rotation;  spec,  rally,  run,  lap,  game, 
hand,  wrestle,  pass,  heat. 

3.  In  7nusic:  catch,  troll  (rare). 
round-up,  n.  rodeo  (Amer.  Spanish). 
rouse,  V.  t.  1.  See  start,  wake,  excite, 

STARTLE,  STIMULATE. 

2.  Referring  to  rousing  from  inactivity  or 
inattention  to  a  state  of  activity  or  attention: 
stimulate,  arouse,  move,  bestir,  stir,  in- 
spire, wake,  awake,  waken,  awaken, 
raise,  shake,  inactuate  (rare). 

Antonyms:    see  numb,  silence,  still, 

STUPEFY. 

3.  Referring  to  bringing  into  action  the 
energies,  spirits,  etc:  raise,  arouse,  call 
(used  esp.  with  "up,"  "together,"  etc.), 
summon,  rally,  brace,  draw  (used  esp. 
with  "out,"  "forth,"  etc.). 

Antonyms:  see  stupefy,  calm,  silence, 

STILL. 

rouse,  V.  i.  1.  See  awake. 
2.  move,  stir,  uprouse  (rare);  spec,  rally. 

roused,  a.  up  (used  predicatively) . 

rousing,  a.  lively. 

rout,  V.  t.  1.  flight  or  fley  (ohs.  or  archaic), 
stampede  (orig.  spec);  see  chase,  scat- 
ter, DISPERSE. 

2.  See  overcome. 
routine,  n.  course,  round,  path,  rut,  rota 

(rare),  groove  (often  depreciatory). 
row,  n.  line,  series,  string,  chain,  queue, 

file,  rank,  range  (rare),  tier  (chiefly  spec); 

spec,  degree,  cordon,  bank,  team,  swath, 

windrow;  see  list. 
row,  V.  i.  remigate  (rare),  oar  (rare),  pad- 
dle (chiefly  spec),  pull;  spec,  scull,  bucket, 

skiff,  tub. 


f^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

rotatory:   rotary. 

rotten:     decomposed,   crumbly, 

corrupt,  immoral. 
rotund:       circular,      spherical, 

plump,  full,  resonant. 
rou£:  libertine. 
rouge:   cosmetic. 
rough,  n.;  rowdy. 
rough,    V.    t.:     roughen,   work, 

shape. 
round,  a.:  blunt,  circular,  com- 


plete, spherical. 

round,  v.  t.:  curve,  circuit,  sur- 
round, traverse,  finish,  collect. 

round,  v.  i.:  curve,  revolve,  ro- 
tate, circuit,  go. 

roundabout,  a.:  circular,  devi- 
ous, indirect,  circumlocutory. 

roundabout,  ri.;  curve,  indirec- 
tion, circumlocution. 

rounded,  a.:  curved,  circular, 
spherical,  protuberant,  finished, 
full. 


ronndel:  circle. 
rousing,  a.:  lively. 
rousing,  71.;  excitation. 
rout,   n.:    retinue,   crowd,   dis- 
turbance. 
rout,  n.:  flight,  defeat. 
rout,  n.  <&  v.:  roar. 
route,  n.:  course. 
routine:   monotonous. 
rove,  n.:   wander. 
rove,  V.  i.:  wander. 
rover,  n.."    pirate,  wanderer. 


t^'  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

366 


RULE 


row,  V.  t.  1.  propel  (contextual),  oar  (rare), 
pull;  spec,  scull. 

2.    See  TRANSPORT. 

row,  n.  pull,  paddle;  spec,  scull. 

rowdy,  n.  desperado  (cnrdextual) ,  tough 
(colloq.),  rough,  ruffian,  blackguard,  hood- 
lum (U.  ,S.;  slang  or  colloq.),  Hooligan 
(slang),  larrikin  (Australia);  spec,  high- 
binder. 

rowdyish,  a.  disorderly  (contextual),  ruf- 
fianly,   ruffianish,    hoodlumish    (U.    S.; 
slang  or  colloq.). 
Antonyms:     see   law-abiding,    polite, 

REFINED. 

rowdyism,  re.  disorderliness  (contextual), 
ruffianism,  blackguardism,  hoodlumism 
(U.  S.;  slang  or  colloq.),  larrikinism 
(chiefly  Australia),  ruffianry  (rare). 

rower,  n.  oarsman,  oarman  (rare),  oar, 
oarswoman  (fern.),  benchman  (rare);  spec. 
bowman,  bow-oar,  stroke,  sculler,  galley- 
man. 

rowing,  n.  oarage,  remigation  (rare). 

rowlock,  n.  oarlock,  thole. 

royal,  a.  1.  sovereign ;  spec,  kingly,  queen- 
ly, imperial;  see  noble,  kingly. 

2.    See  GENEROUS,  IMPOSING. 

royalty,  re.  1.  sovereignty;  see  monarchy. 

2.  See  GENEROSITY. 

3.  payment;  spec,  percentage,  gale  (local 
Eng.). 

rub,  V.  t.  Spec,  chafe,  fret,  gall,  grate, 
grind,  grit,  pumice,  frictionize  (rare), 
fridge    (chiefly    dial.),    friz,    stroke;     see 

GRAZE,  FRAY,  SCRUB,  WIPE. 

rub,  V.  i.  Spec,  chafe,  fret,  grate,  grind;  see 

GRAZE. 

rub,  re.  1.  chafe,  fret,  grate,  grind,  friction 
(rare,  exc.  of  the  action);    see  abrasion, 

GRAZE. 

2.    See  OBSTACLE. 

rubber,  re.  1.  See  masseur. 
2.  caoutchouc;  spec,  ebonite,  vulcanite. 

rubber,  re.  A  decisive  game:  odd;  spec, 
bumper. 

rubbing,  re.  friction. 

rubbish,  re.  1.  stuff,  debris,  brash,  truck 
or  litter;  spec,  trumpery,  rubble ;  see  ref- 
use. 
2.  See  nonsense. 

ruin,  re.  1.  overthrow,  fall,  downfall, 
wreck,  shipwreck,  subversion,  wrack, 
rack  (chiefly  in  "to  go  to  rack  and  ruin"). 


crash,  loss,  ruination  (chiefly  referring  to 
the  actum),  undoing  (the  action),  perdition 
(rare),  decay,  mischief,  damnation  (moral 
or  spiritual  ruin);  spec,  destruction, 
devastation,  demolition,  dilapidation, 
desolation,  violation. 
Antonyms:  see  saving. 

2.  Referring  to  what  is  left  of  a  ruined 
thing;  chiefly  in  pi.,  except  as  used  to 
designate  a  ruined  structure  as  a  unit:  re- 
mains (pi.;  rare);  spec,  carcass,  wreck, 
debris. 

3.  bane ; — referring  to  what  ruins. 

4.  iSee  HARM. 

ruin,  V.  t.  overthrow,  overturn,  subvert, 
ruinate  (rare),  sap,  wreck,  shipwreck, 
damn  (ruin  spiritually),  sink,  undo, 
break,  blast,  shatter,  mine,  lose  (chiefly  in 
p.  p.  "lost"),  do  (colloq.),  confound 
(archaic),  cook  (slang),  diddle  (slang), 
dish  (sla7ig);  spec,  demolish  (flg.),  dash; 
see  DESTROY,  demolish,  impair,  deso- 
late .- 
Antonyms:  see  save,  protect. 

ruined,  a.  ruinate  (formal  or  rare),  gone 
(colloq.),  lost,  flat,  ruinous. 

ruinous,  a.  1.  *See  ruined. 
2.  pernicious,  damnatory  (spiritually  ru- 
inous), wreckful  (archaic);    spec,  subver- 
sionary,   subversive,   Cadmean,   Pyrrhic; 

see  DILAPIDATIVE,  DISASTROUS,  DESTRUC- 
TIVE. 

Antonyms:  see  beneficial,  helpful. 
rule,  re.  1.  principle,  maxim,  regulation, 
canon,  precept,  reglement  (French),  law, 
axiom,  formula  (orig.  spec),  convention; 
spec,  philosopheme  (rare),  gnomology 
(rare),  capitular  or  capitulary;  see  law, 
decree,  code. 

2.  control,  dominion,  government,  gov- 
ernance (literary  or  archaic),  regnancy 
(rare),  regency  (rare),  reign  (now  rare), 
jurisdiction;  spec,  lordship,  interregnum, 
interreign  (rare),  condominium,  raj  (ylre- 
glo-Indian);  see  monarchy,  autocracy. 

3.  <See  control,  habit,  ruler. 

rule,  V.  t.  1.  control,  govern,  judge  (Bib.), 
rein  (rare;  fig.);  spec,  lord  (rare),  king 
(rare),  overlord  (rare),  misgovern,  mis- 
rule. 

2.  See  control,  restrain,  decree,  de- 
cide. 

rule,  V.  i.  1.  control,  domineer,  reign ;  spec. 


f^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
row,  n.:   quarrel,  disturbance. 
rubicon:    boundary. 
rubicund:  red,  red-faced. 
rubric:   heading. 
rubricate:   redden,  mark. 
ruck:   crowd,  heap,  mob. 
ruction:   disturbance. 
ruddy:   red,  red-faced. 
rude:    rough,  crude,  imperfect, 
impolite,     unrefined,     undevel- 


oped, artless,  discordant. 

rudiment:    element,  beginning. 

Tudimental:  cf.  rddimentary. 

rudimentary:    elementary,  in- 
itial, imperfect,  undeveloped. 

rue:   regret. 

rueful:  lamentable,  regretful. 

rufl:   collar. 

ruffian:  villain,  rowdy. 

ruffianly:  villainous,  rowdyish. 

ruffle,   n.:   excitement,    disturb- 


ance, fight,  annoyance,  ripple. 

ruffle,  11.  /.;  roughen,  dishevel, 
disarrange,  ripple,  annoy. 

ruffle,  V.  i.:  ripple. 

ruffle,  V.  i.:  swagger,  bluster. 

rufous:   red. 

rug:   coverlet,  mat. 

rugged:  rough,  hardy,  unre- 
fined, austere. 

rugose:  wrinkled. 

ruin,  V.  i.:  decay. 


tS^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

367 


RULER 


nioiuirchizo,  lord  {uscdesp.  unth  "i7"),  roy- 
alizo,  king  {ui<cd  esp.  icith  "it"),  queen 
(used  esp.  with  "it"). 
2.  ^\r  riiEVAiL. 
ruler,  n.  1.  controller  (coniexttial) ,  lord 
(chiejly  spfc),  sovereign,  potentjite,  re- 
gent {rare),  sire  {rare),  gubernator  {rare), 
governor;  spec,  power,  dynast  {literarii), 
dey,  interrex,  diabolarch,  decarch,  core- 
gent,  coloniarch  {rare),  cosmocrat  {rare), 
cr\ptarch  (ran),  Bcrotarch,  decemir,  du- 
umvir, triumvir,  hierarchy  (a  collective), 
ecclesiarch,  hierarch,  sultan,  caliph  or 
calif,  tinea,  gerent  {rare),  jiondragon,  hep- 
tarch,  harmost,  meridarch,  ethnarch,  ex- 
arch, elector,  thalassocrat,  tetrarch,  khe- 
dive,  emir,  sultan,  genearch  {rare),  khan, 
hakim,  decan,  hyleg,  Kaiser,  czar,  king; 

see  CHIEF,  GOVERNOR. 

Anionyrns:  see  subject. 
2.  strip,  rule;   spec,  clicker,  straightedge. 

ruling,  a.  controlling,  governing,  regnant, 
regent;  spec,  ignipotent,  omnipotent. 
Antony})is:  see  subordinate. 

rumble,    n.    grumble,    growl,    rumbling; 
spec,  borborygmus ;  see  resonance,  din. 

rump,  n.    1.   hip,   rumple   {Scot.  &  dial. 
Eng.),  posterior  {contextual);  spec,  croup 
or  crupper,  podex. 
2.  See  remainder. 

run,  n.  1.  race  {obs.  or  Scot.),  cursitation 
{rare);  spec,  burst,  scamper,  scud,  scour, 
scorch,  scurry,  sprint,  scuttle,  lope,  flut- 
ter {cant),  helter-skelter. 
Antonyms:  see  standstill. 
2.  See  GAIT,  a\'erage,  grazing,  contin- 
uance, school,  roll,  track,  melody, 
direction,  journey,  trend,  flow, 
stream,  score,  migration,  demand, 
course. 

run,  V.  i.  1.  go  {contextual),  cursitate  {rare); 
spec,  sprint,  scour,  scorch,  scurry,  scuttle, 
scud,  lope,  scamper,  bolt,  course,  career, 
scutter  {colloq.),  skir  {Eng.);  see  flee. 
Antonyms:  see  walk. 
2.  See  MOVE,  FLOW,  pass,  glance,  wag 
{of  the  tongue),  roll,  flee,  extend, 
climb,  discharge,  creep,  coagulate, 
continue,  circulate,  liquefy,  go,  mi- 
grate,   APPLY,    read,    average,    TREND, 

spread,  sail,  chase. 
rung,  n.  stick,  round,  roundle  or  rundle 
{obs.  or  rare);    spec,  spoke,  stave   {now 
chiefly  dial.),  degree  {obs.,  exc.  heraldry). 


running,  a.  1.  See  flowing,  hasty,  rapid, 
creeping,  suppurative,  constant,  lin- 
ear. 

2.  Referring  to  one  that  runs:  current  {noio 

rare) . 

3.  ()/  handwriting:  current,  cursive. 

4.  Of  tlie  feet  or  legs  of  animals:  cur.sorial. 
rural,  a.    1.    rustic   {now  rare),   country, 

agrarian,  bucolic  {often  humorous),  land- 
ward {Scot.),  back  {usually  disparaging), 
Arcadian  {poetic);   spec,  pastoral,  wood- 
land, silvan,  sylvan;  see  agricultural. 
Antonyms:  see  urban. 
2.  <S'ee  simple,  artless. 

rush,  n.  1.  motion  {contextual),  movement 
{contextual);  spec,  onrush,  precipitancy 
or  precipitance  {rare  as  referring  to  action), 
precipitation  {learned  or  affected),  hurry 
{rare),  brastle  {Scot.),  debacle,  stampede, 
route,  tear,  spirt,  fly,  rampage,  scutter 
{colloq.),  scurry,  onset,  swoop,  surge, 
lunge,  plunge,  estampede  {rare),  whirl- 
wind {Jig.),  hurry,  whish  {rare),  whir 
{rare),  whiz  {rare),  dash,  start,  elan 
{French). 
2.  See  flow,  migration,  haste,  body. 

rush,  V.  i.  move  {contextual),  speed;  spec. 
precipitate,  career  {rhetorical  or  literary), 
rouse  {rare);  charge,  sweep,  lunge,  plunge, 
dive,  dash,  drive,  storm,  hurtle,  smoke, 
launch,  lash  {often  used  with  "at"),  rage, 
gush,  swoop,  dart,  bolt,  shoot,  fling, 
flounce,  spring,  hurl,  boom,  surge,  smash 
{colloq.),  skelter,  scurry,  hurry-scurry, 
helter-skalter,  tumble,  rampage,  clap 
{rare),  hurricane  {jig.;  rare),  whisk,  whiz, 
whistle;  see  flow. 
Antonyms:  see  lag. 

rushing,  a.  precipitate,  precipitant;  spec. 
dashing,  tearing,  hurtling,  helter-skelter, 
etc. 

rushlike,  a.  rushy,  junciform  {tech.). 

rust,  V.  t.  corrode  {contextual),  oxidize  {con- 
textual). 

rust-colored,  a.  rusty,  rubiginous  {tech.  or 
learned),  ferruginous  {tech.  or  learned). 

rustic,  a.  1.  *See  rural. 
2.  As  suggesting  a  lack  of  elegance,  refine- 
ment, education,  or,  usually,  of  convention- 
ally good  breeding:  coimtry,  countrified, 
geoponic  {humorous),  farmerish,  boorish, 
loutish,  clodhopping  {depreciatory),  clod- 
dish {depreciatory),  churlish,  hobnailed 
{fig.),  cldwnish,  carlish  {literary),  borrel 


I^^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
ruminate:   consider,  chew. 
rummage,  n.:  refuse. 
rummage,?). t.;  search, examine. 
rummage,  v.  i.:  search. 
rumor:   report. 

rumple,  v.  t:    wrinkle,  disar- 
range. 
rumple,  n.:  wrinkle. 


rumpus:   disturbance. 

runagate:  deserter,  fugitive, 
wanderer. 

runaway :  fugitive,  deserter, 
eloper. 

runlet :   brook,  rivulet. 

runnel:   brook,  rivulet. 

runner:  racer,  messenger,  cou- 
rier, smuggler,  creeper,  solicitor. 


runt:  dwarf. 
runway:  channel, 
ruption:   breach. 
rupture,  v.  t.:  break,  burst. 
ruse:   trick. 

rush,   V.   t.:    send,   drive,   over- 
come. 
rust,  n.:  corrosion. 
rust,  V.  t.:  corrode. 


X^g^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

368 


SAGE 


(archaic),  swainish  (rare),  inurban  (rare), 
uplandish     (rare),     backwoods,     woolen 
(rare),  rurigenous  (rare),  yokelish  (rare); 
spec.  Doric. 
Antonyms:  see  urban,  accomplished. 

3.   See  UNREFINED,  VULGAR,  COARSE,  SIM- 
PLE. 

rustic,  n.  countryman  (masc);  peasant, 
churl,  countrywoman  (Jem.),  paysanne 
(French;  fern.),  swain  (literary  or  archaic), 
clown,  boor,  carl  (archaic  or  Scot.), 
rural  (rare),  ruralist  (rare),  lout,  clout, 
hind  (literary  or  historical),  hobnail, 
clodhopper,  landman  (literary),  home- 
spun, chawbacon  (vulgar),  bumpkin,  lob- 
lolly (dial,  or  vulgar),  lob  (dial,  or  vulgar), 
yokel,  hayseed  (U.  S.;  humorous),  swad 
(rare),  kern  (rare),  Hodge  (a  personifica- 
tion), Hob  (obs.  or  archaic;  a  personifica- 
tion), Joan  (Jem.;  a  personification),  Jack 
(Scot.;  a  personification),  Corydon  (a  per- 
sonification of  pastoral  poetry  after  classic 
literature);  spec,  carter,  farmer. 
Antonyms:  see  townsman. 

rusticate,  v.  i.  retire,  ruralize. 

rusticate,  v.  t.  1.  rusticize  (rare);  see  pun- 
ish, SUSPEND. 
2.   See  COUNTRIFT. 

rusticity,  n.  1.  clownishness,  boorishness, 
churlishness,  rurality  (rare),  rusticness 
(rare) . 

2.  See  AWKWARDNESS,  IGNORANCE. 

rustle,  n.  Spec,  swish,  swish-swash,  whis- 
per, susurration  or  susurrus  (learned), 
frou-frou  (French),  bustle,  lisp;  see  mur- 
mur. 

rustle,  V.  i.  1.  Spec,  swish,  whisper,  bustle, 
lisp ;  see  murmur. 

2.    See  HASTEN,  BUSTLE. 

rustling,  a.  rustly  (rare);  spec,  swishing, 
susurrant  or  susurrous  (rare);  see  mur- 
muring. 

rusty,  a.  1.  rusted,  rubiginous  (rare),  fer- 
ruginous (tech.  or  learned). 

2.    See  RUST-COLORED,  GRATING,  SHABBY. 


Sabbath,  n.  1.  Lord's  day; — referring  to 
the  seventh  day  of  the  week,  or  Saturday. 
2.  See  Sunday. 

sac,  n.  bag,  cyst  (often  spec),  utricle,  ves- 
ica (tech.),  pouch,  pocket;  spec,  saccule  or 


sacculus,  cysticle,  follicle,  bursa,  bladder, 
theca. 

saccular,  a.  saclike,  saccate,  utricular, 
utriculate,  vesiculate. 

sacerdotalism,  n.  priestism  (in  hostile 
use);  see  clericalism. 

sacrament,  n.  1.  rite;  spec,  (voith  most 
Protestants)  baptism,  Eucharist;  (ivith 
others,  as  before  the  Reformation  and  still  in 
the  Eastern  Church)  baptism,  confirma- 
tion, Eucharist,  penance,  extreme  unc- 
tion, orders  (pi.),  matrimony. 
2.  See  RITE. 

sacrifice,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  act:  obla- 
tion, offer;  spec,  immolation,  Ubation, 
lustration. 

2.  victim,  offering;  spec,  libation,  heave 
offering,  host,  hostie  (archaic),  holocaust, 
corban,  hecatomb,  taurobolium,  lustrum, 
lectisternium,  krioboly,  idolothyte  (rare), 
chiUomb. 

3.  iSee  SELF-DENIAL,  LOSS. 

sacrifice,  v.  t.  offer,  oblate  (rare);    spec. 

immolate,  libate,  holocaust,  molochize  (a 

nonce  use). 
sad,  a.  1.  depressed,  pensive,  melancholy, 

melancholic,  grievous,  disconsolate,  trist 
(archaic),  subtrist  (rare;  archaic  or  obs.), 
uncheerful,  joyless,  cheerless,  mirthless, 
unjoyful  (rare),  unsportful  (rare),  dreary 
(archaic);  see  unhappy,  sorrowful. 
Antonyms:  see  amusing,  gay,  vivacious, 

GLAD. 

2.  >See  distressing,  lamentable,  mourn- 
ful, BAD,  DULL  (colors). 

sadden,  v.  t.  distress,  depress,  contrist  (obs. 
or  archaic);  see  grieve. 
Antonyms:  see  gladden,  cheer. 

saddle,  n.  seat  (contextual),  sell  (archaic); 
spec,  pad,  bat  or  (French)  bat,  panel,  re- 
cado  (Spanish  or  Portuguese),  demipique, 
pillion,  somerset. 

saddle  horse.  Spec,  palfrey. 

safe,  a.  1.  See  unharmed,  reliable,  care- 
ful, harmless. 

2.  secure,    unexposed,    dangerless,    sure 
(rare) . 
Antonyms:  see  dangerous,  unsafe. 

safe-conduct,  n.  1.  safeguard,  cowlo  (An- 
glo-Indian) . 

2.    See  PROTECTION. 

safety,  n.  security,  safeness. 
Antonyms:  see  danger. 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
put,  n.;  ccstrus. 
rut,  n.;  groove, 

ruth:   compassion.  [entahle. 

ruthful:     compassionate,   lam- 
rutliless:  uncompassionate, 
cruel. 


Bable;  black. 

Back,  n..-  bag,  discharge. 


sack,    V.    t.:     bag,    discharge, 

plunder. 
sack:   plunder.  {crate. 

sacrament,  v.  t.:    bind,  conse- 
sacramental:  formal,  ithviola- 

ble. 
sacred:   holy,  inviolable. 
sacrilege:   desecration. 
saddening:   depressing. 
saddle,  v.  t.:    harness,  burden, 

impose. 


safeguard,  n.:  guard,  protector, 
protection,  safe-conduct. 

safeguard,  v.  t.:  guard,  protect. 

safe-keeping:  care. 

sag,?!.;  droo]),  hollow. 

sag, !).!'. ;  droop.  [ing. 

sagacious:   intelligent,  discern- 

sagacity:  intelligence,  discern- 
ment. 

sage,  a.:  wise. 

sage,  n.:  wiseacre. 


tS"  Sec  Notes  of  Explanation. 
369 


SAID 


said,  prd.  quoth  (archaic). 

sail,  n.  1.  rag  (dcrogatorij,  contextual),  wing, 

canvas  (a  colkctivc);  spec,  flyer,  course. 

2.  excursion,  cruise;  see  voyage. 
sail,  ('.  i.  1.  navigate,  ride  [contextual);  spec. 

boat,    run,    make,    fetch,    spank,    coast, 

quarter,  scud,  yacht. 

2.    Sec  FLY,  GLIDE. 

sail,  V.  t.  1.  Rcfcrrmg  to  a  place  or  region: 
traverse,  navigate,  range;  spec,  circum- 
navigate, coast. 

2,  Referring  to  a  vessel:  drive;  spec,  run, 
pinch. 

sailing,  7i.  navigation;  spec,  voyaging,  sea- 
faring. 

sailor,  n.  sailer  (obs.),  seaman,  mariner, 
navigator  (chiefly  spec);  spec,  hand  (con- 
textual), sea  dog  (chiefly  with  "old";  col- 
loq.),  Jack  Tar  (humorous  or  affected), 
water  dog  (colloq.),  true  blue  (Eng.;  a 
landsman's  term),  tarpaulin  (now  archaic 
or  rare;  colloq.),  shellback  (slang),  lubber, 
bluejacket,  runner  (cant),  lascar  (East 
Indian),  privateer,  lithsman,  galiongee, 
guinea-pig  (slang),  midshipman,  middy 
(colloq.),  mate,  captain,  etc. 
Antonyms:  see  landsman. 

saint,  n.  Spec,  saintling  (usually  cant), 
saintess,  patron,  patroness,  pir,  saint- 
errant  (ironical;  obs.  or  a  nonce  use), 
rishi  (Sanskrit). 

salable,  a.  vendable,  saleable  (a  variant); 
spec,  marketable,  merchantable,  commer- 
ciable  (rare),  staple. 
Antonyms:  see  unsalable. 

sale,  n.  1.  disposal  (contextual),  trade  (con- 
textual),   vendition    (rare);     spec,  retail, 
wholesale,  auction,  wash  (cant). 
Antonyms:  see  buying. 

2.    See  DEMAND. 

salesman,  n.  seller  (rare);  spec,  clerk  ([/.<§.), 
counterjumper(sZa7i^),  shopman, drummer. 
saliva,  n.  water  (contextual);   spec,  froth; 

see  SLOBBER,  SPIT. 

salivate,  v.  t.  1.  Referring  to  a  person:  ptyal- 
ize  (tech.). 

2.  In  the  sense  of  "to  put  saliva  upon":  in- 
salivate, wet  (contextual). 

salivating,  a.  salivant,  sialagogic  (tech.  or 
rare) . 


sallow,  a.  1.  See  yellow. 
2.  Of  the  complexion:  thick,  muddy. 
Antonyms:  sec  clear. 

saloon,  n.  1.  See  dhawing-room,  hall. 
2.  bar,  barroom,  dramshop,  shebeen 
(Irish  &  Scot.),  grogshop  (slat)^  or  con- 
temptuous; U.  S.),  groggery  (slang  or  cotv- 
temptuous;  U.  S.),  drunkery  (rare;  con- 
temptuous), drinkery  (rare),  exchange  (lo- 
cal U.  S.),  sample  room  (obsolescent); 
spec,  tavern,  jerryshop  or  jerry  (Eng.). 
The  term  "saloon"  is  an  Americanism,  and 
usually  carries  with  it  a  suggestion  of  cheap- 
ness or  offensiveness. 

salt,  a.  sahne,  salty;  spec,  saltish,  brack- 
ish, briny. 

salt,  V.  t.  Spec,  souse;  see  pickle. 

salutation,  n.  1.  Spec,  salaam,  hail,  ave, 
Ave  or  (in  full)  Ave  Maria,  salute,  bow, 
farewell,  adieu. 
2.  See  greeting. 

salute,  V.  t.  1.  Spec,  knee,  salaam. 

2.   See  GREET. 

salver- shaped,  a.  hypocrateriform,  salver- 
form,  hypocraterimorphous;  —  all  three 
tech. 

same,  a.  identical,  one,  ditto  (a  commercial 
term;  colloq.  or  cant),  selfsame,  like. 
Antonyms:  see  distinct,  other,  differ- 
ent. 

sameness,  n.   1.   identity,   identicalness, 
oneness,    likeness,    self  sameness,    unity; 
spec,    connature,     connaturalness,     con- 
naturality,  homogeneity. 
Antonyms:  see  difference. 

2.    See  MONOTONY. 

sample,  n.  example  (contextual);  spec. 
trypiece,  swatch  (cant),  relish,  prospect; 

see  EXAMPLE. 

sanctuary,  n.  1.  sanctum,  sanctorium 
(rare);  spec.  Bethel  (fig.),  harem,  sacra- 
rium,  sanctum  sanctorum.  Holy  of  Holies, 
Holy  Place,  oracle;  see  chancel,  altar, 

SHRINE. 

2.  Referring  to  the  inner,  or  sacred,  part  of 
a  church  or  temple:  spec,  cella,  adytum, 
naos,  penetralia  (pi.),  penetral  (rare) . 
sandy,  a.  earthy  (contextual),  gritty,  sabu- 
lous (tech.),  sabulose  (rare);  spec,  topha- 
ceous. 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
said:    abote-mentioned, 
saint,  r.  t.:  canonize. 
sainted:  holy. 
saintly:   holy. 
salaam,  n.  &  v.  i.:  bow. 
salaam,  v.  t.:  salute. 
salacious:   lascivious. 
salary :   hire. 
salient:  projecting. 
salience:  projection. 
saline:  salt. 
salivate:  spit. 

sally,  n.;  issue,  flight,  burst,  ex- 
cursion, outbreak,  witticism. 


sa'ily,  V.  i.:  issue,  burst,  start. 
salon:  room,  drawing-room,  as- 
sembly. 
saltation:  dance,  jump. 
saltatory:  dancing,  jumping. 
salubrious:  healthful. 
salutary:   curative,  healthful. 
salutation:   greeting. 
salutatory:  address. 
salute,  71.. •   greeting,  discharge. 
salvation:   saving. 
salve:   ointment. 
salvo:   exception. 
salvo:  discharge. 
salvor:   saver. 


samely:  monotonous. 

sample,  v.  t.:  try. 

sanative:  curative. 

sanatorium:  health  resort. 

sanctification:  consecration, 
observance,  holiness. 

sanctify:  consecrate,  observe. 

sanctimonious:  hypocritical. 

sanction,?!.;  authorization,  ap- 
proval, confirmation. 

sanction,  v.  t.:  confirm,  au- 
thorize, approve,  enforce. 

sanctity:   holiness. 

sanctum:  sanctuary. 

sandwich,  r.  t..'  interpose. 


tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

370 


SAVING 


sane,  a.  1.  sound,  compos  mentis  or  (for 
short)  compos,  right;  see  rational. 
Antonyms:  see  deranged. 

2.    See  REASONABLE. 

sanitary,  o.  sanitarian,  hygiastic  (rare), 
hygienic,  hygeic  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  unhealthful. 

sanity,  n.  i.  See  health. 
2.  soundness,  saneness,  lightness  (rare), 
balance ;  see  reason. 
Antonyms:  see  derangement. 

sap,  n.  juice  (contextual),  blood  (literary; 
fig.);  spec,  latex,  milk. 

sarcasm,  n.  1.  quip,  cut,  nip,  hit,  stroke, 
braid  (obs.);  see  jeer. 
2.  See  abuse,  acrimony. 

sarcastic,  a.  sarcastical  (rare),  piercing, 
abusive  (contextual),  acrimonious,  slash- 
ing, biting,  cutting,  mordant,  sharp;  spec. 
ironical;    see  satiric. 

sash,  n.  The  frame  for  a  window:  frame 
(contextual),  casement. 

satire,  n.  1.  See  ridicule. 
2.  Referring  to  a  particular  ridiculing  com- 
position:    spec,    lampoon,    pasquil,    pas- 
quinade, skit,  squib. 

satiric,  a.  satirical,  sarcastic  (contextual), 
Juvenalian  (rare);  spec,  cynic,  ironical, 
Pantagruelian ;  see  ridiculing. 

satirical,  a.  I.  See  satiric. 
2.  Of  persons:  spec,  cynic. 

satirist,  n.  iambist  (hist.),  sillograph  (rare; 
chiefly  spec);  spec,  lampoonist,  pasquin- 
ader,  Pantagruelist. 

satirize,  v.  t.  lash  (contextual;  fig.);  spec. 
lampoon,  pasquinade ;  see  abuse,  ridicule. 

satisfaction,  n.  1.  See  payment,  pay,  ex- 
piation, REDRESS,  conviction. 

2.  Referring  to  satisfying  a  person  or  the 
mind:  spec,  contentment,  contentation 
(rare),  satiation. 

3.  Referring  to  the  fact  or  state  of  being 
satisfied:  spec,  contentment  (a  less  ab- 
stract or  generic  word  than  "content"), 
satiety;  see  pleasure. 

Antonyms:  see  discontent. 

4.  Referring  to  satisfying  of  tvishes,  de- 
sires, etc.:  spec,  meeting,  sating,  satiation, 
appeasement,  fulfillment,  answ^ering;    see 

GRANT. 


5.  Referring  to  the  satisfying  of  conditions, 
requirements,  etc.:  spec,  meeting,  answer- 
ing, fulfillment,  discharge. 

satisfactory,  a.  1.  See  adequate,  con- 
vincing. 

2.  good,  well  (used  predicatively) ;  see 
pleasant,  comfortable. 

satisfiable,  a.  Spec,  appeasable,  satiable, 
placable. 

satisfied,  a.  1.  content;   see  contented, 

PLEASED. 

Antonyms:  see  discontented. 
2.  sated,  satiate   (rare),  satiated   (rare), 
full  (chiefly  archaic  or  vulgar) . 
satisfy,  v.  t.  1.  See  pay,  convince. 

2.  Referring  to  a  person  or  the  mind:  full 
(rare),  sate,  glut,  satiate  (rare);  spec,  con- 
tent; see  please,  pacify,  appease. 

3.  Referring  to  satisfaction  of  vxishes,  de- 
sires, etc.:  appease;  spec,  meet,  sate,  sa- 
tiate, glut,  fulfill,  answer ;  see  grant. 

4.  Referring  to  the  satisfaction  of  condi- 
tions, requirements,  etc.,  to  be  met:  spec. 
meet,  answer,  fulfill,  discharge. 

saturate,  v.  t.  fill,  imbue  (rare),  supersat- 
urate; see  impregnate. 

sauce,  n.  1.  dressing;  spec,  vinaigrette,  dip 
(local  Eng.  and   U.   S.),  gravy,   veloute 
(French). 
2.  See  impudence. 

sausage- shaped,  a.  botuliform  (tech.). 

saute,  v.t.iry  (contextual),  toss,  jump  (rare). 

savage,  n.  savagess  (fern.);  spec,  barba- 
rian, Goth  (fig.),  Hun  (fig.),  vandal  C^.), 
Tartar  (fi^.). 

save,  V.  t.  1.  keep  (contextual),  preserve; 
spec,  rescue,  recover,  snatch,  redeem,  de- 
liver, salve,  salvage  (rare);  see  deliver. 
Antonyms:  see  ruin,  wreck. 

2.  See  PROTECT,  preserve,  keep,  pre- 
vent, stint. 

3.  keep,  hoard,  store. 

4.  Referring  to  the  protecting  or  keeping  from 
fatigue,  wear,  etc.:  favor  (colloq.),  spare. 

saver,  n.  preserver,  salvor.  Savior  or  Sav- 
iour (chiefly  cap.  and  used  of  Christ) . 

saving,  n.  1.  keeping  (contextual),  preserva- 
tion; spec,  rescue,  salvation,  recovery,  re- 
demption, salvage. 
Antonyms:  see  ruin. 


t^"  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

sapor:  taste. 

sauce,  v.f..*  insult. 

sanguinary:      bloody,     blood- 

sardonic:  ridiculing. 

saucebox:  jackanapes. 

thirsty. 

sash:   scarf,  girdle. 

saucer:  dish. 

sanguine:  red, hopeful. 

satan:   devil. 

sauclness:  impudence. 

sanguineous:       bloody,     red, 

Satanic:  devilish. 

saucy:   impudent,  smart. 

bloodthirsty,  hopeful. 

satchel:   handbag. 

saunter,  D.  t'.;  stroll. 

sangulnolent:  bloody. 

sate:   satisfy,  surfeit. 

saunter,  n.:  gait,  stroll. 

sanitarium:  health  resort. 

sated:  full,  .•satisfied. 

savage,   a.:    wild,   unciviliged. 

sanitate:   cure,  disinfect. 

satellite:  adherent,  planet. 

fierce,  cruel,  rough. 

sap,  V.  t.:    undermine,  destroy. 

satiate:  surfeit. 

savannah:  prairie. 

ruin. 

satiated:  full,  satisfied. 

savant:  scholar. 

sapid:   palatable. 

satiety:  fullness,  surf eit. 

save,  V.  i.:  economize. 

sapience:  wisdom. 

satisfy,  V.  i.:  suffice. 

save,  prep.:  except. 

sapient:  wise. 

saturnalia:  festival,  carouse. 

save-all:  receptacle. 

saponaceous:  soapy. 

saturnine:  depressed,  dull. 

saving,  prep.:  except. 

(W  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

371 


SAVIOR 


a.  See  PROTECTION,  PRESERVATION,  EX- 
CKin'lON. 

3.  thrift;  see  economy. 

4.  In  pL:  store,  hoard,  thrift  (ardiaic). 
Antonyms:  sec  waste. 

savor,  V.  i.  In  the  sense  of  "to  shoiv  the  in- 
Jluenee  of  or  presence  of":  relish,  smack; — 
used  with  "of." 

say,  n.  1.  See  dictxtai. 
2.  voice,  floor  (cant);    spec,  vote; — used 
with  "to  hare,"  or  "to  have  no." 

sa>'ing,  n.  1.  See  pronunciation,  recita- 
tion. 

2.  expression  (contextual),  statement  (con- 
iixiual);  spec,  apothegm,  epigram,  log- 
ion;  see  dictum,  witticism. 

3.  proverb,  adage,  saw,  mot  (archaic,  lit- 
erary, or  considered  as  French),  byword, 
commonplace,  gnome  (rare),  text  (rare), 
diet  (obs.  or  arcliaic);  spec,  maxim,  apho- 
rism, epigram,  precept,  apothegm. 

scab,  n.  1.  slough,  crust,  eschar  (tech.). 
2.  As  u^ed  by  trade-unionists:   rat,  knob- 
stick (Eng.),  blackleg,  snob  (dial.  Eng.). 

scab,  V.  i.  slough,  crust,  incrust  (contextual; 
literary  or  learned) . 

scabby,  a.  scald  (archaic),  sloughy. 

scale,  n.  1.  Referring  to  a  balance:  pan, 
dish,  basin. 

2.  In  pi.:  balance,  beam  (fig.);  spec. 
trebuchet. 

scale,  71.  1.  squama  (tech.),  lamella  (tech.), 
plate,  flake;  spec,  urostege,  cinder;  see 
l.vxiina. 

2.  See  FILM. 

3.  In  botany:  spec,  hull,  ramentum,  lodi- 
cule,  palea,  pale,  bract. 

scale,  Ji.  1.  In  music:  genus  (ancient  Greek 
music);     spec,    gamut,    mode,    diapason, 
tetrachord,  pentachord,  hexachord,  etc. 
2.  See  series,  standard,  proportion. 

scale,  V.  t.  1.  unscale  (rare) . 
2.  flake. 

scale,  V.  i.  desquamate  (tech.),  shed,  ex- 
foliate, flake,  pill  (of  skin,  bark,  etc.). 

scalelike,  a.  squamous,  squamoid,  squami- 
form; — all  three  tech. 

scaling,  n.  flaking,  peeling,  desquamation 
(tech.). 


scalp,  n.  epicranium  (tech.). 

scaly,  a.  scjuamous,  ramcntaccous  (bot.), 
scutate  (chiefly  zool.),  imbricate  (having 
nrcrlapping  scales);  see  scurfy. 

scanty,  a.  1.  meager,  scant,  i)(){)r  (context- 
ual), scrimpy,  scrimp,  pinched,  spare, 
sparing,  skimp,  exiguous  (rare),  exile  (ar- 
chaic), frugal;  spec,  niggard,  stingy,  nig- 
gardly. 
Antonyms:  see  abundant,  unstinted. 
2.  See  deficient,  narrow. 

scar,  n.  cicatrix  (tech.),  cicatrice  (rare); 
spec,  cicatricle,  hilum. 

scar,  V.  t.  cicatrize,  disfigure  (contextual), 
spec.  pit. 

scarecrow,  n.  1.  deedman  (dial.). 
2.  See  bogy. 

scarf,  71.  1.  sash;  spec,  cornet;  see  girdle. 
2.  Referring  to  a  broad  strip  worn  variously 
for  ornament  or  comfort:  spec,  fichu,  muf- 
fler, rebozo  (Spanish),  cloud,  throw,  veil, 
tippet,  tallith,  lambrequin. 

scarlet,  a.  red  (contextual),  bow-dyed 
(Eng.;  rare),  cochineal,  Babylonian  or 
Babylonic  (cf.  Rev.  xvii:  4>'  literary);  spec. 
pink  (cant). 

scatter,  v.  t.  separate  (contextual),  dis- 
perse, dispel,  diffuse,  dissipate,  dissemi- 
nate (fig.  or  spec);  spec,  strew,  shake, 
spread,  spill,  shed,  sprinkle,  broadcast, 
sow,  ted  (often  fig.),  rout,  melt,  strow,  ra- 
diate, spatter,  sparse  (rare),  litter,  resolve, 
disband,  dot;  see  interpose,  sprinkle, 
spray,  distribute. 

Antonyms:  see  gather,  collect,  ac- 
cumulate, concentrate,  convene,  con- 
verge. 

scatter,  v.  i.  disperse,  dissipate;  spec. 
melt,  dissolve,  spread,  radiate,  lift;    see 

STREW,   strow.  spatter,  SPILL,  DISBAND. 

Antonyms:   see  meet,  gather,  congre- 
gate, CON\'ENE,  converge,  CROWD. 
scattered,  a.  diffuse,  strewn,  strown,  dis- 
sipated,   disseminated;     spec,    dispersed, 
broadcast,  etc.;  see  infrequent. 

Antonyms:   see  collective,  bunchy. 
scattering,  a.  dispersive,  dispellent  (rare), 
diffusive,    dissipative;     spec,    discutient, 
resolvent. 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
savior,   saviour:  saver. 
savor,  n.;  taste,  trace. 
savor,  V.  I.:  taste. 
savorous:  palatable. 
savory:    palatable,  odorous. 
savour,  variant  of  savor. 
saw:    saying. 
say-so,  n.:  dictum. 
scabbard,  n.:  sheath. 
scabbard,  v.  t.:  sheathe. 
scabrous:  rough,  harsh. 
scaSpId:   platform. 
scald,  V.  t.:  burn,  boil. 
scald,  a.:  scabby,  contemptible. 
scale,  c.<.;  climb. 


I    scale,  V.  i.:  rise. 

scallop,  V.  t.:  indent. 

scalloped:   crenate. 

scamp,  ?!.;  rascal. 

scamp,  V.  t.:  slight. 

scamper,  v.  i.:  run. 

scamper,  n.:  flight. 

scampish:   rascally. 

scsiJit  analyze, examine, consider. 

scandal:   discredit. 

scandalize:  disparage,  shock, 
defame. 

scandalous:  discreditable,  de- 
famatory, abusive. 

scansion:  aiialysis. 

scansorial:    climbing. 


scant,  a.:  deficient,  scanty,  nar- 
row. 
scant,  V.  t.:  stint. 
scantily:   poorly.  ' 

scapegrace:  rascal. 
scar,  n.:   cliff. 
scarce:  deficient,  infrequent. 
scarcity:  deficiency,  fewness. 
scare,  n.:  fear. 
scare,  v.  t.:  frighten. 
scarf,  n.:  joint. 
scarify:  scratch,  cut. 
scarry:   precipitous. 
scary:   alarming. 
scathe:   harm. 
scatheless:   unharmed. 


tS^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

372 


SCORIACEOUS 


scattering,  n.  separation  (contextual),  dis- 
persion,   dispelling,    diffusion,    etc.     Cf. 

SCATTER. 

Antonyms:    see  collection,   meeting, 

CONVENTION. 

scene,  n.  1.  Referring  to  a  piece  of  theatrical 
property  used  in  mJaJfing  up  the  pretended 
view:  scfenery  {collective);  spec,  profile, 
hanging,  slide,  curtain,  flat,  etc. 

2.  Spec,  panorama,  tableau,  phantasma- 
goria or  (rare)  phantasmagory,  pageant; 

see  PICTURE,  SITUATION,  VIEW. 

3.  See  DISTURBANCE,  OCCURRENCE. 
scenery,  n.  1.  See  scene. 

2.  view;  spec,  landscape,  seascape. 

scent,  V.  t.  1.  smell;  spec,  wind; — chiefly  re- 
ferring to  animals,  as  dogs. 
2.  See  FOLLOW,  track. 

scent,  V.  t.  perfume,  fume  (rare),  odorize 
(rare);  spec,  incense,  cense  (rare),  fumi- 
gate (literary),  embalm;  see  fumigate. 

scepter,  n.  1.  rod  (contextual);  spec,  bau- 
ble, mace. 
2.  See  supremacy. 

scheming,  a.  Spec,  designing,  planning, 
diplomatic;  see  calculating. 

schismatic,  a.  nonjuring,  nonconformist. 

schismatic,  n.  separatist,  nonjuror,  non- 
conformist, sectary  (chiefly  hist.),  secta- 
rian (chiefly  hist.). 

scholar,  n.  1.  student,  learner,  pupil,  dis- 
ciple (archaic,  rhetorical,  or  jocular,  exc. 
spec),  rapin  (French);  spec,  classman, 
sophomore,  freshman,  junior,  senior, 
schoolboy,  schoolgirl,  graduate  (U.  S.), 
postgraduate  (orig.  U.  S.;  a  more  common 
term  than  "graduate"),  grade  (a  collective), 
master,  monitor,  bluecoat  (Eng.),  Bursch 
(Ger.),  demy  (Oxford  University;  Eng.). 
2.  savant  (masc;  chiefly  spec),  savante 
(fern.;  chiefly  used  of  Frenchwomen; 
French),  clerk  (archaic),  bookman  (rare), 
doctor  (archaic),  polyhistor  (rare),  poly- 
math (rare);  spec.  Greek,  Grsecist,  Hebra- 
ist, moolvee  (East  Indian),  pundit  (Hin- 
du), philologist,  ethnologist,  etc. 
Antonyms:  see  ignoramus,  blockhead. 

scholarship,  n.  1.  studentship  (rare),  pu- 
pilage, pupilship  (rare),  discipleship  (rare 
or  spec),  discipulate  (rare). 


2.  Referring  to  what  is  given  to  a  scholar  for 
his  maintenance:  spec,  fellowship,  bursary. 

3.  See  learning. 

school,  n.  1.  phrontistery  (fig.  and  usually 
contemptuous  or  humorous);  spec  kinder- 
garten, primary  school,  common  school, 
grade  school,  high  school,  junior  high 
school,  junior  college,  academy,  institute, 
lyceum,  lycee  (French),  seminary,  college, 
university,  conservatory,  gymnasium 
(Continental  Europe). 
2.  See  exercise,  manage,  sect,  group. 

school,  n.  1.  Referring  esp.  to  fish  or  ceta- 
ceans: shoal,  run  (chiefly  spec);  spec,  gam, 
pod  (of  seals  or  whales),  herd. 
2.  See  flock. 

schoolman,  n.  Hist.:  scholastic. 

schooner,  n.  Spec,  jack,  tern,  quart, 
quint,  sext. 

science,  n.  1.  See  knowledge. 
2.  Referring  to  a  branch  or  knowledge:  dis- 
cipline (archaic);   spec,  trivium  (a  collec- 
tive), quadrivium  (a  collective). 

scissors, n.  pZ.forfex  (hu7norously  pedantic); 
spec,  shears  (more  common  than  scissors  in 
dignified  metaphor) . 

scissorslike,  a.  forficate  or  forficated 
(tech.). 

scold,  V.  %.  chide,  row  (slang),  rail,  storm; 
see  complain. 

scold,  V.  t.  reprove  (contextual),  chide,  rate, 
berate,  dress  (colloq.;  chiefly  with  "down"), 
trim  (slang  or  colloq.),  wig  (colloq.),  huff 
(rare),  bounce  (colloq.;  rare),  tongue  (ar- 
chaic or  colloq.),  score  (U.  S.;  colloq.), 
strafe  (colloq.),  row  (slang). 
Antonyms:  see  praise. 

scolding,  n.  reproof  (contextual),  rating, 
dressing    (colloq.;   chiefly   with    "down"), 
wigging    (colloq.),    trimming    (colloq.    or 
slang) . 
Antonyms:  see  praise. 

scope,  n.  1.  reach,  range,  field,  purview, 
sphere,  stretch,  limit,  bound,  tether  (fig.), 
amplitude,     span,     extension,    diapason 
(fig.);  spec,  incidence. 
2.  See  EXTENT,  area,  room,  opportunity. 

score,  n.  1.  See  notch,  mark,  line,  ac- 
count, CHARGE,  RECORD,  MATTER,  REA- 
SON, twenty. 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

scholastic,   a.:    academic. 

pe- 

SCOld,  n.;  shrew. 

scavenge:  clean. 

dantic. 

scollop:   indent. 

scenic:  dramatic. 

school, V.  t.:  teach,  exercise,  train. 

sconce:    head. 

scent:   smell. 

school,  V.  i.:  flock. 

sconce:   candlestick. 

[beat 

scentless:  inodorous. 

schoolfellow:   mate. 

scoop,  n.:   ladle,  bucket, 

hollow 

schedule,  n.:  list,  table. 

schoolmate:   mate. 

scoop,  V.  t.:  dip,  hollow. 

schedule,  v.:  h.s<. 

sciatic:   hip. 

scoot,  V.  i.:  dart. 

schematism:   arrangement. 

scientific:   expert. 

scorch,  n.:  char,  run. 

schematize:    formulate,   tabu- 

scimitar:    .sword. 

scorch,  V.  t.:  char. 

late. 

scintilla:    particle. 

scorch,  V.  i.:  hasten,  run 

scheme,  n.:    outline,  plan,  list, 

scintillate:   JIa.'ih,  twinkle. 

score,  V.  t.:    cut,  gash. 

scratch, 

method,  table,  system. 

sciolist:    pretender. _ 

groove,  mark,   arrange. 

\record, 

scheme,  v.  i.:   plan. 

scion:   graft,  offspring. 

count. 

scheming:  calculating. 

scissile:    cleavable. 

scoria:   dross. 

schism:  breach,  sect,  division. 

scoff:  jeer. 

scoriaceous:  droitf. 

XW  Sec  Notes  of  Explanation. 

25 

373 

SCORN 


3,  A  gaining  of  a  point,  or  a  particular 
amoiiftt  ncorctt:  s/wr.  duck's  ong  or  duck 
ejiii  {sUvig),  goose  egg  (slang),  run,  notch 
{rare),  bye,  hole,  bogy,  love,  string,  etc. 

scorn,  n.  1.  Sec  contkmpt. 
2.   Rijcrring  to  what  is  despised:  scoff. 

Scotsman,  n.  Scotchman,  Scot,  Sawney 
icolloq.  and  derisive). 

Scottish,  a.  Scotch,  Scots,  Caledonian 
(luetic  or  rhetorical). 

scour,  r.  t.  1.  rub  {contextual);  spec,  holy- 
stone, scrai>e,  fettle;  see  polish. 

2.  See  REMOVE,  CLE.\R,  WASH,  EVACUATE, 
CLEAN",  SWEEP. 

scramble,  ?i.  1.  See  co^fTENnON. 

2.  scrabble,  sprawl,  clamber. 
scramble,  v.  i.  I.  See  contend. 

2.  scrabble,  scrawl  {obs.  or  dial.),  sprawl; 

see  CL.VNIBER. 

scrape,  v.  t.  1.  abrade  'Jormal  or  tech.); 
spec,  rake,  rasp,  grind,  grate,  scrabble, 
scuff,    file,    bark,    sclaff,    squilgee,    paw, 
curry;  see  graze,  scratch,  scoub. 
Antonyms:  see  smooth. 

2.    See  ACCUMULATE. 

scrape,  n.  1.  scraping  (referring  to  the  ac- 
tion; "scrape"  refers  esp.  to  a  single  act), 
abrasion;  spec,  attrition,  scratch,  grind, 
grate,  scrabble,  rasp,  rake,  scuff,  file, 
sclaff;  see  graze,  scratch,  scour. 

2.  Referring  to  the  effect  of  the  act:  break 
(contextual),  abrasion,  rub  (contextual)^ 
spec,  gall,  raw,  fleck,  fox. 

3.  See  BOW,  PREDICAMENT. 

scratch,  v.  t.  1.  scrape  (contextvxil) ;  spec. 

bescratch,  scrabble,  furrow,  scarify,  rake, 

rasp,  score,  claw,  bite  (often  fig.),  race, 

card;  see  graze. 
Antonyms:  see  smooth. 

2.  See  SCR  AWT.,  scribble. 
scratch,  n.   1.  scrape  (contextvxil);    spec. 

rake,  rasp,  scarification,  claw;  see  graze. 

2.  Referring  to  the  effect  of  the  act:  mark 
(contextual),  line  (contextual),  scrape  (con- 
textual); spec,  furrow  (contextual),  stri- 
ation. 

3.  See  GRATE,  fight,  scribble,  scrawl. 


scratchy,  a.   rough    (contextual),   scrapy, 
rasi)ing,  abradent  (learned  or  tech.). 
Aiitiinyms:   see  smootil 

scrawl,  V.  t.  1.  See  scribble. 
2.  Referring   to   drawing,    painting,   etc.: 
scratch,  scrabble. 

scrawl,  n.  1.  Sec  scribble. 
2.  Referring  to  a  delineation  or  picture: 
scratch,  scrabble. 

scream,  v.  i.  &  t.  cry  (contextual),  shout 
(contextual),  screech,  screak  (rare),  ululate 
(rare;  chiefly  spec);  spec,  scritch  (ar- 
chaic), squall,  squawk,  squeal,  shriek. 

scream,  n.  cry  (contextual),  shout  (context- 
ual),  screech,  screak  (rare),  ululation 
(rare;  chiefly  spec);  spec,  squall,  squeal, 
squawk,  scritch  (archaic),  shriek. 

screamy,  a.  screechy  (colloq.),  ululant 
(chiefly  spec),  screaky  (rare). 

screen,  n.  1.  Spec,  curtain,  medium,  sconce, 
blind,  blindage,  blinding,  shade,  tat  or 
tatty  (East  Indian),  shield;  see  protec- 
tion. 

2.  partition  (contextual);  spec,  parclose, 
iconostasis,  reredos,  mask,  lattice. 

scribble,  v.  i.  &  t.  1.  write  (contextual), 
scrawl,  scrabble,  scratch. 

scribble,    n.    scrawl,     scrabble,     scratch, 
scribblement  (rare);  spec,  pothook. 
2.  See  composition. 

scribbly,  a.  scrawly. 

scrimmage,  n.  1.  See  CONTEST,  FIGHT, 
DISTURB. \NCE. 

2.  In  football:  melee  (French);  spec,  bully 
(Eton  football),  rush  (U.  S.),  rouge  (Eton 
school;  Ejig.). 

Scripture,  n.  1.  Word  (vnth  "the"),  Bible, 
Holy  Writ,  Book  (un,th  "the").  Often  used 
in  pi.,  "Scriptures,"  and  with  "the"  pre- 
fixed. 

2.  Referring  to  any  sacred  vmtings:  oracles 
(pi.),  canon. 

scroll,  n.  1.  See  roll,  i,ist. 

2.  Referring  to  a  convoluted  or  spiral  orna- 
ment: cartouche;  spec,  volute.  .- 

3.  Referring  to  a  ribbonlike  strip,  often 
bearing  a  motto:  spec.  escroU. 


I^^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
scorn,  V.  t.:  contemn. 
scornful:  contemptuous. 
Bcotch,  71.:  cut,  line. 
icotch,  V.  t.:   cut,  gash. 
Bcotch,  n.  &  V.  t.:  block. 
scoundrel:   rascal. 
scoundrelly:   rascally. 
scour,  n.:  run. 
scour,  V.  i.:  run. 
scour,  V.  t.:  traverse. 
scour,  r.  t.:  evacuate. 
scourge,  n.:  lash,  calamity. 
scourge,  v.  t.:  lash. 
scout,  n.:  survey,  watcher. 
scout,  r.  i.:  watch. 
scout,  r.  t.:  ridicule,  reject. 
scow:   lighter,  punt. 
scowl:  frown. 


scrabble,  n.:  scrawl,  scribble. 
scrabble,  v.  i. :  scribble,  scramble. 
scrabble,  t.  t.:  scrawl,  scratch. 
scrag:   skeleton. 
scraggy:   rough,  thin. 
scrap:  food,  piece. 
scrap:   contest,  fight. 
scrappy:    unconnected. 
scrapy:   abrasive,  grating. 
scrawly:   scribbly. 
scrawny:   thin. 
screak,     n.:     scream,    grating, 

creak. 
screak,  v.  i.:  scream,  grate,  creak. 
screech:  scream,  creak. 
screed:   list,  composition. 
screen,  v.  t.:  protect,  hide,  shade, 

.■'helter. 
screened:   sheltered,  hidden. 


screw,  n.:  twist,  spiral,  distor- 
tion, niggard,  pressure. 

screw,  V.  t.:  attach,  fasten, 
stretch,  strain,  propel,  oppress, 
extort,  press,  twist,  distort. 

screw- shaped:   spiral. 

scribe,  n.:  clerk,  amanuensis, 
author. 

scribe,  v.  t.:  mark. 

scrimp,  a.:  scanty. 

scrimp,  v.  t:  stint. 

scrimp,  r,  {.:  economize. 

scrlmpjf:   scanty. 

scringe,  v.  i.:  shrink. 

scrip,  n.:  handbag.^ 

scrip,  n.:  certificate. 

script:  handwriting. 

scrivener:  derk,  amanuensis, 
copyist. 


t^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
374 


SEAT 


scrub,  r.  t.  rub  {contextual) ;  spec,  pumice, 
holystone. 

scrupulous,    a.    1.    apprehensive,    strict, 
queasy,  nice,  meticulous  {literary),  punc- 
tilious, religious. 
Antonyms:  see  unprincipled. 

2.  See  CONSCIENTIOUS,  FASTIDIOUS,  HES- 
ITATING, EXACT. 

scullion,  n.  servant  {contextual),  marmiton 

{French). 
sculptor,  n.  artist  {contextual),  sculptress 

{fern.),  insculptor  {rare);  spec,  statuary. 
sculpture,  n.  1.  sculpturing,  sculpturation 

{rare);     spec,    toreutics;     see    carving, 

MOLDING. 

2.  piece  {contextual),  figure  {contextual); 
spec,  relief,  bas-relief,  statuary,  figurine, 
bust,  torso,  grotesque,  marble,  glyph;  see 

STATUE. 

sculpture,  v.  t.  carve  {contextual),  insculp 
{rare),  insculpture  {rare),  sculpt  {rare  or 
jocular),  sculp  {colloq.  or  jocular);  spec. 
statue  (rare);  see  mold. 

sculptured,  a.  carved,  glyphic  {rare). 

scum,  V.  i.  despumate  {rare  or  tech.). 

scurf,  n.  scales  {pi.);  spec.  dandrufT  or 
dandriff,  furfur. 

scurfy,  a.  scaly,  impetiginous(<ec/i.),  scruffy, 
farreous  (rare),  furfuraceous  {chiefly  med.). 

scurvy,  n.  scorbutus  {tech.). 

sea,  n.  1.  ocean,  main  {poetic),  deep  {poetic 
or  rhetorical;  used  with  "the"),  brine 
(chiefly  poetic;  used  with  "the"),  blue  {po- 
etic; used  with  "the"),  wave  {poetic;  used 
ivith  "the"),  pond  (humorous;  used  ivith 
"the"),  herring  pond  (humorous;  usedurith 
"the");  spec,  archipelago,  hyaline  (poetic; 
used  with  "the"),  offing,  mediterranean 
(rare) . 

Antonyms:  see  land. 
2.  See  lake,  wave. 

seacoast,  n.  seashore,  seaboard,  seaside 
(chiefly  spec),  ripe  (rare). 

seal,  n.  1.  sigil  (rare),  cachet  {French;  ofte7i 
spec);   spec,  bull  or  bulla,  signet,  cocket 
(Eng.),  chop  (India,  China,  etc.),  wafer, 
impression. 
2.  See  STAMP,  confirmation,  evidence. 


seal,  V.  t.  1.  sigillatc  (rare),  obsignate  (rare); 
spec  enseal  (archaic). 

Antonyms:  see  unseal. 
2.  *See  CONFIRM,  authenticate,  fasten, 
fix. 

seam,  n.  1.  juncture  (contextual),  junction 
(contextual),  line  (contextual);  spec,  su- 
ture, commissure,  raphe,  cicatrix,  furrow, 
harmonia. 

2.    See  INTERSPACE,  RIDGE. 

seam,  v.  t.  line  (contextual);  see  furrow. 

seamanship,  n.  navigation,  seacraf  t  (rare) . 

search,  v.  t.  1.  examine  (contextual),  en- 
search  {archaic),  rake  (spec,  or  fig.),  ex- 
plore (literary  or  rare);  spec  ransack, 
rummage,  hunt,  ferret  (rare),  seek  (now 
rare),  sweep,  drive,  draw,  drag. 

2.    See  INVESTIGATE,  SEEK. 

search,  v.  i.  explore  (contextual);  spec. 
hunt,  ransack,  rummage,  seek,  grub, 
grope,  rake,  nose,  pry,  quest,  mouse,  for- 
age, delve,  drag,  draw,  fossick  (Austra- 
lia); see  grope,  investigate. 

search,  n.  1.  examination  (contextual),  ex- 
ploration; spec,  hunt,  quest,  research, 
rummage,  perquisition  {rare),  scrutation 
(rare),  beat-up,  battue  (French),  jerque, 
pursuit  (used  with  "of").  "Search"  is 
used  with  "for." 
2.  See  investigation. 

searching,  a.  1.  sharp  (contextual),  scruti- 
nous,  scrutinizing. 
2.  >See  attentive,  discerning,  sharp. 

seasickness,  n.  nausea  (contextvul) ,  mal- 
de-mer  (French). 

season,  n.  1.  period  (contextual);  spec. 
spring,  summer,  autumn,  winter,  harvest. 
2.  5ee  time. 

seat,  n.  1.  sitting  (rare  or  spec);  spec. 
chair,  cathedral,  divan,  bench,  bleacher 
(U.  S.),  ottoman,  howdah,  bottom,  box, 
gradin  or  gradine,  thwart,  bank  (archaic, 
exc.  of  a  seat  for  rowers),  dicky  box  or  (for 
short)  dicky  {slang),  tribunal,  thronelet, 
settee,  stall,  stool,  form,  throne,  sofa,  sad- 
dle, pew. 

2.  See  buttocks,  capital,  place,  coun- 
try house. 


tS'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

scrub,  n.:  brushwood,  wretch. 

scrub,  V.  i.:  work. 

scrubby:  dwarf,  shabby,  bushy. 

scruS:    nap.e. 

scrunch,  v.  t.:  bite,  crush, 
crunch. 

scrunch,  v.  i.:  grate. 

scruple,  n.:  hesitation. 

scruple,  !).  i.:  hesitate. 

scrutinize:  examine,  investi- 
gate. 

scrutinizing:  curious,  search- 
ing. 

scrutinous:  searching. 

scrutiny:  examination,  investi- 
gation. 


scry:    crystal-gaze. 

scryer:    crystal-gazer. 

scud,    n.:     run,    cloud,    shower, 

wind,  spray. 
scud,    V.    i.:     run,    sail,    drive, 

speed. 
scuft,  n.;   nape. 
scuff:  scrape,  shuffle. 
scuffle:   contest,  fight. 
scuU,  n.:  oar. 
scull,  V.  i.  &  t.:  row. 
scum,   n.:    film,  foam,   dregs, 

dros.<<. 
scurrility:      abuse;      also     cf. 

COARSE  (for  coarseness) . 
scurrilous:  coarse,  abusive. 
scurry,  ».;  run,  rush,  flight. 


scurry,  v.  i.:  run,  rush,  hasten, 

scurvy:    paltry,  mean. 

scuttle:  run. 

sea,  a.;  marine. 

seaboard:   seacoast. 

seaman:   sailor. 

seance:   meeting. 

sear:   dry,  burn,  blight. 

seashore:   seacoast. 

seasick:   sick. 

season,  v.  t. :  flavor,  acclimatize 
cure,  preserve,  enliven. 

seasonable:   timely. 

seasonal:    periodic. 

seasoning,  n.:  flavoring,  ad- 
mixture. 

seasoning,  a.;  flavoring. 


f^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

375 


SEAT 


seat,  r.  I.  1.  accommodate  {contextual),  set; 
.s/xr.  bench,  throne,  cushion. 

2.  To  catmc  to  be  seated:  set. 

3.  In  the  passive:  see  lie. 

seaward,  adv.  seawards  (/rss  commoii  than 
"seaivard"),     ofTshore,     ofT,     ocean  ward, 
occanwards,  otTward  or  off  wards  {rare). 
Antotnjms:  see  l.\ndw.\rd. 

seaweed,  n.  fucus  {tech.),  ooze  {rare);  spec. 
wrack,  fucoid,  dulse,  kelp,  tang,  tangle, 
whipcord,  ware. 

seclude,   v.   t.   withdraw   {contextual),  se- 
quester {now  rare,  exc.  spec);   spec,  em- 
bower {literary). 
Antonyms:  see  expose. 

secluded,  a.  remote,  retired,  secret,  cov- 
ert, sequestered,  private  {archaic),  secluse 
{rare),  recluse  {rare),  solitary,  hidden; 
spec,  screened,  outlying,  back. 

secondary,  a.  1.  subordinate,  collateral,  by 
or  bye,  second-rate,  subsidiary;    see  in- 
direct. 
Antonyms:  see  chief. 

2.    See  AUXILIARY. 

secrecy,  n.  I.  See  hiddenness,  reticence, 

RETIREMENT,  CONFIDENTIALNESS. 

2.  concealment,  clandestineness  {rare), 
mystery,  furtiveness,  surreptitiousness, 
stealthiness,  covertness,  hugger-mugger 
{archaic  or  vulgar),  cabbalism  {slang). 

secret,  a.  1.  See  hidden,  reticent,  se- 
cluded, CONFIDENTIAL. 
2.  Referring  to  actions,  conduct,  agreements, 
etc.,  done  urith  the  intention  of  concealment; 
the  motive  being  more  emphasized  than  the 
result,  which  may  not  be  achieved:  furtive, 
concealed,  clandestine,  surreptitious,  dark, 
covert;  see  stealthy. 
Antonyms:  see  frank. 

secret,  n.  I.  secrecy  {archaic),  concealment 
{obs.);  spec,  riddle,  mystery,  deep. 
2.  See  essential,  explanation,  confi- 
dence. 

secretary,  n.  1.  clerk,  scribe  {ancient  his- 
tory), scrivener  {learned  or  tech.);  spec. 
protonotary. 

2.  bureau  {contextual),  desk,  writing  desk, 
secretaire  (French). 

secretaryship,  ?i.  secretariat. 

secrete,  v.  t.  1.  See  hide,  appropriate. 
2.  secern,  produce  {rare),  separate  {con- 
textual) . 

secretion, n.  1.  See  appropriation,  hiding. 


2.  Referring  to  the  physiological  action: 
separation,  production  {rare),  seccrnment 
{rare). 

3.  Referring  to  tchat  is  secreted:  product 
{contextual),  secrement  {obs.  and  rare); 
spec,  lymph,  saliva,  juice,  bile,  gall,  chyle, 
chyme,  sweat,  urine;  see  excretion. 

secretive,  a.  private;  .see  reticent. 

secretly,  adv.  1.  Cf.  hidden. 
2.  Referring  rather  to  the  mind's  intent: 
inly,  privily  {literary  or  archaic),  clandes- 
tinely, etc. 

sect,  ?!.  division  {contextual),  school,  schism, 
faction,  heresy  {obs.  or  rare);  see  denom- 
ination. 

sectarian,  a.  sectarial,  schismatic;  see  de- 
nominational. 

secularize,  v.  t.  laicise;  spec,  deconsecrate 
{rare). 

secure,  v.  t.  In  commercial  use:  margin. 

security,  n.  1.  See  carelessness,  safety, 

H.'mMLESSNESS,  FIRMNESS,  PLEDGE,  GAGE, 
GUARANTY. 

2.  surety;  spec,  pledge,  collateral,  share, 
bond,  consol,  debenture,  mortgage,  scrip, 
floater,  margin. 

sedative,  a.  assuaging,  assuasive,  soothing, 

calmative  {chiefly  med.),  calmant  {med.). 

Antonyms:  see  stimulating,  exciting. 

seduce,  v.  t.  1.  betray,  debauch,  ruin   (a 
woman);  see  violate. 
2.  Referring  to  what  seduces:  see  attract. 

seduction,  n.  betrayal,  debauchment,  ruin, 
ruination;  see  violation. 

see,  V.  t.  I.  perceive  {contextual),  sight,  vi- 
sion (rare),  ken  {archaic),  behold  (formal 
or  archaic);  spec,  survey,  discern,  distin- 
guish, view,  descry  {literary),  espy,  wit- 
ness, spot  {slang),  glimpse,  drink  {chiefly 
with  "in";  fig.),  notice,  contemplate;  see 
make. 

2.  See  PERCEIVE,  notice,  learn,  escort, 
meet,  read,  experience,  examine,  in- 
sure, CONSIDER. 

seed,  n.  1.  seedling,  grain;  spec,  stone,  pip. 
pippin  (obs.  or  dial.),  gin,  nucule,  grape- 
stone;  see  grain. 
2.  «See  germ,  offspring. 

seek,  V.  t.  1.  search  {rare  and  poetic,  exc.  with 
"out");  spec,  hunt,  court  {fig.),  woo  (fig.). 

2.  In  the  sense  of  "to  try  to  obtain":  pursue, 
court  (fig.),  woo  {fig.). 

3.  See  endeavor. 


Ks^"  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
seated:  chronic. 
secede:   v:ithdraw,  apostatize. 
secession:  withdrawal, apostasy. 
seclude:  separate,  retire. 
seclusion:    retirement,  separa- 
tion. 
second,  a.:  another. 
second,  v.  t.:  approve,  support. 
seconder:   supporter. 
second-hand:   used,  imitated. 


sectile:   cuttable. 

section,  n.:  cutting,  division, 
part,  territory,  diagram,  slice. 

section,  r.  t.:   divide,  slice. 

sectional:   local. 

sectorial:  cutting. 

secular:  lay,  worldly,  periodic. 

secure,  a.:  careless,  safe,  confi- 
dent, firm. 

sedan:  litter. 

sedate:   calm,  sober. 


sediment:  dregs,  deposit. 
sedition:   insurgence. 
seditious:   insurgent. 
seductive:   attractive. 
sedulous:   active,  constant,  per- 
sistent, diligent,  industrious. 
see,  n.:  diocese. 
see,  v.  i.:  look. 
seeable:   visible. 
seek,  r.  i.:  search,  try. 
seeker:  aspirant. 


t2P^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

376 


SELFISHNESS 


seem,  v.  i.  appear,  show  (colloq.),  look 
{orig.  spec),  beseem  {rare  or  archaic); 
spec,  read,  feel. 

seer,  n.  1.  See  spectator. 
2.  Spec,  speculator  (obs.  or  archaic),  rishi 
(Sanskrit);    see   clairvoyant,    crystal- 
gazer,  PROPHET. 

seesaw,  n.  teeter  (C7.  S.  and  dial.  Eng.). 

seesaw,  v.  i.  1.  teeter  (U.  S.  and  dial.  Eng.), 
teetertotter  {U.  S.  and  dial.  Eng.). 
2.  In  cards,  referring  to  alternate  taking  of 
tricks  by  partners:  crossruff  (tech.),  saw. 

seize,  v.  t.  1.  hi  law:  see  invest. 

2.  Referring  to  taking  possession  of  by  legal 
process:  spec,  sequester,  sequestrate,  ex- 
tend, impound,  distrain,  distress,  arrest; 
see  IMPRESS,  confiscate. 

3.  take  {contextual),  hent  {archaic),  pos- 
sess {archaic),  apprehend  {archaic);  spec. 
snatch,  catch,  clutch,  grab,  grip,  clasp, 
gripe  {chiefly  literary),  clench,  clinch 
{U.  S.),  grapple,  snap,  rape  (literary), 
pounce  {often fig.),  swoop  {often fig.),  hook, 
grabble  {rare),  braid  {obs.),  nab  {slang  or 
colloq.),  nip  {chiefly  dial,  or  slang),  nobble 
{slang),  cleek  {Eng.  dial.),  deck  {chiefly 
dial.),  cly  {thieves'  cant),  tail,  finger  {ar- 
chaic), bag,  intercept,  chop,  tong,  foot. 

4.  See  GRIP,  FASTEN,  CATCH,  CAPTURE,  AF- 
FECT, PERCEIVE,  UNDERSTAND,  USE,  USURP. 

seizure,  n.  1.  Spec,  sequestration,  caption 
{esp.  Scots  law) ,  extent,  distress,  confisca- 
tion;  see  IMPRESSMENT,  ARREST. 

2.  taking,  apprehension  {archaic);  spec. 
snatch,  grab,  grip,  clutch,  snap,  ereption 
{rare),  prehension;  see  interception. 

3.  See  grip,  catch,  capture,  percep- 
tion, UNDERSTANDING,  USE,  USURPATION. 

self-approval,  n.  self-commendation,  self- 
approbation;  spec,  self -applause,  self- 
conceit,  self-admiration,  elation  {now 
rare);  see  self-satisfaction. 

self-assertive,  a.  assured,  positive,  bump- 
tious {colloq.),  robustious  {literary),  dog- 
matic or  dogmatical'  spec,  forward,  perky 
or  perk. 
Antonyms:  see  obsequious,  abject. 

self- begotten,  a.  self-produced,  autoge- 
neal  {rare) ,  autogenous  {chiefly  tech.) ,  self- 
begot  {rare),  self-born. 


self-control,  n.  reserve,  restraint,  self- 
restraint,  possession  {rare),  self-govern- 
ment {rare),  control,  self-possession,  self- 
command,  retenue  {French;  rare);  spec. 
constraint,  collection,  patience,  conti- 
nence, self-repression,  coolness,  retention 
{rare);  see  calm. 
Antonyms:  see  excitement,  confusion. 

self-controlled,a.  reserved,  self -restrained, 
restrained;    spec,  undemonstrative,  self- 
possessed,     cool,     collected,     recollected 
{rare),  continent,  patient;  see  calm. 
Antonyms:  see  excited,  confused. 

self-deception,  n.  self-delusion,  self-abuse 
{rare) . 

self-denial,  n.  sacrifice,  self-sacrifice,  self- 
giving,    renunciation,    self-renunciation ; 
spec,  kenosis. 
Antonyms:  see  selfishness. 

self- existence,  n.  absoluteness,  aseity 
{tech.),  autotheism,  innascibility  {rare), 
perseity  {rare). 

self- existent,  a.  absolute,  ingenerate,  in- 
nascible  {rare),  unoriginal  (rare),  unorig- 
inated  {rare),  uncreated,  unbegotten. 

self-governing,  a.  autonomous. 

self- gratifying,  a.  self-indulgent. 

Antonyms:     see    abstemious,    ascetic, 
austere. 

selfhood,  n.  selfdom,  proprium  {learned), 
seity  {rare),  ipseity  {rare). 

self-importance,  n.  importance  {context- 
ual); spec,  arrogance,  vaingloriousness,  con- 
sequentialness,  consequence,  pomposity, 
stiltedness,  self-consequence,  consequen- 
tiality  {rare). 

self-important,  a.  consequential;     spec. 
pompous,   arrogant,   vainglorious,   cocky 
{colloq.;  mostly  a  schoolboy  term). 
Antonyms:  see  obsequious. 

selfish,  a.  self-centered,  self-interested, 
sordid  {literary),  mercenary  {fig.),  egoistic 
{learned),  self-regarding  {learned);  spec. 
factious,  piggish  {contemptuous;  colloq.), 
hoggish  {very  contemptuous;  colloq.);  see 

EGOISTIC. 

Antonyms:  see  unselfish,  generous. 
selfishness,  n.  self-interest,  self-partiality 
{rare),  self-regard,  self-love,  egoism  {eth- 
ics), self-centration  {rare),  selfism  (rare), 


t^^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
seeming:  apparent. 
seeming:   appearance. 
seemingness:   appearance. 
seemliness:  good-lookingness. 
seemly:  yood-looking,  becoming. 
seepage:   drainage. 
seethe:  boil. 

segment,  n.:   part,  division. 
segment,  v.  t.:  divide. 
segmentation:  division. 
segregate:  separate. 
seignior:   lord. 
seigniory:  lordship. 
seine:  net. 


seismic:  vibrational. 
seizing,  a.:  prehensile. 
seldom:  infrequently. 
select,  a.:  chosen,  choice. 
select,  V.  t.:  choose. 
selection:  choice,  quotation. 
selective:   choosing. 
self-acting:  automatic. 
selt-a,&miia,tion:  set  f-approval, 

self- approbation:  conceit,  self- 

approixd. 
self-assertion:  arrogance. 
self-assured:    assured. 
self -commendation:    self-ap- 


proval. 
self-complacency:   conceit. 
self-conceit:    conceit. 
self- conceited:   conceited. 
self-confidence:      assurance, 

confidence. 
self-confident:   assured. 
self-conscious:  conscious. 
self -contradictory:  absurd. 
salf-esteem:    conceit,  pride. 
self-evident:    iixiotnatic. 
self -gratification :   indulgence. 
self-indulgence:   indulgence. 
self-interest:   selfishness. 
self-interested:   selfish. 


f:^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

377 


SELF-MADE 


selfncss  (raJY\  sviioisin  (rare),  selffvilnoss 
(rare);  spec.  piggishni\ss  or  (rare)  pigRory 
{contemptuous;  colloq.),  hoge;ishness  {very 
contemptuous;  colloq.);  see  KtiOiSM. 

Antonyms:    sec  selj'-denial,  generos- 
ity. 

self- made,  a.  Spec,  self-oducated,  self- 
taught,  aiitodidact. 

self-moving,  n.  locomotor  {rare),  motilo; 

sec  AUTOMATIC,  AUTOMOBILE. 

self- moving,  a.  motile,  locomotory  {rare), 
locomotive;    spec,  self-acting,  self-active; 

sec  AUTOMATIC,   AUTOMOBILE. 

self-regard,  n.  egoism  {ethics);  spec,  self- 
pity  ;  see  selfishness. 

self-righteous,  a.  Pharisaean  {rare),  Phar- 
isaic, Pharisaical. 

self-satisfaction,  n.  self-approval  {am- 
textual),  complacency  or  complacence, 
self-content ;  see  conceit. 

self-satisfied,    a.    self -approving,    smug, 
complacent ;  see  conceit. 
Antonyms:  see  obsequious. 

self-styled,  a.  soi-disant  {French). 

sell,  V.  t.  I.  market,  vend  {chiefly  tech.  or 
literary),  place  {contextual),  furnish  {con- 
textual); spec,  prostitute  {fig.),  retail, 
wholesale,  unload,  dump,  peddle,  hawk, 
auction. 
Antonyms:  see  but. 
2.  See  HOAX,  betray. 

seller,  n.  vender  {chiefly  tech.  or  literary); 
spec,  auctioneer,  retailer,  wholesaler, 
saleswoman;  see  salesman,  peddler. 

selvage,  selvedge,  n.  edge  {contextual), 
list,  listing,  forel  {rare). 

send,  V.  t.  1.  Spec,  dispatch,  speed,  hurl, 
bundle,  fling,  drive,  forward,  rush,  flash, 
emigrate,  mission. 
Antonyms:  see  bring. 

2.  See  refer,  propel,  frank,  communi- 
cate. 

3.  In  the  sense  of  "to  cause  to  he  carried 
forward":  spec,  ship,  mail,  express  {U.  S.), 
transmit. 

sending,  n.  1.  Spec,  dispatch,  speeding, 
hurling,  etc.,  mission. 

2.  See  reference,  propulsion,  com- 
munication. 

3.  forwarding,  transmission,  transmittal; 
spec,  shipment,  expressage  {U.  S.). 


senior,  n.  1.  See  scholar. 

2.  dean,  elder;  spec,  doyen  {French). 
Antonyms:  see  junior. 
sensation,  n.  1.  feeling,  sense  {usually  with 

"of"),  impression;  spec,  creep,  crawl,  aura. 

2.  .S'ee  feel,  emotion,  perception,  con- 
sciousness. 

3.  Referring  to  excited  feeling:  excitement, 
impression,  thrill,  yellowness  {slang). 

sensational,  a.  I.  sense  {the  noun  u^ed  at- 
tributively),sensory,  sensible,  sensitive,  sen- 
satory,  sensative  {rare),  sensatorial  {rare). 
2.  impressive,  thrilling,  thrillful  {rare), 
lurid  {chiefly  disparaging),  yellow  {slang); 
spec,  sensationish  {rare),  spicy. 

senseless,  a.  1.  See  insensible,  unwise, 
foolish. 

2.  Referring  to  the  absence  of  the  faculty  of 
sensation:    insensate,  unfeeling;    see  in- 
animate. 
Antonyms:  see  sensitive. 

sensitive,  a.  1.  See  sensory,  SENSUOUS, 
sentient. 

2.  sensible,  impressionable  {often  used 
with  "by"),  alive  {used  with  "to"),  suscep- 
tible {u^ed  vnth  "to"),  sore,  responsive 
{used  with  "to"),  appreciative  {used  with 
"of"),  susceptive  {rare);  spec,  delicate, 
queasy,  thin,  thin-skinned,  tender,  hyper- 
aesthetic,  supersensitive,  passible;  see 
sympathetic,  appreciative,  irritable. 

Antonyms:  see  senseless,  numb,  dull, 
insensible. 

3.  Referring  to  the  touch,  scientific  instru- 
ments, etc.:  acute,  nice,  delicate,  fine; 
spec,  exquisite,  sore. 

sensory,  a.  sensitive,  sensible,  sensual 
{rare),  sensorial,  sensuous  {rare). 

sensual,  a.  1.  voluptuous,  voluptuary, 
gross,  earthy,  animal,  brutish,  brute,  brutal 
{rare),  boarish  {rare),  fleshly,  carnal,  sens- 
uous {rare);  spec,  sexual,  bestial,  Epicu- 
rean, Epicurish  {rare);  see  gluttonous, 
lascivious. 

Antonyms:  see  spiritual. 
2.  See  sensory. 

sensualist,  n.  voluptuary,  animal,  brute; 
spec.  Epicurean ;  see  glutton. 

sensualize,  v.  t.  coarsen,  carnalize,  encar- 
nalize  {rare;  an  intensive),  brutify. 
Antonyms:  see  spiritualize. 


fW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

self-opinionated:  conceited. 

sell-possessed:  assured,  self- 
controlled,  composed. 

seU- recording:    autographic. 

self- regulating:   automatic. 

self-reliant:   assured. 

self-respecting:  proud. 

self-restrained:  self-con- 
trolled, patient. 

self- security:    assurance. 

self-seeking:    egoism. 

self-stifficient:  conceited. 


self-will:  obstinacy. 

self-willed:   obstinate. 

sell,  n.:   hoax. 

semblance:   appearance. 

semilunar:  crescent-shaped. 

seminary:   source,  school. 

Semite:  Hebrew. 

senate:  council,  legislature. 

senescent:  aging. 

senile:   old,  imbecile. 

senility:   age. 

senior:   old,  superior. 

sense,  n.:  faculty,  meaning,  per- 


ception, understanding,  intelli- 
gence, reason,  sensation,  con- 
sciousness, opinion,  essence,  di- 
rection, common  sense. 

sense,  v.  t.:  perceive,  discover, 
value,  understand. 

senselessness:  insensibility, 
unwisdom. 

sensible:  sensational,  aware, 
perceptible,  tangible,  visible, 
reasonable,  judicial,  intelligent, 
conscious,  sensitive,  apprecia- 
tive, sentient. 


Ci7=  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

378 


SERVE 


sensuous,  a.  1.  See  sensory. 

2.  sensitive,  material,  luscious,  delicious; 
spec.  Epicurean;  see  sensual. 
Antonyms:  see  ascetic,  spiritual. 

sentence,  n.  1.  See  opinion,  decision, 
condemnation. 

2.  In  ^ravimar,  rhetoric,  etc.:  period,  en- 
sample  (archaic),  proposition. 

sentient,  a.  1.  See  conscious. 
2.  feeling,  sensible,  sensate,  sensitive,  sen- 
sive  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  insensible. 

sentiment,  n.  1.  See  feeling,  idea. 
2.  Spec,  toast. 

separate,  a.  distinct,  discrete,  dividual 
(literary),  sejugate  (rare),  segregate  (rare); 
spec,  particular,  individual,  definite,  dis- 
embodied, alone,  infrequent,  different,  dis- 
connected, unconnected,  distant,  divided, 
apart. 

Antonyms:   see  joined,  adjacent,  col- 
lective, joint. 

separate,  v.  t.  1.  Referring  to  the  causing 
of  two  or  more  things  to  come  apart  or  to 
he  more  apart  from  one  another,  or  to  the 
withdrawing  of  one  thing  from  another: 
spec,  divide,  sever,  disunite,  dissever  (lit- 
erary and  emphatic  equiv.  of  "sever"),  sun- 
der, dissunder  (an  emphatic  equiv.  of  "sun- 
der"; literary  or  rare),  cut  (used  with  "off," 
"away,"  etc.),  part,  dispart  (literary),  iso- 
late, eliminate,  sequester,  sequestrate, 
segregate,  seclude,  detach,  bite  (off),  dis- 
sociate or  (less  usual)  disassociate,  single 
(rare),  winnow  (fig.),  divorce  (fig.),  disin- 
tegrate, demarcate,  unfellow  (rare),  dis- 
combine  (rare),  inquartate  (rare),  seclude 
(rare),  prescind  (rare),  discorporate  (rare), 
disintricate  (rare),  distance  (rare),  space, 
tease,  eliquate,  disaggregate,  untwine, 
trunk,  severalize  (rare);  see  disconnect, 
scatter,  strain,  sift,  disengage,  alien- 
ate, loosen,  open,  withdraw,  pull, 
space,  unfold,  winnow,  secrete,  di- 
vorce. 

Antonyms:     see   mix,    attach,    blend, 
collect,  concentrate,  convene,  gath- 
er, meet. 
2.  See  DIVIDE,  distinguish. 


separate,  v.  i.  divide,  sever,  disunite,  dis- 
sever (literary),  sunder,  dissunder  (rare), 
part;  see  seperate,  v.  t. 
Antonyms:  see  congregate,  convene. 

separative,  a.   Spec,  divulsive,  divellent, 
segregative,  separatory,  diazeuctic,  burst- 
ing, dissilient  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  joining,  meeting. 

sequel,  n.  1.  sequence,  train;  spec,  sequelae 
(pi.;  med.). 
2.  See  result,  outcome,  continuation. 

sequence,  n.  I.  See  sequel. 
2.  In  cards:  run. 

serenade,  n.  Spec,  aubade  (French),  noc- 
turne, guitar  (rare),  charivari,  shivaree 
(southern  U.  S.). 

series,  n.  succession  (contextual);  spec. 
list,  gradation,  scale,  train,  stream, 
thread,  range,  concatenation  (learned  or 
tech.),  chain,  course,  progression,  se- 
quence, set,  rotation,  order  (archaic), 
beadroil  (jig.),  combination,  coil. 

serious,  a.  1.  earnest,  grave  (chiefly  spec), 
sober,  solemn,  severe  (rare),  owlish  (fig.). 

Antonyms:    see  amusing,  playful,  vi- 
vacious. 

2.  See  sober,   dangerous,   important, 
deep,  matter-of-fact. 

sermon,  n.  discourse  (contextual),  ad- 
dress (contextual),  preachment  (chiefly 
contemptuous);  spec,  homily,  sermuncle 
(rare),  sermonette  or  sermonet  (rare), 
khutbah. 

serum,  n.  humor,  water  (contextual);  spec. 
whey,  chyle,  lymph. 

servant,  n.  1.  See  agent. 
2.  help  (cant  or  colloq.;  generic  or  a  collec- 
tive), servitor  (archaic),  servitress  (rare), 
servitude  (a  collective;  rare),  servature  (a 
collective;  rare),  loafeater  (hist.),  sergeant 
(hist.),  hind  (ohs.),  feeder  (obs.  and  rare); 
spec,  man,  boy,  menial,  factotum,  do-all 
(colloq.),  buttons  (colloq.),  domestic,  but- 
ler, sewer,  ferash  (Anglo-Indian) ,  maty  or 
mate  (Anglo-Indian),  striker  (cant),  wait- 
er, cook,  etc.;  see  manservant,  maidser- 
vant, SCULLION. 
Antonyms:  see  employer. 

serve,  v.  i.  1.  minister  (often  used  with  "to"). 


CF"  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

sentence,  v.  t.:  condemn. 

sententious:   concise. 

sentience:  consciousness,  feel- 
ing. 

sentimental:  emotional. 

sentinel:   guard. 

sentry:  guard. 

separately:   apart. 

separatist:  schismatic. 

sept:  clan. 

sepulcher,  n.:  grave,  monu- 
ment. 

sepulcher,  v.  t.:  bury. 

sepulchral,  a..'  burial,  funereal, 
hollow. 


sepulture:  burial. 

sequacious:   imitative. 

sequela:  result. 

sequent,  a.;  following,  succes- 
sive. 

sequent,  n.:  consequent. 

sequential:  consequential,  suc- 
cessive, following. 

sequester:  separate,  remove, 
confiscate,  seize. 

sequestered:  secluded. 

sequestrate:  separate,  seize, 
confiscate. 

seraglio:  harem,  palace. 

seraph:  angel. 

seraphic:   angelic,  pure. 


sere:   withered. 
serene,  a.:   clear,  calm. 
serene,  n.:  clearness  calm. 
serenity:   clearness,  calm. 
serf:    bondman. 
serfage,  serfdom:  bondage. 
serial,  n.:  periodical. 
seriatim :   successively. 
sermonize:   preach,  discourse. 
sermonizing :  preaching. 
serpent:    snake. 
serpentine:  sinuous,  snakelike, 

winding. 
serrate,  (7..-  dentate 
serrate,  v   (..    indent. 
serration:    indentation. 


(2i^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
379 


SERVE 


help,  assist,  attend,  subserve  (rare);  spec. 
laekey,  slave;  s<r  wouk. 

2.  Referring  to  iraiting  upon  (hose  at  table: 
attend,  wait;  spec,  skink  (archaic). 

3.  answer  (used  with  "to"  and  the  infini- 
tive, or  with  "for"),  do  {used  with  "for"), 
avail  (used  only  with  the  infinitive  denoting 
the  use  or  purpose). 

4.  See  ACT,  SUIT,  suffice,  contribute. 
serve,  v.  t.  1.  See  aid,  help,  benefit,  suf- 
fice, SUPPLY,  treat,  deliver,  WORK. 

2.  Referring  to  waiting  upon  those  at  table: 
attend,  help. 

3.  Referring  to  serving  food  or  drink:  help; 
spec,  dish,  skink  (archaic) . 

4.  In  games:  deUver;  spec,  bowl,  pitch, 
throw. 

service,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  state  or  condi- 
tion: employ,  employment  (rare);  spec. 
waiterage. 

2.  Referring  to  the  action  or  fact  of  serving: 
work  (contextual),  serving,  ministration 
(Jonnal),  ministry  (eccl.,  except  as  colored 
by  eccl.  use);  spec,  duty,  function,  office 
(used  chiefly  in  pi.,  and  with  "good," 
"kind,"  etc.),  exercise,  eyeservice. 

3.  Spec,  attendance,  tendance  (rare),  at- 
tention; spec,  waiting. 

4.  Referring  to  the  portion  served:  help, 
helping,  go  (slang  or  colloq.). 

5.  See  aid,  benefit,  worship,  rite. 
serviceable,  a.  1.  Referring  to  persons:  see 

USEFUL. 

2.  Referring  to  things:  helpful;  spec,  con- 
venient, handy,  commodious  (archaic 
equiv.  of  "convenient"),  beneficial,  im- 
provable (rare);  see  durable. 

Antonyms:  see  useless. 
servile,  a.  1.  Referring  to  what  belongs  or  is 
appropriate  to  a  slave  or  slaves:    slavish, 
thrall-hke,  thralled  (rare). 

Antonyms:  see  domineering,  haughty. 

2.  As  designating  the  condition  of  a  slave: 
subject  (contextual),  slave,  slavish,  bond, 
unfree  (formal),  thrall,  enslaved,  villain  or 
(hist.)  villein  (rare  or  archaic) ,  vernile  (rare) . 

3.  See  base,  obsequious,  imitative. 
session,  n.  meeting,  sitting;    spec,  diet, 

court,  assize,  school. 
set,  n.  1.  See  group,  company,  force. 
2.  clique,  circle,  coterie  (chiefly  spec), 
ring,  crowd  (colloq.  or  slang),  gang  (cant  or 
slang),  push  (cant,  slang,  or  Australian), 
pack  (contemptuous) ,  tribe  (contemptuous) , 
platoon  (fig.;  rare);  spec,  clan,  covey 
(rare),  jimto,  junta,  cabal,  class,  etc.;  see 
combination. 


8.  nunil)or,  collection,  lot,  kit  (colloq.); 
spec.  |)ack,  ])acket,  stand,  nest,  service, 
shook,    train,    gang,    book;    see   series, 

SUITE,  WOOK. 

4.  Referring  to  bells  tuned  to  one  another 
for  ringing:  suite,  peal,  ring;  spec,  chime, 
carillon. 
set,  V.  t.   1.  See  seat,  put,  place,  fix, 

PLANT,  plan,  frame,  ADJUST,  POSE, 
stand,  rest,  APPOINT,  MODULATE,  CLENCH, 
DIRECT,  EST.'^^LISH,  ORNAMENT,  COMPOSE, 
HARDKN,  COAGULATE,  CONGEAL. 

2.  start  (used  chiefly  with  "at"),  put  {used 
chiefly  with  "tb").  "Set"  is  chiefly  used 
with  "to"  or  "at." 

3.  reduce  (a  fractured  bone) . 

4.  Of  a  trap,  noose,  etc.:  adjust,  lay. 

5.  In  jewelry:  fix,  mount,  enchase  (now 
literary  or  fig.);  spec,  collet. 

6.  Of  a  guard,  watch,  etc.:  put,  place,  es- 
tablish; spec,  clap,  impose. 

7.  spread  (the  table),  lay,  serve  (now  rare). 
set,  V.  i.  1.  fix;  see  harden,  solidify. 

2.  See  descend,  germinate. 
set,  n.  1.  See  .motion,  posture,  attitude, 

TENDENCY,  INCLINATION,  BUILD,  POSITION, 
ATTACK. 

2.  hang,  fit. 

setting,  n.  1.  Spec,  congelation,  coagula- 
tion, planting,  etc. 

2.  monture  (rare),  mounting;  spec,  col- 
let, ouch,  chape. 

settle,  V.  t.  1.  <See  rest,  colonize,  clear, 

CALM,  establish,  APPOINT,  CON.SOLID.\TE, 
REGULATE,  PAY,  LIQUIDATE,  FIX,  DECIDE, 
ARR.\NGE,  undo,  ADMINISTER. 

2.  root,  plant,  domicihate  (rare  or  learn- 
ed), domicile  (rare  or  learned),  locate 
(chiefly  U.  S.);  spec,  resettle;  see  colo- 
nize. 

3.  In  laiv:  spec,  entail,  jointure. 
settle,  V.  i.  1.  See  descend,  alight,  lodge, 

subside. 

2.  domicile  (rare  or  learned),  domiciliate 
(rare),  plant  (rare),  locate  (chiefly  U.  S.). 

3.  pay,  account,  answer. 

settlement,  n.  Spec,  colony,  post,  factory. 

settler,  n.  1.  See  dweller,  colonist,  im- 
migrant, squatter. 

2.  finisher,  clinker,  clincher,  corker,  trim- 
mer, sockdaloger  (U.  S.),  staggerer,  pos- 
er, squelcher; — all  colloq.  or  slang. 

seven,  a.  septenary  (rare  or  literary),  sep- 
timal  (rare). 

seven,  n.  septenary  (rare),  hep  tad  (rare  or 
spec). 

sevenfold,  a.  septuple  (rare). 


t^W  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

servient:  subordinate. 

serviette:   napkin. 

servitude:  slavery. 

sessile:  fixed. 

set,    a.:     appointed,    deliberate, 


formal,  fixed,  obstinate. 
setaceous:    bristly. 
setback:   reverse. 
setness:   obstinacy. 
set-oQ:     start,   foil,    or 

counterclaim,  credit. 


setose:   bristly. 
settee:   seat. 
settle,  n.:  bench. 
settled:       constant,      habitual, 
fixed,  married,  orderly. 
set-to:   contest. 


t^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

380 


SHAKE 


seventy,  a.  septuagesimal  (learned  or  spec), 
septuagenary  (chiefly  spec.). 
severally,  adv.  1.  apiece. 

2.  respectively. 
severe,  a.  1.  Referring  to  the  act  of  imposing, 
or  to  the  tendency  to  impose,  extreme  pen- 
alties,' reproof,  criticism,  etc.:  rigorous, 
stern,  iron  (fig.),  iron-handed  (fig.),  hard, 
dure  (literary  or  archaic) ,  unsparing,  dour 
(Scot.);  spec.  Draconic  or  Draconian 
(rare;  fig.);  see  unsparing. 
Antonyms:  see  easy,  gentle. 

2.  See  STRICT,  CRUEL,  VIOLENT,  EXTREME, 
STRENUOUS,  AUSTERE,  DISTRESSING,  PAIN- 
FUL, DEEP. 

3.  Referring  to  climate,  weather,  etc.:  dis- 
tressing, hard,  inclement,  rigorous,  bad 
(colloq.),  intemperate;  spec,  bitter,  ex- 
treme, cold,  hot,  dry,  wet;  see  rough. 

Antonyms:  see  mild. 
severity,  n.  1.  rigor,  rigorism,  sternness, 
iron  (fig.),  iron-handedness  (fig.),  hard- 
ness; spec.  Draconism  (fig.). 

Antonyms:  see  gentleness,  indulgence. 

2.  See  strictness,  cruelty,  violence, 

EXTREMITY,  STRENUOUSNESS,  AUSTERITY, 
DEPTH,  HARDNESS. 

3.  distressingness,  inclemency,  rigor,  bad- 
ness (rare),  intemperateness  (rare),  dis- 
temperature  (rare),  hardship;  spec,  bit- 
terness, extremity  (rare),  roughness,  heat, 
drought. 

Antonyms:  mildness  (cf.  mild). 

sew,  V.  t.  &  i.  stitch,  needle  (rare);  spec. 
baste,  backhand,  whip,  overhand,  tack, 
finedraw,  run,  seam,  buttonhole,  fell,  em- 
broider, quilt. 
Antonyms:  see  rip. 

sewage,  n.  refuse  (contextual),  soil,  drain- 
age, sewerage  (now  rare  in  this  sense);  spec. 
seepage. 

sewed,  a.  stitched,  sutile  (rare). 

sewer,  n.  stitcher,  sewster  (fern.;  obs.,  exc. 
Scot.);  spec,  seamstress  or  sempstress, 
needlewoman,  hemmer,  feller,  etc. 

sewing,  n.  stitching,  suture  (literary  or 
tech.). 

sex,  n.  sexuality  (rare),  persuasion  (jocular), 
gender  (jocular). 

sexless,  a.  asexual  (tech.),  agamic  (biol.), 
nonsexual. 

shabby,  a.  1.  inferior  (contextual),  mean 
(contextual);  spec,  seedy,  dowdy,  mangy, 
scrubby,  scaly  (slang),  rusty;   see  worn, 

FADED. 

Antonyms:  see  new,  dandy. 
2.  See  MEAN. 


shackle,  n.  1.  bonds  (pi.;  contextual),  ham- 
per, fetter  (on^.  and  usually  spec);  spec 
irons  (pi.),  gyve,  clog,  hopple  or  hobble, 
trammel  (obs.  or  rare),  bUbo,  chains  (pi.), 
bolt;  see  manacle. 

2.    See  RESTRAINT,  COUPLING. 

shackle,  v.  t.  1.  restrain  (contextual),  ham- 
per; spec,  manacle,  fetter,  iron,  gyve, 
clog,  hamshackle,  trammel  (obs.  or  rare), 
hobble,  clog,  incatenate  (rare),  enchain 
(rare);  see  manacle. 
Antonyms:  see  free. 

2.  See  RESTRAIN,  COUPLE. 

shade,  n.  1.  darkness  (contextual),  shadow 
(rare,  exc.  spec),  umbra  (tech.),  umbrage 
(literary),  twilight  (fig.). 
Antonyms:  see  sunlight. 

2.  Referring  to  a  thing  that  shades:  protec- 
tion, umbrage  (literary),  screen;  spec. 
bhnd  (U.  S.),  canopy,  curtain,  globe, 
shutter. 

3.  See  DEGREE,  TINT,  KIND,  TRACE,  SHAD- 
OW, GHOST. 

shade,  v.  t.  1.  protect,  screen,  shadow  (obs. 
or  poetic),  obtenebrate  (rare),  umbrage 
(rare);  spec,  overshadow  or  (less  usual) 
overshade,  curtain,  canopy,  beshadow  or 
(less  usual)  beshade  (intensive) . 

2.  change  (contextual),  gradate. 

3.  In  painting  and  drawing:  spec,  cross- 
hatch,  hachure,  stipple. 

4.  See  DARKEN. 

shade,  v.  i.  pass,  change,  gradate  (chiefly 
spec). 
shadow,  n.  1.  See  shade. 

2.  Referring  to  the  flgure  cast:  shade  (rare 
or  poetic),  umbra  (learned  or  tech.);  spec. 
penumbra,  silhouette;  see  image. 

3.  See  REFLECTION,  GUEST,  ATTENDANT, 
SYMBOL,  REMAINDER,  APPEARANCE,  GHOST, 
APPARITION,  SPY. 

shady,  a.  dark  (contextual),  shaded,  shad- 
owy, umbrageous  (literary);  spec,  shadow- 
ish  (rare),  bowery,  bushy. 
Antonyms:   see  sunny. 

shaft,  n.  I.  rod  (contextual);  spec,  trunch- 
eon (rare),  loom,  diaphysis;    see  quill, 

POLE. 

2.  Referring  to  a  column:  body  (context- 
ual), scape  (tech.),  trunk;  spec,  tige 
(French) . 

3.  ^.See  ARROW,  AXLE,  STEM,  PILLAR. 

4.  Referring  to  wagon  shafts:  thill. 
shaft,  n.  Referring  to  a  form  of  excavation 

or  passage:  well ;  spec.  pit. 
shake,  v.  t.  1.  move  (contextual),  agitate 
(formal  or  learned);   spec,  concuss  (rare). 


tS^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
sever,  v.  t.:  divide,  separate,  am- 
putate, distinguish. 
sever,  v.  i.:  separate. 
severable :  divisible. 
several:   individual,  distinct. 


severance:  division,  distinction. 
sewer:   drain. 

sewerage:  drainage,  sewage. 
shaded:  shady. 
shadow,   V.   t.:    shade,   protect, 
cloud,    hide,   foreshadoiv ,    sym- 


hnlize. 
shadowy,    a.:     shady,    unreal, 

imaginary,  ghostly. 

shag:    shock,  nap. 

shaggy:     rough,   unkempt,   un- 
shorn, nappy,  bushy,  bristling. 


iS^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

381 


SHAKE 


hustle,  quiver,  tremble,  convulse,  wabble, 
coKglo  {colhq.),  conquassate  {obs.  or  rare), 
diddle  {colloq.  iw  dial.),  succuss  {rare), 
flap,  jar,  jolt,  jerk,  staj!;ger;  see  vibrate, 

WAVK,  WORKY,  FLOURISH. 

2.    ^Ve   DISTURB,   WEAKEN,  TRILL,   ROUSE, 

SCATTER. 

shake,  v.  i.  move  (contextual),  wabble; 
spec,  quiver,  flap,  jar,  jolt,  jerk,  stagger; 

sec    TREMBLE,     TOTTER,     VIDRATE,    WAVE. 

"Shake,"  as  distinct  from  "oscillate,"  "vi- 
brate," "undulate,"  "wave,"  usually  implies 
irregular  motion. 

shake,  n.  motion  {contextual),  agitation 
{formal  or  learned);  spec,  concussion, 
wabble,  conquassation  {rare),  quiver,  flap, 
jar,  jolt,  jerk,  wave;  see  tremble,  vibra- 
tion, FLOURISH. 

shaky,  a.  1,  Spec,  quaky,  shackly  {colloq.), 
jiggly,  jerky,  jolty,  rickety. 
Antonyms:  see  firm. 

2.    5ee  UNCERTAIN,  TREMBLING. 

shall,  V.  will; — they  are  sometimes  syno- 
nyms, with  slightly  different  connotation; 
but  usually  there  is  a  conventional  ride  pre- 
scribing the  use  of  the  one  or  the  other. 

shaUow,  a.  1.  shoal,  depthless,  fleet  {chief- 
ly dial,  and  agric.);  spec,  skin-deep. 
Antonyms:  see  deep,  fathomless. 

2.    »See  SUPERFICIAL. 

shallow,  7i.  shoal;  spec,  flat;  see  ford. 

Antonyms:  see  deep. 
shallowness,  n.  shoalness,  depthlessness. 

Antonyms:  see  depth. 
sham,  V.  i.  pretend;  spec,  malinger. 
shameless,  a.  immodest,  blushless,  bare- 
faced, brazen,  unblushing,  cynopic  {nonce 
word);    see  abandont:d,  impudent,   in- 
decent. 

Antonyms:  see  bashful,  modest. 
shape,  n.   1.  See  form,  figure,  image, 

APPARITION,  APPEARANCE,  ARRANGEMENT, 
STATE. 

2.  Referring  to  an  object  made  in  a  certain 
shape,  in  manufacturing,  building,  etc.: 
spec,  bend,  facet,  turn,  bar,  column, 
girder,  angle  iron,  block,  ball,  band,  etc. 
shape,  V.  t.  1.  form;  spec,  rough,  build, 
roughcast  {often  fig.),  roughhew  (often 
fig.),  bend,  block,  last,  machine,  dome, 
carve,  cut,  turn,  scapple,  mold,  blow, 
forge. 

2.  See  PLAN,  ADAPT,  ADJUST,  REGULATE, 
DE\aSE,  DESTINE. 

shapely,  a.  well-shaped,  clean,  neat,  well- 


made,  trim;  spec,  concinnous  {rare),  de- 
cent {archaic);  see  good-looking. 

Antonyms:  see  deformed. 
share,  /(.  part,  portion,  division;  spec. 
proportion,  cup  {fig.),  allotment,  deal, 
quantum,  quota,  contingent,  lot,  divi- 
dend, divvy  {slang  or  colhq.),  dole  {ar- 
chaic or  literary),  partagc  {rare),  purparty 
{archaic),   legitim;    see  dower,   dowry, 

ALLOWANCE. 

share,   v.   t.    1.   divide    {contextual),   part 
{rare),    divvy    {slang  or  colloq.;  csp.  wilh 
"up"),   whack   {slang;  esp.  with  "up"); 
see  dlstribute. 
2.  participate,  partake  {rare),  divide;  see 

EXPERIENCE. 

share,  v.  i.  participate,  engage,  partake, 
enter. 

sharing,  7i.  division  {contextual),  participa- 
tion, partaking,  community;  spec,  inter- 
community {rare),  cahoot  {used  in  "in 
cahoot,"  "go  cahoots";  slang);  see  part- 
nership. 

sharp,   a.    1.   cutting    {contextual),   keen, 
edged,  edgy  {rare),  keen-edged,  trenchant 
{archaic  and  poetic),  cultrate  {nat.  hist.); 
spec.  fine. 
Antonyms:  see  blunt. 

2.  Referring  to  a  person  or  to  the  mind: 
sharp-witted,  acute,  keen,  clever  {colloq.), 
smart  {chiefly  spec;  U.  S.),  bright,  can- 
ny {somewhat  contemptvx)us  or  sneering), 
quick-witted;  spec,  shrewd. 

Antonyms:  see  dull,  stupid. 

3.  Referring  to  language:  severe,  incisive 
{rare),  cutting,  penetrative,  caustic  {fig.), 
piercing,  pointed,  trenchant,  stinging,  bit- 
ing, pungent,  piquant  {rare),  crisp,  mor- 
dant {rare),  acid,  acidulous,  lancinating 
{as  criticism),  stimulating,  dry,  brisk;  see 

bitter,  cruel,  SARCASTIC. 

Antonyms:    see  smooth,  gentle,  kind, 
kindly,  affectionate. 

4.  Referring  to  the  look:  keen,  piercing, 
penetrating;   spec,  searching. 

5.  Referring  to  pain:  keen,  excruciating, 
piercing;  spec,  lancinating,  shooting, 
darting. 

6.  (See  angular,  abrupt,  pungent, 
harsh,  painful,  vigorous,  high,  lively, 
violent,  intense,  cold,  discerning,  in- 
telligent, vigilant. 

sharpen,  v.  t.  1.  edge  {chiefly  fig.),  sharp 
{rare);  spec,  strop  or  strap,  reset,  re- 
sharpen,  grind ;  see  point. 


X^'  Cross 

references:  see  Note. 

shamble,  n.:  gait. 

ness,  fJagrancy. 

shaken: 

agitated,    broken    (in 

shamble,  v.  i.:  walk. 

shanghai:   abduct. 

health). 

shambles:   slaughterhouse. 

shanty:   house. 

shaUow, 

V.  i.:  shoal. 

shame,  v.  t.:  abash. 

shape,  V.  i.:  plan,  change. 

sham,  n. 

■   deceit,  counterfeit. 

shamefaced :   bashful. 

shapeless:  formless. 

sham,   a 

:     pretended,    counter- 

shameful:      discreditable,    fla- 

shark, n.:  extortioner. 

feit. 

grant. 

sharp,  n.:   cheat. 

sham,  V. 

t.:   pretend. 

shamefulness:      discreditahle- 

sharp-cut:   definite. 

tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

382 

SHELTER 


Antonyms:  see  blunt. 

2.    See  INTENSIFY. 

sharpener,  n.  sharper  (rare);  spec,  stone, 

bone,  whetstone,  rifle. 
sharp -featured,     a.     thin     (contextual), 

hatchety  (colloq.). 
sharpness,    n.    1.    cut    (rare),    keenness, 

trenchancy  (rare),  edge;  spec,  fineness. 

2.  acuteness,  cleverness  {colloq.),  smart- 
ness {chiefly  spec),  brightness,  dexterity. 

3.  severity,  incisiveness  {rare),  edge,  caus- 
ticness  {fig.),  causticity  (fig-),  trench- 
ancy, sting,  crispness,  stimulatingness 
{rare),  piquancy,  pungency,  piquantness 
{rare),  dryness,  acidity;  spec,  bitterness, 
cruelty,  acrimony. 

Antonyms:  see  gentleness,  kindness. 

4.  Spec,  angularity,  abruptness,  pun- 
gency, distinctness,  discernment,  intelli- 
gence, intensity,  etc. 

sharpshooter,  n.  rifleman  {contextual); 
spec,  bersagliere  {pi.  -ri;  Italian),  tirail- 
leur {French). 

sharp -sighted,  a.  eagle-eyed;  spec,  all- 
seeing. 

shatter,  v.  t.  1.  destroy  {contextual),  break 
{contextual),  smash,  crash,  rend,  shiver, 
dash;  spec,  dynamite. 

2.    See  RUIN,  IMPAIR,  DERANGE. 

shave,  v.  t.  1.  See  pare,  graze,  cheat. 
2.  cut  {contextual),  scrape  {jocular),  mow 
{jocular),  razor  {rare). 

shaving,  n.  Spec,  whittling,  excelsior  {a 
collective;  U .  S .  trade  name) ;  see  paring. 

shawl,  n.  mantle  {contextual);  spec,  whit- 
tle {archaic  or  dial.). 

sheaf,  n.  1.  bundle,  reap  (agric.  or  dial.); 
spec,  grab  {obs.  or  hist.). 

2.    See  BUNDLE. 

sheaf,  V.  t.  bind  {contextual),  sheave. 

shears,  n.  pi.  clip  {sing.),  clippers  {pi.); 
see  SCISSORS.  In  dignified  figurative  use 
"shears"  is  more  common  than  "scissors." 

sheath,  n.  covering  {contextual),  case;  spec. 
vagina,  stall,  thumbstall,  fingerstall,  lor- 
ica,  boot,  theca,  ocr'ea,  fascia,  hose,  coleo- 
rhiza,  elytron,  aponeurosis,  cot,  scabbard. 

sheathe,  v.  t.  cover  (contextual),  incase, 
ensheathe  (rare);  spec,  scabbard,  vagi- 
nate  (rare),  muzzle,  clapboard. 

shed,  n.  1.  shelter  (contextual),  cover,  hovel 
(dial.  Eng.),  skilling  (Eng.;  chiefly  spec); 
spec,  box,  cot,  hangar  (Frencli),  lean-to, 
penthouse,  cote,  byre,  roundhouse,  skiUion. 
2.  See  HOUSE. 

shed,  V.  t.  1.  See  scatter,  emit,  diffuse, 

SPILL,  SCALE. 


2.  Referring  to  tears:  emit,  rain  (fi^.), 
weep,  drop. 

3.  Referring  to  shedding  an  old  skin,  shell, 
etc:  slough,  throw,  cast,  exuviate  (tech.); 
spec,  mew  (tech.  or  archaic),  exfoliate. 

4.  Referring  to  plants:  exfoliate  (tech.), 
drop,  cast;  spec,  deoperculate. 

sheep,  n.  mutton  (jocular),  fleece  (fig.), 
bleater  (colloq.),  fold  (a  collective  sing.), 
jumbncli  (Australia;  colloq.);  spec,  down, 
hog,  hogget,  hogling,  yearling,  herdwick, 
burrel  (East  Indian),  ram;  see  ewe,  lamb. 

sheepcote,  n.  sheepshed,  sheepy  (dial.). 

sheepskin,  ?i.  pelt  (contextual);  spec,  ba- 
san  or  bazan,  basil  or  bazil,  roan,  parch- 
ment. 

sheet,  n.  1.  Spec,  folio  or  folium,  card,  lap, 
blanket,  web,  folder  (U.  S.),  flake,  floe, 
foil;  see  lamina,  plate. 
2.  See  expanse. 

shelf,  71.  1.  Spec  bracket,  gradin,  gradine, 
desk,  retable,  degree. 

2.    See  LEDGE. 

shell,  n.  1.  test  (rare  or  tech.);  spec  frus- 
tule,  pen,  univalve,  bivalve. 

2.  Referring  to  the  hard  outer  covering  of 
various  animals:  case;  spec  elytron,  cara- 
pace, shard. 

3.  Referring  to  missiles:  case;  spec,  shrap- 
nel, grenade,  bomb,  carcass,  grenade 
(archaic),  dud  (slang);  see  missile. 

4.  See  case,  crust,  hull. 
shell,  V.  t.  i.  See  hull. 

2.  attack,  bombard. 

shell-bearing,  a.  conchiferous  (tech.). 

shellfish,  n.  moUusk  (tech.;  most  "shell- 
fish" are  "7nollusks"). 

shell- shaped,  a.  conchiform,  conchate, 
conchylaceous  (rare); — all  three  tech.  or 
learned. 

shelly,  a.  chitinous,  conchylious,  testace- 
ous ; — all  three  tech.  or  learned. 

shelter,  n.  1.  protection  (contextual),  cover 
(contextual),  screen,  shield,  bulwark  (lit- 
erary or  rhetorical);  spec  covert,  shadow, 
shroud,  crow's-nest,  houseroom,  canopy, 
bower,  box,  lee,  cab,  guardhouse,  dugout, 
abri  (French);  see  refuge. 

2.  Referring  to  the  fact  or  state  of  being 
sheltered:  refuge  (as  in  "to  seek  refuge"). 

Antonyms:  see  exposure. 

3.  Referring  to  giving  shelter:  harboring, 
reception;  spec  housing. 

4.  »See  protector. 

shelter,  v.  t.  1.  protect,  cover,  screen,  oe- 
screen  (an  intensive),  shield;  spec  en- 
sconce, shroud,  shadow,  overshadow. 


13^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
sharper:  cheat. 
sharp-set:   huntiry. 
shattering:  impairment. 
shave,  n.:  cut,  graze,  paring. 
shear,  n.:  cut. 


shear,  v.  t.:  cut,  clip,  cleave,  de- 
prive. 
sheathing:   covering. 
sheave,  v.  t.:  sheaf. 
shed,  V.  i.:  fall. 
shed,  71.:  divide. 


sheen,  n.:  luster,  shine. 
sheen,  v.  i.:   shine. 
sheeny:   lustrous. 
sheepish:    bashful,  abashed. 
sheer:    deviate. 
shekel:  cf.  coin. 


ltF=  S^e  Notes  of  Explanation. 
383 


SHELTERED) 


8.  Spec,  {referring  to  gieitig  asT/him  or 
s(ift'ty  to  otic  seeking  refuge)  receive,  refuge 
(rare),  harbor,  haven  (rare),  lodge,  hive, 
ensconce,  embosom  (literary;  Jig.),  em- 
bower, reset  («;T/iuic),  sanctuarize  (rare); 

see  ENTERTAIN,  HOUSE. 

Antonyms:  see  assail,  attack,  expose. 

sheltered,  a.  protected,  screened,  covert, 
cozy;  spec,    cloistered,  sequertered,   lee, 
leeward. 
Antonytns:    see  exposed,  shelterless. 

sheltering,  a.  protecting,  screening, 
sliielding,  cozy. 

shelterless,   a.   unprotected    (contextual), 
sliieldless,     screenJess;      spec,    exposed, 
houseless. 
Antony 7ns:  see  sheltered. 

shepherd,  n.  herder  (contextual),  shep- 
herdess (fern.),  pastor  (now  rare  or  classi- 
cal); spec.  Endymion  (fig.),  Daphnis 
(fig.),  shepherdling  (.rare). 

shield,  n.  1.  protection;  .spec,  targe  (ar- 
chaic and  poetic),  ancile  (Latin),  buckler, 
pelta,  pavis,  rondache  (French),  roundel, 
target,  hielaman  (Australia). 

2.  Referring  to  a  protective  covering  of  vari- 
ous animals:  spec,  buckler,  cuirass,  scute, 
scutellum. 

3.  See  shelter,  protector,  escutcheon. 
shield- shaped,     a.    scutiform,     scutate; 

spec,  clypeate,  peltate; — all  four  tech. 

shifting,  a.  fugitive,  flitting,  ambulatory 
(learned   or  tech.),  deambuJatory  (rare); 
spec,  floating,  unsettled. 
Antonyms:  see  permanent. 

shilling,  n.  bob  (slang),  thirteener  (rare), 
twelvepence. 

shine,  v.  t.  Spec,  polish,  glaze,  burnish, 
brighten. 

shine,  v.  i.  radiate,  beam,  sheen  (ar- 
chaic); spec,  play,  irradiate  (literary), 
hghten,  gleam,  blaze,  flame,  flare,  glim- 
mer, glimpse  (rare),  glare,  burn,  glow, 
beacon  (rare),  glisten,  glister,  glitter, 
brighten  (rare),  blink,  efifulge  (poetic), 
flash,  brandish  (rare),  resplend  (rare), 
luster  or  lustre  (rare),  gloze  (rare),  ray 
(rare),  outbeam  (rare),  lamp  (rare),  moon. 

shine,  n.  Spec.  poUsh,  brightness,  sheen, 
luster,  glare,  glaze. 

shining,  a.  1.  radiant,  bright  (contextual), 
beaming;  spec,  irradiant  (literary),  reful- 
gent, fulgent  (rare  or  poetic),  resplendent, 


glittering,  gleaming,  lambent,  orient, 
burning,  flaming,  intent  {rare),  relucent 
(rare),  splondent  (rare),  flaring,  interlu- 
cent,  luminous,  flashing. 

Antonyms:  see  d.\uk. 
2.  See  LUSTROUS,  distinguished. 
shining,  ?i.  1.  radiance,  radiation;    spec. 
refulgence,  flash,  lambency  or  (rare)  1am- 
bence,  glitterance  (rare),  irradiance  or  ir- 
radiancy  (literary),  irradiation  (literarxj); 

see  LUMINOSITY. 

2.  *See  LUSTER. 

ship,  n.  vessel,  hulk  (archaic,  exc.  spec); 
spec,  castle  (poetic  or  rhetorical),  argosy 
(historical  or  poetic),  runner,  leviathan 
(rhetorical),  liner,  roller,  screw,  razee,  car- 
vel, brig,  brigantine,  barkentine  or  bar- 
quentine,  frigate,  galleon,  junk,  schooner, 
sloop,  yawl,  yacht,  ketch,  lugger,  drom- 
ond, consort,  prow,  cHpper,  buss. 

ship,  V.  t.  1.  embark. 

2.  Spec,  export ;  see  send,  transport. 

3.  In  "to  ship  a  sea":  spec.  poop. 
shipping,  n.  ships  (collective  pi.),  marine, 

tonnage. 

shirk,  V.  t.  avoid,  evade,  balk,  blink,  blench. 

shirk,  V.  i.  soldier,  soger  (colloq.),  skulk; 
spec,  malinger. 

shirk,  n.  quitter  (U.  S.),  skulk,  slacker 
(colloq.;  now  chiefly  spec,  and  opprobri- 
ous), soger  (colloq.);  spec,  eyeservant, 
rogue. 

shirt,  n.  sark  (Scot.),  shift  (obs.  or  rare, 
exc.  spec);  spec,  chemise,  smock,  vest, 
camise,  guernsey. 

shirt  front,  dicky  (slang  or  colloq.),  sham, 
plastron  (rare). 

shoal,  V.  i.  shallow  (rare). 

shock,  V.  t.  1.  strike  (contextual),  concuss 
(rare);  spec,  jar,  jolt,  jounce. 
2.  Spec,  scandalize,  horrify,  jar  (now 
usually  considered  slang),  stun,  stagger, 
jolt  (chiefly  slang  or  colloq.),  disedify 
(rare). 

shock,  n.  1.  See  encounter. 

2.  impulse,  concussion,  brunt;  spec. 
crash,  slam,  dash,  percussion,  water 
hammer;    see  earthquake. 

3.  »S^ee  start,  thrill. 
shock,  n.  1.  See  group. 

2.  shag,  mat,  mop,  shog  (Scot,  and  dial.). 

shocking,    a.     Spec,    horrible,     horrific, 

ghastly,  ghast  (archaic  or  poetic),  ghast- 


t^=  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

shelve:  retire,  defer. 

shepherd,  v.  t.:   tend. 

shibboleth:  countersign. 

shield,  r.  t.:   protect,  shelter. 

shift,  n.:  expedient,  evasion,  de- 
vice, turn,  trick,  removal,  dis- 
placement, relay,  change,  stib- 
stitution. 

shift,  V.  i.:  dodge,  contrive,  dis- 
place, change,  prevaricate,  gybe. 


shiftless:   helpless,  lazy. 

shifty:  resourceful,  evasive. 

sbimmer:  flash. 

shindy:   disturbance. 

shine,  v.  t.:  polish. 

shine,  7i.:  luminosity,  luster, 
polish,  sunlight,  moonlight. 

shingle:  gravel. 

shinny:   hockey. 

shipment:  sending,  transporta- 
tion. 


shipshape:   orderly. 
shipwreck,  v.  t.:  wreck,  destroy. 
shire:   county. 

shiver,  n.:  fragment,  splinter. 
shiver,  v.  t.:    shatter,  splinter, 

crash. 
shiver,  v.  i.:  quiver,  shudder. 
shiver,  n.:  quiver,  shudder. 
shoal:   shallow. 
shoal:   school,  flock. 
shoddy:   pretended. 


tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

384 


SHOVEL 


ful  (archaic);  see  horrible,  abominable, 

DISGUSTING. 

Antonyms:  see  pleasant. 
shoe,  n.  1.  Spec,  boot,  bootee  (a  trade 
name),  half-boot,  bottine,  bootikin,  bus- 
kin, cothurnus,  sock,  soUeret,  startup, 
clodhopper,  clog,  chaussure  {archaic  or 
French),  balmoral,  sandal,  sabot  {French), 
pump,  brogan,  brodekin  {ohs.),  chopine 
or  chopin,  galosh  or  golosh  {rare  in  U.  S.), 
patten,  oxford,  Bliicher,  crakow,  brogue, 
moccasin,  stogy  (colloq.),  leathers  (a  col- 
lective pL). 

2.    *See  FERRULE. 

shoe,  V.  t.  1.  Spec,  boot,  sandal. 

2.    See  FERRULE. 

shoeblack,  n.  boots  {cant  or  colloq.). 

shoemaker,  n.  cordwainer  {obs.,  exc.  cant), 
Crispin  {fig.;  sometimes  cant),  souter  {obs. 
or  Scot.),  snob  {dial.  Eng.). 

shoemaking,  n.  cordwaniery  {literary). 

shoe- shaped,  a.  Spec,  sandaliform  (learn- 
ed). 

shoot,  n.  1.  See  growth,  dart,  rapid, 

CHUTE. 

2.  branch,  sprout,  graff  (archaic;  pri- 
marily spec),  chit  (obs.  or  dial.);  spec. 
bine,  tendril,  tiller,  braird  (Scot.),  browse 
(a  collective),  dag  (obs.),  layer,  turion;  see 

GRAFT. 

shoot,  V.  t.  1.  <See  project,  propel,  dis- 
charge, EMIT,  EXTEND,  PROTRUDE,  EX- 
PEL, VARIEGATE,  UTTER,  WOUND. 

2.  Referring  to  the  shooting  of  missiles:  dis- 
charge;  spec,  catapult. 

3.  strike  (contextual),  hit,  plug  (slang); 
spec,  rifle  (rare),  pot,  hull,  flight,  pistol, 
snipe,  pelt. 

shooter,  n.  1.  shot,  shotress  (obs.;  fern.), 
marksman  (contextual) ,  markswoman  (con- 
textual), gun  (cant);  spec,  gunman  (cant 
or   slang),    rifleman,    sharpshooter;     see 

GUNNER. 

2.  See  GUN. 
shop,  n.  1.  repository  (rare,  exc.  spec), 
store,  emporium  (a  loose  and  grandiloquent 
use),  market  (chiefly  spec);  spec,  char- 
cuterie  (French),  confectionary,  cutlery, 
sutlery,  canteen,  grocery,  creamery,  etc. 

2.    See  FACTORY,  BUSINESS. 

shop,  V.  i.  Spec,  market. 

shopkeeper,  n.  shopman;  spec,  bourgeois 

(French). 
shore,  n.  strand,  coast,  foreshore  (between 
high  and  low  water),  waterside  or  side  (con- 
texlual),  water  (contextual),  ripe  (rare), 
rivage  (poetic),  brim  (archaic);  spec,  sea- 
shore, bank, beach. 


short,  a.  1.  brief,  curtate,  curtal  (archaic), 

curtailed,  cutty  (Scot.);  spec,  curt,  close. 
Antonyms:  see  long,  endless,  lengthy. 

2.  See  LOW,  BRIEF  (in  time),  crumbly, 

CONCISE,  CURT  (in  language),  deficient. 
shorten,  v.  t.  1.  diminish,  abridge,  reduce, 

abbreviate  (rare,  exc.  as  to  time),  lessen; 

spec,  curtail,  dock,  cut,  breviate  (obs.); 

see  TRIM. 
Antonyms:  see  extend,  lengthen, 

2.  See  DIMINISH,  abbreviate,  contract, 

BEGUILE,  LOWER  (pricCS),  DEPRIVE. 

shortened,  a.  Spec,  curtate  (tech.), 
abridged. 

short-headed,  a.  brachycephalic  (tech.). 

short-lived,  a.  transitory,  transient  (rare), 
ephemeral  (properly  spec). 

shortness,  n.  brevity. 

short-winded,  a.  dyspnoeic  (tech.);  spec. 
puffy,  pursy,  pursive  (archaic),  breathless, 
asthmatic. 

shot,  n.  1.  Referring  to  an  act  of  shooting: 
shoot  (rare);  spec,  inner,  carton,  bull's- 
eye,  bowshot. 

2.  In  games:  shoot;  spec,  throw,  inwick 
(Scot.);  see  CAROM. 

3.  Referring  to  a  kind  of  missiles:    spec. 
buckshot,  swanshot,  canister,  grapeshot. 

4.  See  SHOOTER,  missile,  EXPLOSION,  AIM. 

shoulder  blade,  scapula  (tech.),  blade- 
bone  (now  chiefly  a  butcher's  term),  omo- 
plate  (rare). 

shoulder  piece.  Spec  epaulet  or  epau- 
lette, pouldron  or  pauldron. 

shout,  V.  i.  cry  (contextual),  exclaim  (for- 
mal; chiefly  spec),  yell  (somewhat  depre- 
datory), scream  (chiefly  spec),  vociferate 
(literary);  spec,  thunder,  bawl,  mouth, 
roar,  clamor,  whoop,  acclaim;  see  hollo, 

EXCLAIM,  CHEER. 

Antonyms:  see  whisper. 

shout,  v.  t.  cry  (contextual),  exclaim  (for- 
mal, chiefly  spec),  scream  (chiefly  spec), 
vociferate  (literary),  yell  (depreciatory); 
spec,  roar,  acclaim  (rare),  thunder,  bawl, 
bellow,  mouth  (rare),  clamor;  see  ex- 
claim. 
Antonyms:  see  whisper. 

shout,  n.  cry  (contextual),  yell  (deprecia- 
tory), scream  (chiefly  spec),  vociferation 
(literary);  spec,  thunder,  bawl,  bellow, 
roar,  clamor,  whoop  (rare  or  literary),  ac- 
claim (rare);  see  outcry,  hollo,  ex- 
clamation, CHEER. 
Antonyms:  see  whisper. 

shouter,  n.  stentor. 

shovel,  n.  Spec  peel,  battledore,  plow, 
scoop,  skeet,  slice. 


f^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
shook:    set. 

shooting,   n.;     projection,  dis- 
charge. 


shore,  v.  t.:  ground. 
shore,  n.  &  v.  t.:  prop. 
shorn:  cut. 
shortage:   deficiency. 


shortcoming:  fault. 

shot,  V.  t.:  load. 

shoulder,  V.  (.;  crowd,  jostle,  bear. 

shove:   push. 


(W  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

385 


SHOW 


show,  ru  1.  5Ifr  DISCLOSURK,  SIOIIT,  PROOF, 
I'UKTENSK,  OrrOHTUNlTY,  AIM'AUITION, 
AIR. 

2.  Referring  to  the  act  of  showing  to  others: 
display,  exhibition,  presentation;  spec. 
demonstration,  manifestation,  theoph- 
any,  epiphany. 
Antonj/ms:  sfc  hiding. 
S.  Referring  to  a  public  shoiP,  as  in  a 
theater:  spec,  performance,  exhibition, 
exposition,  fantoccini  (/)/.;  Italian),  wax- 
works (/'/.),  movies  (/)/.;  eolloq.),  cosmo- 
rama,  cyclorama,  gaff  (Eng.  slang  and 
colonial);  see  fair. 

4.  spectacle,  pageant,  display,  set-out 
{colloq.  or  informal);  spec,  masque,  pro- 
cession, games  (pi.). 

5.  In  a  concrete  sense,  referring  to  the  ob- 
jects shown:  display,  exhibit,  layout, 
spread,  set-out. 

6.  Referring  to  ostentatioiis  display:  dis- 
play, showiness,  ostentation,  ostenta- 
tiousness,  pretension,  pageantry,  pomp, 
parade,  bravery  (archaic  or  literary);  spec. 
bravura,  bubble,  dash  (a  lessforinal  equiv. 
of  "bravura"),  vanity,  vainglory,  blazon- 
ment  or  blazonry,  gallantry,  moonshine 
(Jig.;  depreciatory),  eclat  (French),  gay- 
ety,  dazzle,  garishness,  tinsel  (fig.), 
clinquant  (literary  or  artistic),  flash,  flour- 
ish, frippery,  splurge  (colloq.),  figure  (ar- 
chaic), flare,  glare,  gaudiness,  gaudery 
(rare),  gaud  (rare),  ostent  (rare). 

show,  V.  t.  1.  In  a  sense  implying  an 
intentional  bringing  into  sight:  exhibit, 
present,  produce,  display;  spec,  spring, 
reveal,  manifest,  proclaim,  flaunt,  flare, 
flash  (slang),  parade,  air,  demon- 
strate, outshow  (poetic),  discover  (ar- 
chaic), blazon,  wear,  stage,  represent, 
unfold,  meld. 

2.  In  a  sense  not  implying  any  intention: 
exhibit,  evince,  present,  display,  mani- 
fest; see  DISCLOSE. 

3-  Referring  to  showing  by  inference  from 
outward  acts,  signs,  etc.:  e^idence,  exhibit, 
display,  disclose,  bear,  evince,  manifest, 
give  (as  in  "to  give  signs  of  life");  spec. 
demonstrate,  betray. 

4.  Referring  to  obedience,  thanks,  etc.:  ren- 
der (used  urith  "obedience"),  do  (used 
chiefly  with  "obedience"),  pay,  give. 

5.  See     EXERCISE,     evidence,     pro'vt;, 

GUIDE,  DISCLOSE,  TEACH,  INDICATE,  PRE- 
FIGURE, EXPRESS,  REPRESENT. 

shower,  n.  1.  scud,  brash  (chiefly  dial.); 
spec,  fall,  flurry;  see  rain. 
2.  See  FLIGHT,  fall. 


showing,  n.  I.  disclosure,  display,  exhibi- 
tion; s]>cc.  manifestation,  etc. 

2.    Nee  .ST.\TEMKNT. 

showy,  a.  ostentatious,  brave  (now  archaic 
or  literary),  pretentious;  spec,  ambitious, 
dashing  (colloq.),  vain,  spectacular,  the- 
atrical, clashy  (colloq.),  gay  (rare),  pea- 
cocky  (colloq.),  loud,  braw  (Scot.),  show- 
ish  {rare),  branky  (Scot.),  garish  (literary), 
splendid  (colloq.),  gaudy,  sparkish  (rare), 
bright,  flaunty  (rare),  gallant,  gorgeous 
(colloq.  or  slang),  splendiferous  (colloq.  or 
slang),  flash  (cant),  smart  (olloq.),  gcw- 
gawish  (rare),  gingerbready  (colloq.), 
flary  (rare),  glaring,  flashy,  magnificent 
(colloq.),  sumptuous  (colloq.),  ambitious; 

see  GAUDY. 

Antonyms:  see  modest,  simple. 

shrew,  n.  termagant,  virago,  vixen,  cof^ 
quean  (archaic),  brimstone  (fig.),  ranti- 
pole  (rare);  spec,  scold. 

shrewd,  a.  1.  See  ill-tempered. 
2.  intelligent  (contextual),  discerning, 
knowing,  astute,  astucious  (rare),  canny 
(a  sense  based  on  qualities  attributed  by  the 
English  to  the  Scotch;  an  English  usage), 
keen,  cute  (colloq.),  long-headed,  hard- 
headed;  see  SHARP. 
Antonyms:  see  dull,  stupid. 

shrill,  a.  high,  thin,  sharp,  acute,  keen, 
small,   penetrative,   penetrating,    clariso- 
nous  (rare);   spec,  stridulous,  treble,  pipy 
(rare). 
Antonyms:  see  dull,  low,  sweet. 

shrill,  V.  i.  sound,  pipe;  spec,  stridulate; 
see  CRY,  exclaim. 

shrine,  n.  sanctuary  (contextual),  reli- 
quary, reliquaire  (French),  relicary  (rare); 
spec,  feretory  or  feretrum  (rare),  taber- 
nacle (obs.),  tester  (rare),  martyry,  lara- 
rium,  durgah  (East  Indian),  pir  (Slohain- 
??iec?a«),  phylactery  (Hebrew),  nymphseum. 

shrink,  v.  i.  1.  See  contract,  diminish, 

HESITATE. 

2.  contract  (contextual),  scringe  (colloq.  or 
dial.),  cringe,  huddle  (usually  with  "to- 
gether"). 

Antonyms:  see  expand,  bloat,  swell. 

3.  recoil  (contextual)  ,v:ine.e,  cringe,  scringe 
(colloq.  or  dial.),  quail,  cow,  flinch,  blench 
or  (archaic)  blanch,  funk  (slang);  spec. 
boggle,  revolt,  start;  see  shy. 

shrink,  ?i.  1.  See  CONTRACTION,  hesita- 
tion, DIMINUTION. 

2.  contraction,  scringe  (colloq.  or  dial.), 
cringe,  bundle. 

3.  recoil  (contextual),  revolt,  resihence 
(rare),  revulsion,  ^ance,   cringe,  scringe 


t^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
show,  r.  i.:  appear. 
shower,  v.  t.:  lavish,  wet. 
showery:   rainy. 
shred,  n.:  fragment,  piece,  par- 


ticle. 
shred,  r.  t.:  cut,  tear,  fray. 
shrewish:   ill-tempered. 
shriek:   scream. 
shrift:   absolution,  confession. 


shrill,  n.:  cry. 

shrinkage:  contraction,  diminu- 
tion. 
shrinking,  a.:  bashftd,  timid. 
shrive:   absolve,  confess. 


tW  See  {ilotes  of  Explanation. 

386 


SIGHTLY 


(colloq.  or  dial.),  funk  (slang),  flinch;  spec. 
gabble,  start;  see  shy. 
shroud,   n.    1.   See  garment,   disguise, 

SHELTER. 

2.  cerecloth,  cerement  (rare),  winding 
sheet,  sheet  (short  for  "winding  sheet"), 
sindon  ^hist.  or  archaic). 

shrub,  71.  bush,  frutex  (rare;  tech.). 

shrubby,  a.  1.  bushy,  frutescent    (tech.), 
fruticose  (tech.),    fruticous  (rare);     spec. 
fruticulose  (rare),  suffruticose. 
2.  See  BUSHY. 

shudder,  v.  i.  shake  (contextual),  quiver, 
horror  (chiefly  mcd.),  shiver. 

shudder,  n.  shake  (contextual),  quiver, 
horror  (chiefly  med.),  shiver. 

shuddering,  n.  shaking,  quivering,  hor- 
rent (rare  or  literary),  horrescent  (rare). 

shuffle,  n.  I.  See  exchange,  trick,  pre- 
varication, EVASION,  PUSH. 
2.  Rejerring  to  the  gait:  scuff,  scrape;  see 

DANCE. 

shuffle,  V.  i.  1.  scrape,  scuff. 

2.    See  PREVARICATE,  DODGE. 

shut,  V.  t.  1.  Referring  to  a  door,  gate,  etc.: 
close;   spec,  snap,  slam,  clap; — these  last 
specific  synonyms  being  contextual  senses. 
Antonyms:  see  open,  unfold. 
2.  See  CLOSE,  obstruct. 

shy,  V.  i.  shrink,  skit,  skew,  boggle. 

shy,  n.  shrink,  boggle; — referring  to  horses. 

sick,  a.  1.  (See  AILING,  DISEASED,  DEPRESSED, 
SPOILED. 

2.  qualmish,  nauseated;  spec,  seasick. 

3.  tired  (used  with  "of"),  weary  (used  with 
"of"),  disgusted  (used  with  "with"). 

sicken,  v.  i.  1.  fail,  invalid;  see  languish. 
2.  Referring  to  a  becoming  weary  of  a 
thing:  tire  (used  with  "of"),  weary  (used 
with  "of"). 

sicken,  v.  t.  1.  indispose,  craze  (archaic); 

see  NAUSEATE. 

2.  tire,  weary ;  see  disgust. 

sickle- shaped,  a.  falciform  (tech.),  falcu- 
late  (rare). 

sickly-looking,  a.  peaky  (colloq.),  peaked 
(chiefly  colloq.) ,  peakish  (colloq.;  rare). 

sickness,  n.  1.  illness,  ill  health,  morbid- 
ity, invalidship  (rare),  invalidism,  indis- 
posedness  (rare);  see  nausea. 
2.  See  AILMENT,  disease. 


side,  n.  I.  pleuron  (^anat.),  paries  (anat.); 
spec,  flitch,  flank. 

2.  surface  (contextual),  face  (contextual); 
spec,  aspect,  lee,  leeboard,  broadside, 
front,  bottom,  top,  interior,  exterior, 
slope,  shore. 

Antomjms:  see  point. 

3.  hand ; — as  in  "on  either  side"  or  "hand." 

4.  cause,  part,  party  (now  rare),  behalf. 

5.  See  LIMIT,  edge,  party,  alternative, 
direction,  place. 

sideboard, n.  »Spec.  cellaret,  buffet,  dresser. 
sideway,  a.  lateral,  sidelong,  sideling,  side- 
ways   (colloq.),   sidewise,    sideward;     see 

BROADSIDE. 

sideways,  adv.  sidelong,  sidewise,  lateral- 
ly, sideward,  sidewards,  sideway,  collater- 
ally; see  BROADSIDE,  CROSSWISE,  OB- 
LIQUELY. 

Antonyms:  see  lengthwise. 
siding,   n.    track    (contextual),    sidetrack 

(orig.  U.  S.);  spec,  pass-by. 
sidle,  V.  i.  side  (rare),  edge,  skew;   spec. 

crabsidle. 
siege,     n.     investment,     beleaguerment, 

leaguer    (literary),    besiegement    (rare), 

blockade  (chiefly  spec). 
siesta,  n.  rest  (contextual),  nap;  spec,  me- 
ridian (rare). 
sieve,  n.  tense  (obs.  or  dial.;  chiefly  spec), 

search  (obsolescent),  cribble  (obsolescent); 

spec,  screen,  bolter,  colander,  drum,  grate, 

grating,    riddle,    griddle,    grizzly,    harp 

(Scot.);  see  strainer. 
sievelike,   a.    cribriform    (tech.),    cribrate 

(tech.),  cribrose  (tech.),  coliform   (rare); 

spec,  ethmoid. 
sift,  V.  t.   1.  separate  (contextual),  sieve, 

scarce  (obsolescent),  cribble  (obsolescent); 

spec    bolt,    screen,    riddle,    garble;     see 

STRAIN. 

2.  See  DISCOVER,  examine,  discuss. 
sigh,  n.  breath,  suspiration  (rare);   spec. 

heigh-ho,  sob,  aspiration  (rare). 

Antonyms:  see  laugh. 
sigh,  V.  i.  1.  breathe  (contextual),  suspire 

(rare),   sough    (literary   or   dial.);    spec. 

heigh-ho,  sob. 

2.  See  long,  sorrow,  mourn. 
sight,  n.  1.  Referring  to  that  which  is  seen: 

vision,  view,  show,  beholding  (archaic). 


t^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

slirivel:   contract,  wrinkle. 

shriveled:  contracted,  wrinkled. 

shroud,  V.  t.:  disguise,  hide. 

shrunken:   contracted. 

shuck:   hull. 

shuf9e,  V.  t.:  push,  mix,  manip- 
ulate. 

shun :  avoid. 

shunt:  switch. 

shuttle:  reciprocate. 

shy,  a.:  distrustful,  timid,  bash- 
ful, elusive. 


shy,  re.  ct-  V.  t.:   throw. 

sibilant:  hissing. 

sibilate:   hiss. 

sibilation:   hiss. 

sibyl:   prophet,  witch. 

sibylline:   oracular. 

sickening,  a.:  nauseous,  dis- 
gusting. 

sickish:  ailing,  nauseous,  dis- 
eased. 

sicklied:   ailing,  emotional. 

sickly:  ailing,  faint,  diseased, 
unhealthy,  nauseous. 


side,  a.:  lateral. 
sideling,  adi)..'  sideways. 
sideling,  a.:   sideway. 
sidelong,  adv.:  sideiuays. 
sidelong,  a.:  sideway. 
sidereal:   starry. 
sideward,  adv.:  sideways. 
sideward,  a.:  sideway. 
siege,  V.  t.:  besiege. 
sieve,  v.  t.:  sift. 
sigh,  V.  t.:  mourn. 
sightless:  blind,  invisible. 
sightly:  good-looking,  viewy. 


tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

387 


SIGHTSEE 


spectacle;  sjx'c.  pawk,  fright,  eyesore, 
gu>';  see  spectaclk,  vikw. 
2.  Referring  to  the  act  of  seeing  something: 
perception  (contextual),  vision,  view, 
spectiicle,  look,  glimpse;  spec,  notice,  con- 
templation. 

S.  Referring  to  the  facully  or  power  of  see- 
ing:  vision,  eyesight,  seeing,  view  {rare), 
hght  {poetic  or  rhetorical). 
Antonyms:  see  blindness. 

4.  Referring  to  the  area  open  to  sight: 
range,  eyeshot,  view,  eye  {now  only  fig.,  as 
in  "out  of  one's  eye"). 

5.  Spec,  target,  vane,  housse  {French), 
dispart,  pinnule,  notch,  leaf. 

sight»ee,  v.  i.  Spec,  lionize,  slum. 

sign,  n.  1.  See  gestuhe,  vestige. 
2.  indication, signification  (rare  or  learned), 
mark,  significative  {rare  or  learned),  token, 
note,  signal  (chiefly  spec),  denotation 
(rare),  ensign  {archaic),  signature  {rare  or 
tech.),  significant  {rare),  signum  {Latin); 
spec,  direct,  diaeresis,  collar,  charact  {ar- 
chaic); see  BADGE,  NOTICE,  COUNTERSIGN, 
PASSWORD,  SYMBOL. 

8.  Referring  to  a  business  sign:  spec,  de- 
vice, signboard,  shingle  {colloq.),  post, bush 
{chiefly  hist.),  winebush  {chiefly  hist.) ,  pole. 
4.  Referring  to  what  indicates  coming 
events:  omen,  portent,  auspice  {chiefly 
spec),  augury  {rare),  prognostication, 
presage,  token,  foretoken,  presignifica- 
tion  {rare),  prognostic,  boding,  bodement 
(rare),  prodigy  {rare),  ostent  {rare);   see 

SYMPTOM. 

sign,  V.  t.  1.  See  signal. 
2.  confirm  {contextual),  subscribe;    spec. 
countersign,  letter,  cross,  initial,  indorse. 

signal,  n.  1.  See  sign. 
2.  sign,  token  {rare);  spec,  beacon,  whis- 
tle, cry,  cue  {theatrics),  catchword  {chiefly 
theatrics),  enunciator,  flare-up,  light,  tar- 
get ([/.  S.),  telegraph,  semaphore,  wave, 
wigwag,  balk,  assembly,  reveille,  taps, 
tattoo,  beat,  flam,  chamade  {French), 
troop,  watchword;  see  gesture,  alarm. 

signal,  V.  t.  1.  inform  {contextual),  notify 
{contextual),  sign  {rare),  signalize  {rare), 
signify ;  spec  fugle,  flame,  whistle,  flag. 

2.    See  ANNOUNCE,  DISTINGUISH. 

signaler,  n.  signalman;  spec  flagman, 
trumpeter,  operator,  sentinel,  etc 

signaling,  n.  Spec,  beckoning,  waft  {rare), 
wafture  {rare),  etc.;  spec  heliography, 
telegraphy,  etc 

signatory,  a.  signing,  signatary;  spec  co- 
signatory. 

signature,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  mark:  sub- 


scription, subscript  (rare),  autograph, 
sign  manual,  hand  {chiefly  tech.);  spec. 
mark,  cross,  frank,  countersignature;  see 

INDORSEMENT. 

2.   Referring  to  tlic  act  or  action:  subscrip- 
tion,  signing,   signation   (rare),   indorse- 
ment. 
significant,  a.  1.  See  expressive,  impor- 
tant, EMPHATIC. 

2.  expressive,  indicative,  suggestive,  sig- 
nificative; spec,  presageful,  ominous, 
prognostic,  boding,  bodeful,  oracular, 
portentous,   sinister,   consignificant;    see 

THREATENING. 

Antonyms:  see  empty,  meaningless. 

signify,  v.  t.  1.  See  express,  indicate, 
mean,  ant^ounce,  signal. 
2.  indicate,  denote,  mean,  betoken,  au- 
gur, omen,  portend  (esp.  evil),  presignify 
{rare),  preindicate,  promise,  foretoken, 
foreshow,  foresignify  {rare);  spec,  bode, 
symbolize,  forebode,  nod,  announce,  har- 
binger, prognosticate;   see  foreshadow. 

silence,  n.  1.  speechlessness,  silentness, 
mumness,  hush  {imposed  or  enforced  si- 
lence); see  reticence. 
Antonyms:  see  speech,  talk. 
2.  noiselessness,  silentness,  quiet,  quiet- 
ness, quietude,  stillness,  still,  hush;  spec. 
dead  {of  night) . 

Antonyms:  see  noise,  din,  sound,  sound- 
ing, uproar. 

silence,  v.  t.  1.  Referring  to  speech:  hush, 
quiet,  dumb,  mum  {colloq.  or  rare),  muz- 
zle {spec  or  fig.),  throttle  {spec  or  fig.). 

2.  Referring  to  the  prevention  of  noise  or  of 
the  perceptibleness  of  noise:  still,  hush, 
quiet,  quieten  {rare),  deafen  or  {archaic) 
deaf,  drowTi. 

Antonyms:  see  rouse. 

3.  *See  DISABLE,  suppress,  confute. 
silence,  v.  i.  quiet,  hush. 

silencer,  n.  Spec,  mute,  sordino  {Italian), 
sordine,  silentiary  {rare),  choker  {slang), 
muffler. 

silent,  a.  1.  speechless,  mute  (primarily 
spec),  voiceless,  dumb,  quiet,  mum  (col- 
loq.), husht  (archaic),  whist  (archaic  or 
rare),  tacit  (rare),  conticent  (rare),  wist- 
ful (rare);  spec,  tongueless ;  see  reticent. 
Antonyms:  see  uproarious,  clamorous, 

BOISTEROUS,  NOISY. 

2.  noiseless,  quiet,  still,  dumb,  inaudible, 
stilly  (poetic),  hush  (archaic),  dumb  (em- 
phatic); spec,  hushful,  echoless  (poetic  or 
rhetorical),  tuneless. 
Antonyms:  see  loud,  boisterous,  noisy, 

SILENT. 


I'W  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
sign,  V.  i.:  gesture. 
sis^nal,  a.:   conspicuous. 
signal,  r.  i.:  gesture. 
signalize:     signal,  distinguish. 


indicate. 
slgnalment:   description. 
signet:  seal. 
significance:      meaning, 

portance. 


signification:    expression, 

meaning,  sign. 
significative:   significant,  sym.- 

bolir.  espre^sire,  indicatire. 
signory:    /orjs/ap,  domain. 


iW  See  Notes  ot  Explanation. 

388 


SINCERE 


3.  iS'ee  NONvocAL. 
silently,      adv.      speechlessly,      dumbly, 

mutely,  noiselessly,  etc. 
Antonyms:  see  aloud,  noisily. 
siliceous,  a.  silicious  (less  usual). 
silky,  a.  1.  silken,  sericeous  (tech.),  flossy; 

spec,  satiny. 

2.  See  INGRATIATING,  SMOOTH,  SOFT, 
DOWNY. 

sill,  n.  Spec,  threshold. 

silly,  n.  featherhead,  goosey; — all  three 
colloq.;  see  simpleton. 

silver,  n.  argent  (archaic,  poetic,  or  her.). 

silver,  a.  argental  (learned  or  tech.),  argen- 
tine (rare),  silvern  (archaic  or  poetic), 
white  (obs.  or  archaic). 

silver-haired,  a.  white-haired,  silvered. 

silvery,  a.  1.  silver  (chiefly  poetic),  argent 
(literary  or  tech.),  argenteous  (rare),  ar- 
gentine (rare). 

2.    See  CLEAR,  MELODIOUS. 

simian,  a.  apelike,  apish;  spec,  baboonish, 
catarrhine. 

simian,  n.  ape  (chiefly  spec),  monkey, 
jackanapes  (archaic);  spec.  Jocko,  ba- 
boon, gorilla,  catarrhine,  etc. 

similar,  a.  resembling,  resemblant  (rare); 
spec,  like,  alike  (a  predicative) ,  such,  con- 
similar,     conspecific,    conformable;     see 

ANALOGOUS. 

similarity,  n.  resemblance,  similitude 
(rare);  spec,  hkeness,  alikeness  (rare;  a 
predicative),  consimilarity  (rare),  parity; 

see  ANALOGY. 

similarly,  a.  likewise  (as  in  "to  do  like- 
ivise,"  etc.;  archaic). 
simple,  a.  1.  See  artless,  insignificant, 

MERE,  UNAFFECTED. 

2.  simple-minded,  innocent,  unsophis- 
ticated, onefold  (rare),  guileless,  inarti- 
ficial, silly  (archaic);  see  unsuspecting. 

Antonyms:  see  affected,  artful. 

3.  plain;  spec,  homely,  homelike,  russet, 
rustic,  rural,  frugal,  natural,  native, 
homespun  (fig.),  Attic. 

Antonyms:  see  ambitious,  showy,  lux- 
urious, elaborate,  fantastic,  gaudy, 
ornamental. 

4.  uncompounded,  unmixed,  incompos- 
ite  (learned  or  rare),  single,  elemental  or 
elementary,  incomplex  (rare);  see  pure, 
unadulterated. 

Antonyms:  see  complex, 'Composite. 

5.  easy,  plain,  uninvolved,  straightfor- 
ward. 

Antonyms:  see  unsolvable. 


simpleton,  n.  hghthead,  simple,  stupid, 

wantwit  (archaic  or  literary),  jay  (slang  or 
colloq.),  nincompoop  (contemptuous;  col- 
loq. or  slang),  geek  (obs.  or  dial.),  gaby 
(colloq.  or  dial.);  spec,  gawky  or  (undigni- 
fied) gawk,  greenhorn  (colloq.),  gander, 
gulpin,  gull,  noddy,  gump  (U.  S.;  vulgar), 
tony  (rare  or  archaic) ,  spoon  (slang  or  col- 
loq.), spoony  (slang  or  colloq.),  ninny, 
ninnyhammer,  idiot  (colloq.),  soft  or  softy 
(slang),  ass,  simpkin  (rare),  clown, 
Gothamist  or  Gothamite  (rare;  fig.), 
booby  (colloq.  or  slang),  juggins  (slang), 
jobbernowl  (collnq.),  innocent  (euphemis- 
tic), goose  (colloq.),  noodle;  see  block- 
head (referring  esp.  to  the  lack  of  un- 
derstanding), FOOL  (referring  to  extreme 
deficiency  of  the  faculty  of  understanding). 
simplicity,  n.  1.  Spec,  artlessness,  hum- 
bleness, lowhness,  unaffectedness. 

2.  simple-mindedness,  simpleness,  niai- 
serie  (French),  innocence,  unsophisticat- 
Cdness,  unsophistication,  naivete,  sim- 
plesse  (^archaic),  silliness  (archaic);  spec. 
unsuspiciousness,  ignorance. 

Antonyms:    cf.   the  adjectives  mentioned 
under  simple,  2. 

3.  plainness,  simpleness,  homeliness,  sim- 
plesse  (archaic),  rusticity,  frugality,  nat- 
uralness. 

Antonyms:  see  luxury. 

4.  uncompoundness  (rare),  incomposite- 
ness  (rare);  see  purity. 

5.  easiness,  plainness,  straightforward- 
ness. 

simpJify,  v.  t.  disintricate   (rare);    spec. 
abbreviate  (math.). 
Antonyms:  see  complicate. 

sin,  n.  transgression  (formal),  offense  (^co7i- 
textual),  wrong,  wickedness,  crime,  piacle 
(rare),  iniquity,  debt  (Biblical),  trespass 
(rare  or  Biblical),  error  (contextual),  pec- 
cancy (rare);  spec,  peccadillo. 

sin,  V.  i.  transgress  (forrnal  or  literary),  of- 
fend, trespass  (Biblical),  err  (esp.  in  "to 
err  is  human,  to  forgive  divine"). 

since,  adv.  1.  See  ago. 
2.  subsequently,  later,  afterwards. 

sincere,  a.  1.  See  pure. 

2.  In  the  sense  of  "not  containing  any  ele- 
ment of  insincerity":  real,  true,  genuine, 
unfeigned,  single  (literary),  unaffected, 
simple,  honest,  deceitless  (rare). 

Antonyms:     see    insincere,    specious, 
trifling. 

3.  In  the  sense  of  "characterized  by  sincer- 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
silly:   foolish,  imbecile,  unwise, 

absurd. 
silt:  deposit. 
silvan,    a.:     woodland,    woody, 

rural. 
simile:  comparison. 


similitude:  counterpart,  like- 
ness, comparison,  allegory, 

simmer:   stew. 

simony:   traffic. 

simper:    smile. 

simple,  n.:  ignoramus,  simple- 
ton. 


simpleness:  artlessness,  sim- 
plicity. 

simulate:  pretend,  resemble. 

simulation:  pretense,  resem- 
blance. 

simulative:  resembling,      [o^is. 

simultaneous:    contcmporane- 


26 


(W  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

389 


SINCERITY 


ity,"  and  referring  to  person:^,  their  actiotis, 
etc.:  honest,  honorable,  liearty,  cordial, 
simple  (rare  or  liteniri/),  sinj^le  {literari/), 
direct,  straight  [eolloq.),  straightforward, 
undeceitful.  fraudless  (rare),  single- 
hearted,  whole-hearted,  single-minded, 
heart-whole  (rare),  single-e.\ed  (rare), 
heart ful  (rare),  unafYected;  spec,  devout. 
Antonyms:  see  affected,  insincere. 

sincerity,  n.  1.  See  purity. 
2.  reality,   truth,   trueness,   genuineness, 
singleness   (literary),  simplicity,  honesty, 
sterlingness. 
Antonyms:  see  insincerity. 
8.  honesty,     honorableness,     heartiness, 
cordiality,    cordialness,   singleness    {liter- 
ary),   single-heartedness,   single-minded- 
ness,  whole-heartedncss,   devotion,  sim- 
pUcity  (rare  or  literary),  integrity,  direct- 
ness, straightforwardness. 
AyUonyms:  see  insincerity. 

sinewy,  a.  1.  wiry,  stringy  (colloq.),  whip- 
cordy  (rare),  nervous  (rare),  nervy  (rare)'. 
2.  See  strong,  forcible. 

sinful,  a.  transgressive  (rare),  wicked, 
wrong,  wTongful,  piacular  (^are),  peccant 
(literary),  sinning,  peccable  (literary); 
spec,  blamable,  corrupt. 
Antonyms:  see  sinful, blameless, holy, 
innocent. 

sing,  V.  i.  1.  Spec,  lilt,  melodize  (rare), 
descant,  warble,  chant  (arcJiaic  or  poetic), 
carol  (chiefly  poetic),  melody  (rare),  choir 
(poetic),  trollol  (rare),  yodel,  hum,  troll, 
singsong  (rare),  hymn,  psalmodize,  lullaby 
(rare). 

2.  Referring  to  birds:  flute,  whistle,  pipe; 
spec,  warble,  hit,  carol,  crow. 

3.  See  cry,  hum,  ring. 

sing,  V.  t.  1.  utter  (contextual),  raise  (con- 
textual), spec,  lilt,  chant  (archaic  or  poet- 
ic), carol  (chiefly  poetic),  warble,  bear  (in 
"to  hear  a  part";  archaic),  modulate 
(rare),  choir  (poetic),  yodel,  troll,  intone, 
cantillate  (rare),  monotone,  succent 
(rare),  hum,  timbrel,  lullaby,  psalm, 
quaver. 
2.  See  INTONE,  celebrate,  proclaim. 

singer,  n.  1.  Referring  to  males  or  females: 
vocaUst  (rare),  voice,  songster;  spec. 
descant er  (rare),  chanter  (chiefly  poetic), 
melodist  (rare),  warbler,  caroler,  choris- 
ter, precentor,  orpheonist. 
2.  Referring  to  males:  songman  (rare), 
cantator  (rare);  spec,  bass,  barytone, 
tenor,  falsetto,  warbler,  yodler,  minstrel. 


bard,  minnesinger,  troubadour,  gleeman, 
hynmer,  hynmist,  lliadist  (Jig.),  rhapso- 
dist,  jisalmodist,  cantor,  succentor. 

3.  Referring  to  females:  songstress,  can- 
tatrice  (Ituiian);  spec,  chantre.ss  (poetic  or 
archaic),  soprano  or  (rare)  sopranist,  alto, 
contralto,  nightingale  (fig-),  siren,  prima 
donna. 

4.  Referring  to  birds:  song  bird,  songster, 
songstress  (fern.);  spec,  warbler,  w'histler. 

singing,  a.  cantatory  (rare). 

singing,  n.  1.  Spec,  modulation  (rare), 
charm,  cantillation  (rare),  intonement, 
humming,  minstrelsy,  hymnody. 

2.    See  INTONATION. 

single,  a.  I.  See  alone  (as  being  apart 
from  others),  individual  (as  being  consid- 
ered separately),  one  (as  being  the  only 
one),  simple  (as  being  made  up  of  one  part 
only),  sincere,  mere. 
2.  sole;  spec,  celibate. 

sink,  n.  1.  Spec,  cesspool,  hollow,  drain, 
basin. 

2.  Referring  to  a  place  where  things  sink  in 
and  are  lost:  spec,  slough,  mire,  quick- 
sand, hole. 

3.  Referring  to  a  place  of  moral  degradation: 
cloaca  (fig.),  sewer  (fig.). 

sink,  V.  i.  1.  submerge  (rare),  subside  (rare); 
spec,  founder,  poach  (in  walking). 
Antonyms:  see  emerge,  float. 

2.  Referring  to  a  giving  way,  as  under 
emotion,  etc.:  fail,  collapse,  subside 
(chiefly  spec);  spec,  drop,  lapse;  see  fall. 

3.  See  subside  (referring  to  the  lowering, 
as  of  a  body  of  water,  etc.),  penetrate, 
descend,  fall,  degenerate,  languish, 
disappear,  change. 

sink,  V.  t.  I.  submerge,  submerse  (rare); 
spec,  phmge,  founder,  swamp:  see  drown. 
Antonyms:  see  raise,  float. 
2.  See  lower,  insert,  ignore,  depress, 
lose,  degrade,  abase,  pay,  ruin. 

sinklike,  a.  colluvial  (rare). 

sinless,  a.  innocent,  righteous,  impecca- 
ble, blameless,  unspotted;  see  holy. 
Antonyms:    see  wicked,  sinful,  blam- 
able, corrupt. 

sinner,  n.  transgressor  (which  see),  tres- 
passer, offender,  wrongdoer,  malfeasant; 
spec,  reprobate. 
Antonyms:  see  innocent. 

sinuosity,  n.  curve  (contextual),  crook 
(contextual),  sinuation  (rare),  bend  (con- 
textual); spec,  undulation,  wave,  -wind, 
winding,  flexuosity,  crinkle. 


t^=  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
sinews   ligament,  strength. 
sin^e:  bum. 
single,  V.  t.:    separate,  distin- 

guiah. 

single-handed:  unaided. 
single-hearted:  sincere. 
singleness:   sincerity,  celibacy. 


singletree:   whipplefree. 

singsong,  n.;   monotone. 

singsong,  a.;  monotonous. 

singular:  one,  individual,  odd, 
extraordinary,  unique. 

singularity:  oneness,  individu- 
ality, oddity,  quality. 

singularize:     distinguish,    in- 


dividualize. 

sinister:  dishonest,  harmful, 
wicked,  significant,  threatening, 
unfavorable,  ill-omened,  left. 

sinistral:  left. 

sinistrous:    ill-omened. 

sinuate:  sinuous. 

sinuation:   winding,  sinuosity. 


iW  See  Notes  ol  Explanation. 

390 


SKIN 


sinuous,  a.  crooked,  curved,  curving,  sinu- 
ate, sinuated  (rare),  sinuose  (rare),  wind- 
ing, undulating,  wavy,  zigzag  (contextual); 
spec,  flexuous  (chiefly  tech.),  flexuose, 
vermicular,  vermiculate,  tortuous,  cir- 
cuitous, serpentine,  anfractuous  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  straight. 

sip,  V.  i.  &  n.  sup. 

sister,  n.  1.  Spec,  cadette. 
2.  associate  (conttxtual) ;  spec.  nun. 

sisterhood,  n.  1.  sistership. 
2.  association  (con^ex^uoZ),  sisternity  (rare; 
a  barbarism);  spec,  nunnery. 

sit,  V.  i.  1.  Spec,  set  (referring  to  a  hen; 
commonly  considered  bad  usage),  incubate 
(tech.),  squat;  see  perch. 
Antonyms:  seesT  AND,  kneel,  lie,  bustle. 
2.  Referring  to  a  body  convening  for  busi- 
ness: meet. 
S.  See  STAT,  LIE,  pose. 

sit,  n.  Referring  to  the  act:  sit-dovra  (rare). 
"Sit"  is  rare. 

sit,  V.  t.  Spec.  ride. 

sitting,  a.  sedent  (rare). 

sitting,  n.  1.  Referring  to  ike  act:  session 
(rare) . 

Antonyms:  see  standing. 
2.  See  session,  seat. 

situation,   n.    1.  See   place,   position, 
state. 
2.  juncture,  scene. 

six,  a.  senary  (rare). 

six,   n.    1.  Spec,  sise  or  size  (archaic  or 
rare). 
2.  sextuplet  (chiefly  spec),  hexad. 

six-angled,  a.  hexagonal  or  (rare)  hexan- 
gular  (learned). 

six- columned,  a.  hexastyle  (architecture). 

sixfold,  a.  sextuple  (learned). 

sixfold,  V.  t.  sextuple  (rare),  sextuply  (obs. 
or  rare) . 

sixpence,  n.  kick   (slang),  tizzy   (slang), 
size  (slang;  obs.  or  rare). 

six-sided,  a.  hexahedral  (learned  or  tech.). 

sixty,  n.  threescore;  spec,  sexagenary. 

size,  n.  1.  magnitude,  bulk,  volume,  big- 
ness, greatness,  grossness  (archaic  or  obs.), 
quantity  (obs.,  exc.  math.),  amplitude 
(chiefly  spec;  formal  or  literary);  spec 
measure,  measurement,  content,  folio; 
see  WIDTH. 
2.  See  EXTENT,  area. 

size,  V.  t.  1.  Spec,  adjust,  gauge. 
2.  See  CLASSIFY,  arrange. 

skein,  n.  Spec  bottom,  hank,  hasp. 


skeleton,  n.  1.  anatomy  (archaic,  exc. 
spec),  atomy  (archaic). 

2.  Referring  to  a  very  thin  person  or  ani- 
mal: scrag,  gangrel  (archaic),  anatomy 
(archaic),  atomy  (obs.  or  jocular). 

3.  See  STRUCTURE,  OUTLINE. 

skeptic,  n.  doubter,  freethinker,  minimi- 
fidian  (rare);  spec.  Pyrrhonist. 
Antonyms:  see  believer  (cf.  believe). 

skeptical,    a.    doubtful,    skeptic,     spec, 
Pyrrhonian  or  Pyrrhonic. 
Antonyms:  see  believing. 

skepticism,  n.  doubt;  spec.  Pyrrhonism, 
nihilism. 
Antonyms:  see  belief. 

skill,  n.  1.  ability,  expertness,  dexterity, 
proficiency,  cleverness,  address,  expert- 
ness, mastery,  mastership  (rare),  master- 
hood  (rare),  technique  (tech.),  featness 
(archaic),  cunning  (archaic),  sleight  (ar- 
chaic); spec,  perfection,  science,  art, 
craft  (rare),  handicraft  (rare),  adroitness, 
handiness,  deftness,  adeptness,  virtuosity. 
Antonyms:  cf.  skillful. 
2.  See  TACT. 

skillet,  n.  saucepan,  stewpan. 

skillful,  a.  able  (contextual),  skilled,  ex- 
pert, habile  (literary),  canny  (Scot.;  ar- 
chaic), clever,  proficient,  slick  (slang),  fa- 
cile (chiefly  literary),  dexterous,  good  (con- 
textual); spec,  adept,  masterly,  clean, 
neat,  perfect,  deft,  adroit,  handy,  ingen- 
ious, feat  (archaic),  cunning  (archaic),  art- 
ful (archaic) ,  crafty  (archaic) ,  knacky  (col- 
loq.),  wise,  workmanly,  workmanlike, 
scient  (rare),  sleigh ty  (archaic),  tight 
(chiefly  dial.),  daidal  (chiefly  poetical), 
Dajdalian ;  see  tactful,  trained. 
Antonyms:  see  unskillful,  awkward, 
clumsy,  crude. 

skim,  V.  1. 1,  scum  (rare),  despumate  (rare); 
spec  cream. 
2.  See  cover,  slight. 

skimmed,  a.  Referring  to  milk:  fleet  (chief- 
ly dial.). 

skin,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  integument  of  a 
vertebrate:  covering  (contextual),  integu- 
ment (tech.  or  learned);  spec,  membrane, 
coat,  hide,  pelt,  fell,  rind,  leather  (slang), 
case  (rare),  jacket  (colloq.),  buff,  felt 
(dial.),  peltry  (a  collective),  derma  or  (less 
usual)  dermis,  epidermis,  cutis,  cuticle, 
cerium,  scarf  skin,  sheath,  parchment, 
mort,  crop,  kip,  shagreen,  butt,  woolfell, 
parfleche,  lambskin,  deacon;  see  fur. 


XW  Cross  references:  see 

Note. 

sizable:   considerable. 

skew,  n.:  inclination. 

sir:    master. 

sizz:   hiss. 

skewer:  pin. 

sire:  father. 

sizzle:  hiss,  glow. 

skid:  slide. 

siren:  monster. 

skate:  glide. 

skilful:    variant  of  skillful. 

sirrah:  master. 

skeletal:  thin. 

skUIed:   skillful. 

siss:   hiss. 

skelter:  rush. 

skim,  n.:  glance. 

site:  place. 

sketch,  V.  t.:  outline. 

skim,  V.  i.:  glance,  glide. 

situate,  v.  t.:  place. 

sketchy:  unfinished. 

skimp,  a.:   scanty. 

situated:   circumstanced. 

skew,  o.;  inclined. 

skimp,  V.  i.:   economize. 

t^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

391 


SKIN 


2.  Referring  to  the  i^kin  of  various  animals 
oiher  than  the  vertebrates:  covering  (con- 
textual), coat,  integument;  spec,  tunic. 
S.  Referring  to  the  covering  of  fruits:  spec. 
integument,  peel,  rind,  epicarp  (tech.), 
jacket  (colloq.  or  slang),  parings  (pi.);  see 

HULL,  BARK. 

Antonyms:  sfc  flesh. 

4.    iSfC    FILM,     FACING,     ENVELOPE,     MEM- 
liRANE,  EXUVIUM. 

skin,  a.  dermal  {tech.;  often  spec),  cuticu- 
lar  {often  spec),  integumental,  cutaneous 
(often  spec);  spec  epidermal  (tech.),  epi- 
dermic (tech.),  epidcrmatous  {rare;  tech.). 

skin,  V.  t.  1.  strip  (chiefly  contextual),  flay, 
bark  (slang);  spec  hide  (rare),  excoriate, 
decorticate  (fig.),  pelt  (obs.),  case  (cant 
or  obs.),  scalp. 

2.  Spec,  peel,  pare,  pill   (archaic),  rind 
(rore),  bark;  see  decorticate. 

3.  See  COVER. 

skinlike,  a.  dermatoid,  dermoid,  dermoi- 
dal ; — all  three  tech. 

skinned,  a.  bare  (contexttml) ,  excoriated 
(learned  or  tech.),  raw. 

skinny,  a.  1.  cutaneous,  membranous. 
2.  See  THIN. 

skirmish,  v.  i.  fight,  pickeer  (archaic). 

skirmisher,  n.  fighter,  tirailleur  (French); 
spec  sharpshooter. 

skirt,  n.  1.  Spec  overskirt,  petticoat,  crin- 
oline, hoopskirt,  jupe  (French),  basque, 
lappet,  kilt,  draggle-tails  or  (obs.  or  dial.) 
daggle-tails  (pi.),  fustanella. 

2.  See  BORDER,  EDGE,  SUBURB. 

skittish,  a.  1.  See  frolicsome. 
2.  Of  a  horse:  shy  (rare),  bogglish  (rare). 

skull,  n.  head  (contextual),  headpiece  (ar- 
chaic or  colloq.);  spec,  cranium  (tech.), 
brainpan  (archaic  or  tech.),  braincase, 
skullcap,  death's-head. 

slag,  n.  1.  cinder,  clinker,  clink. 
2.  See  lava. 

slant,  n.  slope,  inclination;  spec,  bias, 
steep;  see  slope,  inclination. 

slap,  n.  1.  stroke  (contextual),  blow  (con- 


textual);   spec,   smack,    cuff,   clap,   dab, 
box,  sidehit,  spank  (chiefly  spec). 
2.  See  clap,  reproof. 

slap,  V.  t.  1.  strike  (contextual),  hit  (con- 
textual);   spec   smack,    cuff,    clap,   box, 
spank. 
2.  Spec  reprove,  clap. 

slap,  V.  i.  Spec  slipslop,  slipslap;  see  flap. 

slattern,  n.  sloven,  slut,  drab,  trollop, 
dowdy,  dab  (rare;  colloq.),  trapes  (colloq. 
or  dial.),  draggle-tail  (colloq.),  dolly  (col- 
loq.), slammakin  (chiefly  dial.). 

slatternly,  a.  slovenly  (which  see),  sluttish, 
drabbish,  dabbish  (rare). 

slaughter,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  killing  of 
atiinials  for  food:  butchering,  butchery 
(now  chiefly  or  only  as  an  attrib.,  as  in 
'^butchery  business"). 

2.  killing  (contextual),  butchery,  carnage, 
slaughter;  spec  bloodshed,  massacre, 
holocaust,  hecatomb. 

slaughter,  v.  t.  1.  See  butcher. 
2.  kill  (contextual),  massacre. 

slaughterer,  n.  butcher,  butcherer,  flesher 
(chiefly  Scot.);  spec,  knacker. 

slaughterhouse,  n.  butchery,  abattoir 
(French;  chiefly  spec),  shambles  (pi.;  ob- 
solescent or  fig.). 

slave,  n.  1.  bondman,  bondsman,  neif 
(hist.),  serf  (chiefly  spec),  bondmaid 
(fern.),  bondwoman  (fern.),  bondslave, 
thrall  (literary  or  hist.),  theow  (archaic  or 
hist.);  spec,  contraband  (U.  S.),  black 
bird  (colloq.),  galley  slave,  native  (hist.), 
gallerian  (rare),  odalisque,  hierodule 
(Greek  hist.),  mameluke  (hist.),  villein 
(hist.),  carl  (obs.  or  hist.),  vassal  (hist.), 
helot  (Greek  hist.),  peon  (Spanish  Ainer- 
ican),  captive  (hist.). 
Antonyms:  see  master. 
2.  <See  subject. 

slavery,  a.  1.  bondage,  servitude,  serviture 
(rare),  thralldom  (literary),  enthrallment 
(rare),  enthralldom  (rare;  chiefly  fig.), 
thrall  (archaic),  yoke  (fig.),  slavedom 
(rare),   serfdom   or   serfage   or  serfhood 


K^=  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

skinflint:   niggard. 

skip,  n.:  jump,  caper,  glance,  in- 
termission, interval,  interspace, 
omission. 

skip,  V.  i.:  jump,  caper,  glance, 
depart. 

skip,  V.  t.:  omit,  ignore,  jump. 

skipper:   captain. 

skirmish,  n.  fight. 

skirt,  r,  i.:  border,  edge,  pass. 

skit,  n.:   satire,  rain. 

skive,  n.;    paring. 

skive,  t.  t.:  pare. 

skulk,  V.  i.:  lurk,  sneak. 

skulk,  7!.;   shirk. 

skunk :   uTetch. 

sky:   heaven. 

skyward :    heavenward. 

slab:   plate,  flag,  hoard,  table. 


slack,  n.:  coal. 

slack,  r.  t.:  moderate,  loose,  re- 
lax, slow,  appease,  abate. 

slack,  V.  i.:  moderate,  relax,  slow, 
abate. 

slacken,  v.  t.:  retard,  moderate, 
relax,  loose,  abate. 

slacken,  v.  i.:  moderate,  loose, 
relax,  abate. 

slake,  V.  i.:  moderate. 

slake,  V.  t.:  moderate,  appease, 
extinguish. 

slam,  71..-  blow,  impact. 

slam,  r.  t.:  dash,  shut,  strike. 

slander,  n.:  disparagement, 
defamation. 

slander,  r.  t.:  disparage. 

slanderous:   disparaging. 

slang,  ??..-  jargon,  language. 

slant,  a.:   inclined. 


slant,  V.  i.:  glance,  fall,  diverge. 
slant,  r.  t.:   incline,  slope. 
slanting:   inclined. 
slantwise,  adv.:    obliquely. 
slantwise,  a..-  inclined. 
clash,  ;!..■  bloic,  gash,  slit,  switch. 
slash,  V.  t.:  gash,  reprove,  switch. 
slash,  r.  j.;   strike. 
slashed:    gashed,  slit. 
slashing:   sarcastic. 
slat,  n.:    rod. 
slat,  n.  it  v.:  flap. 
slate:    tablet,  list. 
slave,  a.:   servile. 
slave,  V.  i.:  enslave,  drudge. 
slaver,  n.:  slobber,  nonsense. 
slaver,  r.  i.  &  t.:  slobber. 
slavish:   servile,  base,  abject. 
slay:   kill. 
sleazy:  flimsy. 


IW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

392 


SLIMY 


(chiefly   spec);     spec,    villeinage    {hist.), 
vassalage   (hist.),  helotism  (Greek  hist.), 
peonage  (Spanish  Atner.),  captivation. 
Antonyms:  see  frekdom. 

2.    See  DRUDGERY. 

sled,  n.  1,  sledge,  drag,  boat  (chiefly  in 
"stonehoai"), 

2.  sledge  (chiefly  British),  sleigh  {chiefly 
spec);  spec  bobsled,  bobsleigh,  carriole 
(Canada),  cutter  {U.  S.),  pung  (U.  S.), 
train  (Canada),  toboggan,  jumper  (U.  S. 
and  Canada). 

sleep,  n.  1.  rest  (contextual),  repose  (con- 
textual), slumber  (chiefly  spec  or  used  in 
pi.),  balmy  (slang),  dormancy  (rare  or 
learned),  sopition  (rare),  hypnosis;  also 
(giving  forms  of  profound  sleep,  in  order  of 
increased  intensity)  sopor,  coma,  stupor, 
lethargy,  carus. 

2.  [cap.]  Referring  to  the  personification 
of  sleep:  Morpheus,  Somnus,  Hypnos 
(Greek  myth.).  Dustman  (colloq.  used  with 
^'the").  Sandman  (colloq.;  with  "the"). 

3.  Referring  to  a  time  or  occasion  of  sleep- 
ing: rest  (contextual),  doss  (slang  or  cant); 
spec,  slumber,  drowse,  doze,  nap,  snooze 
(colloq.),  nod,  wink  (colloq.),  dog  sleep, 
catnap,  siesta. 

4.  See  DEATH,  NUMBNESS. 

sleep,  V.  i.  1.  rest  (contextual),  repose  (for- 
mal or  affected;    contextual);    spec,  slum- 
ber, doze,  drowse,  nap,  nod,  snooze  (col- 
loq.), bundle,  lie. 
2.  numb  (rare). 

sleepiness,  n.  sluggishness  (contextual), 
drowsiness,  heaviness,  lethargy  (literary 
or  spec),  dullness  (contextual),  somno- 
lence or  somnolency  (rare),  oscitancy 
(rare),  oscitation  (rare);  spec,  doziness, 
hypnsesthesis  (med.),  kef  or  keif  or  kief 
(literary  or  Oriental). 

sleeping,  a.  asleep;  spec  slumbering,  doz- 
ing, dead,  un wakeful  (rare),  dormant  (lit- 
erary or  learned) . 

sleeping,  n.  slumbering,  dozing,  etc,  dor- 
mi  tion  (rare);  spec,  incubation  (Greek 
religion) . 

sleepless,  a.  slumberless,  wakeful,  insom- 
nious,  insomnolent  (rare). 

sleeplessness,  n.  wakefulness,  insomnia. 

sleepwalker,  n.  somnambulist,  somnam- 
bule  (rare),  somnambulator  (rare). 

sleepwalking,  a.  somnambulant. 

sleepy,  a.  slumbery,  slumberous,  drowsy, 
heavy,  heavy-headed,  lethargic  or  (rare) 
lethargical  (literary  or  spec),  Morphean 
(fig.),  oscitant  (rare);  spec,  dozy,  nod- 
ding, dozing,  etc.,  comatose  (rare),  somno- 


lent or  somnolescent  (literary),  dull  (co7i- 
textual). 
Antonyms:  see  wakeful. 

sleeve,  7i.  1.  arm;  spec  gigot,  mousque- 
taire  (French),  union  (tech.),  manche 
(ohs.  antiquarian,  oi  her.),  mancheron 
(her.). 

2.  In  machinery:  tube;  spec  gland,  thim- 
ble, bush. 

slender,  a.  1.  Referring  to  spare  or  poor 
animals:  see  thin. 

2.  Referring  to  an  object:  attenuated  (lit- 
erary), small,  thin,  slim;  spec,  slimmish, 
slight,  gracile,  lithe,  fine,  exile  (archaic), 
delicate,  tenuous,  exiguous  (rare),  elon- 
gate, hnear,  waspy,  spindling,  thread- 
like. 

Antonyms:  see  big,  coarse. 

3.  See  meager,  scanty. 
slenderness,  n.  1.  See  thinness. 

2.  attenuation  (literary),  thinness;  spec 
tenuity,  tenuousness,  shmness,  slightness, 
gracility  (rare),  fineness,  exility  (archaic), 
delicacy,  exiguity  (rare). 

3.  Spec,  meagerness,  scantiness. 

slice,  n.  1.  piece  (contextual),  section  (con- 
textual), cut  (contextual);    spec  shaving, 
cantle,  collop,  bard,  steak,  rasher,  flitch, 
chop,  divot  (Scot.),  plit;  see  paring. 
2.  See  KNIFE,  BAR,  shovel. 

slice,  V.  t.  section  (contextual),  cut  (context- 
ual), sectionize  (rare);  spec,  leach  (ar- 
chaic); see  PARE. 

slide,  V.  i.  1.  move  (contextual),  pass  (con- 
textual), glide,  slip;  spec  coast  (U .  S.), 
skid,  toboggan,  avalanche,  glissade. 

Antonyms:  see  engage. 
2.  See  STEAL. 

slide,  V.  t.  move  (contextual),  pass  (context- 
ual), s\i\);  spec.  skid. 

slide,  n.  shp,  glide;  spec,  coast  (U.  S.), 
skid,  glissade. 

slight,  a.  1.  See  slender,  gentle,  small, 

MEAGER,  UNIMPORTANT. 

2.  weak,   frail,    flimsy,    delicate,    unsub- 
stantial. 
slight,  V.  t.  1.  *See  disregard. 

2.  Referring  to  failure  in  doing  something: 
neglect,  scamp,  skim,  slur. 

3.  Referring  to  treatment  of  others:  neglect, 
snub,  cold-shoulder  (colloq.);  spec  cut, 
ignore. 

slime,  n.  I.  mud,  ooze. 
2.  Referring  to  animal  or  vegetable  sub- 
stances: glair,  gleet  (rare,  exc  spec);  spec. 
mucus,  semen. 

slimy,  a.  viscous  (learned  or  tech.),  slip- 
pery (contextual),  lubricous  (literary),  lim- 


t^^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
sledge,  n.:   sled. 
sleek:   smooth,  plump. 
sleigh:  xicrf. 


sleight: 

slick,  (!.; 
ful. 
slick,  V.  t 


trick,  skill,  trickery, 
smooth,  plump,  skill- 

.:  smooth,  polish. 


slighting:    disrespectful,  disre- 

qardful.  disparaging . 
slim:   slender. 
slime,  V.  t.:  muddy. 


KdF"  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

393 


SLING 


ous  (rare);   spec,  slobbery,  mucous,  mu- 
culent  {rare),  oozy. 
sling,  n.  1.  slingshot;  spec,  catapult  {Brit- 
ish), shanghai  {Australia),  staffsling. 

2.    .Str  THKOW. 

sling,  n.  loop;  spec,  parbuckle. 

slipper,  II.  pantofle  {chiefly  hist.);  spec. 
mule,  papoosh  or  papouche  or  pabouch, 
pump. 

slipper- shaped,  a.  soleiform,  calceiform, 
calceolate; — all  three  tech.  or  learned. 

slippery,  a.  1,  smooth,  lubricous  {literary), 
slippy  {collog.),  gliddery  {dial.),  slithery 
{dial.),  slither  {dial.),  sliddery  {colloq.), 
lubric  {rare),  lubricate  {rare);  see  slimy. 

2.    See  UNCERTAIN,   ELUSIVE,   DISHONEST, 
EV.\SIVE. 

slit,  n.  1.  cut  {contextual);  spec,  {in  a 
dress)  slash,  pane,  pink,  jag  {hist.). 

2.    See  CLEFT. 

slit,  a.  cut  {contextual),  slashed,  jagged 
{hist.),  pinked. 

slobber,  v.  i.  slaver,  drivel,  slabber,  drib- 
ble, drool  {dial,  or  colloq.;  U.  S.). 

slobber,  v.  t.  1.  dirty  {contextual),  slaver, 
slabber,  beslobber  {an  intensive),  beslaver 
{an  intensive;   chiefly  dial.),  drivel  {rare), 
bedrivel  {an  intensive;  rare) . 
2.  SeevTTER. 

slobber,  n.  Spec,  saliva  {learned  or  tech.), 
slaver,  drivel,  dribblings  {pi.),  slabber, 
dribble,  drool  {dial,  or  colloq.;   U.  S.). 

slope,  n.  1.  slant  {contextual),  ramp  {chief- 
ly tech.);  incline,  incUnation  {rare  as  ap- 
plied to  the  surface),  cant  {chiefly  tech.); 
spec,  pitch,  declivity  {considered  as  sloping 
downward),  accUvity  {considered  as  slop- 
ing upward),  grade  {U.  S.),  gradient 
{Eng.),  bevel,  batter,  bezel,  talus,  espla- 
nade, counterslope,  glacis,  calade,  hill- 
side;  see  DESCENT,  ASCENT. 

2.  Referring  to  the  fact  or  condition:   see 

INCLINATION. 

slope,  V.  i.  incline,  slant,  cant  {chiefly  tech.) ; 
spec,  recede,  tilt;  see  descend,  ascend. 

sloping,  a.  inclined,  slant,  sloped,  aslant, 
aslope  (rare;  ordy  predicative),  declivi- 
tous {chiefly  spec);  spec,  shelving,  shelvy, 
bevel,  descending,  ascending. 

sloven,  n.  slouch   {colloq.  or  slang),  slob 


{colloq.  and  inelegant),  Grabian  {literary; 
rare);  sec  slattern. 
Aiitonyms:  see  dandy. 

slovenliness,  7i.  untidiness,  frowziness, 
sluttishness  {contemptuous),  sluttery 
{obs.),  slatternliness,  etc. 

slovenly,  a.  1.  untidy,  unkempt,  frowzy, 
blowzy,  blowzed,  sloppy  (colloq.),  slob- 
bery (colloq.),  slouchy  (colloq.),  grubby 
(colloq.),  slipshod  {primarily  spec),  slut- 
tish (very  contemptuous),  tacky  (colloq.); 
see  slatternly. 
2.  See  careless. 
Antonyms:  see  dandy. 

slow,  a.  1.  See  dull,  sluggish,  late,  de- 
liberate. 

2.  unready,  unhasty  (rare),  behindhand, 
behind. 

Antonyms:  see  ready. 

3.  sluggish,  slack,  tardy,  dilatory,  lazy, 
unspeedy  (rare),  testudinous  (rare;  fig.); 
spec,  gradual. 

Antonyms:  see  sudden,  rapid. 

slow,  V.  t.  slacken,  slack;  see  retard. 
Antonyms:  see  quicken. 

slow,  V.  i.  slacken,  slack.    "Slow"  is  chiefly 
used  with  "up." 
Antonyms:  see  quicken. 

sluggard,  n.  slug  (rare  or  archaic),  do- 
little  (colloq.),  drone  (fig.),  slugabed  (ar- 
chaic), lurdan  (archaic). 

sluggish,  a.  1.  inactive,  dull,  inert,  slow, 
listless,  sluggard,  heavy,  sleepy  (fig.  or 
spec),  drowsy,  dopey  (slang),  torpid,  tor- 
pent  (rare),  logy  (U.  S.;  colloq.),  sullen 
(literary),  languid  (fig.  and  literary),  lan- 
guishing (fig.  and  literary),  lentitudinous 
(rare),  lymphatic  (rare;  fig.),  phlegmatic 
(rare  or  fig.). 

Antonyms:  see  active,  alert,  nimble, 
rapid. 
2.  See  DULL,  insensible,  slow. 

sluggishness,  n.  inactivity,  dullness,  tor- 
por, inertness,  etc. 

sluice,  n.  1.  gate;  spec,  hatch,  waste, 
floodgate. 

2.    See  CHANNEL. 

slush,  n.  sludge,  slosh;  see  mud. 
slushy,  a.  sludgy,  sloshy   (rare),  plashy, 
sloppy,  slipsloppy  (rare);  see  muddy. 


f^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

sling,  V.  t.:  throw. 

sling,  n.:  loop,  hoist. 

slink,  V.  i.:  steal,  sneak. 

slip,  n.:   clay. 

slip,  n.:  graft,  youth. 

slip,  n.:  leash,  gown,  inatten- 
tion, error,  slide,  glide,  misstep, 
avalanche,  blunder. 

slip,  V.  i.:  glide,  slide,  steal,  pass, 
escape,  err,  misstep,  blunder. 

slip,  V.  t.:  slide,  place,  remove, 
withdraw,  free,  loose,  displace, 
miss,  omit,  avoid. 

slipshod:  slovenly. 


sliver:  fragment. 

sloop:  ship. 

slop,  n.:  garment,  troxLsers. 

slop,  n.;  spill,  food. 

slop,  V.  t.:  spill. 

sloppy:  wet,  slovenly,  slushy. 

slops:   drink. 

slot:   hole. 

sloth:  laziness. 

slouch,  n.:    clown,  sloven,  gait, 

droop,  stoop. 
slouch,  V.  i.:  droop,  walk. 
slouch,  V.  t.:  incline. 
slough,  n.:  sink,  marsh,  pool. 
slough,?!.;  scab,  exuvium.. 


slough,  V.  t:  shed. 

slough,  V.  i.:  scab. 

sloughy:   scabbed. 

sludge:   mud. 

slue:    turn,  deviate. 

slug:    missile. 

sluggard,  a.:  lazy,  sluggish. 

sluice,  V.  t.:  drain,  wash. 

slumber:   sleep. 

slumberous,    slumbrous: 

sleepy. 
slumbery:  sleepy. 
slump,  V.  i.:  fall,  depreciate. 
slur,  r.  t.:  disparage,  slight. 
slush,  V.  t.:  muddy. 


tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

394 


SMOOTH 


email,  a.  1.  See  slender, 
2.  Referring  to  -physical  size:  diminutive, 
little,  lilliputian  {fig.  or  allusive);  spec. 
smallest,  petite,  dapper,  pygmy  or  pigmy, 
fine,  puny,  elfin  (fig.),  minikin,  miniature, 
lesser,   toyish    {rare),   comminuted;      see 

MINUTE,  DWARF. 

Antbnyms:    see  large,   immense,   big, 

COARSE,  ENORMOUS,  GRAND. 

8.  Referring  to  quantity  or  to  some  mental 
aspect  or  consideration:  slight,  narrow, 
limited,  trifling,  inextensive  {rare),  slen- 
der, little,  light;  spec,  least,  faint  or  {less 
emphatic)  faintish,  inconsiderable,  drib- 
bling, smallest,  infinitesimal,  petty,  re- 
mote, less,  nice,  evanescent,  skin-deep. 

Antonyms:  see  large,  great,  consider- 
able, GRAND,  ENORMOUS. 

4.  See  FEW,  lowly,  faint,  shrill,  in- 
significant, WEAK,  MEAN. 

small-headed,  a.  microcephalic,  micro- 
cephalous;— both  tech. 

smallpox,  n.  pox  {obs.),  variola  {tech.). 

smart,  a.  1.  See  brisk,  vigorous,  rapid, 

INTELLIGENT,  CLEVER,  SHARP,  STYLISH. 

2.  spruce,  trim,  fine,  dapper,  showy,  nat- 
ty {colloq.),  chic  {French),  gallant  {ar- 
chaic); spec,  smartish,  stylish,  saucy,  rak- 
ish, perk  (colloq.),  elegant  {colloq.),  nobby 
(slang). 

smatter,  n.  knowledge  (co?itextual  or  eu- 
phemistic), smattering,  smatch. 

smatter,  v.  i.  dabble. 

smear,  v.  t.  1.  See  anoint. 
2.  Spec,  smirch,  smudge,  smutch,  smut, 
stick,  splotch,  daub,  bedaub  {intensive), 
plaster,  beplaster  (intensive),  besmear  (in- 
tensive), besmutch  (rare),  besmudge  (in- 
tensive), blur,  gum,  moil  (archaic),  coat, 
gaum  (dial,  or  colloq.),  clam  (obs.  or  dial.), 
inunct  (rare),  oil,  grease,  begrease,  rosin, 
butter,  ruddle,  pay,  pitch,  lime. 
Antonyms:  see  clean. 

smear,  n.  smudge,  smirch,  smutch;  spec. 
daub,  plaster,  blur,  coat,  glair. 

smearing,  n.  smudging,  smirching, 
smutty,  etc.;  spec,  illinition  (obs.  or  rare), 
unction  (literary). 

smeary,  a.  smudgy,  smirchy  (rare);  spec. 
dauby,  splotchy,  blottesque,  etc. 
Antonyms:  see  clean. 

smell,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  sense  or  faculty: 
nose,  scent,  flair  (French). 


2.  Referring  to  the  act:  sniff,  snuff,  scent, 
olfaction  (rare). 

3.  odor,  scent  (chiefly  spec);  spec,  stink, 
stench,  fume,  mephitis  (tech.),  malodor, 
tang,  perfume  {often  in  a  generalized  liter- 
ary use),  aroma,  incense,  flavor,  redo- 
lence, fragrance  or  (less  usual)  fragrancy, 
nosegay,  savor,  essence  (archaic),  bou- 
quet, hogo  (obs.  or  dial.),  drag,  nidor 
(obs.  or  rare),  empyreuma. 

4.  See  trace. 

smell,  V.  t.   1.  scent,  nose  (rare),  savor 
(rare);  spec,  snuff,  sniff= 
2.  See  discover,  suspect. 

smell,  V.  i.  1.  nose  (rare);  spec,  sniff,  snuff, 
scent. 

2.  savor  (archaic),  scent  (rare);  spec. 
reek,  stink,  draw. 

smelt,  V.  t.  fuse,  melt,  reduce,  run. 

smile,  V.  i.  grin   (spec,  or  depreciatory); 
spec,  smirk,  simper,  fleer,  sneer. 
Antonyms:  see  cry,  frown. 

smiling,  a.  grinning  (spec,  or  depreciatory); 
spec,  smirking,  etc. 

smith,  n.  worker  (contextual),  forger,  Cy- 
clops (fig.;  classical  mTjth.),  hammerman 
(rare),  hammersmith  (rare);  spec,  striker, 
tilter,  blacksmith,  whitesmith,  goldsmith, 
silversmith,  locksmith. 

smoke,  n.  1.  fume  (archaic),  smudge  (now 
U.  S.),  reek  (literary  or  Scot.  &  dial.); 
spec,  smolder,  smother,  suffumigation 
(rare),  pother  (rare),  funk  (slang);  see  in- 
cense. 
2.  See  haze,  exhalation,  dust. 

smoke,  v.  i.  1.  fume,  reek  (literary  or  Scot. 
&  dial.);    spec,  smolder,  smudge  (rare), 
smother  (contextual),  funk  (slang),  lunt 
(Eng.). 
2.  See  RUSH,  rage. 

smoke,  v.  t.  1.  fumigate,  fume,  reek  (liter- 
ary or  Scot.   &  dial.);     spec,   besmoke, 
smudge,  suffumigate  (rare),  tobacconize. 
2.  Referring  to  tobacco  or  opium:  puff. 

smoker,  n.  puffer,  tobacconalian  (nonce 
word);  spec,  piper  (rare),  pipeman  (nonce 
word) . 

smoky,  a.  I.  fumy,  fuliginous  (literary  or 
learned),    fumose    (rare);     spec,    reeky, 
smudgy. 
2.  See  HAZY,  spraylike. 

smooth,  a.  1.  See  even. 
2.  Referring  to  absence  of  physical  rough- 


t^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
slut:   slattern,  bitch. 
sluttery:   sloveiiliness. 
sly:  artful,  stealthy,  hidden. 
smack,  n.:  slap,  kiss. 
smack,  r.  ^.-  sound,  slap,  kiss. 
smack,  n.:  taste,  trace. 
smack,  v.  i.:  taste,  savor. 
smack,  v.  t.:  taste. 
smallest:   minute,  small. 
small  talk:  gossip. 


smart,  n.  &  v.:  pain. 
smarten,  v.  t.:  spruce. 
smash,    v.    t.:     shatter,    crush, 

strike,  destroy,  overwhelm. 
smash,  v.  i.:  dash,  crash,  strike, 

shatter,  fail. 
smash,     n.:      blow,     collision, 

crash,  failure. 
smatch,  n.:  trace,  smatter. 
smattering:  smatter. 
smelly:  odorous. 


smirch,  v.  t.:  soil,  stain,  smear, 
discredit.  [credit. 

smirch,  n.;    smear,  stain,  dis- 

smirk:   smile. 

smirking:   smiling,  affected. 

smite,  n.:   stroke. 

smite,  V.  t.:  strike,  kill,  affect, 
afflict,  enamour. 

smite.  i>.  1.;  strike. 

smolder,  v.  i..  burn,  smoke. 

smolder,  n..  fire  smoke.\ 


fW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

3dd 


SMOOTH 


nrsa  to  the  feeling:  spec,  sleek,  slcckish, 
slick,  silky,  satin,  satiny,  soft,  velvet,  vel- 
vety, glossy,  place  (French),  iinrudled, 
ivory  (Jig.\  glabrous,  glare  [i'.  S.),  pol- 
ished, levigate  {tech.),  spineless,  fine- 
grained, glair;  set;  slippeuy,  gukasy. 

Autonyms:  sec  ■wrinkled,  rough,  bris- 
tly, PRICKLY,  SCRATCHY. 

3.  agreeable  {which  sec),  easy,  bland, 
suave,  fair-spoken,  soft-spoken,  smooth- 
spoken, smooth-tongued,  silken  (fig.), 
silky  (fig-),  unctuous,  unctious  {rare), 
oily,  sleek,  slick,  glib;  see  plausible,  in- 
gratiating, AGREEABLE. 

Antonyms:    see  rough,  sharp,  blunt, 

CRABBED. 

4.  In  reference  to  the  voice  or  a  musical 
sound:  euphonious  {learned  or  literary/), 
pure,  clear,  soft,  liquid,  naming,  flowing, 
velvet,  silky  (fig.);  spec,  harmonious. 

Antonyms:  see  harsh. 

5.  See  CALM,  UNE\'ENTFUL,  BLAND. 

Emooth,  V.  t.  1.  See  even. 

2.  smoothen  (rare);  spec,  slick,  sleek, 
sleeken,  iron,  pumice,  roll,  file,  pounce, 
float,  unknjt,  velure,  un^\Tinkle,  dub, 
plane,  hammer,  planish;  see  polish. 

Antonyms:      see     scratch,     roughen, 

scrape,  CORRUGATE,  DISHEVEL,  PUCKER. 

3.  See  GLOZE,  HANDLE,  CALM,  FLATTER, 
EASE. 

smooth-haired,  a.   leiotrichous,  lissotri- 

chous ; — both  tech.  or  learned. 
Antonyms:  see  rough. 
smuggled,    a.    uncustomed    (rare),    run 

(cant). 
smuggler,    n.    freetrader    (contextual    or 

hist.),  runner  (cant),  contrabandist  (rare 

or  literary). 
smuggling,  n.  free  trade   (contextual  or 

hist.),  contraband  (literary). 
smut,   n.    1.   mark,   black    (esp.  in  pi.), 

smudge,  crock;  see  smear. 

2.  See  soot. 
snaffle,  n.  bridle;  spec,  bridoon. 
snail,  n.  gastropod,  hodmandod  or  dod- 

man  (now  chiefly  dial.). 
snail-like,  a.  limaceous  (tech.). 
snail- shaped,  a.  cochleate  (tech.). 
snake,  n.  reptile  (contextual),  serpent  (now 

chiefly  used  of  the  larger  or  more  venomous 

species,    or   rhetorical),    ophidian    (tech.), 


worm  (archaic);  spec,  viper,  dipsas.  Hy- 
dra (Greek  myth.),  Python  (Greek  myth.), 
constrictor. 

snake,  a.  .serpent,  serpentine,  ophidian 
(tech.),  ophic  (rare),  colubrine. 

snake-charming,  a.  jisyllic  (rare). 

snakelike,  o.  snaky,  serpentiform  (rare), 
serpentine,  colubrine  (tech.;  chiefly  spec); 
sj)cc.  vii)erine,  crotaline. 

snake  worship,  ophiolatry. 

snap,  V.  t.  1,  See  bite,  seize,  snatch, 
shut,  fire,  break. 

2.  sound,  crack ;  spec,  crackle ;  see  click. 

3.  jerk  (contextual),  flip,  fillip;  spec. 
flick,  whip. 

snap,  V.  i.   1.  See  BITE,  grasp,  utter, 

SPEAK. 

2.  sound,  crack;  spec,  click. 

3.  jerk  (contextual) ,  flip,  fillip;  spec,  flick, 
whip. 

snap,  n.  1.  See  bite,  grasp,  break,  frost, 
force. 

2.  sound  (contextual),  crack,  report;  spec. 
crackle;  see  click. 

3.  jerk  (contextual),  fillip,  flip;  spec,  flick, 
whip. 

snare,  n.  1.  trap  (contextual),  noose, 
springe,  snarl  (obs.  or  dial.);  spec,  springe. 
2.  Fig.:  see  trap. 

snare,  v.  t.  1.  trap  (contextual),  ensnare, 
catch,  noose  (rare),  snarl  (obs.  or  dial.); 
spec.  wire. 
2.  See  TRAP. 

snarl,  v.  i.  growl,  gnar  (rare  or  dial.),  girn 
(obs.  or  dial.). 

sneak,  v.  i.  1.  skulk,  slink,  lurk,  crawl,  slip 
(rare),  miche  (obs.  or  dial.). 
Antonyms:  see  stalk. 
2.  See  cringe. 

sneak,  n.  sneaker,  skulker,  slinker,  sneaks- 
by (rare  or  obs.), 

sneaking,  a.  1.  furtive  (literary),  sneaky, 
slinking,  skulking. 
Antonyms:  see  frank. 
2.  See  abject,  mean. 

snell,  n.  snood.   "S7ieU"  is  an  Americanism. 

sniff,  V.  i.  1.  spurn  (literary),  snu€  (obsoles- 
cent) . 
2.  See  inhale. 

snivel,  v.  i.  sniffle;  spec,  see  whine,  cant. 

snob,  71.  flunkey,  lackey,  toady. 
Antonyms:  see  gentleman,  lady. 


t^"  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

smooth,  n.:  gloss. 

smooth-faced:    beardless. 

smother,  v.  t.:  suffocate,  hide, 
repress,  suppress,  deaden,  ex- 
tinguish. 

smother,  v.  i.:  suffocate,  smoke, 
burn. 

smother,  n.:  smoke,  fire,  dust, 
haze. 

smoulder:    variant  of  smolder. 

smudge:   smear. 

smudge,  n.;   smoke,  fire. 


smudgy:   smoky,  .'smeary. 

smug:    tidy,  self-satisfied. 

smutch,  V.  t.:   smear,  stain. 

smutty,  a.:  blackened,  smeary, 
indecent. 

snack:  lunch,  meal. 

snag:  stump,  projection,  ob- 
stacle, tooth. 

snaky:  snakelike,  deceitful, 
treacherous,  winding. 

snappish:    curt,  irascible. 

snarl:   tangle. 

snarly:    irascible,  ill-tempered. 


snatch,  !>.  t.:  seize,  save. 

snatch,  n..-  seizure,  piece,  meal, 
S07ig,  strain. 

sneer:   smile,  laugh,  jeer. 

sneering:  smiling,  contemptu- 
ous. 

snicker:   laugh. 

sniff,  !i.  t.:  inhale,  examine,  per- 
ceive, smell,  suspect,  utter. 

sniffle:  snivel. 

snigger:   laugh. 

snip,  V.  t.:  cut. 

snip,  n.:  piece,  particle,  cut. 


fW  See  Notes  of  Explanation^ 

396 


SOFTEN 


snobbery,  n.  Spec,  flunkeydom,  flunkey- 
ism. 

snort,  V.  i.  snore  (dial.),  snortle  (dial.). 
Antonyms:  see  snuff. 

snow,  n.  meteor  (tech.;  contextual),  fleece 
(fig.);  spec,  flurry,  slush,  sleet,  Firn  (Ger- 
man), ncvc  (French). 

snowfall,  n.  snow ;  spec,  snowstorm,  flur- 
ry (contextual),  blizzard,  buran. 

snowy,  a.  snowish,  niveous  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  cleab. 

snub,  a.   Referring  to  the  nose:    snubby, 
retrousse  (French),  rhinocerical  (obs.). 
Antonyms:  see  aquiline. 

snuff,  V.  t.  1.  Referring  to  a  candle:  crop, 
snift  (rare). 

2.    See  EFFACE. 

snuff,  V.  i.  1.  inhale  (contextual),  sniff, 
snift  (now  chiefly  dial.);  spec,  snuflie. 

Antonyms:  see  snort. 
2.  See  SMELL. 

snuffbox,  n.  tabatiere  (French). 

snuggle,  V.  i.  snug,  nestle,  nuzzle,  cuddle, 
hug,  crowd,  snoo/le  (rare). 

soak,  V.  i.  1.  seethe,  steep;  spec,  souse. 
Antonyms:  see  dry. 
2.  See  DRINK. 

soak,  V.  t.  1.  drench  (contextual);  spec,  in- 
fuse (rare  or  tech.),  steep,  seethe,  sodden, 
souse,  sop,  sob  (Eng.  dial,  and  U.  S.), 
macerate. 
Antonyms:  see  dry. 

2.  See  DRENCH,  ABSORB. 

3.  Referring  to  plying  ivith  drink:  liquor 
(slang),  liquefy  (slayig  or  jocular). 

soaked,  a.   Spec,  sodden,   soggy,   pappy, 

poachy,  soppy. 
Ardonyms:  see  dry. 
soapiness,  n.  saponacity  (jocular;  rare). 
soapy,  a.  saponaceous  (tech.  or  learned); 
i  spec,  lathery. 
soar,  V.  i.  I.  fly  (contextual),  plane  (rare, 

exc.  of  an  aeroplane) . 

2.    See  FLY,  RISE. 

sob,  n.  cry  (contextual),  singult  (archaic), 

,  singultus  (rare). 

Antonyms:  see  laugh. 

sobbing,  a.  singultient  (rare). 

sob^r,  a.  1.  See  moderate,  serious,  ab- 
stemious, CALM,  dull,  actual,  MATTER- 
OF-FACT. 

2.  sedate,  serious,  staid,  grave,  solemn, 
commonplace,  demure;  spec,  matronly, 
matronal,  heavy. 

Antonyms:  see  amusing. 

3.  unintoxicated  (formal  or  rare). 
Antonyms:   see  drunken,  intoxicated. 


sober,  v.  t.  1.  solemnize,  soberize  (^are), 

steady. 

Antomjms:  see  intoxicate. 
2.  See  moderate,  dull. 

sobriety,  n.  sedateness,  seriousness,  so- 
lemnity, etc. 

sociable,  a.  1.  See  social. 
2.  companionable,     social,     conversable, 
vis-a-vis  (French),  intersocial  (rare),  inter- 
communicative  (rare);  see  affable,  con- 
vivial. 
Antonyms:  see  unsociable. 

social,  a.  1.  See  sociable. 
2.  sociable,  gregarious;  spec,  republican. 

socialism,  n.  Spec,  collectivism,  commu- 
nism, communalism. 

society,  n.  1.  See  companionship,  asso- 
ciation. 

2.  Referring  to  the  state:  community 
(rare);  spec,  democracy,  aristocracy. 

3.  company  (now  less  usual  than  "soci- 
ety"), fashion,  monde  (French);  spec. 
bonton  (French;  obs.,  rare  or  jocular), 
swelldom  (colloq.). 

sock,  n.  1.  See  shoe. 
2.  half-hose. 

socket,  n.  hole,  pan  (rare),  nozzle  (rare), 
pit;  spec,  bucket,  alveolus,  budget  (hist.), 
tabernacle,  step,  pad,  orbit,  gudgeon, 
pyxis,  acetabulum,  cotyle,  crapaudine. 

sod,  n.  1.  Referring  to  a  piece:  clod,  turf, 
divot  (Scot.). 

2.  Referring  to  the  surface  of  the  ground: 
grass,  turf,  sward,  grassland,  greensward 
(rhetorical  or  poetic).  "Sod"  is  the  ordi- 
nary word,  which  often  is  used  in  poetic  or 
emotional  contexts. 

sofa,  n.  couch,  settee  (chiefly  spec);  spec. 
tete-a-tete  (French),  causeuse  (French), 
squab. 

soft,  a.  1.  See  gentle,  mild,  faint,  easy, 

POLITE,  smooth,  euphemistic,  EFFEMI- 
NATE, foolish,  AFFECTIONATE,  KIND,  IM- 
PRESSIBLE, COMPLAISANT. 

2.  yielding    (contextual);    spec,    mellow, 
mushy,    pasty,    squashy,    waxen,    silky, 
sUken,  velvet,  velvety,  crummy,  doughy, 
downy,    creamy,    fleecy,    flabby,    flaccid, 
pulpy,  plastic ;  see  crumbly. 
Antonyms:  see  hard,  rigid. 
soften,  V.  t.  1.  See  mitigate. 
2.  mollify,  milden,  sweeten,  attemper  (lit- 
erary), intemper   (rare),   meUow,   tender 
(rare),  humanify,  humanize,  melt,  touch, 
dulcify  (literary),  unstarch  (rare;  fig.),  re- 
lax,   gentle    (rare);    see   enervate,   ef- 
feminate. 


t^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

snood:  fillet. 

snore,  v.  t.:  breathe. 

snore,  n.:   breath. 

snort:  laugh. 

snout:   7iose,  beak,  spout. 


snowslide:  avalanche. 
snowstorm:    snowfall. 
snub,  V.  t.:  re-prove,  slight,  check. 
snuffle:    snuff. 

snu^,  a.:   comfortable,  compact, 
hidden. 


snug,  V.  %.:   snuggle. 
soaring:    ambitious,    high,   ele- 
vated. 
sob,  )>.  i.:  cry. 
sobriquet:    name. 
sodden:  .■<oaked. 


f^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

397 


SOFTEN 


Antonyms:  sec  emditter,  harden. 
8.  Referring  to  vhynical  softness:    mollify 
{rare),  tender  (iecfi.  or  spec),  malaxate 
(r(irt),  intencmte  {rare);  spec,  relax,  mel- 
low, macerate. 

4.  Referring  to  the  removal  of  harsh  qual- 
ities: modify  {contextual),  edulcorate 
{chiefly  tech.:  rare),  sweeten,  tame;  spec. 
scumble,  dull. 
Antonyms:  see conqeai.,  harden,  solid- 
ify. 

soften,  V.  i.  1.  See  mitigate, 
2.  mollify,  milden,  sweeten,  mellow,  melt, 
dissolve,  relax;  see  relent. 

softening,  7i.  1.  See  mitigation. 

2.  mollification,  sweetening,  attempera- 
tion  {rare),  mellowing,  dulcification  {rare), 
relaxation. 

3.  mollification  {rare),  tendering  {chiefly 
tech.),  malaxation  {rare),  inteneration 
{rare),  relaxation;  spec.  emoUition  {rare), 
emollescence,  malacia,  maceration. 

soft-spoken,  a.  mincing,  mealy  or  mealy- 
mouthed  ;  see  gentle,  plausible,  smooth. 
Antonyms:  see  rough,  surly,  bluff. 

soil,  n.  1.  earth  (contextual),  dirt  (context- 
ual; colloq.);  spec,  mold  or  mould  {poetic 
or  spec),  loam,  humus,  fay,  malm,  marl, 
green. 
2.  See  country. 

soil,  V.  t.  1.  difty,  sully  (chiefly  literary  or 
elevated);  spec,  foul,  befoul,  defile,  besoil 
{an  intensive),  besully  {an  intensive),  de- 
face, begrime,  pollute,  muck  {now  vulgar), 
tar,  grease,  bespit,  thumb,  fingermark, 
finger,  track,  grease,  smear,  smirch, 
stain,  muddy,  slobber,  draggle,  daggle, 
blacken,  slop. 
Antonyms:  see  clean,  purify. 
2.  See  contaminate. 

soiled,  a.  dirty,  sullied,  soily;  spec,  greasy, 
thumbed,     fingermarked;     see    smeary, 

MUDDY,  draggled,  BLACKENED. 

Antonyms:     see    dirty,    clean,    pure, 

SPOTLESS. 

soiling,  n.  dirtying,  soilure  {rare);  spec. 
defilement,  befoulment  {rare),  deface- 
ment, pollution. 

solar,  a.  heUac  or  heliacal  {rare). 

solder,   v.    t.    cement    {rare;    contextual), 
conferruminate  {rare);    spec,  soft-solder, 
braze. 
Antonyms:  see  break. 

soldier,  n.  warrior  (literary  or  elevated), 
man-of-war  (archaic  or  jocular),  man-at- 
arms  {archaic  or  jocular),  sojer  {dial,  or 


colloq.),  swad  or  swaddy  {slang;  British), 
salamander  {slang;  British),  soldatesque 
(a  Gallicism),  gutfy  {sailois'  slang),  mar- 
tialist  {rare);  spec,  private,  recruit,  con- 
script, volunteer,  martinet,  brigander 
{hist.),  buffcoat,  carabineer,  carbineer, 
carmagnole  (French  Revolution),  carpet 
knight,  cataphract  {Greek  hist.),  darter, 
duck  {Anglo-Indian  slang),  effective,  fenc- 
ible,  franctireur  (French),  bersagliere 
{Italian),  fugleman,  fusilier  {British), 
galloglass  {obs.  or  hist.),  gendarme 
{French),  grayback  {U.  S.),  confederate 
{U.  S.),  grenadier,  guardsman,  harque- 
busier  or  arqucbusier,  hayduck,  Hessian, 
hoplite  {Greek  hist.),  imperial,  jayhawker 
{U.  S.),  janizary  or  janissary  {Turkish 
hist.),  javelineer,  jemadar  {East  Indian), 
kern,  lance,  lancer,  lansquenet,  lascar 
{East  Indian),  linesman,  lobster  {slang; 
British),  mameluke  {hist.),  marine,  mili- 
tarist, miner,  mousquetaire  {French),  vans- 
keteer,  musketoon,  myrmidon,  partizan, 
peltast  {Greek  hist.),  peninsular,  provin- 
cial, petardeer  or  petardier,  pioneer,  pis- 
toleer,  pontonnier,  praetorian  {Roman 
hist.),  ranger,  rapparee,  redcoat,  regular, 
rifleman,  rutter  {archaic),  saber,  sapper, 
sebundy  {Anglo- Indian),  sentinel,  sepoy, 
silladar  {Anglo-Indian),  servitor  {obs.  or 
archaic),  sowar,  spahi,  spearman,  striker 
{cant),  targeteer,  territorial,  timariot 
{Turkish  hist.),  Turco,  uhlan,  velite  {Ro- 
man hist.),  voltigeur  {French),  jager,  yeo- 
man {British),  Zouave,  Hessian  (hist.), 
amazon.  Tommy  Atkins  or  {for  short) 
Tommy  {British),  doughboy  {U.  S.), 
Sammy  {slang;  rare;  U.  S.),  boche  {slarig; 
a  German),  poilu  (a  French  soldier);  see 

INFA^STTRYMAN,    CAVALRYMAN. 

soldierly,  a.  warlike,  military,  martial. 

soldiery,  n.  military,  legion  (primarily  Ro- 
man hist,  and  spec.),  troops  (pi.),  forces 
{pL);  spec,  rank,  ranks  {pi),  line,  mihtia, 
trainband,  immortals  {pi.).  Ironsides 
{pi.),  rifle,  horse,  gendarmery  {French), 
lootie  {Anglo-Indian),  lashkar  {East  In- 
dian), musketry,  chariotry,  landsturm 
{Ger.,  Swedish,  etc),  landwehr  {Ger., 
Swedish,  etc.),  opalchenie  {Russia),  re- 
serves {pi.),  redif  {France). 

sole,  n.  tread;  spec,  insole,  outsole, 
clump; — referring  to  a  shoe. 

sole,  V.  t.  tap ;  spec,  half -sole,  cork. 

sole,  a.  plantar  {tech.). 

solicit,  v.i.  Spec,  canvass,  drum,  tout  {cant) . 


XW  Cross  referenus:  see  Note. 
soggy:    soaked. 

soil,  n.:  discoloration,  stain,  con- 
tamination, sewage,  excrement. 
soiree:  reception. 
eojoum,  c.  i.:  stay,  dwell. 
BOJounL,    71.;     stay,    residence. 


abode. 
solace:   cheer. 
solacement:   cheering. 
solder:    cement. 
soldier,  v.  i.:  malinger. 
sole,  a.:    single,  alone,  unique, 

exclusive,  mere. 


solecism:  barbarism,  impro- 
priety, error,  blunder. 

solemn:  religious,  formal,  seri- 
ous, sober,  impressive. 

solemnize:    observe. 

solicit,  V.  t.:  ask,  court,  attract, 
canvass,  try,  ply. 


{S^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

398 


SOPRANO 


solicitor,  n.  1.  See  lawyer,  asker. 
2.  Spec,    canvasser,    drummer,    runner, 
tout  {cant),  touter  (cant). 

solid,  a.  1.  cubic  {math.);  spec,  hard,  con- 
gealed, frozen;  see  concrete. 
Antonyms:   see  fluid,   liquid,   vapor- 
ous. 

2.  Spec,   massive   {which  see),   compact 
(which  see). 

Antonyms:  see  hollow. 

3.  See    FIRM,     STRONG,     UNINTERRUPTED, 
UNMIXED,  ACCOUNTABLE. 

solidification,  n.  hardening,    concretion, 

consohdation,  etc. 
solidify,  v.  t.  1.  harden,  concrete  (chiefly 

spec),  set,  consohdate,  fix;  spec,  plot;  see 

CONGEAL,  COAGULATE,  CONDENSE,  PETRI- 
FY, CRYSTALLIZE. 

Antonyms:  see  soften,  evaporate. 
2.  See  UNITE. 

solitude,  n.  Spec,  loneliness,  seclusion, 
desert. 

solstice,  /t.  sunstead  (archaic),  standing 
(archaic). 

soluble,  a.  dissolvable. 
Antonyms:  see  insoluble. 

solution,  n.  1.  resolution  (formal  or  tech.); 
spec,  unriddling,  unraveling;  see  ex- 
planation, ANSWER. 

2.  See  END,  termination,  dissolution, 

DISSOLVING. 

3.  Spec,  decoction,  apozem   (rare),  cre- 
mor  (rare),  sirup,  lixivium,  alloy. 

solve,  V.  t.  1.  resolve,  do  (contextual),  un- 
ravel, vmriddle,  work  (colloq.);    see  an- 
swer, explain. 
2.  See  terminate,  dissolve,  discharge. 

solvent,  a.    1.   In  finance:    sound,  soUd, 
good,  reliable,  responsible. 
2.  Referring  to  the  dissolving  of  something: 
resolvent,  dissolvent,  resolutive,  diluent; 
— all  tech.  or  less  usual  than  "solvent." 

solvent,  n.  resolvent,  menstruum,  dis- 
solvent, diluent;  —  all  tech.  or  less  usual 
than  "solvent." 

somehow,  adv.  someway  or  someways 
(now  chiefly  dial.). 

someone,  n.  somebody,   quidam   (rare); 
spec,  so-and-so. 
Antonyms:  see  nobody. 

sometime,  adv.  somewhen  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  never. 


sometimes,    adv.   sometime   (noio  rare), 
somewhile  or  somewhiles  (archaic  or  rare). 
Antonyms:  see  never. 
somewhat,  adv.  something,  rather,  slight- 
ly, some  (now  colloq.  U.  S.  or  dial.). 
somewhere,    adv.    Referring    to    motion: 
somewhither  (rare  or  archaic). 

Antonyms:  see  nowhere. 
son,  n.  1.  child  (contextuxd) ;  spec,  cadet, 
dauphin ;  see  infant. 
Antonyms:  see  parent,  father,  mother. 
2.  See  descendant, 
sonant,  a.  sounding;   spec,  phonetic;   see 

VOCAL. 

song,  n.  1.  chanson  (French);  spec,  carol, 
descant  (literary  or  poetic),  chant  (poetic 
or  tech.),  ditty,  note  (poetic),  lay,  strain, 
psean,  snatch,  canticle,  rune,  chansonette 
(French),  aubade,  canzone  (Italian),  can- 
zonet, carmagnole,  catch,  choral,  chorus, 
dithyramb,  dithyrambic,  epinicion  (liter- 
ary), glee,  hunt's-up,  jorram  lay,  lilt 
(chiefly  Scot.),  lullaby,  madrigal,  Mar- 
seillaise, matin,  noel,  Orphic,  prothala- 
mium,  round,  roundelay,  scohon,  sere- 
nade, chanty,  sonnet,  stornello  (Italian), 
villanella  (Italian),  warble,  hymn,  dirge; 

see  BALLAD. 

2.  See  poetry,  poem. 

sonorous,  a.  sounding;  spec,  see  resonant. 

soon,  adv.  1.  presently,  quickly,  shortly, 
anon  (archaic),  forthwith  (emphatic),  be- 
times (rare,  exc.  literary),  briefly  (obs.). 
Antonyms:  see  never. 

2.    (See  EARLY. 

soot,  n.  carbon,  smut,  crock  (rare),  coom 
(Scot,  or  local  Eng.),  fuliginosity  (rare). 

sooty,  a.  1.  corky,  smutty,  fuUginous  (lit- 
erary) . 
2.  See  DARK. 

sop,  n.  morsel  (contextual),  sippet. 

sophomore,  a.  junior  sophister  (Eng.), 
student  (contextual) ,  soph  (colloq. ).  " Soph- 
omore" and  "soph"  are  now  U.  S.  only. 

soporific,  a.  somniferous  (rare),  somnific 
(rare),  somnolent  (rare),  somnifacient, 
sleepy  (rare),  drowsy  (rare),  slumberous 
(rare),  dormitive  (rare),  soporiferous,  hyp- 
notic (rare),  papaverous  (fig.),  soporous 
(rare);  see  narcotic 
Antonyms:  see  stimulating. 

soprano,  n.  descant  (hist.),  canto  (cant). 


t^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

solicitous:  anxious,  careful. 

solicitude:   anxiety,  care. 

solidarity:   unity,  community. 

soliloquy:    monologue. 

solitaire:   hermit,  yem. 

solitary,  a.:  alone,  secluded, 
lonely. 

solitary,  n.:  hermit. 

somber:  dark,  depressed,  de- 
pressing, dull. 

some,  n.:  part. 


some,  adv.:  somewhat. 
somebody:     someone,    person- 
age. 
somnambulist:  sleepwalker. 
somnolence:   sleepiness. 
somnolent:    sleepy. 
sonant,   a:  vocal. 
song  bird:  singer. 
songful:  melodious. 
songster:  singer. 
sooner:   rather,  before. 
soothe:  pacify,  calm,  mitigate. 


soothing:  calming,  sedative, 
mitigating. 

soothsay,  V.  i.:  predict. 

sop,  V.  t.:  soak,  drench,  absorb. 

sophism:  argument,  fallacy. 

sophist:   prevaricator. 

sophistic:  absurd. 

sophisticate:  prevaricate,  adul- 
terate, fake,  falsify. 

sophistry:  prevarication,  rea- 
soning. 

soppy:  soaked. 


IIS^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

399 


SORCERER 


sore,  71.  Spec,  raw,  ulcer,  abscess,  fistula, 
pimple,  canker,  panprene,  impostume 
(rare),  fester,  felon,  hoil,  carbuncle,  exul- 
eeration  (rare),  bhiin,  crepance,  etc. 

sore,  (J.  1.  ^'CC  PAINFUL,  SENSITIVE,  OPPKES- 
SIVE,  INTENSE. 

2.  Spec,  raw,  ulcerated,  ulcerous,  can- 
kered, gangrened. 

sorority,  /i.  society  (cotitextiial),  club  (con- 
text uol),  sorosis;  spec.  Dorcas  society, 
sisterhood. 

sorrow,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  mental  state, 
or  experience:  distress,  pain,  grief,  mourn- 
ing, lamentation,  woe,  woefulness,  regret, 
dole  {archaic  or  bookish),  dolor  (poetic), 
heartache,  heartbreak,  bale  (literary; 
rare),  disconsolation,  disconsolateness, 
ruth  (archaic),  rue  (archaic),  grame  (ar- 
chaic), teen  (archaic),  discomfort  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  rejoicing. 

2.  Referring  to  what  causes  sorrow:  dis- 
tress, grief,  pain,  heart-sore  (rare),  heart- 
break, discomfort  (rare). 

3.  Referring  to  the  outward  manifestation: 

see  ■5IOURNING. 

sorrow,  v.  i  1.  Referring  to  the  mental  state: 
grieve,  lament,  mourn;  spec.  sigh. 

Antonyms:  see  rejoice. 
2.  Referring  to  outward  acts:  see  mourn. 
sorrowful,  o.  1.  sad,  grievous,  grieved, 
mournful,  sorry  (now  rare  and  literary  or 
learned),  griefiful  (rare),  lugubrious,  heart- 
sore,  broken-hearted,  woeful,  woebegone, 
trist  (archaic),  doleful,  dolorous  (literary), 
baleful  (rare),  lamentable  (rare),  funereal. 

Antonyms:  see  glad. 
2.  See  lamentable. 
sortilege,  n.  sortition  (rare);   see  divina- 
tion. 

soul,  n.  1.  spirit,  breath  (ohs.  or  hist.), 
pneuma  (hist.),  shade  (obs.  or  hist.), 
shadow  (obs.  or  hist.),  nephesh  (Heb.; 
hist.),  entelechy  (rare),  psyche  (learned  or 
myth.),  mind,  interior,  ghost  (archaic). 

Antonyms:  see  body. 

2.  heart. 

3.  »See  FEELING,  ESSENCE,  PERSON,  SPIRIT. 

soulless,  a.  1.  Spec,  inanimate,  brute. 

2.  See  UNFEELING,  BASE,  EXPRESSION- 
LESS. 

sound,  a,  1.  See  healthy,  sane,  valid, 

LOGICAL,  ORTHODOX,  INTACT,  HONEST, 
SOLVENT,  DEEP,  SWEET. 

2.  uninjured,  unimpaired,  incorrupt  (rare 
or  archaic). 

sound,  V.  t.  1.  Referring  to  water:  examine, 
plumb,  fathom. 


2.   5ee  EXAMINE. 

sound,  n.  1.  noise;  spec,  bang,  beat,  blare, 
blast,  boom,  bourdon,  buzz,  cacophony, 
chime,  chink,  cliirm,  cliir,  clang,  clank, 
clap,  clash,  clatter,  click,  clink,  cloop, 
clunk,  crack,  crackle,  crepitation,  creak, 
crick,  crunch,  decrepitation,  din,  ding- 
dong,  discord,  drone,  drum,  dub,  flump 
(colloq.),  gluck,  glug,  guggle,  gurgle,  har- 
mony, hem,  hurtle,  jangle,  jar,  jingle, 
jingle-jangle,  jow  (Scot,  or  Eng.  dial.), 
klop,  knell,  lisp,  melody,  moan,  murmur, 
mufllc,  pat,  phone  (tech.),  plash,  plunk 
(colloq.),  purl,  rale  (Fretich;  vied.),  roll, 
shrill,  smack,  voice  (often  Jig.),  splash, 
souse,  stroke,  swish,  tang,  tap,  thud, 
tick,  ticktack,  toll,  tone,  toot,  trumpet, 
twang,  volley,  wash,  whistle,  word,  zip; 

see  NOISE,  WHISPER,  MURMUR,  RUSTLE, 
HUM,  CLICK,  NOTE,  MELODY,  JINGLE,  HISS, 
RING,  etc.  The  foregoing  list  is  but  a 
few  of  those  that  might  be  given  or  referred  to. 

Antonyms:  see  silence. 
2.  See  hearing. 

sound,  V.  i.  go  (contextual),  consonate 
(rare),  speak  (fig.  or  transferred  sense); 
spec,  bang,  beat,  blare,  blow,  boom,  buzz, 
chime,  chink,  chirm,  chir,  clang,  clank, 
clop,  clap,  clash,  clatter,  click,  clink, 
crack,  crackle,  crepitate,  creak,  crick, 
crick-crack,  crump,  crunch,  decrepitate, 
din,  ding-dong,  drone,  gluck,  guggle,  gur- 
gle, hum,  jangle,  jar,  jingle,  jow  (Scot, 
or  Eng.  dial.),  knell,  lisp,  moan,  murmur, 
outring  (poetic),  pat,  plash,  plunk  (col- 
loq.), purl,  roll,  roop,  shrill,  smack,  speak, 
splash,  strike,  swish,  tang,  tap,  thud,  tick, 
toll,  toot,  trumpet,  twang,  volley,  whistle, 
hiss,  ring,  etc. 

sound,  V.  t.  1.  Spec,  bang,  beat,  strike, 
blare,  blow,  boom,  bugle,  buzz,  chime, 
chink,  chirm,  clang,  clank,  clap,  clapper, 
click,  clink,  crack,  creak,  crunch,  decrepi- 
tate, drone,  gurgle,  hum,  jangle,  jar,  jin- 
gle, jow  (Scot,  or  Eng.  dial.),  lisp,  pat, 
play,  pluck,  plunk  (colloq.),  roll,  shrill, 
smack,  speak,  tap,  tick,  toll,  toot,  tv/ang, 
whistle,  wind,  ring,  hiss,  etc. 
2.  See  announce,  celebrate. 

sounder,  n.  1.  leadsman  (tech.). 
2.  <See  LEAD. 

sounding,  a.  1.  sonorific  (learned  or  rare); 
spec,  crepitant,  crepitating,  horrisonant, 
drony,  ringing,  melodious,  jingling,  etc.; 
see  NOISY. 

Antonyms:  see  silent. 
2.  See  BOMBASTIC,  pretentious. 


t^=  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

sorrel:   red. 

sort,  n.:    kind,  class,  manner. 

sorcerer:  magician. 

sorrily:  poorly. 

sortie:   issue. 

Borcerous:  magical. 

sorry:        sorrowful,       regretful. 

sot:   drunkard. 

sorcery:  magic,  bewitchment. 

mean,  contemptible. 

sottish:  drunken. 

sordid:    foul,  filthy,  mean,  self- 

sort,  V.  t.  :  classify,  pick. 

sough:   murmur,  sigh. 

ixh.  stingy,  mercenary,  base. 

sort,  V.  i.:  associate. 

sound,  n.:   channel. 

J^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
400 


SPASM 


sounding,  n.  sonation,  sonifaction; — both 

rare  and  tech. 

Antonyms:  see  silence. 
soup,  71.  potage  {French),  pottage,  broth; 

spec,    puree,    consomme,    bouillon; — all 

French. 
sour,  a.  1.  acid,  tart,  sharp;  spec,  vinegar- 

ish,  vinegary,  vinaigrous  (rare),  foxy,  dry; 

see  ACID. 
Antonyms:  see  sweet,  sugary. 

2.  See  ill-tempered,  rough,  disagree- 
able, ACRIMONIOUS. 
sour,  V.  t.   1.  turn;    spec,  prick,  vinegar 

(rare),    verjuice,    fox     (cant),    acidulate 

(tech.  or  learned) . 

2.    See  EMBITTER. 

Antonyms:  see  sweeten. 

source,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  place  from 
which  water  flows:  origin,  spring,  head- 
spring, springhead,  fountainhead,  foun- 
tain (rare),  head  {contextual),  wellspring 
{rhetorical  or  rare),  wellhead  {rare),  issue 
{rare). 

2.  Referring  to  that  which  affords  or  gives 
rise  to  something:  origin,  original  {rare), 
beginning  {rare);  spec,  parent  {fig.), 
birthplace,  cradle  {fig.),  cunabulum  {lit- 
erary), nidus  {fig.;  literary),  root,  radix 
{rare),  fountain  {rare),  fountainhead 
{rhetorical;  fig.),  wellspring  {poetic;  fig.), 
provenance  or  provenience  {learned  or 
tech.),  seminary  {rare  or  tech.),  derivation, 
hand  {fig.),  primordium  {rare). 
Antonyms:  see  outcome. 

southern,  a.  south,  southerly,  austral  {lit- 
erary), southron  {chiefly  Scot.),  meridian 
{rare),  meridional,  high  {contextual) ;  spec. 
southward. 
Antonyms:  see  northern. 

southerner,  n.  southron  {chiefly  Scot.). 

south  wind,  n.  south  {chiefly  poetic),  No- 
tus  {rare). 

sovereign,  n.  1.  See  ruler,  monarch. 
2.  Referring  to  the  British  coin:    shiner 
{slang),  chip  {slang),  James  {slang),  gold- 
finch {slang),  quid  {slang). 

sovereignty,  n.  1.  See  supremacy. 
2.  Spec,  referring  to  the  position,  power, 
etc.,  of  a  monarch:  sporanty  {poetic), 
crown  {fig.),  royalty,  scepter  {fig.),  regal- 
ity (rare),  throne  {fig.),  reign,  principal- 
ity {rare),  kingship,  despotism. 


Antonym,s:  see  dependency. 
sow,  V.  t.  1.  Referring  to  the  depositing  of 
seed:    scatter,  seminate   (archaic);    spec. 
cast,  drill,  dibble,  broadcast. 

Antonyms:  see  harvest. 

2.  Referring  to  the  land:  seed  {often  used 
with  "down"). 

3.  See  scatter. 
space,  n.  1.  See  time. 

2.  Referring  to  the  generic  idea:  place  (noio 
archaic  or  rhetorical,  and  chiefly  in  contrast 
to  "time"),  expansion  (obs.),  extension 
(learned  or  tech.). 

3.  Often  admitting  of  being  used  with  the 
article  "a"  or  "an":  place,  region;  spec. 
plenum,  infinity,  heavens,  ether. 

4.  See  DISTANCE,  GAP,  PLACE,  ROOM, 
AREA. 

spacious,  a.  1.  wide,  broad;    spec,  vast, 
vasty  (rare),  extensive;  see  roomy. 
Antonyms:  see  narrow. 

2.    See  ABOUNDING. 

spade,  n.  shovel;    spec,  slice,  spud,  didle 

(local),  loy  (Anglo- Irish). 
spadelike,  a.  palaceous  (tech.). 
span,  V.  t.  I.  See  measure,  encircle. 

2.  extend    (contextual),   overspan    (rare), 

overreach  (rare);  see  arch. 
spangle,  n.  paillette  (tech.  or  rare);  spec. 

star. 
spar,   n.  pole;    spec,  (naut.)  mast,  boom, 

gaff,  bowsprit,  yard,  sprit. 
spare,  a.  1.  additional  (contextual),  extra 

(colloq.),  subsecive  (rare);  see  excessive, 

unnecessary. 
Antonyms:  see  deficient. 

2.  See  leisure,  scanty,  thin,  meager. 
spare,  v.  t.  1.  Referring  to  refraining  from 

injuring  or  destroying  a  thing:  forbear  (ar- 
chaic or  rare) ,  respect  (contextual) . 

2.  Referring  to  avoidance  of  inflicting  or 
visiting  upon:  save  (as  in  "save  him  all  you 
can"). 

3.  See  SAVE,  ECONOMIZE,  withhold. 

sparrowlike,  a.  passeriform  (tech.). 

spasm,  n.  1.  Referring  to  muscular  con- 
traction: paroxysm,  convulsion,  throe, 
cramp,  crick,  seizure,  grip,  gripe;  spec. 
eclampsia,  hiccup,  entasia,  flurry  (a  col- 
lective), laryngismus,  tetanus,  holotony. 

2.  Referring  to  sudden  convulsive  action: 
see  FIT. 


XW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

span,  V.  t.:  harness. 

meager,  moderate,  scanty,  for- 

souse, re.  &  v.  i.:  swoop. 

span,  n.:    period,  width,  arch, 

bearing. 

souse,  V.  t.:  pickle,  dip,  drench, 

range. 

spark,  n.:    fire,  trace,  particle. 

Konk,  pour. 

spangle,  v.  i.:  twinkle. 

flash. 

souse,  V.  i.:  soak. 

spank,  V.  t.  &  n.:  slap. 

spark,  n.:  blade,  lover. 

south,  a.:  southern. 

spank,  V.  i.:  drive,  ride,  sail. 

spark,  !i.  t.:  court. 

souvenir:  reminder. 

spanking:   rapid,  lively,  fine. 

sparkle,  n.:   flash,  trace,  witti- 

sovereign, a..'  supreme,  royal. 

spar,  V.  i.:  box,  contend. 

cism,  brightness,  twinkle. 

space,  V.  I.:  separate. 

spare,  v.  i.:  economize. 

sparkle,    v.    i.:    flash,    bubble. 

spade,  V.  t.:  dig. 

spareness:   cf.  thin. 

twinkle. 

spall:   chip. 

sparing,  «..•  economy. 

sparkling:  lively,  witty. 

span,  n.:  team. 

sparing,  a.:  frugal,  economical. 

sparse:   infrequent,  few. 

\(W  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
401 


SPASMODIC 


spasmodic,  a.  1.  paroxysmal,  cmivulsivo, 
paroxysniic  {rare),  spastic  {tech.),  catchy 
(rare). 

2.    See  INTERMITTENT. 

spatter,  t-.  t.  1.  See  scatter,  sprinkle. 
2.  spot  (contextual);   spec,  bespatter  (in- 
tenswe),  sprinkle,  besprinkle  {intensive), 
oversprinkle  {rare),  splash,  splutter  (rare). 

spawn,  n.  1.  eggs  (collective  pL),  spat,  roe; 
spec,  brood,  redd  (Scot,  or  dial.). 
2,  See  OFFSPRiNci. 
S.  Mycelium  (tech.). 

speak,  t'.  i.  1.  talk,  word  (rare);  spec,  out- 
speak {rare),  snap,  pif)e,  dulcify  {humor- 
ous), sputter,  splutter,  drawl,  sniff,  snif- 
fle, snuffle,  perorate,  lisp,  wharl  (rare), 
whisper,  murmur,  shout,  intone,  sing. 

2.  discourse,  oration  {colloq.;  rare),  pat- 
ter {slang  or  cant),  orate  {usually  humor- 
ous or  sarcastic),  oratorize  (rare  equiv.  of 
"orate"),  stump,  speechify  {contemptu- 
ous), speechmake  {rare),  spout  {colloq.); 
spec,  lecture,  platform;  see  converse, 
declaim. 

3.  See  SOUND,  bark. 

speak,  V.  t.  1.  utter  {contextual),  say,  pro- 
nounce (formal  or  spec);  spec,  mutter, 
mumble,  discourse,  enunciate,  sputter, 
sniff,  snuff,  snuflle,  splutter,  dictate. 

2.  Referring  to  the  use  of  a  tongue  as  a 
spoken  language:  talk,  use. 

3.  See  state,  express,  pronounce,  dis- 
close, address,  prove. 

speaker,  n.  1.  talker;  spec,  drawler,  lisper, 
etc. 

2.  discourser,  speechifier  (contemptuous), 
voice  (Jig.),  orator,  rhetorician,  oratress 
(fern.),  oratrix  {fern.;  rare),  concionator 
(rare);  spec,  elocutionist,  droner,  lecturer, 
lecturess  (fern.),  demagogue,  spouter  (col- 
loq.), patterer  {cant  or  colloq.),  Boanerges 
(Ji9-)>  valedictorian,  thunderer;  see  de- 
claimer,  spokesman. 

3.  See  chairman. 

speaking,  n.  utterance  (contextual), 
talk,  discourse;  spec,  patter  (slang  or 
cant),  longiloquence,  mumble,  prolocu- 
tion  (rare),  dictation,  declamation,  pro- 
nunciation. 

speaking,  a.  loquent  (rare);    spec,  dul- 
ciloquent  (rare;  chiefly  humorotLs) . 
Antonyms:  see  silent. 

spear,  n.  lance;  spec,  bourdon,  gaff,  pike, 
leister,  trident,  harpoon,  dart. 

spear-shaped,  a.  hastate  (technical  or  lit- 


erary), hastiforra  (rare);  spec,  lanceolate 
(chufly  tech.),  lanceolar  {chiefly  tech.). 

special,  a.  1.  exceptional,  peculiar,  par- 
ticular, express,  especial  (not  notv  used 
predicatively),  marked;  spec,  intimate. 

Antonyms:  see  ordinary,  usual. 
2.  .S'ee  particular,  intimate. 

specialize,  v.  t.  1.  See  mention. 
2.  Referring  to  a  rendering  specific  or  in- 
vesting with  a  specific  character:  separate, 
individualize,  differentiate  (chiefly  biol.), 
distinguish  (rare),  specificize  (rare),  spec- 
ify (rare). 

specially,  adv.  express,  expressly. 

specious,    a.    colorable,    flimsy,    colored 
(rare);  see  plausible. 
Antonyms:  see  sincere. 

spectacle,  n.  1.  See  show. 

2.  sight,  object,  gazingstock  (chiefly  de- 
preciatory); spec.  guy. 

3.  giglamps  (slang),  barnacles  (pi.;  col- 
loq.); spec,  preserves,  goggles. 

spectator,  n.  beholder,  onlooker,  ob- 
server, seer  (rare),  viewer,  gazer,  witness, 
spectatress  (Jem.);  spec,  bystander, 
groundling,  gallery  god. 

speculation,   n.    1.   See   CONSIDERATION, 
opinion. 
2.  venture;  spec,  flyer  (C/.  *S.). 

speculative,  a.  speculatory,  notional 
(tech.);  see  inferential,  academic. 

speculator,  n.  1.  »See  reasoner. 
2.  Spec,  bear,   bull,   lamb,   lame  duck, 
long,  short. 

speech,  n.  I.  Referring  to  the  act:  utter- 
ance (contextual),  talk,  loquency  (rare); 
spec,  declamation,  sputter,  splutter,  par- 
lance (archaic),  parle  (archaic),  whisper, 
shout,  roar,  sing,  etc. 
Antonyms:  see  silence. 

2.  Referring  to  what  is  said:  utterance 
(contextual);  spec,  word,  talk,  discourse, 
palabra  (Spanish;  depreciatory),  locution 
(rare),  parle  (archaic),  palaver  (chiefly 
spec,  or  conteinptuA)us) ,  whisper;  see  con- 
versation. 

3.  Referring  to  the  faculty  or  power: 
tongue,  language  (rare). 

4.  Referring  to  a  more  or  less  formal  dis- 
course to  others:  address,  oration,  rhesis 
(rare);  spec,  declamation,  dithyramb,  ex- 
hortation, speechlet  (dim.;  colloq.),  de- 
fense, eulogy,  dirge;  see  harangue. 

5.  See  LANGUAGE. 

speed,  n.  1.  <S'ee  rapidity. 


C^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
spat,  n.:   quarrel,  tap. 
spat,  r.  i.:  quarrel,  tap. 
spawn,  r.  t.:   generate,  hear. 
specialist:   expert. 
specie:   money. 
species:  class,  group,  kind. 
specific,  a.:   particular,  definite. 


specific,  7! . ;  remedy. 

specification:  mention,  desig- 
nation. 

specify:  mention,  indicate. 

specimen:  example. 

speck,  n.:  spot,  dot,  particle,  im- 
perfection. 

speck, ::.  t.:  spot,  dot. 


speckle:  spot,  dot. 

spectacular:  shmcy. 

specter:  apparition,  ghost,  fan- 
cy, bogy. 

spectral:  ghostly,  pale,  imma- 
terial, unreal. 

speculate:  consider. 

speculum:  mirror. 


X^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
402 


SPIRITUAL 


2.  Referring  to  the  rate  of  motion  or  action: 
rate,  velocity  {chiefly  tech.;  mech.),  pace 
(spec,  or  fig.);  spec,  music,  tempo,  time, 
haste. 
Antonyms:  see  delay. 

speed,  V.  i.    go    (contextual);    spec,   race, 
ramp,  -scud,   skirr    (Eng.),    scurry,    pelt 
(colloq.),  peg  (colloq.  or  dial.),  lick  (dial,  or 
colloq.;  U.  S.  and  Australia);  see  rush. 
Antonyms:  see  delay. 

spelling,  TO.  orthography  (properly  spec); 
spec,  transliteration,  homography,  pho- 
nography (rare),  cacography,  misspell- 
ing. 

spendthrift,  n.    1.  spender   (contextual), 
prodigal,    spend-all    (rare),     scapethrift 
(archaic),  scattergood  (archaic  or  rare), 
un thrift  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  niggard, 
2.  See  WASTER. 

spent,  a.  Referring  to  a  fish:  shotten, 
spawned. 

sphere,  n.  1.  See  ball,  rank,  scope. 
2.  Referring  to  the  place  or  domain  in 
which  something  acts  or  prevails:  realm, 
domain,  province,  kingdom,  circuit, 
round  (rare),  arena,  element,  field,  scope, 
range,  walk,  department,  bound; — mostly 
spec,  or  fig. 

spherical,  a.  sphere-shaped,  orbicular 
(rhetorical  or  technical) ,  round  or  rounded 
(contextual),  globose  (tech.),  spheral  (rare), 
spheric  (rare),  rotund  (rare),  orbed  (lit- 
erary or  spec),  globy  (rare),  globous 
(rare);  spec,  globoid  (rare),  globulous 
(rare),  orbiculate  (rare),  orbic  (rare), 
spherular,  spheroid,  spheroidal  or  (rare) 
spheroidical,  bulbous,  circular. 

spider,  to.  arachnid,  spinner  (now  dial,  or 
rhetorical). 

spike,  TO.  gad  (obs.  or  hist.);  spec,  nail, 
spikelet,  dag,  gadling,  boss. 

spike- shaped,  a.  spiciform. 

spill,  V.  t.  1.  Referring  to  blood:  shed,  let, 
broach. 

2.  slop,    drip,   drop,    bespiil    (intensive), 
overflow. 

3.  (See  SCATTER. 

spill,  TO.  1.  slop. 
2.  See  FALL. 


spinal,  a.  Spec,  vertebral. 
spindle-shaped,    a.    fusiform; — iech.    or 

learned. 

spine,  n.  1.  point  (contextual),  thorn;  spec. 
spinula,  thornlet,  quill,  ray,  neurapophy- 
sis;  see  prickle. 
2.  See  backbone,  ridge. 

spinner,  to.  spinster  (usually  fem.),  spin- 
stress  (fern.). 

spiny,  a.  1.  spinous,  spinose  (tech.),  thorny, 
spinescent;  see  prickly. 

2.  spine-shaped,  thorny,  spinose;  spec. 
spinulate. 

3.  spinigerous  (tech.),  spiniferous  (tech.), 
spinose  (tech.),  thorny. 

spiral,  TO.  1.  Referring  to  a  curve  in  a  single 
plane:  curl,  coil  (tech.),  helix  (rare), 
winding. 

2.  Referring  to  a  screwlike  coil:  helix, 
twist,  screw,  coil. 

spiral,  a.  1.  curled,  winding,  coiled,  helical 
(rare) . 
2.  hehcal,  twisted,  screw-shaped,  coiled. 

spire,  TO.  1.  *See  growth. 
2.  Referring  to  a  conical  or  tapering  end 
or  body:    spec,   steeple,  branch,  broach, 
fieche  (French),  aiguille. 

spirit,  TO.  1.  See  souL,  ghost,  deity,  de- 
mon, ANGEL,  GENIUS,  FORCE,  ENERGY, 
meaning,  DISPOSITION,  ESSENCE,  PERSON, 
BRAVERY,  QUALITY. 

2.  liveliness,  soul,  vigor;  spec,  spice, 
morale  or  (the  proper  French  form)  moral, 
mind,  dash,  pith,  mettle,  esprit  (French), 
sprightliness,  enterprise,  go  (colloq.),  gin- 
ger (slang),  spunk  (colloq/),  devil  (colloq.), 
elan  (French),  heart,  bravura. 

3.  Referring  to  strong  distilled  alcoholic 
liquid:  spec,  proof;  also  in  pi.  form 
(spirits)  whisky,  gin,  brandy,  faints 
(pi.),  schnapps  (pi.),  etc. 

spirited,  a.  high-spirited,  animated,  high- 
strung,  mettlesome  or  mettled,  eager, 
keen,  sharp,  crank,  cocky  (slang),  lusty, 
strenuous,  proud  (chiefly  poetic),  beany 
(colloq.),  galliard  (archaic),  spunky  (col- 
loq.), fiery,  enterprising;  see  lively. 
Antonyms:  see  apathetic. 

spiritual,  a.  immaterial,  supersensible 
(contextual),  psychical,  ethereal,  ghostly 


C^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

speed,  V.  t.:  send,  hasten,  ad- 
vance. 

speedy:  rapid,  ready,  quick. 

spell,  n.:  magic,  influence,  he- 
witchery. 

spell,  n.:  round,  period,  turn. 

spell,  n.:  fit. 

spell,  V.  t.:  relieve. 

spell,  V.  t.:  bewitch. 

spellbind:  bewitch. 

spellbound:  bewitched,  trans- 
ported. 

spend:  expend,  exhaust,  pass, 
be.'itow. 


Bpew,v.i.:  vomit,  flow. 

spew,  V.  t.:  vomit,  eject. 

spew,  n.:  vomit. 

spewy:  oozy. 

spherule:  ball. 

sphinx:  m.onsler,  question. 

sphinxlike:  unexplainable, 
mysterious. 

spice,  n.:  flavoring,  dash,  ad- 
mixture. 

spice,  V.  t.:  flavor. 

spicule:    prickle. 

spicy:   fragrant,  sensational. 

spigot:  faucet. 

spike,  V.  t.:  fasten. 


spile:   pole. 

spill,  n.;  splinter,  lighter. 

spin,  V.  ^.'  rotate,  devise,  fabri- 
cate, attenuate,  continue. 

spin,  V.  i.:  rotate. 

spindle,  n.:  axis. 

spindle,  v.  i.:  grow. 

spindling:   sle?ider,  thin. 

spineless:  smooth,  weak,  irreso- 
lute. 

spinous:   spiny. 

spinster:  spinner,  celibate. 

spire, )'.  i.:  coil. 

spire,  f.  t..'  rise,  jet. 

spiritless:  lifeless,  dull. 


ii:^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

403 


SPIRITUALIST 


(literary  or  archaic),   inner,   interior,   in- 
ternal, inward,  hijih-niindeil,  pneuniatieal 
(rare),  pneumatic  (/•<//•(),  unworldly;  spec. 
I'latonic;  sec  divink,  kefined. 
Antonyms:    see  animal,  worldly, 

COARSE,   EARTHLY,   BODILY,   SENSUAL, 
SENSUOUS. 

spiritualist,    n.   spiritist    (rare),   rappist 

{ran). 
spiritualize,    v.    t.    enspiritualize    {rare), 
etherealize,uncarnate  (rare);  see  IDEALIZE. 
Antonyms:  see  materialize,  brutalize, 

EMBODY,  SENSUALIZE. 

spit,  V.  i.  1.  spawl  (obs.);   spec,  splutter, 
drivel,  drool,  slobber,  salivate  (tech.),  ex- 
pectorate.    It  is  not  good  usage  to  use  "ex- 
pectorate" as  a  general  synonym  of  "spit." 
2.  See  EJECT. 

spit,  n.  spawl  (obs.);  spec,  spittle,  saliva 
(tech.),  water  (contextual),  froth,  slobber, 
drivel. 

spit,  n.  Referring  to  the  depth  of  earth  that  is 
turned  up  by  a  spade  or  plow:  cut  (con- 
textual), graft. 

spit,  n.  broach. 

spittoon,  n.  cuspidor  (U.  S.);  spec,  spit^ 
box. 

splash,  V.  i. -plash  (lessusualthan"  splash" ) , 
splurge  (U.  S.),  splodge,  splotter  (chiefly 
U.  S.  or  dial.  Eng.),  slush,  spatter  (rare); 
spec,  dabble,  swash,  swish,  wash,  dash, 
squatter,   swdsh-swash,   plap,   plop;    see 

SPATTER. 

splash,  V.  t.  1.  wet  (contextual),  plash  (less 
usual  than  "splash"),  dash  (contextual), 
splatter  (chiefly  U.  S.  or  Eng.  dial.),  slush; 
spec,  squash,  swash,  wash;  see  spatter. 
2.  Referring  to  the  liquid  acted  upon: 
plash  (less  usvxil  than  "splash"),  splatter 
(chiefly  U.  S.  or  dial.  Eng.);  spec,  dash 
(contextual),  bedash  (rare),  squatter, 
slush,  swash,  swish,  wash,  swish-swash; 

see  SPATTER. 

splash,  n.  plash  (less  usual  than  "splash"), 
splatter  (chiefly  U.  S.  or  dial.  Eng.), 
splurge  (U.  S.);  spec,  dash  (contextual), 
slush,  swash,  swish,  wash,  swish-sw^ash. 

spleen,  n.  1.  entrail  (contextual),  milt 
(rare) . 

2.    <See  ILL  TEMPER,  ILL  WILL,  DEPRESSION. 


splenic,  a.  splenetic,  lienal  (rare). 
splice,  r.  t.  join,  marry;  spec,  plank, 
splinter,   n.  frugment  (contextual),  sliver 

(often  spec),  siiiver,  s]ii]l,  splint  (now  rare 

or  dial.),  chip,  flinder  (chiefly  in  pi.);  spec. 

spall,  si)illikin. 
splinter,  i\  t.  &  i.  split,  sliver,  shiver,  chip; 

spec,  spall. 
split,  V.  i.  divide  (contextual),  cleave;  spec. 

fissure,  rend,  rive;  see  crack,  splinter. 
split,  V.  t.  divide  (contextual),  cleave;  spec. 

rend,  rive,  rift,  fissure,  wedge;  see  crack, 

SPLINTER. 

split,  n.  division  (contextual),  cleft;  spec. 
rent,  fissure,  rift;  see  crack,  breach  (in 
a  fig.  sense). 

splitting,  n.  division  (contextual),  cleav- 
age, rendmg,  fission  (tech.). 

spoil,  V.  t.  1.  *S'ee  plunder,  deprive,  de- 
stroy, IMPAIR,  deform,  defeat,  IN- 
DULGE. 

2.  Referring  to  destruction  or  impairment 
of  the  good  qualities  of  a  thing:  mar,  ruin, 
vitiate  (formal),  butcher  (colloq.),  murder 
(colloq.),  mangle  (colloq.);  spec,  demolish. 
Antonyms:  see  amend,  improve. 

spoiled,  a.  damaged,  impaired,  injured, 
sick  (spec,  or  fig.).    . 

spokesman,  n.  speaker,  mouthpiece, 
mouth  (fig.),  prolocutor  (rare  or  spec), 
spokeswoman  (fern.). 

sponger,  n.  sponge,  bloodsucker  (colloq.  or 
contemptuous),  sucker  (colloq.),  dead  beat 
(slang,  U.  S.),  deadhead  (orig.  U.  S.), 
beat  (slang);  spec,  smell-feast,  trencher 
friend,  sorner. 

Antonyms:  see  entertainer,  benefac- 
tor. 

spontaneous,  a.  natural,  free;  see  inten- 
tional, automatic,  extemporaneous. 
Antonyms:  see  l.\bored. 

spool,  n.  reel  (chiefly  spec  or  tech.);  spec. 
bobbin,  quill,  pirn,  cop,  bottom,  wharve 
or  wherve. 

spoon,  n.  1.  Spec,  cochleare,  labis,  eprou- 
vette  (French). 
2.  <S'ee  simpleton. 

spoon- shaped,  a.  cochlear,  cochleari- 
form,  spatulate,  spatuliform; — all  four 
tech.  or  learned. 


IW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
spirituel:    refined. 
spirituous:   alcoholic. 
spirt,  n.;  rush,  effort. 
spirt,  n.  &  V.  i.:  spout,  jeL 
spirt,  V.  t.:  spout,  emit. 
spiry,  a.:  pointed,  tapering. 
spit,  V.  t.:  transfix. 
spit,  r.  £.;  hiss,  rain. 
spite,  n.;  ill  will,  grudge. 
spite,  V.  t.:  ill-treat,  irritate,  of- 
fend. 

spiteful:  hateful. 
spittle:  spit. 
splanchnic:   visceral. 


splendent:  bright,  beautiful, 
grand. 

splendid:  grand,  fine,  showy, 
luxurious,  impressive,  lumi- 
nous, bright. 

splendor,  splendour,  n.: 
grandeur,  luster,  brightness. 

splendrous,  a.:  bright. 

splenetic:  splenic. 

spline:  feather. 

splint:   splinter. 

splotch:  stain,  spot. 

splurge:   display,  splash. 

splutter,  v.:   speak,  splash. 

splutter,  n.:  speech,  splash. 


spoil:     plunder,   graft,   acquisi 

tion. 
spoken:   oral. 
spoliation:     plunder,    depriva- 

tiou,  destruction. 
spongy:     porous,   marshy,   ab- 

.surhetit. 
sponsor:    godparent,  godfather, 

tjdihnother. 
spook:   apparition,  ghost. 
spoon,  V.  i.:   court. 
spoony:   amatory,  affectionate. 
spoor:   track. 
sporadic:   infrequent. 
spore:  cell. 


JS=  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
404 


SPRINGTIME 


sport,  n.  1.  See  diversion,  play,  play- 
thing, FREAK,  BUTT,  FROLIC,  SPORTSMAN, 
JEST. 

2.  In  a  generic  sense:  play,  game,  fun; 
spec,  joke,  jest. 

3.  In  a  slang  or  cant  sense,  referring  to  a 
flashy  or  dashing  young  fellow:  blood 
(slang),  flash  man  (cant),  swell  (slang); 

see  GAMBLER. 

sporting,  a.  flash  (cant). 

sportsman,  n.  hunter,  sport  (rare),  sports- 
woman (Jem.);  spec,  pothunter. 

spot,  n.  1.  mark  (contextual);  spec,  dot, 
dab,  speck,  speckle,  macula,  maculation, 
dash,  cast  (rare),  daub,  drop,  blotch, 
spatter,  splotch,  moil  (literary  or  archaic) , 
pock,  blur,  blot,  fleck,  mottle,  clouding, 
dapple,  spangle,  patch,  facula,  blaze, 
mole,  fleece,  mottle,  smear,  discoloration, 
stain,  eye,  freckle,  pip. 

2.  Referring  to  a  natural  ynarking  on  an 
animal,  esp.  on  the  face:  spec,  snip,  cloud, 
blaze,  star. 

3.  See  SULLY,  PLACE. 

spot,  V.  t.  1.  See  sully. 

2.  mark  (contextual);  spec,  stud,  speck, 
speckle,  spatter,  bespatter  (intensive), 
dab,  maculate,  dash,  daub,  dot,  drop  (ar- 
chaic), splotch,  pock,  blur,  blot,  blotch, 
fleck,  mottle,  dapple,  sprinkle,  besprinkle 
(intensive),  bespot,  pepper,  measle  {rare), 
smear,  stain,  discolor,  freclde. 

3.  See  SULLY,  discover,  perceive. 
spotless,  a.  1.  immaculate  (literary  or  rhe- 
torical);  spec,  stainless,  smearless  (rare); 
see  clean. 

Antonyms:  see  dirty,  spotted,  stained, 

SOILED. 

2.    See  UNSULLIED. 

spotted,  a.  spotty;  spec,  splotchy,  specky, 
specked,  mottled,  speckled,  dotted,  dap- 
pled, blotchy,  flecky,  maculose,  mac- 
ulated, macular,  measly,  guttate  or 
guttated,  fleecy,  flecked,  fleckered,  flea- 
bitten,  mealy,  ocellated,  ocellate,  oc- 
ulated,  bimaculate;  see  party-colored. 
Antonyms:  see  spotless. 

spouse,  n.  associate  (contextual),  consort 
(chiefly  spec,  or  rhetorical),  companion 
(contextual),  partner  (chiefly  dial,  or  un- 
educated) ,  mate  (now  rare  as  used  of  per- 
sons), espousal  (obs.  or  rare),  fere  (archa- 
ic); see  HUSBAND.  "Spouse"  is  chiefly 
formal  or  official. 

spout,  n.  1.  outlet  (contextual);  spec,  pipe. 


nozzle,  snout,  beak,  waterspout,  monitor, 
jet,  gargoyle;  see  cock, 
2.  issue,  spirt,  spurt,  spire  (rare),  gush, 
squirt,  jet;    spec,  stufa  (Italian),  water- 
spout, sandspout. 

spout,  V.  t.  &  i.  1.  eject,  emit  (contextual), 
issue  (rare  as  a  v.  t.),  spirt,  spurt,  spire 
(rare),  squirt,  gush,  jet;  spec.  blow. 
2.  See  declaim. 

sprain,  n.  &  v.  t.  strain,  overstrain  (em- 
phatic); spec,  wrench,  rick. 

spray,  n.  mist  (contextual) ;  spec,  {referring 
to  water  blown  or  throivn  up  from  the 
waves,  etc.)  scud,  foam,  spume,  spindrift, 
drizzle. 

spray,  v.  t.  scatter  (contextual),  nebulize 
(chiefly  spec);  spec,  atomize. 

spraylike,  a.  sprayey,  misty,  smoky,  hazy; 
— the  last  three  contextual  uses. 

spread,  v.  t.  1.  In  a  physical  sense:  spec. 
open,  stretch,  roll,  unroll,  run,  drive, 
couch,  ted;  see  expand,  distribute,  dif- 
fuse, SCATTER,  flare. 

2.  See  OVERSPREAD. 

3.  Referring  to  a  report,  rumor,  etc.:  tell, 
circulate;  spec,  rumor. 

4.  Referring  to  the  extending  of  the  parts, 
esp.  of  a  person  or  animal,  so  as  to  reach 
out  widely,  esp.  in  confusion,  aimlessly,  or 
awkwardly:  sprawl,  splay,  display  (chiefly 
spec);  spec,  explanate  (rare). 

spread,  v.  i,  1.  In  a  physical  sense:  spec. 
open,  run,  stretch,  strike,  trail,  creep, 
crawl,  gape,  flange,  flare,  flanch,  mantle, 
fan  (rare);  see  expand,  diffuse,  scatter. 

2.  To  extend  or  reach  out  loosely,  etc.: 
sprawl;  spec,  straddle. 

3.  Referring  to  rumors,  reports,  etc.:   cir- 
culate, run,  go  (contextual);  spec,  canard, 
fly- 
spread,  n.   1.  See  expanse,  diffusion, 

SHOW,  MEAL,  BEDCOVER. 

2.  sprawl,  splay;  spec  straddle  (colloq.). 

spreading,  a.  diffusive  (formal),  patent 
(rare);  spec,  patulous  (literary  or  tech.), 
effuse. 

spring,  n.  1.  Spec,  source,  prime. 
2.  Referring  to  a  flow  of  water  from  the 
earth,  primarily  a  natural  one:  fountain 
(archaic,  poetic,  or  flg.),  font  (poetic), 
fount  (chiefly  poetic),  wellspring  (ar- 
chaic), wellhead  (rare  or  archaic);  spec. 
fresh,  deerlick,  seep  (rare),  spa,  gipsies 
(pi.;  local  Eng.),  geyser,  Castalia  or  Cas- 
talic  (fig.),  Hippocrene  (fig.). 


tS^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
sport,  11.  i.:  frolic,  play. 
sportive:     jesting,    frolicsome,- 

pldi/ful,  gay,  freaky. 
spotty:    spotted. 
spousal,  n.:  marriage. 
spousal,  a.:   matrimonial. 
sprawl,    V.    i.   &  n.:   scramble, 


spread. 
Spray:  branch. 
spree:   carouse,  frolic. 
spright:     ghost,   demon,  fairy, 

goblin. 
sprightliness:    spirit. 
sprightly:    lively,  gay. 
spring,  o.;  vernal. 


spring,  V.  i.:  dart,  rush,  prance, 
issue,  flow,  rise,  arise,  descend, 
grow,  deform,  appear. 

spring,  !).  t.:  start,  displace,  de- 
farm,  bend. 

spring:    snare. 

springhead:  source. 

springtime:    spring,  prime. 


27 


%W  Sec  Notes  of  Explanation. 

405 


SPRINGY 


S.  prime  (rare),  springtime,  springtide 
(archaic  or  literary):  spec,  seedtime. 

4.  ^fC  JUMP,  RECOIL,  START,  DART,  MO- 
TIVK. 

springy,  o.  1.  fountivinous  (rare),  fountful 
(rare:   poetic). 

2.    N<V  ELASTIC. 

sprinkle,  v.  t.  1.  Referring  to  the  thing  dis- 
persed: strew,  scatter,  sparge  {chiefly 
Scot.);  spec,  spatter,  powder,  dust, 
dredge,  sand. 

2.  Referring  to  that  upon  which  something 
is  sprinkled:  strew,  scatter,  asperse  (liter- 
ary or  spec);  spec,  besprinkle,  spatter, 
flour,  powder. 

3.  5(T  DOT. 

sprinkled,  a.  besprent  (archaic  or  poetic); 

spec,  dotted. 

sprinkler,  /;.  Spec,  dredger,  aspergillum. 
sprinkling,  n.  aspersion  (literary  or  tech.). 
spruce,  V.  t.  A  i.  dress,  smarten,  titivate 

(colloq.),    perk,     plume,     prink,    prune, 

preen,  trim  (chiefly  spec),  lick  (slang). 

"Spruce"  is  chiefly  used  with  "up." 
spur,  n.  1.  The  spur  of  a  rider:    point, 

pricker,  prick,  ripon  (local  or  hist.). 

2.  The  spur  of  a  fowl  or  bird:  heel,  calcar 
(tech.),  claw  (rare);  spec  gaff. 

3.  See  iNCENTm:,  stimulant,  projec- 
tion, BRANCH. 

spur,  V.  t.  1.  prick  (archaic),  rowel. 
2.  See  INCITE,  hasten,  urge. 

spurlike,  a.  calcariform,  calcarine; — both 
tech . 

spurred,  a.  spicate,  calcarate,  spiciferous 
(rare); — all  three  tech.  or  learned. 

spy,  n.  watcher  (contextual);  spec,  intelli- 
gencer, scout,  shadow,  lurcher  (literary), 
tout  (slang  or  cant),  smeller  (slang),  bea- 
gle (Eng.  cant),  plant  (sla7ig),  nose  (slang), 
emissary,  hircarra  (East  India),  mouchard 
(French). 

spy,  V.  i.  1.  watch  (contextual),  espy  (rare); 
spec,  scout,  pry,  nose  (slang),  smell  (slang 
or  consciously  fig.),  tout  (rare). 
2.  See  OBSERVE,  discover. 

square,  n.  1.  rectangle,  quadrate  (tech.); 
spec.  pane. 
2.   Referring  to  buildings:  see  block. 


3.  Referring   to   an    open   area:      plaza, 
piazza,  i)arade  (Eng.). 

square,  a.   1.  rectangular  (formal),  four- 
square, quadrate  (tech.),  quadratic  (rare) ; 
spec,  squarish. 
2.  See  rectangular,  just,  honest. 

square,  v.  t.  1.  quadrate  (rare). 
2.  Sec  adjust,  adapt,  balance. 

squat,  a.  thickset,  stocky,  pudgy,  podgy, 
squidgy  (rare),  punchy,  stumpy,  dumpy, 
squatty,   spuddy   (rare),   tubby   (colloq.), 
tubbish  (colloq.),  squab  or  squabby. 
Antonyms:  see  lanky. 

squeamish,  a.  Spec  sick,  fastidious,  dis- 
tant, priggish. 

squeeze,  v.  t.  &  i.  1.  press,  compass,  pinch 
(chiefly  spec),  wring,  coarct  (rare);   spec. 
nip,  clutch,  crush;  see  constrict. 
Antonyms:  see  stretch. 
2.  «S'ee  FORCE,    express,    oppress,    ex- 
tort. 

squeeze,  n.  1.  pressure,  compression,  co- 
arctation  (rare);    spec  nip,  pinch,  vise 
(rare);  see  crush,  constriction. 
2.  Spec,  forcing,  expression,  oppression, 
extortion. 

squelch,  v.  t.  1.  See  crush,  flatten,  sup- 
press. 

2.  quelch,   quash,  squatter,  squish, 
squash. 

squelch,  n.  quelch,  quash,  squatter, 
squidge  (rare),  squish,  squash. 

squelchy,  a.  squashy,  quashy,  squishy. 

squint,  v.  i.  1.  look  (contextual),  squinny 
(rare),  goggle  (rare),  skew  (rare),  slant 
(rare). 

2.    See  PEEK,  REFER,  TEND. 

squint,  n.  1.  look  (contextual),  cast  (rare  or 
archaic),   squinny    (rare),   goggle   (rare); 
spec,  strabismus,  cross-eye. 
2.     Spec    peek,     reference,    inclination, 
tendency. 

squint-eyed,  a.  strabismic  (tech.),  squint 
(rare),  goggle-eyed  (rare),  squinting;  spec. 
cross-eyed. 

squire,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  knight's  at- 
tendant: esquire  (archaic),  armiger  (tech.), 
henchman  (hist.);  spec  page. 
2.  Referring  to  a  landed  proprietor:    es- 


C^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

sprinkle,  v.  i.:  rain. 

sprint:  run. 

sprit:   pole. 

sprite:  ghost,  demon,  fairy,  gob- 
lin. 

sprocket:   tooth. 

sprout,  r.  i.:  germinate. 

sprout,  n.:   shoot,  bud. 

spruce,  a.:  smart. 

spume:  foam. 

spumy:  foamy. 

spunk:  spirit,  courage. 

spunky:  spirited,  courageous. 

spur,  V.  t.:  goad,  incite,  hasten, 
urge. 

Epurious:      illegitimate,    false. 


pretend. 

spurn,  n.:  kick,  rejection. 

spurn,  ;i.  t.:  tread,  reject. 

spurn,  V.  i.:  object. 

spurt,  n.:    outbreak,  effort,  in- 
crease, advance. 

spurt,  V.  i.:  hasten. 

spurt:   spout,  jet. 

sputter,  v.:  speak,  hiss,  eject. 

squab,  a.:  fat. 

squabble:   quarrel. 

squad:   company,  relay. 

squalid:  foul. 

squalidity:  foulness. 

squall,  n.  <fc  v.:  scream. 

squall,  n.:  wind. 

squally:   intermittent,  windy. 


squalor:  foulness. 
squamose,  squamous:    scaly, 

scalelike. 
squander:   lavish,  waste. 
squandering:   waste. 
squash,    v.    t.:     crush,    flatten, 

splash,  squelch. 
squash,  n.:  squelch. 
squashy:  soft,  marshy. 
squat,  ?!..-  crouch. 
squatter,  n.  t'.;  splash,  squelch. 
squawk:   scream,  cry. 
squeak:  cry,  creak. 
squeaky:  grating. 
squeal:  scream. 
squelcher:   settler. 
squire,  d.  t.:  escort. 


IW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

406 


STANDARD 


quire    (archaic;    Eng.);    spec,   squireen, 
squirelet,  squireling. 
squirrel,  n.  rodent,  sciurine  (tech.),  bunny, 
bun  (rare),  ron  (Eng.  dial.). 
s-shaped,  a.  doubly-curved,  sigmoid  (tec/t.)- 
stab,  V.  t.  1.  pierce  (contextual) ,  stick,  job, 
jab   (colloq.),  dig   (colloq.),  pink,   broach 
(literary  or  fig.);  spec,  poke,  prick,  prong 
(rare),  bayonet,  dirk,  knife,  spear,  stiletto, 
creese  or  crease  or  kris,  poniard,  dagger, 
paunch,  gore. 

2.    See  AFFECT. 

stab,  n.  job,  jab  (colloq.);  spec,  prick,  dig 
(colloq.),  poke. 

stable,  n.  stall  (rare  as  referring  to  horses) ; 
spec,  haras  (French),  mew  (a  collective), 
mews  (pL),  livery  (U.  S.). 

stall,  n.  I.  See  pole. 
2.  rod  (contextual),  wand,  baton  (chiefly 
tech.);  spec,  truncheon,  caduceus,  crook, 
crosier,  cross,  crutch,  mace,  lituus, 
warder,  thyrsus  (rare),  thyrse,  tipstaff, 
cowlstafT. 

stag,  n.  deer  (contextual);  spec,  royal, 
brocket. 

stage,  n.  1.  See  story,  degree,  platform, 

ROSTRUM,  DRAMA,  LEVEL,  PERIOD. 

2.  Referring  to  a  division  in  a  journey: 
post,  reach;  spec,  manzil. 

3.  stagecoach,  coach;  spec,  diligence, 
omnibus. 

4.  scene  (classical  antiq.),  footlights 
(cant):  spec,  proscenium  (antiq.),  post- 
scenium  (antiq.),  parascene  (antiq.). 

stagnant,   a.    1.   still,   motionless,   dead, 
standing. 
Antonyms:  see  agitated,  flowing. 
2.  *See  inactive. 

stain,  n.  1.  discoloration  (contextual),  soil 
(rare),     soilure     (rare);      spec,     tarnish, 
splotch,  blur,  blot,  blotch,  cloud,  smirch, 
smutch,  crock. 
2.  See  SULLY,  contamination. 

stain,  V.  t.  1.  discolor  (contextual),  distain 
(archaic),  soil;  spec,  tarnish,  bestain  (in- 
tensive), splotch,  blot,  blotch,  smirch, 
smutch,  besmutch  (intensive),  smut,  dye, 
engrain  (rare),  imbrue  (literary),  blacken, 
mildew,  ink. 
2.  See  SULLY,  contaminate,  dye. 

stained,  a.  discolored  (contextual) ,  soiled, 
imbrued  (literary;  rare);  spec,  smudgy, 
smirchy,  spotted. 


Antonyms:  see  spotless. 

stair,  n.  flight,  grece  (ohs.  or  dial.),  stair- 
case, stairway;  spec,  winder,  companion- 
way,  escalator.  In  England  and  America 
the  pi.  form  "stairs"  is  now  generally  u.sed, 
but  in  Scotland  the  sing,  form  "stair"  is 
still  the  ordinary  form. 

stake,  n.  stick  (contextual);  spec,  bar,  rod, 
stock,  post,  pale,  pile,  palisade,  picket, 
palisado  (rare),  snub. 

stake,  n.  1.  hazard,  prize  (chiefly  spec), 
risk  (rare);  spec,  bank;  see  pledge, 
wager. 

2.    See  VENTURE. 

stake,   V.   t.  hazard,   risk;    see   pledge, 

WAGER. 

stale,  v.t.  hackney,  hack  (rare). 

stalk,  v.  i.   go  (contextual),  sweep;   spec. 
strut. 
Antonyms:  see  sneak. 

stalk,  v.  t.  hunt  (contextual),  still-hunt. 

stalk,  n.  1.  stem,  caulis  (tech.),  caudex 
(tech.);  spec,  spear,  spire,  shaft,  cauhcle, 
culm,  helm  (Eng.  or  dial,  of  grain),  haulm 
(Eng.),  bun  (dial.),  boon,  bent,  bennet, 
straw,  stipe,  stipes,  stipule,  cane,  pedi- 
cel, footstalk,  beam,  castock  (Scot.),  pedi- 
cle, peduncle,  petiole,  gynophore,  funicu- 
lus, funicle,  scape,  tigella  or  tigelle,  stipel. 
2.  See  STEM. 

stalked,  a.  Spec,  pediculated,  petiolate, 
pedicellate,  tigellate,  pedunculate,  pedun- 
culated, stiped,  etc.; — all  tech. 

stall,  n.  1.  See  stable. 

2.  Referring  to  the  division  or  compartment 
for    accommodating    one    animal:    travis 

(Scot.);  spec,  crib  (obs.  or  rare),  bo.x  stall 
or  box,  cote. 

3.  stand,  booth,  crame  (Scot.);  spec. 
bulkhead  (Eng.),  bulk  (Eng.),  pandal 
(Anglo-Indian). 

stalwart,  a.  I.  strong,  stout,  sturdy. 

2.  See  determined. 
stand,  V.  i.  1.  There  are  no  direct  synonyms: 

remain  (contextual),  stay  (contextual). 
Antonyms:  see  fall,  lie,  sit. 

2.  See  REST,   continue,  be,  hesitate, 

stop,  BRISTLE. 

3.  candidate  (rare). 

standard,  n.  1.  flag  (contextual),  ensign 
(mil.  or  naval;  chiefly  spec),  oriflamme 
(spec,  or  fig.),  vexillum  (Roman  antiq.), 
gonfalon,  labarum. 


XS^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
squirm:  wriggle. 
squirt:   spout. 
squish:   squelch. 
stabilize:  firm. 
stable,   a.:    firm,   lasting,   con- 
stant. 
stable,  n.:  livery. 
stack,  )i.:  heap,  group,  chimney. 
stack,  V.  t.:  heap,  gather. 
stage,  V.  t.:  show. 


stagger,  v.  i.  &  n.:  falter,  totter. 

stagger,  v.  t.:  perplex,  shake, 
sitodc,  zigzag,  weaken. 

staggerer:  settler. 

staid:   sober. 

stainless:  pure. 

stale,  a.:  tasteless,  moldy,  com- 
monplace. 

stalk,  re.  &  v.:  hunt. 

stalk,  n.:  gait. 

stall,  v.:  stop. 


stallion:  horse. 

stamina:   vigor,  strength. 
stammer:  falter. 
stampede,  n.:  rush,  flight. 
stampede,  v.  t.:  rout. 
stanch,  a.:    strong,  firm,  coti' 

slant,  courageous. 
stanchion:   pillar.  [dure. 

stand,  V.  t.:    station,  place,  en- 
standard,      a.:      authoritative, 

ai'rragc. 


(W  Sec  Notes  of  Explanation. 

407 


STANDARD-BEARER 


2.  moasuro,  norm  or  norma  {tech.  or 
U'arnai);  spec,  canon,  scale,  gauge, 
diapason,  vernier,  metewand  {literary), 
proof,  assize,  criterion,  te>;t. 

8.    ^Irr  EXAMI'LK,  C.\JS'DLESTICK,  UPRIGHT. 

standard-bearer,  n.  ensign,  signifer 
{rare),  vcxillator  (rare);  spec,  cornet, 
gonfalonier. 

standing,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  action  or 
coiuiition:  station  (now  tech.). 

2.  Sec  POSITION,  CONTINUANCE,  ENDUR- 
ANCE, RANK. 

Standstill,  n.  Referring  to  the  fact  or  state: 
stand,  station  (rare),  deadlock  {only  fig.), 
stay  {now  becoming  archaic). 
Antonyms:  sec  run. 

stanza,  n.  stave,  staff,  strophe  (rare) ;  spec. 
sixain,  terzina,  tercet,  pennill,  quatrain, 
redondilla  (Spanish),  englyn,  envoy, 
tristich,  tetrastich,  pentastich,  hexastich, 
heptastich,  octastich. 

star,  n.  1.  light  (contextual),  luminary  (lit- 
erary or  rhetorical),  twinkler,  starlet 
(dim.),  planet  (astrol.  or  spec);  spec,  sun, 
nova,  vesper,  shooter  (rare),  primary, 
comet. 

2.  Referring  to  the  figure  or  image:  spec. 
pentacle,  pentagram,  pentangle,  pental- 
pha,  mullet  (her.),  asterisk. 

3.  See  DESTINY,  SPANGLE. 

starchy,  a.  1.  farinaceous. 

2.  See  STIFF. 
staring,  a.  1.  Referring  to  the  look:  gazing, 

glaring,  fixed. 

2.  See  CONSPICUOUS. 
starling,  n.  cutwater. 
starred,  a.  1.  stellular. 

2.    See  CRACKED. 

starry,  a.  1.  Full  of  stars:  constellate  (lit- 
erary) . 

2.  astral  (tech.  or  formal),  stellular,  stellar 
(formal  or  tech.),  sidereal,  starlike. 

3.  star-shaped,  stellate,  stelhform,  stellu- 
lar;— the  last  three  tech.  or  learned. 

start,  n.  I.  spring,  shock,  startle  (rare), 
jump,  braid  (obs.);  see  shrink. 

2.  beginning,  go-off  (colloq.),  outset,  off- 
set, setoff;  .spec,  break,  breakaway  (cant), 
get-away  (cant  or  slang);  see  rush. 

3.  impulse  (contextual),  send-off  (colloq.). 

4.  lead; — referring  to  an  advantage  of  po- 
sition, as  in  racing. 

5.  See  DISPLACEMENT,  BRANCH. 

start,  V.  i.  1.  spring,  jump,  startle  (rare), 
braid  (obs.  or  archaic);  see  shrink. 
2.  break,  put  (U.  S.;  colloq.),  sally  (liter- 


ary, rhetorical,  or  humoroui^),  boun  (ar- 
chaic); spec,  burst,  flash,  sail. 

3.    .See  BEGIN,  ENTER. 

start,  v.  t.  1.  Referring  to  game:  rouse, 
spring;  see  flush. 

2.    Sec  BEGIN,  SET,  DISPLACE. 

startle,  ;>.  t.  surprise,  rouse,  electrify  (^gf.), 
jump  (rare);  sec  frighten. 

state,  n.  1,  Referring  to  the  circumstances  or 
condition  of  affairs  in  which  a  thing  exists: 
condition,  status  (learned),  situation,  es- 
tate (archaic  or  literary),  posture  (rare), 
pass,  case,  plight  (rare,  exc.  spec),  dispo- 
sition, circumstance  or  (usiuilhj)  circum- 
stances (pi.). 

2.  Referring  to  the  condition  in  which  a 
person  or  thing  is:  condition,  estate  (ar- 
chaic or  literary),  form,  shape,  fettle,  trim 
(chiefly  cant  or  colloq.),  keeping,  kelter  or 
kilter  (colloq.  or  dial.),  case  (rare),  tone, 
order,  affection  (rare  or  archaic). 

3.  Referring  to  a  mode  of  existence:  phase, 
stage,  mode  (tech.),  modus  (tech.). 

4.  government,  commonwealth  (chiefly 
spec),  country,  polity  (tech.  or  learned); 
spec,  power,  potentate  (rhetorical  for 
"power"),  democracy,  aristocracy,  repub- 
Uc,  monarchy,  toparchy;  see  republic, 
MONARCHY.  Most  of  the  synonyms  of  "gov- 
ernment' are  also  used  for  a  state  having 
such  a  government. 

state,  V.  t.  1.  See  express,  narrate,  re- 
port, PROPOSE,  restate. 

2.  affirm,  have,  assert;  spec,  (or  in  a 
transferred  sense)  declare,  insist,  assever- 
ate, protest,  predicate,  aver,  allege,  ex- 
pound, avow,  avouch,  vouch  (rare),  war- 
rant, profess,  say,  speak,  pronounce, 
enounce,  proclaim,  testify  (Biblical), 
premise  (logic),  preface  (rare),  plead,  bul- 
letin, swear. 
Antonyms:  see  abjure. 

statecraft,  n.  diplomacy,  policy;  spec 
courtcraft. 

stated,  a.  1.  fixed,  settled,  given. 
2.  fixed,  set. 

statement,  n.  1.  See  expression,  ac- 
count, PROPOSITION. 

2.  affirmance,  affirmation,  assertion ;  spec, 
(or  in  a  transferred  sense)  declaration,  in- 
sistence, asseveration,  protestation,  prop- 
osition, predication,  protest  (rare),  aver- 
ment, allegation,  avowal,  exposition, 
vouch  (rare),  vouchment  (rare),  predica- 
ment (tech.  or  rare),  pretension  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  denial. 


C^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

standardize:  regularize. 

standing,  a.. °  upright,  stagnant, 
permanent. 

Standpoint:  position,  view- 
point. 

staple,  n.:  product. 


staple,  a.."  salable. 
staple,  n.:  loop. 
staple,  n.:  fiber,  material. 
starch,     a.:     fastidious,     stiff, 
formal. 
stare:   gaze. 
stark:    absolute,  naked,  unmiti- 


gated, stiff. 
started:  afloat. 
starve:  famish. 
starved:   hungry. 
statehouse:  capital. 
stately:      dignified,     imposing, 

grand. 


tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

408 


STEP 


3.  Referring  to  what  is  stated:  spec,  alle- 
gation, predicate,  protest,  thesis  (tech.  or 
spec),  pronouncement,  saying,  testifica- 
tion (Biblical),  pronunciamento,  plat- 
form, affidavit,  pleading,  scheme,  sched- 
ule, memorial,  case  (law),  ipse  dixit, 
dicturp,   theorem,  bulletin;    see  saying, 

REPORT,  PROPOSAL,  FORMULATION,  NAR- 
RATIVE. 

4.  Referring  to  a  document  setting  fortJi  a 
status  of  financial  facts:  spec,  bill,  bud- 
get, show^ing  (chiefly  U.  S.).  _ 

statesman,  n.  politician,  politicaster  (con- 
temptuous), statist  (arcliaic),  politico 
(rare),  stateswoman  (fern.). 

station,  n.  I.  See  place,  position,  dig- 
nity, RANK. 

2.  Spec,  post,  depot  (mil.),  camp,  en- 
campment, garrison,  factory. 

3,  stopping  place,  stop;  spec,  stand,  de- 
pot (U.  S.),  terminal  (U.  S.),  stationette 
(a  nonce  word) . 

station,  v.  t.  place,  post,  stand,  plant; 
spec,  garrison,  quarter,  lodge,  picket. 

statue,  n.  image,  piece  (contextual);  spec. 
statuette,  sculpture,  bronze,  colossus, 
term,  terminus,  figurine. 

stay,  V.  i.  1.  remain,  rest,  stop  (not  in  good 
usage  in  this  sense),  continue,  abide  (lit- 
erary or  rare),  bide  (chiefly  archaic),  lie, 
sit,  keep,  swell  (chiefly  archaic);  spec. 
hang,  sojourn,  nestle,  sist  (Scots  law);  see 

DELAY. 

Antonyms:  see  depart,  flee. 
2.  See  continue,  desist. 
stay,   n.    1.   remain    (rare),    continuance, 
rest,  stop  {not  in  good  usage  in  this  serise) , 
abode  (literary  or  rare);  spec,  sojourn;  see 

DELAY. 

2.  spec,  continuance,  desistance. 
steal,  V.  t.  1.  appropriate  (contextual;  often 
euphemistic),  thieve  (rare),  lift,  purloin, 
crib  (colloq.),  take  (contextual),  convert 
(contextual),  snatch  (contextual  or  slang), 
rifle,  plunder,  filch,  cabbage  (slang  or 
tailors'  cant),  cly  (tliieves'  cant),  convey  (a 
euphemism),  nobble  (slang),  nim  (ar- 
chaic), pinch  (slang),  abstract  (slang), 
bob  (slang  or  cant),  prig  (slang  or  cant), 
hook  (slang  or  cant),  rob  (rare  or  spec), 
bone  (sla7ig);  spec,  misappropriate,  pil- 
fer, peculate  (rare),  finger. 
2.  See  move. 


steal,  V.  i.  1.  thieve,  lift,  purloin,  rob  (rare 
or  spec),  crib  (colloq.),  filch;  spec,  pilfer, 
peculate,  shoplift. 

2.  move,  shp,  slide,  slink,  sneak,  creep, 
lurk  (rare). 

stealthy,  a.  1.  See  thievish. 
2.  secret,  furtive,  surreptitious,  sly,  un- 
derhand, clandestine. 

steamer,  n.  puffer  (colloq.  or  contextual), 
steamboat  (chiefly  spec);  spec,  steam- 
ship, tug,  propeller,  sidewheeler,  grey- 
hound.    "Steamer"  is  chiefly  spec. 

steep,  a.  hilly  (contextual),  declivitous, 
high-pitched,  brant  (obs.  or  dial.),  steepy 
(rare),  arduous  (fig.),  heavy,  abrupt,  bold, 
proclivous  (rare);  spec,  hanging  (as  in 
"hanging  gardens");  see  precipitous. 
Antonyms:  see  moderate. 

steeplechase,  n.  grind  (Eng.  university 
slang). 

steer,  v.  t.   1.  guide   (contextual),  direct, 
navigate,  con  or  cond  or  cund  (tech.),  helm 
(chiefly  spec),  pilot  (often  spec). 
2.  See  guide. 

steer,  v.  i.  stand,  course  (rare),  point. 

steerage,  n.  1.  steering,  guidance,  direc- 
tion, pilotage  (often  spec),  pilotism  (rare), 
pilotry  (rare). 
2.  See  guidance. 

steersman,  n.  steerer,  helmsman,  pilot 
(often  spec);  spec,  coxswain,  hoveler  or 
hoveller  (Eng.),  manjee  (Anglo-Indian), 
nobbier  (Eng.),  patroon  (rare),  patron 
(rare),  wheelman,  sluer. 

stem,  n.  1.  stock,  caudex  (tech.),  axis 
(tech.);  spec,  cane,  kex  (obs.  or  dial.), 
creeper,  runner,  brier  or  briar,  pedestal, 
caulome  (tech.);  see  stalk,  trunk. 

2.  bow,  cutwater. 

3.  In  philology:  base,  theme  (tech.), 
thema  (rare). 

4.  shank,  shaft,  stalk,  pillar. 

5.  See  RACE. 

step,  V.  i.  1.  tread;    spec  tramp,  clamp, 
clump,  stride,  trip,  pace. 
2.  *See  GO,  WALK. 

step,  n.  1.  tread,  footstep;  spec,  tramp, 
stride,  pace,  clamp  (chiefly  dial.),  foot- 
step, trip. 

2.  Referring  to  dancing:  spec  pas  (French) , 
flicflac  (French),  chasse,  whirl,  coupee 
(dancing),  grapevine,  drag,  etc. 

3.  Referring  to  a  rest  for  the  foot,  as  in 


Cs^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

stationary:  immovable, motionless. 

statuary:   sculptor,  sculpture. 

statue:   state,  position,  rank. 

statute:  law. 

staunch:  variant  of  siancft. 

staye,  n.;  strain. 

stave,  V.  t.:   break,  tvard. 

stay,  n.:  support,  brace. 

stay,  V.  t.:  hold. 

stay,  n.;  stoppage,  stop. 


stay,  V.  I.:  stop,  fix,  restrain,  de- 
tain, defer. 

stead:   place. 

steadfast:  fixed,  constant. 

steady,  a.:  firm,  constant,  uni- 
form, .sober. 

steady,  v.  t.:  firm. 

steal,  n.:  theft. 

steam,  n.:  vapor,  exhalation. 

steamy:  vaporous. 

steed:    lior:ie. 


steel,  V.  t.:  harden. 
steep,  v.:  .■<oak. 
steep,  n..:  hill,  cliff. 
steer,  n.:   beef. 
stellar,  stellate:  starry. 
stellKorm:  starry. 
stellular:   starry. 
stem,  V.  t.:  oppose. 
stench:   smell. 
stentor:   shouter. 
stentorian:   loud. 


See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

409 


STEPFATHER 


atairs:  tread,  pare  (rare),  docree  [nbs., 
exc.  fwraliiry);  spec,  flyer,  gradiii  or  gra- 
dine,  half-pace,  winder,  rung,  stile. 

4.  ^a'  CAIT,  MARCH,  FOOTPKINT,  ACTION, 
DKCREE,  INTERVAL. 

Stepfather,  n.  good-father  (Scot.). 
stepmother,/;,  good-mother  (.Scof.).    The 

luijtctire  for  "s(rpi)iother"  is  "novercal." 
sterilize,  v.  t.  asepticize,  aseptify  (rare); 
spec,  disinfect. 
stern,  a.  1.  unyielding,  grim,  grimmish 
[rare),  grimly  (archaic),  gaunt  (literary  or 
archaic),  dour  (Scot.),  hard;  see  relent- 
less, REPELLENT. 

Antofiyms:   see  affectionate,  gentle, 

KINDLY. 

2.  See  AUSTERE,  severe,  sharp,  fierce, 

relentless,  merciless. 
stern,  ti.  Referring  to  a  vessel:    buttocks 

(rare);  spec,  counter,  poop. 
stevedore,  n.  Spec,  roustabout  (U.  S.), 

hohhler(Eng.). 
stew,  V.  t.  cook  (contextual),  boil,  coddle, 

seethe,  simmer;  spec,  curry. 
stew,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  action:    boil, 

seethe,  simmer. 

2.  Referring  to  the  dish:  spec,  hodge- 
podge, olio,  oUapodrida,  curry,  colcannon, 
lobscouse,  pepperpot. 

3.  See  fret. 

steward,  n.  1.  agent  (contextvul) ,  steward- 
ess (fern.);  spec,  bailiff,  husband,  hind 
(local  Eng.),  dewan  (Anglo-Indian), 
chamberlain,  seneschal,  major-domo, 
khansamah  or  khansaman,  sirkar  (Anglo- 
Indian),  maitre  d'hotel  (French). 
2.  purser. 

stick,  n.  1.  Referring  to  a  piece  of  wood, 
usually  one  long  in  relation  to  its  breadth  or 
diameter:  spec,  spar,  billet,  cue,  rod, 
walking-stick,  cane;  see  branch,  twig, 
stake,  pole,  sw'itch,  mast,  rung,  club. 
2.  Spec,  hesitation,  stickiness,  stab. 

stick,  V.  t.  1.  See  stab,  thrust,  put,  trans- 
fix, smear,  fasten. 

2.  agglutinate  (rare  or  learned);  spec. 
wafer,  cement,  freeze. 

stick,  V.  i.  1.  adhere,  cling,  take  (chiefly 
cant);  spec,  cleave,  hold,  mire,  freeze, 
jam. 

2.  Referring  to  mental  action:  adhere, 
hold,  cleave,  cling,  abide,  hang,  persist. 

3.  See  bind,  hesitate. 

sticky,  a.  adhesive,  tenacious,  clingy  (rare), 
clinging,    cohesive,    viscous    (learned    or 


tech.),  viscid  (learned  or  tecli.),  glutinous 
(tech.  or  learned),  agglutinative  (learned); 
spec,  clammy,  clam  (di(d.),  gluey,  pasty, 
stringy,  ropy,  clcdgy  (Eng.  dial.),  gum- 
my, dauby,  cementitious  (rare),  fat, 
strong,  tacky  (chiefly  cant),  smeary  (rare), 
clarty  (dial),  cloggy,  plastery,  mucilagi- 
nous. 

stiff,  a.  1.  firm,  rigid,  unlimber  (rare),  un- 
pliant  (rare),  crisp;  spec,  stark  (ohs.  or 
spec),  heavy  (chiefly  dial.);  see  unyield- 
ing, tense. 
Antonyms:  see  flexible,  limp,  wil- 
lowy. 

2.  Referring  to  tvhat  is  hard  to  overcome: 
hard,  obstinate,  pertinacious;  see  un- 
yielding, difficult. 

3.  Referring  to  manners,  style,  etc.:  con- 
strained, cramped,  budge  (obs.  or  ar- 
chaic), buckram  (fig.),  prim,  starch, 
starched;  see  formal. 

Antonyms:  see  unconventional,  home- 
like. 

4.  See  high,  strong,  repellent,  con- 
ventional. 

stiffen,  V.  t.  1.  In  a  physical  sense:  rigidify 
(rare);  spec,  buckram,  bone,  size,  starch, 
glue,  etc.;  see  harden,  brace. 

2.  Referring  to  prices:  harden. 

3.  Referring  to  the  mind,  feelings,  etc.:  see 
harden. 

stiffening,  o.  rigescent  (rare). 

stiffness,  n.  Spec,  firmness,  rigidity,  hard- 
ness, constraint,  etc.     Cf.  stiff. 

still,  a.  1.  motionless. 

Antonyms:  see  agitated,  lively,  rest- 
less, flowing. 

2.  See  SILENT,  CALM,  STAGNANT,  LOW. 

3.  Referring  to  wines,  beer,  etc.:  dead. 
still,  V.  t.  I,  quiet,  bestill  (rare),  immobi- 
lize (rare). 

Antonyms:  see  rouse,  agitate. 

2.    See  CALM,  SILENCE. 

still,  n.  stillatory  (rare);  spec,  retort, 
worm,  serpentary,  serpentine. 

stimulant,  n.  1.  In  a  general  sense:  stimu- 
lus (more  dignified  than  "stimulant"),  ton- 
ic (fig.),  stirring;  spec,  fillip,  sting,  whet- 
stone (fig.),  incentive,  encouragement, 
spur. 

2.  In  medicine:  cordial,  tonic,  cardiac; 
spec,  restorative. 

Antonyms:  see  narcotic 

3.  Intoxicant;  spec,  liqueur,  bracer,  pick- 
me-up,  eye-opener. 


JS=  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
sterile:    barren. 
sternum:    breastbone. 
stew,  r.  i.:  fret. 
stewpan:   skillet. 
stickle,  V.  i.:  cavil,  bargain,  hesi- 
tate. 
stickle,  n.:   cavil,  hesitation. 


stickler:  precisian. 
stiS-necked:  olistinate. 
stifle,  V.  t.:  suffocate,  extinguish, 

repre.-^s,  suppress. 
stifle,  V.  i.:  suffocate. 
stifling:  suffocative. 
stigma:     brand,    extravasation, 

bloti:h,  sully. 


stigmatize:   brand,  sully. 
stile:    step,  upright. 
stiletto:   dagger. 
still,  inter j.:   silence. 
still,  adv.  &  conj.:  but. 
still,  n.:   silence.        [lence,  calm. 
stillness:     motionlessness,     si- 
stilly:   ."ilent. 


IW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
410 


STOOL 


stimulate,  v.  t.  1.  excite,  stir,  goad,  prick, 
actuate  (rare),  brace,  liven,  rally;  spec. 
electrify  (fig.),  sting,  pique,  fan,  rouse, 
nettle;  see  encourage. 

Antonyms:  see  numb,  dull,  paralyze. 
2.  See  rouse. 

stimulating,  a.  1.  stimulant,  stimulative, 
exciting;  spec,  inspiring,  biting,  lively, 
racy,  spicy  {colloq.),  electric  (fig.),  sting- 
ing, bracing,  poignant,  piquant,  inflam- 
matory (fig.),  pungent  (fig.);  see  sharp. 
Ayitonyms:  see  sedative,  soporific. 
2.  cardiac,  cordial,  tonic;  spec,  restora- 
tive. 

sting,  V.  t.  1.  prick,  urticate  (rare);  spec. 
nettle. 

2.  Referring  to  what  causes  a  sharp  tin- 
gling, as  liquors  or  cold:  bite,  nip. 

3.  See  pain. 

sting,  V.  i.  1.  prick,  prickle,  tingle;   spec. 

nettle. 

2.  Referring  to  the  sensation:  tingle. 
sting,  n.  1.  Referring  to  a  stinging  organ: 

spec,  ovipositor,  dart,  nettle. 

2.  See  STIMULANT,  pain. 

3.  Referring  to  liquor,  as  wines,  etc.:  bite, 
tang,  edge,  sharpness,  zest,  nip  (Scot,  or 
coUoq.). 

4.  Referring  to  the  feeling  of  being  stimu- 
lated, often  pleasantly:  tingle. 

stinging,  a.  Referring  to  speech,  wit,  etc.: 
poignant,  pungent,  salt  (rare). 

stingy,  o.  1.  illiberal,  close,  miserly,  nig- 
gardly or  (less  usual,  but  more  emphatic) 
niggard,  mean,  parsimonious,  penurious, 
sordid,  close-fisted  (colloq.),  pinching, 
cneese-paring  (colloq.  or  contemptuous), 
near  (rare  or  archaic),  economical  (a 
euphemism),  miser  (archaic),  churlish 
(archaic  or  literary),  sparing,  grudging, 
close-handed  (archaic),  hard-fisted  (col- 
loq.; rare),  tight  (colloq.),  hard,  uncom- 
municative (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  generous,  extrava- 
gant, WASTEFUL. 

2.  (See  SCANTY. 

stint,  V.  t.  1.  >S'ee  limit. 
2.  economize,  save   (euphemistic  or  con- 
textual), scant,  scrimp,  skimp,  pinch. 
Antonyms:  see  lavish,  waste. 

stipulate,  v.  t.  arrange,  provide,  bespeak 
(rare  or  literary),  condition. 

stir,  V.  t.  1.  *See  move,  rouse,  stimulate, 

EXCITE,  RAISE. 

2.  Spec,  stoke,  poke,  pole,  spoon,  beat, 
poker. 


stirrer,  n.  Spec,  poker,  pole,  strike,  rabble, 

paddle,  swizzle-stick  (colloq.). 

stirrup- shaped,  a.  stapedial  (tech.  or 
learned) . 

stitch,  n.  1.  See  pain. 
2.  Spec,  backstitch,  cross-stitch,   blind- 
stitch,    hemstitch,    feather    stitch,    tent 
stitch,  petit  point,  tack,  diamond,  prick- 
seam,  overhand. 

stock,  n.  1.  »S'ee  stake,  trunk,  stem,  an- 
cestor, RACE,  FAMILY,  BREED,  FUND, 
MATERIAL,  CAPITAL. 

2.  butt,  thick;  spec,  handle. 

3.  supply,  store,  accumulation,  budget; 
spec,  repertoire  (French). 

stocky,    a.    thick-set,    stumpy,    stubby, 
stout,  portly  (rare),  close;  spec,  bunting; 
see  FAT,  squat. 
Antonyms:  see  lanky. 

stomach,  n.  belly  (not  now  in  refined 
usage),  maw  (now  only  of  animals,  exc. 
ludicrous  or  contemptuous),  abdomen 
(slang  or  incorrect),  craw  (chiefly  humor- 
ous or  derisive,  exc.  spec);  spec,  ingluvies, 
proventriculus,  gizzard,  gorge,  rumen  or 
paunch,  reticulum  or  bonnet,  omasum, 
psalterium,  manyplies,  abomasum. 

stomachic,  a.  gastric  (tech.),  gasteral 
(rare) . 

stone,  n.  1.  In  a  collective  or  generic  sense: 
spec,  metal,  rubble;  see  rock,  gravel. 

2.  Referring  to  a  stone  of  any  size:  rock 
(Australia  and  colloq.  U.  S.);  spec,  meteor- 
ite, megalith,  hog,  whetstone,  grindstone; 
see  gravestone. 

3.  Referring  to  a  small  piece  of  rock:  peb- 
ble, cobble,  cobblestone,  coggle  (obs.  or 
dial.). 

4.  Referring  to  the  stone  of  a  fruit:  pyrene 
(tech.),  pit  (U.  S.). 

5.  See  CALCULUS,  gem. 

stone,  V.  t.  1.  Spec,  pebble  (rare),  cobble, 

pave,  gravel. 

2.  lapidate  (rare). 
stone,  a.  lithic  (tech.),  lithoid  (tech.). 
stony,  a.  1.  rocky,  petrous  (rare,  exc.  fig.), 

lapideous  (rare),  saceous  (rare),  lapidose 

(rare  or  tech.);    spec,  bowldery,  pebbly, 

gravelly,  shingly,  gritty. 

2.  *See  unyielding,  unfeeling,  uncom- 

PASSIONATE,  cold. 

stool,  n.  I.  Spec,  tabouret,  cricket,  com- 
mode, nightchair,  close,  stool,  cucking- 
stool,  cutty-stool  (Scot.),  standrest,  foot- 
stool. 

2.    See  EXCREMENT. 


f^/F'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
stimulating:   stimulant. 
stinlt:  smell. 

stinking:   odorous,  ill-smelling, 
fetid. 

stint:   limit,  task. 
stintless:   generous. 
stipend:   pay. 


stipulate:  agree,  contract. 

stir,  V.  i.:  meve,  rouse,  bustle,  act. 

stir,  n.:  motion,  activity,  disturb- 
ance, commotion,  bustle,  fuss. 

stirring,  a.;  exciting,  stimulant, 
ahoul. 

stitch,  v.:  sew. 

stithy:  anvil, forge. 


stock-still:   motionless. 
stoical:  impassive. 
stolier:  fireman. 
stolid:  im,passive,  stupid. 
stomach,  v.  t.:  endure. 
stoneware:   earthenware. 
stool,  n.:  decoy. 
stool,!'./.;  defecate. 


tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
411 


STOOP 


stoop,  r.  j'.  1.  lean,  bend,  incline,  bow;  spec, 
cower,  slouch;  sec  crouch. 
Anlomjms:  sec  uisi:. 

2.  See  YIELD,  CRINGE,  SWOOP,  CONDE- 
SCEND. 

stoop,  n.  1.  bend,  inclination,  stooping; 
spec.  .*;loucli,  crouch,  cower. 

2.  descent,  condescension,  vouchsafe- 
nient,  condescendence. 

3.  .SfC  SWOOP. 

stooping,  a.  crouching,  cowering,  slouchy. 

Antonyms:  see  erect. 
stop,  V.  t.  1.  5ee  CLOSE,  obstruct. 

2.  Referring  to  action  not  put  forth  by  the 
person  or  thing  that  causes  the  stop:  check, 
arrest  (formal  or  literary),  hold,  stay  (7iow 
literary);  spec,  resist  (contextual) ,  halt,  in- 
tercept, bar,  block,  embar  (obs.  or  archaic), 
stall,  cease  {rare),  belay  {sailors'  slang), 
discontinue,    pawl,    field    {baseball);    see 

PREVENT,  INTERRUPT,  RESTRAIN,  SUP- 
PRESS, NONPLUS. 

Antonyms:  see  impel. 

3.  Referring  to  stopping  one's  own  action: 
cease,  discontinue,  quit  {U.  S.),  belay 
(sailors'  slang),  drop  {slang;  chiefly  in 
"drop  it"),  leave  {archaic);  spec,  arrest, 
abandon. 

Antonyms:  see  continue. 
stop,  V.  i.  1.  desist  {chiefly  literary),  cease, 
surcease  (literary;  rare),  stay  (now  liter- 
ary or  formal  and  chiefly  in  the  impera- 
tive), discontinue  {formal);  spec,  die 
(usually  icith  "out"),  pause,  halt,  leave, 
hesitate,  breathe  (Jig.),  stall,  intermit;  see 

END. 

Antonyms:  see  continue. 

2.  Referring  to  a  cessation  of  a  physical 
journey  or  progress:  stand,  halt,  prop 
{Australia),  touch;  spec,  bait,  noon, 
lodge,  tarry. 

3.  See  DELAY. 

stop,  n.  1.  stoppage,  check,  cessation,  stay 
(now  literary  or  tech.),  cease  {obs.,  exc.  in 
"without  cease"),  discontinuance,  sur- 
cease (literary);  spec,  block,  desistance, 
pause,  hesitation,  halt,  hitch  {colloq.), 
caesura,  intermission. 
Antonyms:  see  continuance. 

2.  stand,  prop  {Australia),  jib  {rare); 
spec,  check. 

3.  In  music:  register;  spec,  diapason, 
cromorna  or  cremona,  tuba,  celeste, 
flauto  {Italian),  flageolet,  flute,  dolcan, 
dital,  larigot,  gamba,  gemshorn,  serpent. 

4.  See  STATION,  MARK,  STOPPER,  DELAY. 

stop,  interj.  soft,  hold,  avast  {naut.),  quit 

{colloq.,   U.S.);  s/^ec.  silence,  whoa. 
stoppage,  n.  1.  stop  {rare),  stopping,  stay 


{chiefly  legal),  arrest  {formal),  arrestment 
(.rare),  discontinuance;  s/jcc.  check,  check- 
ing,   resistance,    interception;     see    end, 

PREVENTION,  INTERRUPTION,  SUPPRES- 
SION, CLOSURE,  RESISTANCE. 

Antomjms:   see  impulse,  continuance, 

CONTINUATION. 

2.  .S'eesTOP. 

stopper,  /(.  stop,  stopple;  spec,  cork, 
bung,  plug,  spigot,  shive. 

stopper,  V.  t.  close,  stop,  stopple;    spec. 
cork,  spike,  plug. 
Antonyms:  see  open. 

storage,  n.  storing,  stowage;  spec,  ware- 
housing, tankage. 

store,  n.  1.  »See  storehouse,  storeroo.m, 

SHOP. 

2.  supply,  stock,  accumulation,  treasure 
{literary);  spec,  mine,  reserve,  garner, 
hoard,  magazine,  cache,  clamp  {cant);  see 

SAVING,  FUND. 

store,  V.  t.  1.  See  furnish,  accumulate, 
hoard. 

2.  deposit,  reposit  {rare),  hive  {flg.  only), 
garner,  treasure  {literary;  rare),  entreas- 
ure  {rare);  spec,  magazine  {rare),  hide, 
bury,  cache,  reserve,  tank  {rare),  reser- 
voir, bottle,  sack,  warehouse. 

storehouse,  n.  depository,  repository, 
store  (L'.  S.  and  British  colonies),  reper- 
tory {literary  or  rare),  repertorium  (rare), 
treasury  (literary);  spec,  magazine  (mil.), 
hive  (fig.),  golah  {Anglo-Indian);  see 
granary,  warehouse. 

storeroom,  n.  depository,  store;  spec. 
loft  (L^S.),  cellar,  larder. 

stork,  n.  crane  (focal). 

stork,  a.  pelargic  (rare). 

storm,  n.  1.  tempest  {literary  or  rhetorical), 
bluster  {fig.),  rack  {obs.  or  rare);  spec. 
hurricane,  cyclone,  anticyclone,  bhzzard, 
blow  {slang  or  colloq.),  gale,  brickfielder 
{Australia),  tornado,  whirlwind,  squall, 
tj'phoon,  snowfall,  rainfall,  etc. 
Antonyms:  see  calm. 
2.  iS'ee  outbreak,  flight. 

storm,  V.  i.  1.  Referring  to  the  elements: 
rage,  rave  {rare);  spec,  snow,  rain,  blow, 
hail,  etc. 

2.  See  RAGE,  SCOLD,  RUSH. 

storm,  V.  t.  Spec,  see  assail,  attack. 

stormy,  a.  1.  foul,  rough,  severe,  tempes- 
tuous (formal),  wild,  dirty  {used  esp.  of 
wet  weather  at  sea);  spec,  oragious  (rare), 
breme  {obs.  or  poetic),  uproarious,  ram- 
pant, rampageous  {colloq. ),ToaTmg,  rainy, 
snowy,  sleety,  etc.;  see  windy,  rough. 
Antonyms:  see  calm. 
2.  *See  VIOLENT. 


t^=  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
stoop,  V.  t.:   bnu\ 
stop-gap:   erperlient. 


stopping:  stoppofje. 

stopple:  stopper. 

storied:  famous,  ornamented. 


storm:  assail,  attack. 
story:    account,  history,  narra- 
tive, legend,  fahle. 


(W  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
412 


STRENGTH 


story,  n.  floor,  stage,  contignation  {rare); 
spec,  basement,  clerestory,  loft,  flat,  mez- 
zanine. . 

stove,  n.  1.  Spec,  heater,  range,  cockle, 
furnace,  kiln. 

2.    See  GLASSHOUSE. 

straddle,  v.  t.  &  i.  bestraddle  {v.  t.  only;  an 
intensive),   stride   {rare),   bestride   {v.   t. 
only),  cross  {v.  t.  only;  colloq.). 
straggle,  v.  i.  I.  See  wander. 
2.  draggle,  tail,  string,  stretch. 
Antonyms:  s^e  crowd. 
straight,  a.  1.  right,  direct;  spec,  straight- 
hned,  rectilinear,  {of  hair)  lank,  lanky. 
Antonyms:  see  angular,  bent,  curved, 

CROOKED,  devious,  SINUOUS,  ZIGZAG. 
2.    See  ERECT,  UPRIGHT,  INFERABLE. 

straight,  adv.  1.  directly,  dead,  right, 
forthright  {archaic),  outright  {archaic). 

2.    See  IMMEDIATELY. 

straightedge,    n.    staff;     spec,    strickle, 
strick. 
straighten,  v.  t.  straight  {rare). 

Antomjms:  see  curve. 
strain,  n.   1.  See  race,  family,  trace, 

NOTE,  SONG. 

2.  In  music:  diapason  {tech.),  fit  or  fytte 
{rare),  stave,  snatch,  point  {archaic). 

3.  Referring  to  conduct,  way  of  talking,  etc.: 
passage,  flight,  movement,  vein,  tone. 

strain,  v.  t.  1.  stress;   see  stretch,  bend, 

DEFORM, pervert. 

2.  bend, tax,  task. 

3.  overstrain  {intensive),  try,  outstrain 
{rare),  overtax;  spec,  overexert,  screw, 
rack,  wrench,  outstretch  {rare),  over- 
stretch (rare);  see  sprain. 

4.  separate  {contextual),  percolate,  trans- 
cola  te  {rare);    spec,  colander,  elutriate; 

see  FILTRATE. 

strain,  n.  1.  stress,  tension,  tensity;    see 

FORCE,  EFFORT. 

2.  tax,  burden,  task. 

3.  overstrain,  overtax;   spec,  wrench;  see 

SPRAIN. 

strainer,  n.  sieve,  colature  {rare),  colatory 
{rare);  spec,  bolter,  physeter,  colander, 
filter. 

strand,  n.  1.  string,  twist;  spec,  sliver. 
2.  See  FIBER. 

stranger,  n.  unknown. 

Antonyms:  see  acquaintance. 

strap,  n.  band  {contextual),  strip,  strop 
{chiefly  spec);  spec,  enarme  (armor), 
crupper,  jess  (falconry),  martingale. 


strap-shaped,  a.  ligulate  {tech.). 
strategy,  n.  1.  Spec,  generalship,  tactics. 

2.    See  ARTIFICE. 

stratified,  a.  stratiform  {tech.  or  learned), 
layered;  see  laminate. 

stratum,  n.  layer;  spec,  {in  geol.)  post, 
measure,  magma. 

straw-colored,  a.  yellow,  stramineous 
{learned),  festucine  {rare). 

stray,  v.  i.  1.  deviate,  exorbitate  {archaic), 
estray  {archaic),  extravagate  (rare),  range, 
err  {chiefly  fig.;  now  archaic);  see  wan- 
der. 

Antonyms:  see  gather,  convene. 
2.  *See  ERR. 

stray,  a.  1.  deviating,  strayed,  astray,  er- 
rant (literary);  see  wandering. 
2.  See  accidental. 

streak,  n.  1.  stripe,  vein,  fleck,  flake,  stria 
(tech.),    striation    (tech.);     spec,    thread, 
band,    line,    interstriation,    slick,    vitta 
(tech.),  penciling,  seam,  ridge,  furrow. 
2.  See  trace. 

streak,  v.  t.  stripe,  vein,  fleck,  flake,  striate 
(tech.);  spec,  pencil,  tabby,  line,  be- 
streak  (intensive;  rare),  band. 

streaked,  a.  striped,  veined,  striate  {tech.), 
flecked;  spec,  lined,  rowy,  penciled  or 
(tech.)  pencilate,  brinded,  brindled,  tabby. 

stream,  n.  1.  flow,  run,  current,  rindle 
(rare  or  dial.),  fleet  (local  Eng.),  flood  (o6s. 
or  poetic),  fresh,  kill  (local  U .  S.;  chiefly 
in  proper  names);  spec,  coulee,  confluent, 
affluent;     see    river,    rivulet,    brook, 

TRIBUTARY,  STREAMLET. 
2.    ASee  FLOW,  SERIES. 

stream,  v.  i.  1.  flow,  run,  rindle  {rare  or 
dial.),  rill  (rare);  spec,  drill  (rare or  died.), 
trickle,  discharge,  spout. 
2.  See  MOVE,  hang,  extend. 

streamlet,  n.  stream,  rill,  trickle,  drill 
(rare  or  dial.);  see  rivulet,  brook. 

street-cleaner,  n.  scavenger  (formal),  or- 
derly (Eng.),  white-wings  {slang;  local 
U.  S.). 

strength,  n.  1.  Referring  merely  to  capacity 
to  exert  force:  see  power. 
2.  Referring  to  the  capacity  of  7nan  or 
beast  to  exert  force:  sinew  or  (pi.)  sinews, 
nerve,  muscle,  brawn,  stamina,  thew  or 
(pi.)  thews  (archaic),  sturdiness  (rare), 
stoutness,  foison  (chiefly  Scot.),  main 
(obs.,  exc.  in  "tvith  might  and  main''), 
doughtiness  (literary;  archaic  or  humor- 
ous); spec,  arm  (fig.);  see  stalwartness. 


fc^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
Stoup:  flagon. 

etoutt  firm,  big,  fat,  brave,  coii- 
Tageous,  hardy,  stalwart,  .'strong. 
stow:   pack,  hide,  furl,  hold. 
stowage:   storage. 
straJghtly:   immediately. 
straightway:  immediately. 
strand,  n.:  shore. 


strand,  v.  t.:  ground. 

stranded:   aground. 

strange:  foreign,  unfamiliar, 
.•fiirprising,  odd,  inexperienced, 
distant,  bashful,  distrustful. 

stranger:  foreigner,  visitor,  in- 
truder. 

strangulate:   constrict. 

strap,      v.- 1.:      thrash,    fasten, 


sharpen. 
strass:   paste. 
stratagem:   artifice. 
straw:  stalk. 
strawberry:  birthmark. 
streak,  v.  i.:  move. 
stream,  v.  i.:  flow. 
streamer,  n.:  flag,  pennon,  ray. 
street:   road. 


(W  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

413 


STRENGTHEN 


See  also  the  general  tervis  umler  power. 
Antonyms:  see  wkaknkss. 

3.  Referring  to  the  mere  capacity  to  re- 
sist force:  solidity,  toughness,  stoutness, 
stanchness,  robust iousness  {rare  or  hu- 
morous);  see  FIRMNKSS. 

Antonyms:  sec  weakness. 

4.  Referring  to  the  wind:  freshness,  brisk- 
ness. 

5.  Referring  to  alcoholic  liquors:  body, 
potency  (formal),  potence  (rare);  spec, 
prooi. 

6.  Spec,  adhesiveness,  stickiness,  effec- 
tiveness, hardiness,  vigor,  determination, 
activity,  decidedness,  violence,  intensity, 
acuteness,  brilliance,  ability,  influence, 
loudness,  depth,  energy,  cogency,  empha- 
sis, stress,  durability. 

strengthen,  v.  t.  1.  Referring  to  a  physical 
structural  strengthening:  fortify  {rare,  exc. 
spec),   reinforce   or   reenforce,    support, 
buttress  {fig.  or  spec);  see  brace. 
Antonyms:  see  weaken. 

2.  Referring  to  an  increase  in  power,  or 
capacity  to  exert  force:  invigorate,  invigor 
(rare),  potentiate  {rare),  reenforce  or  re- 
inforce, fortify;  spec,  recruit,  enforce, 
reman,  flank,  fortify,  gird,  freshen. 

Antonyms:      see     weaken,     exhaust, 

BLIGHT,  enervate. 

3.  Referring  only  to  the  strength  of  man  or 
animal:  indurate,  sinew,  nerve,  vitalize, 
harden,  brace.     iSee  also  def.  2,  above. 

Antonyms:  see  weaken,  enervate,  ex- 
haust. 

4.  Referring  to  o  making  more  secure,  un- 
changeable, or  probable  in  respect  of  ideas, 
habits,  opinions,  etc.:  confirm,  fortify,  rob- 
orate  {rare),  encourage,  clench,  clinch, 
corroborate  {rare);  heighten. 

Antonyms:  see  weaken. 

5.  Referring  to  the  voice:  raise,  rear  {rare 
or  archaic) . 

6.  <See  AID,  INTENSIFY,  SUPPORT,  CHEER, 
ENCOUEAGE,  CONCENTRATE. 

stretch,  v.  t.  1.  See  extend,  exaggerate, 

EXCEED. 

2.  strain  (contextual),  draw  (contextual), 
pull  (contextual,  exc.  as  with  "out"),  tense 
(rare),  tenter;  spec,  screw,  brace,  beam, 
rack,  finedraw,  wiredraw  (often  fig.), 
crane;  see  expand,  distend,  bend. 
Antonyms:  see  contract,  squeeze, 
press. 


stretched,  a.  tense,  taut,  strict. 
stretcher,  n.  1.  Spec  tent,  tenter,  temple. 

2.    Sec  LITTER. 

stretching,  a.  tensive. 
strict,  a.   1.  See  tight,  stretched,  ac- 
curate, restricted. 

2.  unyielding,  inflexible,  unswerving,  un- 
compromising, stringent,  severe,  exact, 
rigorous,  rigid,  strait  (archaic),  precise, 
nice,  punctual  (archaic),  scrupulous,  ex- 
treme. 

Antonyms:  see  lax. 

3.  Referring  only  to  morals,  religious  prac- 
tices, etc.:  strait-laced,  puritanical,  blue; 
see  SCRUPULOUS,  conscientious,  aus- 
tere. 

Antonyms:  see  lax. 
strike,  v.  t.  1.  hi  the  general  sense  of  to 
cause  to  be  impinged  upon:  impinge  (rare 
or  tech.),  hit,  smite  (archaic  or  rhetorical), 
verberate  (rare),  take  (contextual). 

2.  With  special  implications:  bang,  baste 
(now;  colloq.),  thwack,  bethwack  (inten- 
sive), belabor,  box,  buffet,  clour  (Scot,  or 
dial.),  cob  (colloq.),  crack  (chiefly  slang), 
dash,  flail,  hurtle  (rare),  job,  smash,  pash 
(arcAaicor  rare),  pick,  plug  (slang),  punch, 
rap,  slam,  slash,  slug  (colloq.),  smack, 
swipe  (colloq.),  whang  (dial,  or  colloq.), 
Avhop  (colloq.),  fisticuff,  clout,  saber,  sa- 
bre, cut,  bunt,  bowl,  dolly,  stamp,  butt, 
cane,  cannon,  .foul,  nob  (boxing  slang), 
knee,  brake,  beat,  cudgel,  fist,  flap,  flip, 
harpoon,  knock,  lash,  peck,  pelt,  pound, 
punch,  shock,  slioot,  slap,  percuss,  switch, 
drum,  tap,  thrash,  whip. 

3.  In  the  sense  of  to  cause  (a  thing)  to  im- 
pinge: impinge  (rare),  hit,  smite  (archaic 
or  rhetorical),  collide  (rare);  spec,  bang, 
bound,  crack  (slang),  drive,  dash,  hurtle, 
rap,  slam,  slash,  smack,  stamp,  beat, 
clash,  flap,  knock,  lash,  pelt,  pound,  slap, 
switch,  drum,  tap,  thrash,  whip. 

4.  See  deal,  ignite,  hook,  lower,  af- 
flict, blight,  discover,  assume,  soxind, 
make,  meet,  affect,  flatten. 

strike,  v.  i.  1.  impinge  (rare),  hit,  smite 
(archaic  or  rhetorical);  spec  buffet,  can- 
non, clash,  clatter,  crash,  smash,  dash, 
drive,  jar,  knock,  pat,  patter,  peck,  pelt, 
spat  (colloq.),  tattoo,  thud;  see  glance. 

2.  To  make  a  stroke  (at):  spec  smite  (ar- 
chaic or  rhetorical) ,  slash,  smash. 

3.  *See  collide,  go,  happen,  root,  sound. 


t^"  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

strengthless:   powerless. 

strenuous:  energetic,  spirited, 
rigorous. 

stress,  V.  t.:  strain,  accent,  em- 
phasize. 

stress,  n.:  force,  constraint, 
strain,  height,  effort,  impor- 
tance, accent,  emphasis. 

stretch,  v.  i.:  extend,  straqnle. 


stretch,   n.:    scope,   effort,   ex- 
panse, flight. 
strew:  scatter,  sprinkle. 
strewn:  scattered. 
stria:   line,  streak. 
striate, !).  i..'  streak. 
striate,  a.:  streaked. 
stricken:  blighted. 
stricture:  censure. 
stride,  v.  i.:  .step,  walk. 


stride,  v.  t.:  cross. 
stride,  n . :  step,  gait. 
strident:  harsh,  creaking. 
stridor:    creak. 
stridulate:   creak,  shrill. 
stridulous:   creaking,  shrill. 
strife:     emulation,    contention, 

dissension,  dispute. 
strifeful:   emulous,  contentious, 

dissenh'ous,  disputatious. 


IW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

414 


STRONG 


strike,  n.  1.  See  stroke,  discovery. 

2.  turnout,  walkout  {cant),  tie-up  (L''.  S.; 

colloq.). 
striking,    a.    1.     percussive,     percutient 

(rare). 

2.    iS'ee  NOTICEABLE. 

striking,  7i.  strike  (rare),  percussion,  ver- 
beration  (rare),  illision  (rare). 

string,  n.  1.  band  (contextual),  line,  cord, 
snare  (chiejly  spec),  thread  (chiefly  spec), 
chord  (noil'  poetic);  spec,  twine,  cordon, 
cordonnet,  cordeliere,  braid,  bride,  gut, 
lace,  leash,  lead,  lanyard,  mese  {Greek 
music),  wire  {mnsic). 

2.  Referring  to  a  series  of  things:  chain, 
festoon,  roi)e;  spec,  chaplet,  rosary. 

3.  Spec,  gang,  coffle,  stud,  file.  '^String" 
is  colloq. 

4.  See  ROW,  hoax. 

string,  V.  t.  1.  cord,  rope;  spec,  shard, 
wire. 

2.    See  FILE,  EXTEND,  HOAX. 

string,  V.  i.  1.  rope,  fibrillate. 

2.    ;S'ee  STRAGGLE. 

stringcourse,  n.  table,  tablet  or  tablette 
(rare),  tablement  {rare);  spec,  ledg- 
ment  or  ledgement. 

stringy,  a.  1.  cordy  {rare),  ropy;  see  fila- 
mentous. 
2.  »SVc  sticky. 

strip,  n.  1.  slip,  ribbon  or  ribband  {chiefly 
spec,  or  tech.);  spec,  ligula  (tech.),  ligule 
{rare),  counterlath,  rand  (ohs.  or  dial.), 
skelp,  list,  rod,  lath,  label,  welt,  tape;  see 

STRAP,  THONG. 

2.  stripe;    spec,  screed,  headland,  listel, 
fillet;  see  band. 
strip,  V.  t.  1.  See  deprive,  plunder,  hull, 

SKIN. 

2.  bare,  disfurnish  {rare),  deplenish  {rare), 
displenish  (Scot.),  disinvest  {rare),  divest, 
skin  (colloq.  or  spec);  spec,  dismantle, 
peel,  disgarnish  (literary),  disarm,  defoli- 
ate, deforest,  disflower,  deflorate,  dismast, 
plume  {rare),  displume  {rare),  glean;  see 
dism.\ntle. 

Antonyms:  see  cover. 

3.  bare,  undress,  disrobe,  disvest  {literary 
or  tech.),  divest  {literary),  disinvest  (rare), 
denude,  disarray  {literary),  peel  {colloq.  or 
slang);  spec,  uncloak. 

Antonyms:  see  clothe, 

strive,  v.  i.  1.  endeavor,  strain,  labor. 
2.  See  contend,  quarrel. 

stroke,  n.  1.  strike  (rare),  smite  {archaic  or 
rhetorical),  impact,  hit,  percussion  {chiefly 
spec);  spec,  see  blow,  knock,  glance, 
drumbeat,  tap,  slap,  switch,  lash, 
flap. 
2.  With  more  special  implications:   spec. 


chuck,  pick,  peck,  pat,  flick,  bob,  lick, 
bunt,  touch,  tapotement  {French;  rare), 
rap. 

3.  In  games:  shot,  hit;  spec  follow,  re- 
turn, fluke,  hazard,  jenny,  masse,  screw, 
string,  snick,  take-off,  roquet,  boast, 
foul,  cut,  foozle,  loft,  putt  or  put,  lob, 

4.  action,  coup  {French),  hit. 

5.  See  attack,  paralysis,  pulsation, 
movement,  caress,  line,  sound,  flour- 
ish, sarcasm. 

stroke,  v.  t.  Spec,  palm,  lick,  pat,  flick, 

peck ;  see  rub,  caress. 
stroll,  V.  i.  saunter,  loiter,  lounge,  troll 

(rare),    spatiate    {rare),    dander    (Scot.); 

spec,  ramble. 
stroll,  n.  saunter,  loiter,  lounge,  spatia- 

tion  (rare);  spec  ramble. 
stroller,  n.  saunterer,  loiterer,  etc.,  flaneur 

{French);  spec,  boulevardier  {French). 
strolling,    n.    sauntering,     etc.,    flanerie 

{French). 
strong,  a.  1.  Referring  merely  to  the  capac- 
ity to  exert  force:  see  powerful. 

2.  Referring  to  the  strength  of  man  or 
beast:  sinewy,  nervy,  sinewous  (rare), 
nervous  {spec,  exc  fig.),  muscular  (spec, 
exc  fig.),  brawny,  sturdy,  stout,  husky 
{colloq.,  U.  S.),  doughty  {chiefly  literary; 
archaic  or  humorous),  robustious  {chiefly 
archaic;  often  humorous),  Herculean 
{fig.),  Atlantean  {fig.),  buckra  {slang, 
southern  U.  S.);  spec,  tough;  see  stal- 
wart. See  also  the  general  words  under 
powerful. 

Antonyms:  see  weak,  exhausted,  pow- 
erless, weakly. 

3.  Referring  to  the  mere  capacity  to  resist 
force:  solid,  tough,  stout,  stanch,  ro- 
bustious {rare  or  humorous) ;  see  firm. 

Antonyms:  see  weak,  brittle,  crum- 
bly, flimsy, 

4.  Referring  to  the  wind:  powerful,  lively, 
smart,  virent  {rare);  spec,  brisk,  fresh, 
freshish. 

Antonyms:  see  weak, 

5.  Referring  to  alcoholic  liquors:  full, 
solid  {rare),  nappy,  bodied,  stiff,  heavy, 
hard. 

6.  Referring  to  an  odor  or  smell:  spec. 
gamy,  high,  hot;  see  rank. 

7.  Referring  to  the  feelings:  powerful, 
forcible,  masterful;  see  intense. 

8.  See  sticky,  hardy,  vigorous,  deter- 
mined, ACTIVE,  decided,  VIOLENT,  ABLE, 
BRIGHT,  INFLUENTIAL,  LOUD,  DEEP,  ENER- 
GETIC,  emphatic,   COGENT. 

"Strong"  can  be  used  as  a  synonym  of  very 
many  words  that  denote  more  than  usual  ac- 
tivity, intensity,  or  the  like. 


t^"  Cros'i  references:  see  Note. 
Stringent:   strict. 


stripe, n..'  band , streak,  strip, kind. 
Btripe,  V.  t.:  line,  band,  streak. 


Striped:   banded. 
stripling:    youth. 


t^'  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

415 


STRONGHOLD 


stronshold,  n.  hold,  fastness;  see  fouti- 

KICATION,  HKKUliE. 

Struck,  /).  (1.  smitten  (archaic  or  rhetorical) . 

structural,  a.  constructional,  constitu- 
tive (rare,  exc.  spec),  conformational 
{rare),  textural,  organic;  spec,  gcotcc- 
tonic,  tectonic,  architectural. 

structure,  n.  1.  make,  build,  frame,  con- 
stitution, composition,  construction,  or- 
ganization, make-up,  texture,  conforma- 
tion, nature  (contextual),  tissue  (chiefly 
spec.^ ,  schematism  (rare),  physique  (chiefly 
spec.)  organism  (rare),  framing;  spec,  mal- 
conformation;  see  architecture. 
2.  frame,  framework,  fabric,  texture, 
work,  shell,  case,  skeleton,  carcass,  cor- 
pus, machine  (rare),  erection,  compages 
(lUerarij) ;  spec,  contignation  (rare),  super- 
structure, network,  cradle,  trestle,  truss, 
crib,  chassis,  creel,  grillage,  cage,  grid- 
iron, grid,  cortex;    see  building. 

structureless,  a.  unformed,  unorganized. 

struggle,  V.  i.  1.  reluctate  (rare),  sprawl 
(obs.  or  rare),  reluct  (rare),  agonize  (rare); 
spec.   ■ftTestle,    tussle,    scramble,    scuffle, 
wTiggle,  kick;  see  contend. 
Antonyms:  see  yield. 

2.    See  ENDEAVOR. 

struggle,  n.  1.  reluctation  (rare),  reluct^ 
ance  (rare);  spec,  wrestle,  scramble, 
wriggle,  scuffle;  see  contest. 

2.    See  ENDEAVOR,  EFFORT. 

struggling,  a.  reluctant  (rare). 

strut,  V.  i.  cock  (%.),  prance,  swell, 
major,  peacock  (fig.),  flaunt,  bestrut  (an 
intensive),  brank  (archaic  or  Scot.),  perk; 

.see  SWAGGER. 

strut,  n.  cock,  prance;  see  swagger. 
stub,  n.  1.  See  stump,  end. 

2.  Remainder  of  a  check,  etc.:  counterfoil. 
stub,  V.  t.  1.  See  clear. 

2.   Referring  to  the  toe:  strike,  stump  (col- 

loq.). 

stubble,  n.  eddish  (tech.;  Eng.). 
stubby,  a.  1.  rough,  stubbly. 

2.  .See  STOCKY. 
stud,  V.  t.  1.  See  support,  spot. 

2.  boss,   emboss,   bestud   (an  intensive), 

set,  beset  (an  intensive),  knot  (rare). 
studded,  a.  bossy,  bossed,  embossed,  set, 

beset;  spec,  naily. 
student,  n.  studier  (rare),  bookman  (rare), 

lucuhrator  (rare);  spec,  bookworm,  grind, 

dig  (slang),  sap  (slang),  opsimath  {rare); 

see  SCHOLAR. 
Antonyms:  see  teacher. 


studio,  n.  workroom,  atelier  (French). 

studious,  a.  1.  booky,  bookish. 
2.  See  attentive,  diligent. 

study,  /(.  1.  lucubration  (literary);  spec, 
cram,  jjilpul. 

2.  See    consideration,    exercise,    ob- 
ject, sketch. 

study,  I',  i.  1.  lucubrate  (rare),  read  (con- 
textual), con  (archaic  or  dial.);  spec,  pore 
(chiefly  with   "over"),  grind,  sap   (school 
slang),  dig  (colloq.),  cram  (slang). 
Antonyms:  see  play. 
2.  See  consider. 

study,  V.  t.  1.  read  (contextual);  spec,  grind 
(colloq.),  dig  (colloq.  or  slang),  con  (archaic 
or  dial.),  cram  (slang). 
2.  See  consider,  pl.\n. 

stufF,   V.  t.    fill    (contextual),   ram,   cram; 
spec,  pad,  pack,  wad,  flock,  lard. 
AiUonyms:  see  empty. 

stuffing,  n.  Spec,  padding,  wadding,  ex- 
celsior, dressing. 

stultify,  V.  t.  besot,  duncify  (rare),  idiotize 
(literary  or  fig.). 

stumblingblock,  ?i.  offense  (archaic), 
scandal  (a  religious  term). 

stump,  n.  1.  stub,  snag  (chiefly  spec), 
scrag  (chiefly  dial.),  stool  (rare);  see  log. 

2.  remnant,  stub;  spec.  dock. 

3.  (See  challenge. 

stunt,  V.  t.  Referring  to  growth:  check, 
cramp,  nip;  see  dwarf. 

stunted,  a.  undergrown,  checked,  nipped, 
runtish,  scrubby;  spec,  dwarfish. 

stupefaction,  n.  1.  confusion,  bewilder- 
ment, petrifaction  (rare),  paralysis  (chief- 
ly spec),  dazing,  obfuscation  (rare),  stun- 
ning, etc. 
2.  See  stupor,  intoxication. 

stupefactive,  a.  stupefacieut,  confusing, 
etc,  torpific  (rare),  carotic  (rnre),  nar- 
cotic, dazing;  spec,  intoxicating,  daz- 
zling. 

stupefied,  a.  confused,  dazed,  benumbed, 
dazy  (rare),  stupent  (rare);   spec  coma- 
tose, intoxicated. 
Antonyms:  see  alert. 

stupefy,  V.  t.  confuse,  confound  (archaic), 
obfuscate  (rare),  obstupefy  (rare),  dull; 
spec  bewolder,  stun,  daze,  muddle,  besot 
(chiefly  spec),  benumb,  maze  (archaic), 
bemuse  (archaic),  dare  (ohs.  or  dial.  Eng.), 
daver  (Eng.  dial.),  deaden,  petrify,  par- 
alyze, dulhfy  (colloq.),  entrance,  narcotize, 
opiate  (rare),  drug,  intoxicate,  dazzle. 
Antonyms:  see  rouse. 


tW  Crass  references:  see  Note. 

StaS:,  ?!..-  matter,  fabric. 

stump,  V.  t.:   stub,  defeat,  chal- 

Btrow:  scatter. 

stuSed:  full,  surfeited. 

lenge. 

strum,  V.  i.:  thrum. 

stuffy:  close. 

stump:  stocky,  squat. 

strumpet:  harlot. 

stumble,  v.  i.:    misstep,  falter, 

stun:     stupefy,    shock,   deafen. 

stucco:   plaster. 

blunder,  err,  happen. 

surprise. 

stud:  string. 

stumble,    n.:     misstep,  falter. 

Stunning:  fine 

studied:  deliberate,  elaborate. 

blunder,  error. 

stunt,  n.:  feat. 

stuff,  V.  i.:   gormandize. 

Stump,  0.  i.:  walk,  speak. 

stupendous:   immense. 

tS^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

416 


SUBMIT 


stupid,  a.  unintelligent,  witless,  thought- 
less {rare),  stolid,  heavy,  brainless,  va- 
cant, empty,  dull,  inept  {literary),  sense- 
less, dull-witted,  dense,  inane,  fatuous 
(a  literary  term),  slow,  obtuse,  insulse 
(rare),  crass,  asinine,  doltish,  fat  {colloq.), 
fat-headed  {colloq.),  flat,  incapacious, 
wooden,  wooden-headed,  headless  {rare), 
dotish  or  doatish  {rare),  doting  or  doating 
(rare),  dumpish,  anserine  {rare),  purblind, 
cloddish,  blockish,  oafish  {rare),  addle 
(rare),  addle-headed,  fiddle-headed  {rare), 
pig-headed  {colloq.),  buffle-headed,  sot- 
tish {chiefly  spec),  donkeyish  {rare), 
heavy-headed,  dotardly  {rare),  daft  {obs. 
or  dial.),  Boeotian  {fig.),  stockish  {rare), 
hebete  {rare),  hebetudinous  {rare);  spec. 
fooUsh,  idiotic,  imbecile,  driveling  {ex- 
tremely contemptuous) . 
Antonyms:    see  intelligent,    clever, 

SHARP,  SHREWD,  PRECOCIOUS,  WITTY. 

stupid,  n.  See  simpleton. 

stupidity,  n.  witlessness  {rare),  inepti- 
tude {literary),  crassitude  (literary),  den- 
sity, opacity  {literary  or  learned;  rare), 
inanity,  fatuousness  or  fatuity  {literary), 
noodleism  {contemptuous),  noodledom 
{contemptuous),  jackassery  {rare;  con- 
temptuous), jobbernowl'sm  {c7)lloq.),  hebe- 
tude {rare),  senselessness,  dullness,  etc. 
Antonyms:  see  intelligence,  discern- 
ment; also  cf.  clever,  sharp,  etc. 

stupor,  n.  stupefaction,  daze,  confusion 
(contextual),  lethargy,  mazement  (rare), 
dazedness  {rare),  dazement  {rare),  dead- 
ness  {rare),  lull  {rare);  spec,  narcotism, 
coma;  see  sleep. 

style,  n.  1.  See  point,  pen,  name. 

2.  mode,  fashion,  genre  {French),  manner, 
character,  ton  {French),  form,  taste,  gout 
(French);  spec,  histrionism,  gusto. 

3.  Relating  to  expression:  diction,  word- 
ing, phraseology;  spec,  cacology,  euphu- 
ism, preciosity,  Gongorism,  Guevarism, 
journalese  {colloq.),  Johnsonese,  Car- 
lylese,  Ruskinese,  etc. 

4.  Relating  to  a  conventional  standard,  esp. 
in  social  relations,  dress,  etc.:  spec,  fash- 
ion, ton  {French),  pattern,  model,  vogue, 
chic  (French  or  slang),  fashionableness, 
bon  ton  {French  or  slang),  haut  ton 
(French),  format,  get-up,  make,  wear 
(rare  or  cant),  block,  cut. 

sty^Jlorm,  a.  stylate,  styloid,  pen-shaped. 
styli^,  a.  fashionable,  uiodish,  elegant. 


chic  (French  or  slang),  genteel  (chiefly  sar- 
castic), tonish  (colloq.),  high-toned  (a 
cheap  or  coritemptuous  term),  tony  (slang 
or  colloq.;  U.  S.  and  colonial  Eng.),  ala- 
modc;  spec,  dressy  (colloq.),  smart. 
Antonyms:  see  old-fashioned. 

subdivide,  v.  t.  divide  (contextual),  re- 
divide. 

subdual,  n.  subjection,  subjuga*^ion,  re- 
duction, subduement  (rare);  spec,  down- 
ing (colloq.),  taming,  etc.;  see  overcom- 
ing, INTIMIDATION,  MITIGATION. 

subdue,  V.  t.  subject,  subjugate,  allay; 
spec,  down,  milden,  tame,  curb,  reduce, 
bend,  bow,  break;  see  overcome,  intimi- 
date, MITIGATE,  suppress. 

subdued,  a.  subjected,  reduced,  redact 

(ohs.  or  rare);  spec,  chastened,  dispirited. 

Antonyms:  see  unsubdued. 
subject,  n.  1.  In  a  political  sense:   liege, 
people  (a  collective;   contextual).   A  "citi- 
zen" is  not  a  "subject." 

Antonyms:  see  lord,  ruler,  monarch. 

2.  Referring  to  one  subjected  to  some  ac- 
tion, poiver,  or  habit:  slave,  patient. 

Antonyms:  see  actor. 

3.  In  hypnotism,  spiritualism,  etc.:  pa- 
tient, medium,  sensitive,  sympathetic; 
spec,  psychic,  hypnotic. 

4.  matter,  theme,  topic,  question,  head, 
subject  matter,  object  matter,  text  (chief- 
ly spec),  locus  (a  iMtinisin;  rare);  spec. 
lemma,  food.  Leitmotiv  (German),  testo, 
dux. 

5.  In  logic:  premise. 

6-  In  metaphysics:  ego. 

7.  In  medicine:  see  patient. 
subject,  V.  t.  1.  master,  subjugate,  break, 

enslave;  see  subdue,  overcome. 

2.  expose,  submit,   surrender,  abandon, 

put;  see  subordinate. 
subjective,  a.  1.  inner,  interior,  objective 

(the  use  of  the  older  medieval  philosophy). 
Antonyms:  see  objective. 

2.  *See  introspective,  deceptive. 
sublet,  V.  t.  let  {contextual),  sublease,  un- 
derlease, underlet,  underset  (Eng.). 
submerge,  v.  t.  1.  See  sink. 

2.  whelm,  drown,  bury,  submerse  (rare); 

see  OVERFLOW. 

submissive,  a.  yielding,  passive,  meek, 
tame,  slavish,  humble;  see  deferential, 

complaisant,  RESIGNED,  OBEDIENT. 

Antonyms:  see  unsubmissive,  defiant, 
arrogant,  authoritative. 


XSr"  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
stupid,  n.:  blockhead. 
sturdy:       determined,      strong, 

hardy,  stalwart. 
Stutter:  falter. 
sty:   pigsty,  pen. 
style,  V.  t.:  name. 
styptic:  astringent. 
suavec   smooth,  agreeable. 


subject,  a.:  servile,  liable,  con- 
ditional. 

subject  matter:   subject. 

subjoin:  add,  attach. 

subjugate:  subdue,  subject, 
overcome. 

sublimate,  v.  I.:  purify,  ideal- 
ize. 

sublimate,?)..-  deponit. 


sublime,  a.:  exalted. 
sublime,  v.  t.:  purify,  idealize. 
submarine,  a.:  underwater. 
submerge,  v.  i.:  sink. 
submergence:  submersion. 
submission:   yielding,  offer. 
submit,  V.  t.:    subject,  projose, 

present,  offer,  refer. 
submit,  V.  i.:  yield. 


X^ir"  Scu  Notes  ot  Explanation. 
417 


SUBORDINATE 


subordinate,  n.  inferior,  sub  (coUoq.),  un- 
cler^tnippcr  {conicmptuou,^),  undorling 
(  leprecialory'^:  spec,  subaltern  {riiicfly 
".;7.\  dependent. 

subordinate,  a.  subsidiary,  ancillary 
(chitjii/  tech.  or  Jig.),  servient  (chiefly  tech.); 
spec,  dependent,  underst rapping  (rare); 

see  SECONTJ.UiY,  COLLATEUAL. 

Antonyms:  see  chief,  master,  ruling. 

subordinate,  v.  t.  subject,  submit,  post- 
pone, postjiosit  {rare). 

subordination,  n.  subjection,  submission, 
subservience,  .servitude  (rare),  subordi- 
nacy (rare);  sjwc.  postponement. 

subscribe,  v.  t.  1.  underwrite,  undersign, 
postscribe;  seesiG'S. 

2.    See  INSCRIBE,  PROMISE. 

subsequent,  a.  1.  Referring  to  order  or  time: 
following,  sequent,  after  (chiefly  referring 
to  time),  posterior,  sequacious  (rare),  se- 
quential (rare),  latter,  succeeding,  suc- 
cessive, attendant  (contextual). 

Ayitonyms:  see  former,  previous. 
2.  Referring  to  time  only:  later,  future  (a 
loose  usage),  postliminary  (rare),  postli- 
minious  (an  erroneous  tisc). 
Antonyms:  see  former. 

subside,  i'.  i.  1.  *See  sink. 
2.  lower,  sink,  settle,  fall,  drop,  lapse. 

subsidy,  n.  gift,  grant,  aid,  allowance,  con- 
tribution, subvention,  bounty; — all  con- 
iextiml. 
Antonyms:  see  tax. 

subsoU,  n.  earth  (contextual),  substratum, 
imdersoil;  spec.  pan. 

substance,  n.   1.  <See  essence,  matter, 

material,  meaning,  wealth,  ACTUALITY. 

2.  matter,  substratum,  essence  (tech .) ,)iy\(i 
(obs.  or  tech.),  hypostasis  (tech.),  stuff. 

3.  body,  sum,  gist,  heart,  core,  fullness, 
volume,  gravamen  (tech.),  pith,  content. 

substitute,  n.  Spec,  makeshift,  apology, 
duplicate,  succedaneum  (rare),  surrogate 
(rare  or  spec),  vicar,  understudy,  repre- 
sentative, change. 

substitute,  v.  t.  exchange  (contextual), 
supposite  (rare),  suffect  (rare),  substi- 
ture,  subrogate  (rare  or  spec),  surrogate 
(rare) . 

substituted,  a.  vicarial  (rare),  vicarious 
(chiefly  spec;  literary  or  learned) ,  suffected 
(rare),  subrogated  (rare  or  spec). 


substitution,  /(.  exchange  or  change  (con- 
textual), shift,  subrogation  (rare  or  spec), 
surrogatiou  (rare);  spec  enallage,  nova- 
ti.'.n. 

subtle,  a.  1.  See  attenuated,  penetra- 
tive, ELUSIVE,  NICE,  DELICATE,  INTELLI- 
GENT, INGENIOUS,  DI.SCERNING,  ARTFUL. 

2.  profound,  fine,  refined,  fine-si)un.  wire- 
drawn (fig.),  superfine,  nice,  delicate, 
deep,  subtile  (now  rare),  astute,  sharp, 
witty  (chiefly  spec),  serpentine  (literary; 
fig.),  keen,  e.xile  (archaic). 

Antonyms:  see  crude. 
subtlety,  n.   1.  See  attenuation,  nice- 
NEss,  nicety,  delicacy,  intelligence, 

ART. 

2.  profundity,  fineness,  refinement,  pro- 
foundness, delicacy,  subtleness,  subtile- 
ness  (now  rare),  subtility  (noiv  rare), 
nicety,  depth,  astuteness,  sharpness,  wit- 
tiness  (chiefly  spec),  keenness,  exility 
(rare). 

Antonyms:  sec  crudeness;  c/.  crude. 

3.  Referring  to  an  argument,  distinction, 
etc.:  profundity,  quiddity  (rare),  refine- 
ment, subtility  (now  rare) ,  nicety. 

suburb,  n.  outskirt,  skirt  (often  in  pi.), 
faubourg  (French). 

succeed,  v.  t.  follow;  spec,  inherit,  replace. 
succeed,  v.  i.  1.  *See  follow. 

2.  Referring  to  a  person:  prosper,  speed 
(archaic),  prevail,  cotton  (obs.),  win. 

Antonyms:  see  fail. 

3.  Referring  to  a  thing:  go,  do,  take  (rare 
ormed.),  prevail. 

Antonyms:  see  fail. 
success,  n.  1.  *See  fortune. 

2.  prosperity,  speed  (archaic),  hit  (colloq.; 
often  spec),  go  (chiefly  U.  S.;  colloq.). 

Antonyms:  see  defeat,  failure. 

3.  Referring  to  what  succeeds:  go  (chiefly 
U.  S.;  colloq.),  hit  (colloq.;  often  spec). 

succession,  n.  1.  following,  sequence,  con- 
secution, consequence,  rotation,  seriality 
(rare),  procession. 

2.  See  DE.SCENT,  SERIES. 

3.  inheritance;  spec  reversion,  entail 
(rare) . 

successive,  a.  sequent,  sequential,   con- 
secutive, serial,  progressive,  successional, 
contiguous;  spec  ordinal;  see  following. 
Antonyrtis:  see  preceding. 


t^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

suborn:   induce,  bribe. 

Bubrogate:  substitute. 

subscribe,  v.  i.:  accede. 

subscript:  postscript,  signature. 

subscription:  postscript,  sig- 
nature, actession,  contribution. 

subserve:   assist,  serve,  aid. 

BubserTient:  subordinate,  ob- 
sequious, obedient,  serviceable, 
contributory,  complaisant. 

subsidiary:  auxiliary,  subordi- 
nate, accidental. 


subsidize:  bribe,  aid: 

subsist,  V.  i.:  be,  continue,  con- 
sist, inhere,  live,  prevail,  apply. 

subsist,  r.  t.;   support,  feed. 

subsistence:  being,  living. 

subsistent:    being,  inherent. 

substantial:  essential,  impor- 
tant, considerable,  massive,  ac- 
tual, influential,  virtual,  nour- 
ishing, pithy. 

substantialize:   actualize. 

substantiate:  actualize,  em- 
body, prove,  confirm. 


substratum:  subsoil, substance. 

subterfuge:  artifice,  pretext,  ex- 
pedient. 

subterranean,  subterrane- 
ous:  underground. 

subtile:   subtle. 

subtilize,  11.  t'.;  refine. 

subtract:  deduct,  abstract. 

subvention:   subsidy. 

subversionary:   ruinous. 

subvert:   ruin,  abolish. 

successful:  fortunate,  prosper- 


t^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

418 


SULLY 


successively,   a.    consecutively,   serially, 

etc.,  seriatim. 
suck,  V.  t.  1.  draw  {contextual),  pull;  spec. 

drink,  inhale. 

2.  See  ABSORB. 
suck,  n.   draw,   pull,   suction   {Jorvial  or 

tech.);  spec,  exsuction. 
sucker,"?;.  Spec,  suckling,  proboscis,  haus- 

tellum,  acetabulum,  bothrium,  haustori- 

um,  surculus. 
sucking,  a.  1.  sugent  {rare). 

2.  suctorial     [formal),    sugescent    {rare; 

tech.),  suctional  {rare);  spec,  haustellate. 
suckle,  V.  t.  feed  {contextual),  nurse. 
suckle,  V.  i.  draw,  suck,  nurse,  pull  {col- 

loq.). 
suckling,  n.  lactation. 
sudden,  a.  1.  abrupt,  precipitant  {rare), 

subitaneous  {rare). 
Antonyms:  see  gradual,  slow. 

2.  See  ABRUPT. 
suddenly,  adv.  slap  {colloq.),  plump,  pres- 
to, smack  {colloq.). 
sudorific,  a.  sudoriferous,   sudoriparous, 

hidrotic; — all  tech. 
sudorific,  n.  diaphoretic  {tech.),  sudatory 

{tech.),  sweater. 
suds,  n.  pi.  lixivium  {tech.). 
sufler,  V.  t.  1.  experience  {contextual),  bear, 

endure,  sustain,  undergo;    spec,  receive, 

pay,  get,  take. 

2.    See  ENDURE,  PERMIT. 

sufler,  V.  i.  groan,  smart,  agonize,  sweat 
{slang),  smoke  {spec,  or  fig.);  spec.  pay. 

sufler er,  n.  patient  {rare);  spec,  martyr, 
protomartjT. 

suflering,  n.  1.  sufferance  {archaic),  ex- 
perience {contextual),  endurance,  bearing, 
sustainment,  undergoing;  spec,  receiving, 
etc.,  passion  {obs.,  exc.  of  Christ  on  the 
cross  and  of  his  agony  in  the  Garden  of 
Gethsemane),  pathos  {learned),  teen  {ar- 
chaic), martyrdom;  see  pain. 
2.  Spec,  endurance,  permission. 

suffice,  V.  i.  serve,  do,  satisfy. 

suffix,  n.  affix   {contextual),  ending,   ter- 
mination, postfix,  addition  {contextual), 
terminant  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  prefix. 

suffix,  V.  t.  affix  {contextual),  postfix. 

suflocate,  v.  t.  1.  choke,  smother,  strangle 
{chiefly  spec),  stifle,  asphyxiate  {tech.), 
spiflicate  {slaiig),  scomfish  {Scot.);  spec. 
drown,  overlie  {v.  t.  only),  charcoal;  see 
choke. 


2.    See  EXTINGUISH. 

suflocate,  v.  i.  1.  choke,  smother,  strangle 
{chiefly  spec),  stifle,  asphyxiate  {tech.); 
spec.  gulp. 
2.  See  DIE. 

suflocation,  n.  choking,  smothering,  as- 
phyxiation, etc. 

suflocative,  a.  choky,  choking,  stifling, 
smothery,  strangly  {colloq.),  pothery 
{rare). 

suffrage,  n.  1.  »See  accession. 
2.  vote. 

sugary,  a.  sweet,  saccharine  {tech.),  sac- 
charous  {rare);  spec  honeyed. 
Antojiyms:  see  sour. 

suggest,  V.  t.  present,  prompt,  inspire;  see 

INTIMATE,  ADVANCE. 

suggestion,  n.  1.  presentation,  prompt- 
ing,  inspiration,  prompture   {rare);    see 

INTIMATION,  ADVANCE. 

2.  Referring  to  what  is  suggested:  inspira- 
tion, cue  {chiefly  spec),  prompt  {rare); 

see  INTIMATION. 

suicide,  n.  1.  homicide  {contextual),  self- 
destruction,  self-murder,  self-homicide 
{rare),  felo-de-se  (o  loose  use;  Latin),  self- 
slaughter  {rare);  spec,  hara-kiri  {not 
"hari-kari'  ),  seppuku  {rare). 
2.  self-murderer,  felo-de-se  {tech.;  Latin), 
self-destroyer. 

suit,  V.  i.  agree,  fit,  serve  (chiefly  spec), 
sort  {archaic). 

suite,  71.  1.  See  RETINUE. 
2.  Referring  to  rooms:    set,  suit;    spec. 
apartment,  flat,  conclave. 

suitor,  n.  1.  lover  {contextual),  beau,  at- 
tendant {contextual),  wooer,  protestant 
{rare),  steady  {slang  or  dial.).  "Siiitor"  is 
formal;  "beau"  is  the  ordinary  familiar 
word. 

2.    See  LITIGANT. 

sulk,  V.  i.  pout,  pet,  mope,  mump  {rare), 
grump  {rare;  colloq.),  boody  {rare). 

sulk,  n.  fit,  pout,  pet. 

sullen,  a.  ill-tempered  {contextual),  sulky, 

glum,    grum,     glumpy     {rare),     morose, 

moody,  mumpish,  dogged,  doggish  {rare), 

cloudy. 

Antonyms:     see    good-natured,    gay, 

CHEERFUL,  VIVACIOUS. 

suUenness,  n.  ill  temper,  sulkinass,  sulks 
(pi.;  colloq.),  sullens  {pi.;  colloq.),  glum- 
ness,  etc 

sully,  V.  t.  1.  In  a  physical  sense:  see  soil, 

FOUL. 


l^"  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
succinct:  concise. 
succor:  aid. 
succulent:  juicy. 
succumb;  yield,  die,  surrender. 
such:   similar. 
suction:   suck. 
suctorial:   sucking. 


sue,  V.  t.:  prosecute,  court. 

siie,v.i.:  ask,  court,  appeal. 

suQerable:  perinissible,  endur- 
able. 

sufferance:  endurance,  pa- 
tience, suffering,  permission. 

sufficiency:  adequacy,  ability, 
fortune,  conceit. 


sufficient:  adequate,  able. 

suSuse:  diffuse,  bathe,  fill,  over- 
spread. 

suit,  V.  t.:  adapt,  answer,  become. 

suitable:  agreeable,  appro- 
priate, becoming,  applicable, 
u'orthy,  ready. 

sulky:  ill-tempered,  sullen. 


(W  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

419 


SULLY 


2.  In  an  imm-aterial  sense:  stain,  soil, 
hlemisli,  tarnish,  sti.miiutizo  {rare  or  liter- 
ary), blot,  bliu-.  spot,  cloud,  blacken, 
darken,  detile,  foul,  smirch,  defame,  as- 
perse (rare),  denigrate  {rare),  disluster  or 
dislustre  {rare),  dusk  {rare),  attaint. 

Antonyms:  see  purify. 

3.  5eeCONT.\.MINATE. 

sully,  n.  stain,  stigma,  blemish,  tarnish, 

blot,  blur,  spot,  cloud,  smirch. 
sullying,  /(.  staining,  soiling,  defilement, 

etc. 
sulphurous, a.  sulphury,  brimstony  (rare), 

hepatic  {tech.). 
sum,   n.    1.   See  aggregate,   quantity, 

HEIGHT,  SUBSTANCE. 

2.  amount,  purse. 

summarization,  7j.  abridgment,  summa- 
rizing, recapitulation,  summing  {chiefly 
unth  "up"),  resumption. 

summarize,  v.  t.  abridge  {contextual),  sum 
{chiefly  with  "up");  spec,  resume,  ab- 
stract, recapitulate. 

summary,  n.  abridgment,  brief;  spec. 
resume  (French),  precis  (French),  ab- 
stract, capitulation,  breve,  breviate  (rare), 
breviary  (obs.  or  rare),  continent  (archaic), 
conclusum  (a  term  of  diplomacy). 

summer,    n.    summertime,    summertide 
(literary);  spec,  midsummer. 
Antonyms:  see  winter. 

summer,  v.  i.  sestivate  (tech.  or  learned; 
chiefly  spec). 
Antonyms:  see  winter. 

summer,  a.  sestival  (tech.  or  learned). 

summerhouse,  n.  Spec,  mahal  (East  In- 
dian), kiosk. 

summon,  v.  t.  1.  call,  bid  (archaic),  cite, 
invoke  (rare,  exc.  spec.),  summons  (col- 
loq.),  demand  (rare),  ask;  spec,  drum, 
preconize  (rare),  motion,  bugle,  muster, 
knell,  lure,  ring,  subpoena,  avoke,  pipe; 
see  cona'oke,  invoke. 
2.  See  rouse,  call  (in  law). 

summoning,  a.  citatory,  invocatory; — 
both  tech.  or  learned. 

summons,  n.  call,  bid  (archaic  or  slang) , 
invocation,  citation,  calling;  spec,  alarum, 
larum  (archaic),  roll-call,  subpoena;  see 
convocation,  invocation. 

sumptuary,  a.  expense. 


sun,  n.  1.  sol  (mytlwl.  or  poetic),  Phoebus 
{ii(j.   or   (j'reek   myth.),   daystar   (poetic), 
Titan  {flg.  or  Greek  myth!);    spec,  mock 
sun,  parhelion. 
2.  See  sunlight,  sunrise. 

sun,  V.  t.  solarize  (rare),  insolate  (tech.). 

Sunday,   n.  Lord's  Day,  Sabbath,  First 
Day. 

sunlight,  n.  sunshine,  sun  (fig.),  daylight, 
day  (contextual),  shine  (contextual),  light 
(contcttual). 
Antonyms:  see  shade. 

sunny,  a.  1.  sunshiny;  see  clear. 
Antonyms:  see  shady,  rainy. 
2.  See  cheerful. 

sunrise,  n.  sun  (contextual),  sun-up  (col- 
loq.,U.S.). 

sunset,  n.  sundown,  nightfall,  night,  even- 
song (archaic),  set  (poetic). 

sunstroke,  n.  coup-de-soleil  (French),  in- 
solation (rare;  tech.). 

sunwise,  a.  clockwise. 

superficial,  a.  1.  See  surface. 
2.   Referring  to  mental  qualities:  shallow, 
meretricious;  see  cursory. 
Antonyms:  see  deep. 

superfluity,  7i.  1.  <See  excess. 
2.  A  superfluous  thing:    neednot  (rare), 
fifth  wheel  (fig.). 
Antonyms:  see  necessary. 

superhuman,     a.    preterhuman     (rare), 
transhuman  (rare);   spec,  seraphic  (liter- 
ary), angelic,  divine. 
Antonyms:  see  human. 

superior,  a.  1.  See  higher,  fine,  better, 
advantageous. 

2.  Referring  to  superiority  in  general:  su- 
preme, preeminent,  paramount,  palmary 
(rare),  topping,  superemineut. 

Antonyms:  see  inferior. 

3.  Referring  to  superiority  in  rank  or  of- 
fice: higher,  upper,  over,  above;  see  dis- 
tinguished. 

4.  Referring  to  precedence  of  rights:  prece- 
dent, senior,  elder,  preferent,  prior. 

superior,  n.  chief,  head,  top-sawyer  (col- 
loq.),  higher-up  (slang);  spec,  mahaut 
(East  Indian),  suzerain,  lord,  liege  or 
liege  lord,  domina,  major,  prior,  prioress 
guardian. 
Antonyms:  see  inferior. 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note 
sultan:  monarch. 
sultry:   hut,  close. 
sum,  r.  t.:   add,  summarize. 
summary,  a.:  concise. 
summation:    addition,    ag. 

gate. 
summit:   top,  height. 
sumptuous:   luxurioxis. 
sumptuousness:  luxury. 
sunder,  v.:  separate. 
sundown:  sunset. 
sundry:    various. 
sunken :  deep-set. 


sunshine:  sunlight,  cheerful- 
ness. 

sunshiny:   sunny,  cheerful. 

sup,  V.  t.  &  71.:   sip. 

sup,  V.  i.:   sip,  eat. 

superabundant:  excessive, 
abundant. 

superadd:  add. 

superannuate:  disqualify,  re- 
tire. 

superb:  fine,  grand,  imposing, 
luxurious. 

supercilious:  proud,  haughty, 
contemptuous. 


supererogatory:   unnecessary. 
superficies:    surface. 
superfine:  fine,  subtle. 
superfluous:    unnecessary,  ex- 
cessive. 
superimpose:   superpose. 
superincumbent:   overlying. 
superinduce:   cause. 
superintend:    oversee 
superintendence:   overseeing. 
superintendency:   oversight. 
superintendent:   overseer. 
superlative:  highest. 
supernal:    higher,  heavenly. 


t^W  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

420 


SUPPRESS 


supernatural,  a.  preternatural  (formal  or 
learned),  supi'aiiatural  (:rarc),  transnor- 
mal  {rare),  marvelous,  unearthly,  hyper- 
physical,  miraculous,  metaphysical  {rare); 
spec,  superhuman,  superorganic. 
Antonyms:  see  natural. 

supernumerary,  n.  supe  or  super  (colloq.); 
spec,  figurant  {masc),  figurante  {Jem.). 

superpose,  v.  t.  impose,  superimpose. 

supersensible,  a.  metaphysical;  spec. 
spiritual,  supernatural. 

supersensual,  a.  supersensuous,  super- 
sensory. 

superstition,  n.  believingncss  {context- 
ual), belief  {contextual);  spec,  {and  con- 
tcxtually)  tradition,  idea,  fear. 

superstitious,  a.  believing  {contexlual) ; 
spec,  {and  contextually)  fearful. 

supplement,  v.  t.  supplete  (jare). 

supplementary,  a.  additional,  supple- 
mental, suppletive,  suppletory,  parergal 
{rare);  spec,  accessory. 

supply,  n.  1.  See  store,  stock,  furnish- 
ing, FUND,  SUBSTITUTE. 

2.  Chiefly  in  pi.:  stores,  materiel  {French), 
crop,  provision,  stock;  see  ammunition. 
support,  V.  t.  1.  bear,  sustain,  carry,  up- 
hold {chiefly  literary),  hold;  spec,  corbel 
{used  with  ''out"  or  "off"),  cradle,  pillow, 
truss;  see  prop,  brace,  float. 

2.  Referring  to  giving  aid  or  favor  to  a  per- 
son, cause,  etc.:  strengthen,  uphold,  sus- 
tain, maintain,  second,  back  {colloq.  or 
cant),  champion  {primarily  spec),  re- 
enforce  or  reinforce  {rare),  float  {fig.), 
tide  {with  "over"),  sustentate  (rare);  spec. 
grubstake,  prop,  bolster,  patron  {rare), 
favor;   see  approve,    aid,    defend,    ad 

VOCATE, JUSTIFY. 

3.  Referring  to  provision  of  the  upkeep  of  a 
person  or  thing:  maintain,  subsist,  keep; 
spec,  winter,  feed. 

4.  Referring  to  making  more  probable  by 
evidence,  etc.:  strengthen,  uphold,  sus- 
tain; see  evidence,  confirm,  prove. 

5.  <See  endure,  strengthen,  act,  con- 
tinue. 

support,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  action  of 
physically  supporting:  sustentation,  up- 
holding, upbearing,  sustenance  {rare), 
sustainment  {formal  or  rare),  bearing. 


2.  Referring  to  what  supports  physically: 
rest,  base;  spec,  bearing,  bottom,  seat, 
underpinning,  bolster,  prop,  brandreth 
{dial.),  stay,  guy,  potent  {archaic),  but- 
tress, undersetter  {rare),  pier,  pillar, 
pedestal,  bed,  bedding,  back,  stud, 
tread,  trestle,  leg,  stilt,  block,  dog,  tri- 
angle, yoke,  easel,  buoy,  float  saddle, 
hanger,  trammel,  truss,  straddle,  shore, 
stirrup,  step,  bush,  skid,  ran  {chiefly 
Scot.),  cushion,  pillow,  cant,  caryatid,  at- 
lantis,  cantilever,  horse,  gantry  or  gauntry, 
footman  {dial.  Eng.),  chaplet;  see  foun- 
dation, BEARING. 

3.  Referring  to  the  act  of  supporting  a  per- 
son, cause,  etc.:  strengthening,  backing, 
maintenance,  behalf,  championship  {pri- 
marily spec),  sustentation  {formal);  spec, 
reenf  or  cement  or  reinforcement  {rare), 
prop   {rare),   patronage;    see  approval, 

AID,  DEFENSE,  ADVOCACY. 

4.  Referring  to  the  person  or  thing  from 
which  one  receives  support:  strength,  pil- 
lar, prop,  stay,  mainstay,  dependence, 
trust,  reliance;  spec,  understudy  {cant). 

5.  Referring  to  the  act  of  upkeep:  main- 
tenance, upkeep,  keep. 

6.  Referring  to  that  which  is  supplied  for 
upkeep:  upkeep,  keep;  see  living. 

7.  See  EVIDENCE,  confirmation,  endur- 
ance. 

supporter,  n.  maintainer,  upholder,  sec- 
onder, stand-by  {colloq.),  patron  {chiefly 
spec),  patroness  (Jem.;  chiefly  spec);  spec. 
espouser,  champion,  partizan,  defender, 
approver,  countenancer;  see  adherent. 
Antonyms:  see  hanger-on. 

supposed,  a.  1.  »Sec  assumed. 
2.  suppositive  (rare),  supposititious  {for- 
mal or  learned),  suppositional  (rare),  sup- 
positionary  (rare),  believed  (rare),  puta- 
tive {chiefly  tech.),  reputed,  reputative 
(rare);  spec,  conjectural. 
Antonyms:  see  actual. 

suppress,  v.  t.  1.  subdue,  destroy  (context- 
ual), stop,  check,  quell,  quench,  squelch, 
quelch  (rare),  quash  (rare),  stifle,  stran- 
gle, repress,  allay,  extinguish,  smother, 
cushion  {rare),  retund  (rare),  kill,  burke 
(rare),  hush,  eliminate,  silence;  see  swaIj- 
Low,  hide; — mostly  fig.  uses. 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

supernumerary:   excessive. 

superscribe:   inscribe. 

superscription:    inscription. 

supersede:   replace. 

superstitious:  /earful,  believ- 
ing, timid. 

superstructure:  structure, 
building. 

supervene:   occur. 

supervenient:    accessory. 

supervention:   occurrence. 

supervise:   oversee. 

supervision:     overseeing,   over- 


sight. 

supervisor:  overseer. 

supine:   prostrate,  negligent. 

supper,  V.  i.:  eat. 

supplant:   replace,  displace. 

supple,  a.:  flexible,  complai- 
sant, obsequious. 

supple,  V.  t.:  limber. 

supplenjient:  addition,  coun- 
terpart. 

suppletory:  accessory. 

suppliance:  asking. 

suppliant,  a.;  asking. 

suppliant,  n.:   asker. 


supplicant,  a.:  asking. 

supplicant,  n.:   asker. 

supplicate:    ask. 

supplication:  asking. 

supplicatory:   askivg. 

supply,  V.  t.:  furnish. 

supportable:  endurable,  de- 
fensible. 

suppose:  assume,  imagine,  be- 
lieve, imply. 

suppositional :    conjectural. 

supposititious:  supposed,  con- 
jectural, false. 

suppository:  assumptive. 


28 


XW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

421 


SUPPURATE 


Antont/ms:  sre  advance. 

2.    <SVf  AHOLISK,  RKPUESS,  MURDER. 

suppurate,  r.  i.  inaturati'  (tech.  or  learned), 
niaturo  (rare),  ripen  [rare  or  dial.),  fester, 
putrefy  [rare),  gather. 

suppuration,  /(.  maturation,  fester,  pyo- 
sis  (rare),  diapyesis  (rare),  impostuma- 
tion  {rare  or  obs.),  purulence  or  purulency. 

suppurative,  a.  1.  festery,  running,  puru- 
lent. 

2.    ^'('l'  PURULENT. 

supremacy,  /i.  1.  supremity  (rare),  su- 
premeness,  sovereignty,  so\Tanty  (poetic), 
principality  (rare),  principate  (rare), 
paramountcy,  primacy;  see  headship. 
2.  authority,  sovereignty,  paramountcy, 
primacy,  scepter. 

supreme,  a.  1.  highest,  sovereign,  sovran 
(poetic),  paramount,  hegemonic  (rare); 
spec,  imperial. 

2.    5ee  EXTREME. 

surety,  ?i.  1.  See  confidence,  security. 
2.  sponsor  (formal),  guarantee,  guarantor, 
security;  spec,  gage,  warrantor,  insurer 
(rare),  voucher,  fidejussor  (rare  or  spec), 
pledge  (historical),  mainpernor  (histori- 
cal), bond,  bail. 

surf,  n.  breach  (rare),  breakers  (pi.). 

surface,  n.  1.  e.xterior,  face,  superficies 
(tech.  or  learned),  periphery  (tech.),  rind 
(rare  or  spec);  spec  top,  outside,  inside, 
brim  (archaic),  bosom,  flesh,  flat,  concav- 
ity, convexity;  see  side,  finish. 
Antonyms:  see  interior. 
2.  See  appearance. 

surface,  a.  exterior,  superficial  (formal), 
superficiary     (rare),     peripheral     (tech.); 
spec,  peripheric  (rare),  epigene,  epipoHc. 
Antonyms:  see  interior,  deep. 

surfeit,  n.  1.  feeding,  satiety,  glut,  gorge, 
cloy,    engorgement     (rare),    crapulation 
(rare),  gorging,  cramming,  etc. 
2.  fullness,  satiety,  cloy,  crapulence;   see 
nausea. 
Antonyms:  see  appetite,  hunger. 

surfeit,  v.  t.  feed,  overfeed,  sate  (chiefly 
literary),  satiate  (Jormal),  cram  (colloq.  or 
spec),  stuff,  overcram  (intensive),  cloy 
(literary;  often  used  fig.),  overcloy  (inten- 
sive), gorge,  engorge  (rare),  overgorge  (in- 
tensive), glut,  englut  (archaic),  crapulate 
(rare). 

surfeit,  V.  i.  overeat,  cram,  gorge. 
Antonyms:   see  hunger,  thirst. 

surfeited,  a.  satiated,  crapulent  (literary), 
stuffed. 
Antonyms:   see  hungry,  unsatisfied. 

surge,  V.  i.  1.  »See  billow. 


2.  sway,  sweep,  swing,  rush. 

surgeon,  n.  doctor  (contextual),  chirurgeon 
(drrhair),  sawbones  (slang);  spec,  ortho- 
pedist, laparotomi.st,  etc. 

surgery,  n.  Spec,  orthopedy  or  orthopiedy, 
orthoi)raxy,  autoplasty,  lajjarotomy,  etc. 

surly,  a.  ill-tempered  (contextual),  ungra- 
cious, churlish  (literary  or  bookish),  cyn- 
ical or  cynic  (rare),  grumpy  (colloq.), 
grum  (rare),  doggish  (rare),  dogged  (rare), 
snarling,  rusty  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  smooth-spoken,  affa- 
ble, agreeable,  gracious. 

surmount,  v.  t.  1.  overmount  (rare),  rise 
(chiefly  U.  S.),  overpass  (rare),  overget 
(rare),  overclimb  (primarily  spec). 
2.  See  TOP,  overcome. 

surpass,  v.  t.  exceed,  excel,  beat,  cap 
(Jig.),  top,  ding  (archaic  or  dial.),  tran- 
scend, overtop,  outmatch,  distance,  better, 
outvie,  outrival,  outclass  (sporting),  pa.ss 
(archaic),  hck  (slang),  outpeer  (rare), 
overpeer  (rare),  best  (colloq.),  overpass 
(rare),  outpass  (rare),  outbid  (rare),  out- 
brace  (rare),  overcome  (archaic),  preter- 
gress  (rare),  outdo,  outnumber. 

surprise,  v.  t.  1.  See  attack,  startle. 
2.  astonish,  astound,  stound  (obs.  or  ar- 
chaic), astony  (archaic),  steen. 

surprise,  n.  1.  See  attack. 
2.  surprisal,  surprisement   (rare),  aston- 
ishment,   astoundment     (rare),    amaze- 
ment, mazement  (rare),  wonder,  marvel 
(archaic) . 

surprised,  a.  1.  startled. 
2.  astonished,    thunderstruck,    thunder- 
striclcen  (rare),  wonderstricken  (rare). 

surprising,  a.  astonishing,  astounding, 
mazing  (rare),  marvelous,  strange  (con- 
textunl),  miraculous,  tremendous,  mirific 
(rare  and  jocular);  spec  starthng. 

surrender,  v.  t.  1.  yield,  render,  deliver, 
betray,  sacrifice. 

2.  See  relinquish,  abandon,  subject, 
dedicate. 

surrender,  v.  i.  yield,  capitulate  (chiefly 
mil.),  flinch  (.now  obsolescent),  fall  (chiefly 
mil.),  succumb. 

surrender,  n.   1.  yielding,  rendition,  de- 
livery,   capitulation    (chiefly    mil.),    fall 
(chiefly  mil.),  dedition  (rare). 
2.  Spec  relinquishment,  subjection,  aban- 
donment, dedication. 

surround,  v.  t.  encircle  (primarily  spec), 
circle  (now  chiefly  poetic),  inclose,  enclose, 
encompass,  compass,  girdle,  beset,  invest, 
hem  (chiefly  used  with  "in"  or  "round"); 
spec,  sphere,  ensphere,  skirt,  hedge,  cHp 


C^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

surcingle:   girth. 

sure:  confident,  reliable,  un- 
questionable, unquestioning,  un- 
erring, certain. 


surfolter:   glutton. 
surging,  a.:  billowy. 
surmise,  n.;   guess,  suspicion. 
surmise,  r.  t.:   guess,  suspect. 
surpassing:  fine. 


surplus,  n.:  excess,  retnainder. 
surplus, a.:  excessive, remain ing. 
surplusage:  excess,  remainder. 
surreptitious:  hidden,  stealthy, 
secret. 


tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

400 


SWAY 


{rare  or  spec),  cincture  (rare),  encincture 
(rare),  enwreathe  or  inwreathe  (often  fig.), 
embay,  enring  (rare),  girth  (rare),  gird, 
begird  (intensive),  begirt  (intensive),  be- 
leaguer, round  (rare),  invest,  circumvent 
(rare  or  learned),  brace  (rare),  collar, 
twine,. ring,  rim,  orb  (elevated),  loop,  neck- 
lace, inorb  (rare),  inarch  (rare),  enwind  or 
inwind,   cordon,   circumsept   (rare);    see 

INCLOSE,  INVEST. 

surrounded,  a.  inclosed;  spec,  cinct 
(rare),  girt,  circumcinct  (rare),  bestead 
(literary). 

surrounding,  a.  inclosing,  encompassing; 
spec,  ambient,  circumjacent,  circumam- 
bient. 

surrounding,  n.  1.  surroundal  (rare),  in- 
closure,  enclosure,  encompassment,  etc. 
2.  In  pi.:    environs,  environment  (a  col- 
lective),  entourage    (French),   externality 
(rare),  milieu  (French),  neighborhood. 

survey,  v.  t.  1.  examine,  view;  spec,  sweep, 
reconnoiter,  scout,  pickeer  (archaic),  per- 
ambulate. 

2.    See  SEE,  EXAMINE. 

survey,  n.  examination,  view;  spec. 
sweep,  reconnoissance,  reconnaissance, 
reconnoiter,  scout,  panorama  (rare),  con- 
spectus, perambulation. 

survive,  v.  t.  1.  outlive,  overlive  (rare) . 
2.  outlast,   outlive   (fig.),   outwear,   out- 
grow; spec,  outride. 

susceptible,  a.  receptive,  susceptive  (rare), 
capable,  open,  passionate  (literary) . 
Antonyms:  see  insensible,  apathetic. 

suspect,  V.  t.  1.  surmise,  imagine,  think, 
mistrust,    smell   (fig.),    suspicion   (dial.), 
doubt  (archaic),  misdoubt   (archaic),   ja- 
louse  (Scot.),  sniff;  see  guess. 
2.  See  DISTRUST. 

suspend,  v.  t.  1.  See  hang,  intermit,  ad- 
journ, DEFER. 
2.  dismiss;  spec,  rusticate. 

suspenders,  n.  pi.  braces,  gallows,  gal- 
lowses (Scot.,  dial.,  or  U.  S.); — all  pi. 

suspicion,  n.  1.  surmise,  imagination 
(rare),^  mistrust,  smell  (fig.;  colloq.),  ink- 
ling, jealousness  or  jealousy  (no2V  dial., 
exc.  spec),  misdoubt  (archaic);  see  guess. 
2.  See  distrust,  trace. 

suspicious,   a.    1.   doubtful,   distrustful; 
spec,  thunderstruck. 
Antonyms:  see  unsuspicious. 


2.  See  questionable. 

sutlery,  n.  canteen. 

swagger,  v.  i.  1.  strut,  roll,  swash,  swell, 
renown   (rare),  flourish,  brandish,  ruflBe 
(archaic);   spec,  prance. 
Antonyms:  see  cringe. 
2.  See  bluster. 

swagger,  n.  1.  strut,  roll,  flourish,  bran- 
dish, ruffle  (archaic),  swashing,  swash. 
Antonyms:  see  cringe. 

2.    See  BLUSTER. 

swallow,  n.  progne  (poetic). 

swallow,  V.  t.  1.  gulp,  ingurgitate  (literary), 
englut  (archaic),  take  (contextual),  con- 
sume (contextual),  slabber  (chiefly  dial.), 
deglute  (rare),  bolt  (colloq.),  paunch 
(rare),  gobble  (colloq.  or  humorous  as  used 
of  human  beings),  swill  (contemptuous)  re- 
gorge (rare);  spec  pouch. 
Antonyms:  see  vomit. 

2.  engulf  or  ingulf,  involve,  devour,  gulf 
(rare) . 

Antonyms:  see  emit,  erupt. 

3.  See  endure. 

swallow,  n.  1.  deglutition  (tech.),  ingurgi- 
tation  (rare),  gulp,  bolt  (colloq.),  gobble 
(colloq.  or  humorous  of  human  beings), 
glutition  (rare). 

2.  Referring  to  what  is  swallowed:  gulp. 

3.  engulfment  or  ingulfment,  involution, 
devourment. 

swallowing,  a.  deglutitious,  deglutitory, 
deglutitive  (rare); — all  tech. 

swan,  n.  cygnet  (rare,  exc.  literary);  spec 
pen  (female),  cob  (male). 

swanlike,  a.  swanny,  cygneous  (rare), 
cycnean  or  cygnean  (rare). 

swarm,  n.    1.   crowd,  brood;  spec,  (refer- 
ring to  bees)  colony,  hive,  cast. 
2.  See  CROWD. 

swarm,  v.  i.  1.  See  crowd,  flock. 
2.  abound,  teem,  swim,  formicate. 

swarming,  a.  abounding,  teeming,  swim- 
ming (fig.);  spec,  crawling,  full,  alive. 

swastika,  b.  gammadion,  fylfot,  triskele, 
cross  cramponee. 

swathe,  v.  t.  bind,  enswathe,  swaddle, 
bandage  (chiefly  spec),  cocoon  (fig.);  spec 
clothe. 

sway,  V.  t.  1.  swing;   spec  roll,  rock,  wag, 
waggle;  see  swing,  wave. 
2.  See  turn,  influence,  control. 

sway,  V.  i.  swing;   spec  roll,  rock,  reel, 


JJ^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

suspensive:  hesitating. 

suspensory:   hanging. 

suspicious:   distrustful. 

sustain:  support,  act,  approve, 
aid,  defend,  maintain,  prove,  suf- 
fer, continue,  confirm,  endure. 

sustainable:   endurable. 

sustained:  continued,  constant. 

sustenance:  support,  aid,  co?i- 
tinuation,  tndurance,  suffering. 


sustentation:   support. 

suture:   seam. 

suzerain:   lord. 

swaddle,  v.  t.:  swathe. 

swamp,  n.:  marsh. 

swamp,  V.  t.:   sink,  overwhelm. 

swamp,  V.  i.:  fail,  sink. 

swamped:   afloat. 

swampy:   marshy. 

swap :   barter. 

sward:  sod. 


swardy:  grassy. 

swarm,  v.  t.:  crowd,  climb. 

swart:  dark. 

swarthy:  dark. 

swartness:   dark.  [boast. 

swash,   V.   i.:    splash,   swagger, 

swash,  V.  t.:  splash. 

swash,     n.:      splash,     sivagger, 

channel,  bar. 
swashbuckler:  boaster. 
swath:   rmn. 


K^"  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

423 


SWEAR 


wap,  waggle,  wabble,  wubble,  waddle;  see 

SWING,  SURGE,  WAVK. 

swear,  r.  i.  1.  affirm,  depone  (tech.). 

2.  curse,  oath  irare),  cuss  {vulgar  or  eu- 

phcmi-gtic;   U.  S.),  objure  (rare). 
swear,  r.  t.  1.  affirm,  depone  {tech.),  de- 

jiose;  spec.  vow. 

2.  bind  [cnntextuol),  objure  {rare). 

S.  See  PROMISE. 
sweaty,  a.  sudorous  {rare). 
sweep,  r.  /.  1.  besom  {rare;  literary),  brush. 

2.  See  TOUCH,  move,  flourish. 

3.  Referring  to  guns  or  gunfire,  etc.:  scour, 
rake,  enfilade  {tech.). 

4.  See  SEARCH,  PLAY,  CLEAR,  SURVEY. 

sweep,  n.  1.  brush  {colloq.);  spec,  whisk, 
brush-up. 

2.  See  MOVEMENT,  FLOURISH,  SURGE, 
DRIVE,  RANGE,  COMPASS,  AMPLITUDE, 
LEVER,  CURVE,  OAR. 

sweet,  a.  1.  mellifluous  {rare),  dulcet  {ar- 
chaic], honey  {rare,  exc.  spec),  honeyed  or 
honied  {rare,  exc.  spec);    spec  candied; 

.see  SUGARY. 

Antonyms:  see  sour. 

2.  0/  the  voice,  etc.:  pleasant,  soft,  mellif- 
luous {literary),  honeyed  or  honied  {fig.), 
sugared  {fig.),  Hybla?an  {fig.;  poetic), 
Hyblan    (rare);    see  pleasant,   kindly, 

MELODIOUS. 

3.  Referring  to  food,  fruits,  etc.:  sound, 
wholesome;  see  fresh. 

Aritonyms:  see  decomposed,  tainted. 

4.  .See  FRAGRANT,  FAIR,  FRESH. 

Antonyms:  see  harsh,  shrill. 

sweetbread,  n.  burr  {rare);  spec,  pan- 
creas, thymus. 

sweeten,  v.  t.  1.  dulcify  {literary  or  rare), 
sugar,  saccharize   (tech.),  honey   {rare  or 
spec),  disembitter  {rare),  disacidify  {rare); 
spec,  candy,  sirup. 
Antonyms:  see  bitter,  sour. 
2.  iSee  soften. 

sweetheart,  n.  lover  {always  masc  exc  in 
pi.),  love  {chiefly  feminine),  flame  {non- 
jocular);     spec,    valentine;     see    lover, 

LADYLOVE. 

sv^eetmeat,  n.  titbit,  dainty,  confection, 
confectionery  (a  collective),  confection- 
ary {rare),  goody  {chiefly  in  pi.),  sucket 
{ohs.  or  dial.),  comfit,  confect,  confiture 
{French),  candy,  tuck  {slang),  sweeties 
(pi.),  bonbon;  spec,  conserve,  sugar  plum, 
ice,  compote,  caramel,  preserve. 

sweetness,  n.    1.  dulcitude   (rare);    spec 
honcyedness,  sugariness,  honey. 
2.  See  melody. 


swell,  V.  i.  1.  See  ENLARGE,  increase,  rise, 
protuberate,  billow,  bluster,  swag- 
ger. 

2.  expand,  bulk,  volume  {rare),  distend, 
turgesce  {rare),  puff  {spec  or  fig.),  plim 
{rare  or  dial.),  tumefy  {rare);  spec  bloat, 
intumesce,  heave. 

Antonyms:   see  wither,  shrink. 

3.  Referring  to  swelling  with  pride:  pear 
cock  {rare). 

Antonyms:  see  contract. 

swell,  V.  t.  Spec,  see  increase,  distend, 
inflate. 

swell,  n.  1.  See  increase,  protuberance, 
hill,  billow. 

2.  Corinthian  {rare  or  humorous) .  "Swell" 
is  colloq. 

swelling,  a.  1.  See  protuberant. 
2.  tumescent,  intumescent  {rare),  tur- 
gent  {rare),  turgescent  {rare),  bulging; 
spec,  swollen,  puffy,  bloated,  baggy, 
tumefacient  {rare),  bunting  {dial.),  bouf- 
fant or  bouffante  {French),  surging,  sur- 
gent  {rare). 

swelling,  n.  1.  See  increase,  inflation, 
protuberance. 

2.  tumefaction  {rare  or  tech.),  intumes- 
cence {rare  or  tech.),  turgescence  {rare  or 
tech.),  ebulhence  {rare). 

3.  In  medicine:  spec,  gathering,  bump, 
clour  {Scot,  and  north  Eng.  dial.),  wen, 
tumor,  goiter,  boil,  carbuncle,  capelet. 

swim,  V.  i.  1.  Spec  paddle,  overhand. 
2.  dizzy  {rare). 

swine,  n.  grunter  {colloq.  or  humorous), 
porcine  {rare),  baconer  {rare),  grice  {ar- 
chaic or  Scot.);  spec,  hog,  pig,  piggy  {dim. 
or  humorous),  gruntling,  brawn  {dial.), 
pigling,  hogling,  hoggery  (a  collective), 
sow,  boar,  farrow  {now  dial.),  gait  or 
gilt  {now  dial.),  shoot  or  shot  or  shote 
{Eng.  dial,  and  U.  S.),  hogget,  razorback. 

swineherdship,  n.  sybotism  {rare). 

swing,  V.  i.  1.  Referring  to  a  movement  of 
n  body,  as  a  pendulum,  a  horse's  tail,  a 
play  swing,  etc.,  about  or  as  if  about  a 
center  at  one  end  of  it  or  beyond  it:  sway, 
switch,  swish,  pendulate  {rare),  sweep; 
spec  dangle,  dingle-dangle,  flap,  flop, 
gybe. 

2.  See  REVOLVE,  rotate,  move. 

3.  Referring  to  a  regular  back-and-forth,  or 
reciprocating,  motion,  between  regular  or 
fixed  limits:  fluctuate,  vibrate,  oscillate, 
wave,  pendulate  {rare),  undulate. 

swing,  V.  t.  1.  sway,  switch,  swish,  sweep; 
spec,  dangle;  see  flourish. 


rs°°  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
sweat,  n.;  exudation,  perspiration. 
sweat,  V.  i.:  perspire. 
sweat,    V.     t.:     exude,    perspire, 
fleece,  work. 
sweep,  V.  i.:  rush,  stalk,  surge. 


sweeten,  v.  i.:  soften. 
sweet- soundin?:   melodious. 
swelter:    perspire,  glow. 
sweltry:   hot,  close. 
swerve:   deviate,  turn. 
swift:   rapid,  ready,  brief. 


swill,  )-.  I.:   drink,  swallow. 
swim.  II.;   dizziness. 
swimming:  floating. 
swindle:   cheat. 
swindler:    cheat. 
swindlery:   cheating. 


t^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
424 


SYSTEM 


2.  See  MANAGE,  HANG. 

3.  wave,  vibrate,  oscillate,  fluctuate,  un- 
dulate {rare). 

swing,  n.  1.  sway,  sweep,  swish,  switch; 

see  FLOURISH. 

2.  See  MOVEMENT,   GAIT,   RHYTHM,   FREE- 
DOM. 

3.  flafctuation,  vibration,  oscillation, wave, 
undulation,  pendulation  (rare). 

4.  Spec,  trapeze. 

swinish,  n.   t.  hoggish,  piggish,  porcine 

(rare),  suilline  (rare);  spec,  boarish. 

2.  See  COARSE,  cruel. 
switch,   n.    1.   rod,    twig,    stick,   wattle, 

withe,  wand;  spec,  birch,  hickory,  rattan 

or  ratan ;  see  whip. 

2.  stroke,  slash,  scutch  (dial.),  cut. 

3.  shunt  (chiefly  British);   spec,  by-pass 
(elec). 

4.  See  SWING. 

switch,  V.  t.  1.  strike,  whip,  cut,  scutch 
(chiefly  dial.),  slash;  spec,  birch. 

2.  shunt  (chiefly  British),  turn  (context- 
ual); spec,  sidetrack. 

3.  See  SWING. 

swollen,  a.  I.  big  (contextual),  swoln  (chiefly 
predicative),  tumid  (learned  or  tech.),  tur- 
gid (learned  or  tech.);  spec,  puffy,  bloat, 
bloated,  gouty  (fig.),  blown  (fig.  or  spec), 
gummy,  baggy,  plethoric,  varicose,  proud, 
blowzy,  blobber. 
Antonyms:  see  withered. 

2.    See      PROTUBERANT,      SVSTELLING,      IN- 
FLATED, ELATED,  BOMBASTIC. 

swoop,  V.  i.  1.  descend  (contextual),  stoop 
(rare),  pounce,  souse;  spec. fly  (contextual). 
2.  See  RUSH. 

swoop,  n.  1.  descent,  stoop,  pounce,  souse. 
2.  iSee  RUSH. 

sword,  n.  brand  (archaic  or  poetic),  glaive 
(archaic  or  poetic),  falchion  (poetic,  exc. 
spec),  slasher  (colloq.);  spec,  rapier,  cut- 
lass, scimitar  or  scimiter,  saber,  sabre, 
foil,  estoc  (French),  hanger,  broadsword, 
backsword,  point,  verdun,  damascus, 
wafter,  bilbo,  Balmung,  Colada,  Cali- 
burn,  Excalibur,  Toledo,  diego  (obs.  or 
hist.),  Durendal. 

sword- shaped,  a.  ensate,  gladiate,  ensi- 
f orm ; — all  three  tech.  or  learned. 

swordsman,  n.  spadassin  (rare);  spec. 
fencer. 

syllabify,, f.  t.  syllabicate,  syUabize  (rare), 
syllable  (rare). 


syllogism,  n.  Spec,  elench  or  elenchus, 
sorites,  enthymeme,  epicheirema,  trilem- 
ma,  prosyllogism. 

symbol,  n.  representation,  sign,  signifi- 
cative (rare),  emblem,  figure,  type,  token, 
shadow  (fig.),  ensign  (learned),  presenta- 
tion (rare),  sacrament  (rare);  spec  palm, 
pictograph,  totem,  badge,  character,  let- 
ter, exponent,  word,  image,  picture. 

symbolic,  a.  representative,  significative, 
typical,  emblematic,  emblematical;  spec. 
sacramental  (rare),  figurative,  mystical  or 
mystic  (a  term  of  religion),  ideographic 
or  ideographical,  hieroglyphic  or  hiero- 
glyphical. 

symbolize,  v.  t.  represent,  present  (rare), 
signify,  mean,  typify,  figure,  emblemize, 
emblem  (rare),  emblematize  (rare),  shad- 
ow (fig.),  symbolify  (rare),  simihze  (rare); 

see  SIGNIFY,  EXPRESS. 

symmetrical,  a.  1.  symmetral  (rare),  reg- 
ular, even;  spec,  radiate. 

2.    See  PROPORTIONATE. 

symmetry,  n.  regularity,  evenness;  spec. 
radiation,  radiism  (rare),  peloria. 
sympathize,  v.  i.  1.  condole. 

2.    See  HARMONIZE. 

sympathizer,  n.   compassionator   (rare), 
condoler,  sympathist  (irare). 
sympathy,  n.  communion,  compassion. 
symptom,  n.  indication,  sign,  prognostic 

(rare) . 

synonym,  n.  equivalent  (contextual),  du- 
phcate  (rare),  poly onym  (rare),  pcecilonym 
(rare) . 

An  "antony7n"  of  any  word  is  a  word  of 
opposite  meaning;  a  "homcmym"  of  any 
word  is  word  having  the  same  sound  but 
a  different  meaning;  a  "heteronym"  of  any 
word  is  a  word  having  the  same  spelling 
but  a  different  sound  and  a  different  mean- 
ing. Thus,_  intelligent  is  an  antonym  of 
stupid;  it  is  also  an  antonym  of  dull  as 
said  of  a  boy,  but  not  of  dull  as  said 
of  a  knife;  pair,  pear,  and  pare  are 
homonyms;  and  the  noun  sow,  a  female 
pig,  is  a  heteronym  of  the  verb  sow,  to 
scatter  seed. 

system,  n.  1.  See  organism,  organiza- 
tion, UNIVERSE. 

2.  regimen,  regime,  scheme;  spec,  dis- 
pensation, economy  (used  chiefly  in  theol- 
ogy);  see  PLAN,  METHOD,  ORDER. 

Antonyms:    see  confusion. 


tW  Cross  references:  see 

Note. 

syllogize,  v.  t.:  infer. 

syncopate:  contract. 

swinge:   whip,  lash. 

sylpli:   demon. 

syncopation:   contraction. 

swirl:   whirl,  eddy. 

sylphine:   graceful. 

syncope:   contraction. 

swish:  rustle,  splash. 

sylvan:   variant  of  silvan. 

syndicate,  n.:  combination. 

swivel,  V.  t:  turn. 

sylviculture:  forestry. 

syndicate,  v.  t.:  combine. 

swoon:  faint. 

sympathetic:       compassionate, 

synod:   council,  assembly. 

sycophant:  fawner. 

hiirmoiiiDiis. 

synopsis:  abstract. 

sycophantic:   obsequious. 

sympliony:    harmony. 

synthesis:  composition. 

syllabus:  abstract. 

symposium:   ^easl. 

synthetical:  compositive. 

syllogize,  v.  i.:  reason 

synchronous:  contemporaneous. 

syringe,  ».  t.:  inject. 

Sis^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
425 


SYSTEMATIC 


systematize,  v.  (.   1.  See  ouhanizk,  ak- 

2.  svstcmize,  regularize,  regiment  (rare  or 
tech.). 


table,  n.  1.  slab,  tablet  {dim.);  spec. 
board;   -svy  tablet. 

2.  board  {contcvtuaD,  tabling  (o  collec- 
tive): spec,  stand,  teapoy  {Anglo-Indian), 
tabaret,  mahogany,  credence,  desk,  men- 
sa  {eccD,  Pembroke,  dresser  {now  rare), 
tripod,  toilet,  sideboard. 

3.  statement  {contextual),  tabulation, 
chart,  scheme,  schema  (rare);  spec. 
ephemeris,  tariff,  schedule. 

4.  See  pan?:l,  fake,  facet. 
tablecloth,  n.  cover,  cloth  (colloq.),  tapis 

(only  in  "on  the  tapis"). 
tablet,  )i.  1.  See  table. 

2.  table  (contextual),  tablature  (rare), 
tabula  (antiq.),  slab  (rare,  exc.  spec); 
spec,  slate,  palette  or  pallet,  board  (con- 
textual), brass,  cartel,  cartouche,  plaque, 
plaquette,  medallion,  diptych,  pax,  di- 
glyph,  parapegm,  tessera,  pad. 

3.  tabula  or  tabella  (chiefly  med.);  spec. 
cake,  lozenge,  wafer. 

tabular,  a.  tabulary,  tabulate,  tabuliform; 
— all  tech.  or  formal. 

tabulate,  v.  t.  schematize,  chart. 

tack,  V.  t.  1.  See  attach,  add. 
2.  beat,    ply,    stay,    claw,    board    (rare), 
busk  (obs.  or  archaic),  lave  (ohs.,  exc.  lit- 
erary); spec,  boxhaul,  clubhaul.  gybe. 

tack,  n.  1.  See  nail,  course. 
2.  trip    (contextual),    beat,    board,    leg, 
reach;  spec.  gybe. 

tackle,  n.  1.  purchase;  spec,  fish,  cat,  gar- 
net, whip,  jigger,  jeer,  fall,  burton,  hal- 
liard or  halyard. 

2.    See  CORDAGE,  EQUIPMENT. 

tact,  n.  skill,  address,  diplomacy,  savoir 
faire  (French). 
tactful,  a.  skillful,  diplomatic;  spec,  adept. 

Antonyms:   see  awkward. 
tactual,  a.  tactile,  tactic  (rare). 
tag,  71.  1.  tab,  tail,  taglet  (dim.);  see  label, 

PENDANT. 

2.    See  ADDITION,  REFRAIN. 

tail,  n.  1.  rear,  back. 
Antonyms:  see  head. 


2.  appendage  (humoious),  tailpiece  (hu- 
morous), narrative  (humorous);  spec,  flag, 
fad,  flap  or  flapper,  trundletail,  brush, 
fantail,  dock,  scut,  bunt  (Eng.),  single, 
pole,  wreath. 

3.  end  (contextual);  spec,  train,  liripipe 
(hist.);  see  tag,  end,  cue,  retinue. 

4.  See  reverse. 

tailor,  71.  tailoress  (fern.),  sartor  (humor- 
ously pcdanlic),  needlcman  (rare),  snipper 
(contemptuous),  whipcat  (colloq.),  prick- 
louse  (derisive;  dial.). 

tailor,  a.  sartorial,  sartorian  (rare); — hotJi 
learned  or  literary. 

tail- shaped,  a.  caudiform,  caudate; — 
both  tech.  or  learned. 

taint,  V.  t.  1.  See  contaminate. 
2.  In  a  physical  sense,  and  implying  some 
deleterious  change;   affect  (contextual),  in- 
fect, touch,  corrupt  (rare),  spoil;    spec. 
mildew,  cork,  flyblow. 

taint,  n.  1.  (See  contamination,  imper- 
fection. 

2.  touch,  infection;  spec,  haut-goilt 
(French). 

tainted,    a.    touched,     infected,    strong, 
spoiled  or  spoilt;   spec,  corked,  flyblown, 
decayed. 
Antonyms:  see  sweet. 

take,  V.  t.   1.  grasp,  seize;    spec,  pocket, 

reave  (archaic),  whip  ("out,"  as  a  knife), 

sack  (.slang);  see  seize,  receive,  steal. 

Antonyms:  see  bestow. 

2.  See  appropriate,  withdraw,  accept, 

NEED,  adopt,  get,  ASSUME,  QUOTE,  RE- 
MOVE,   choose,    attract,    affect,    act, 

PLEASE,  STRIKE,  MAKE,  JUMP,  MOVE, 
CATCH,  CAPTURE,  BUY,  EXACT,  DERIVE, 
CONSUME,  COPY,  CONSIDER,  CONTRACT,  IN- 
HERIT, BREATHE,  OCCUPY,  USE. 

take,  II.  i.  1.  See  GO,  stick,  work. 
2.  cotton  (Eng.  or  colloq.). 

taking,  n.   1.  take   (rare),  grasp,  seizure, 
caption  (rare);  see  seizure,  reception. 
2.  See    acceptance,     derivation,     as- 
sumption, CAPTURE,  appropriation. 

talk,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  act  simply  or  to 
what  is  said:  see  speech. 
2.  In  the  generic  sense:  discourse  (formal) , 
palaver,  parley  (literary  or  rare),  gas 
(slaiig),  vapor  (slang),  buzz  (colloq.  or 
slang),  haver  (Scot.),  jaw  (slang  or  colloq.; 
contemptuous  and  usually  inelegant),  gab 
(inelegant  and  contemptuous) ,  chin  (slang 


t^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
systematic:  metkodical,orderly 
systemize:     organize,   arrange, 
methodize,  systematize. 


tab:  flap,  tag. 

tabernacle:     dwelling,   temple, 

church. 
table,  V.  t.:   play,  defer. 


tableau:   scene,  picture. 

tableland:   plateau. 

taboo,  a.:   inviolable,  forbidden. 

taboo,  n.:  forbiddance. 

taboo,  V.  t.:  forbid. 

tanit:    implied,  silent. 

taciturn:  reticent. 

tackle,  V.  t.:  grapple,  attack. 

tactics:   strategy. 

tactile:   tactual,  tangible. 


tactless:   au-kward. 
tag,  ii.  t.;  attach,  add,  follow. 
tail,  V.  i.:   straggle. 
taint,  !'.  i.:  decompose. 
taking:   attractive,  catching. 
talebearer:  gossip. 
talent:   ability,  intellectual. 
talented:   able. 
talisman:  charm. 
talismanic:  magical. 


i^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

426 


TASTE 


and  contemptuous),  talkation  (dyslogistic; 
a  nonce  word),  tongue  (contemptuous); 
spec,  loquacity,  slackjaw  [vulgar  slang), 
chatter,  gossip;  see  conversation,  ad- 
dress, BABBLE. 
Antonytns:  see  silence. 

3.  See  REPORT,   CONFERENCE. 

4.  proverb,  byword,  fable  (rare),  fame 
(rare) . 

talk,  V.  i.  1.  See  speak. 

2.  palaver,  jaw  (slang  and  often  contempt- 
uous), parleyvoo  (humorous  or  slang),  gab 
(inelegant  and  contemptuous),  chin  (slang 
and  contemptuous),  noise  (contextual), 
gammon  (slang  or  colloq.),  chirp,  patter 
(slang);  spec,  splutter,  smatter,  honey 
(archaic  or  U.  S.),  snarl,  mince,  babble, 
chatter;  see  converse,  gossip. 

3.  See  consult,  communicate. 
talkative,  a.  loquacious  (literary  or  learn- 
ed), garrulous,  voluble,  babbly,  tonguey 
(colloq.  or  vulgar),  lubrical  (rare),  w^indy 
(colloq.),  mouthy  (slang  and  coarse),  gag- 
gling (contemptuous),  gabby  (vulgar  or 
Scot.),  irreticent  (rare),  multiloquent 
(rare),  narrative  (rare),  conversable  (a 
dignified  term);  spec,  glib  (colloq.),  con- 
versational, leaky. 

Antonyms:  see  reticent. 

talkativeness,    n.    loquacity,     garrulity, 
volubility,  polylogy  (rare),  etc. 
Antonyms:  see  reticence. 

talker,  n.  1.  See  speaker. 
2.  palaverer,  palaverist  (rare),  mag  (col- 
loq.), gabber  (undignified  and  contemptu- 
ous), blatherskite  or  bletherskite  (dial,  or 
colloq.;  U .  S.),  blatterer  (colloq.),  chatter- 
box, windbag  (colloq.  or  slang);  spec,  bab- 
bler, chatterer;  see  conversationalist. 

tambourine,  n.  drum  (contextual);  spec. 
timbrel,  tympanum. 

tame,  a.  1.  domesticated  or  domestic, 
broken,  mansuete  (archaic),  familiar 
(rare) . 

Antonyms:  see  wild. 
2.  See  SUBMISSIVE,  commonplace,  dull. 

tame,  v.  t.  1.  domesticate,  domesticize 
(rare),  break,  bust  (horse-lraining  cant; 
western  U.  S.),  reclaim  (rare  or  literary), 
man,  gentle,  meeken  (rare),  entame  (rare). 
2.  See  SUBDUE. 

tangible,  a.  1.  sensible,  material,  palpa- 
ble, touchable,  tactile. 


Antonyms:  see  intangible. 
2.  See  actual,  perceptible. 

tangle,  n.  1.  See  entanglement,  confu- 
sion. 

2.  tanglement,  snarl,  snare;  spec,  knot, 
maze,  ravel,  twist. 

tank,  n.  1.  See  pond, 
2.  Spec,  cistern,  boiler. 

tap,  71.  stroke  (contextual),  touch  (con- 
textual), spat  (colloq.),  pat,  tip;  spec. 
peck,  sick,  dab,  patter,  chuck;  see  click. 

tap,  V.  t.  &  i.  strike  (contextual),  touch 
(contextual),  pat,  tip;  spec,  tick,  peck, 
dab,  spat  (colloq.),  bob,  dib,  chuck,  bepat, 
virginal  (v.  i.  only;  nonce  use),  percuss; 
see  CLICK. 

tape,  n.  Spec,  inkle,  ferret. 

tapering,  a.  taper,  spiry,  fastigiate  (tech.), 
conical;   spec,  pyramidal. 

tapestry,  n.  drapery  (contextual),  arras; 
s])ec.  verdure. 

tapster,  n.  skink  (rare),  skinker  (archaic), 
spec,  bartender,  barmaid. 

tarry,  v.  i.  1.  abide,  bide  (chiefly  archaic), 
sojourn,  stop  (colloq.),  harbor  (archaic), 
rest,  stay,  lodge;  spec,  camp;  see  dwell, 

STOP. 

Antonyms:  see  depart. 

2.  See  delay. 
task,  n.   1.  labor,  work,  stint,  business, 

chore  (chiefly  spec),  job,  lay  (slang);  spec. 

duty,  lesson,  exercise,  assignment,  pensum 

(rare;  a  school  term),  imposition. 

2.  See  strain. 
taskmaster,    n.    tasker    (rare),    exactor 

(rare),  taskmistress  (fern.);  spec,  overseer. 
tastable,  a.  gustable. 
taste,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  act:  gustation, 

gust  (rare),  degustation  (rare). 

2.  Referring  to  the  sense  or  faculty:  palate, 
tooth  (fig.),  gusto,  gust  (archaic),  go<it 
(French). 

3.  Referring  to  the  quality  of  what  is  tasted: 
sapor  (chiefly  tech.),  savor,  smack,  smatch 
(rare),  gust  (rare),  gout  (French);  spec. 
tang,  relish,  flavor,  piquancy,  subfiavor. 

4.  Referring  to  a  little  that  is  eaten:  smack, 
smitch,  soup^on  (French),  taster;  spec. 
sip. 

5.  See   fondness,  experience,  trace, 

JUDGMENT,  STYLE. 

taste,  a.  gustative,  gustatory,  degustatory 

(rare); — all  learned. 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

tall:  high. 

tallness:   height. 

tally,  V.  t.:   checic,  brand. 

tally,  J),  i. ;  correspond,  agree. 

tally,  n.:  check. 

talon:  nail,  claw. 

tamp:   ram. 

tamper:   interpose. 

tang:   tooth. 

tang:   aftertaste,  sting. 


tangency:   contact. 

tangent:   touching. 

tangle,  v.  t.:  entangle,  involve, 
trap. 

tantalize:  deceive,  tease. 

tantamount:   equal. 

tantrum:  fit. 

taper,  n.;  candle,  lighter,  dimi- 
nution. 

taper,  a.:  tapering. 

taper,  v.  i.:   diminish. 


tardy:  slow,  late. 

tare:   deduction. 

target:   shield,  mark,  butt,  aim. 

tariS:  charge,  table. 

tarnish:  stain. 

tarry:   await,  delay. 

tarrying:  residence,  delay. 

tart:    sour,  acrimonious,  curt. 

tartan:   plaid. 

task,  1'.  t.:   strain,  accuse. 

tassel:   pendant. 


t^°  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

427 


TASTE 


taste,  r.  t.  1.  savor,  sinai-k,  degust  or  clo- 
gustate   [rare),    palate   {rare);   spec.   sip. 

2.    ^Vt,•  FEEL,  EXPERIENCE. 

taste,  r.  i.  savor,  relish,  smack,  smatch 
(archaic). 

tasteless,  a.  1.  insipid,  flat,  savorless,  vap- 
id, mawkish,  unsavory,  dead,  stale;  spec. 
silent,  watery,  wuterish. 
Antonyms:  see  p^UiATable. 

2.    Sec  CRUDE. 

tattle,  V.  i.  1.  See  gossip. 
2.  inform,  tell,  blab  {coarse  or  contemptu- 
ous), babble,  snitch  {slang),  peach  {slang), 
round,  buzz  {rare). 

tattle,  ('.  t.  tell,  divulge  (contextual),  blab 
{coarse  or  contemptuous),  blat  {coarse  or 
contemptuous),  babble,  buzz  (rare),  be- 
tray. 

tattle,  n.  1.  See  gossip. 
2.  babble,  tittle-tattle. 

tattler,  n.  1.  See  gossip. 
2.  informer,  telltale,  talebearer,  blab  (in- 
elegant or  coarse),  clatterer  (rare),  blab- 
ber, cackler  (contemptuous),  whisperer, 
pickthank  (archaic),  tittle-tattle  (rare), 
snitcher  (slang). 

taunt,  V.  t.  reproach,  twit,  upbraid,  mock, 
fiout,  jeer. 

taunt,  n.  reproach,  twit,  scorn  (archaic), 
cut. 

tax,  n.  1.  charge,  assessment,  due,  taxa- 
tion (rare),  rate,  toll,  levy,  mail  (ohs.  or 
Scot.),  gild  (hist.),  duty,  impost  (obs.,  exc. 
as  equiv.  to  "duty"),  gabelle  (obs.,  exc. 
spec),  cess  (archaic  or  local,  exc.  as  equiv. 
to  "rate"  in  Eng.);  spec,  capitation, 
carnatch  (Arabian),  carucage  (feudal), 
chancer,  choky  (Anglo-Indian),  contribu- 
tion, danegeld,  decimation  (rare  or  hist.), 
fifteenth,  fumage,  geld,  groundage,  hidage 
(/iis<.),jeziah,kharaj,lastage,  lockage,  poll, 
poundage,  quarterage,  quint,  quinzieme 
(hist.),  rate  (chiefly  in  pi.),  saladine, 
sayer  (India),  scavage,  scot,  seignorage, 
surtax,  supertax,  tallage,  tithe,  tribute, 
tonnage,  tunnage;  see  duty. 
Antonyms:  see  subsidy. 
2.  See  STRAIN. 

tax,  V.  t.  1.  assess,  rate  (chiefly  spec),  cess 
(obs.  or  local,  exc.  spec);   spec,  tariff,  ex- 
cise, surtax,  tonnage,  tithe. 
2.  See  ACCUSE,  burden,  strain. 

taxable,  a.  assessable,  ratable  (chiefly 
spec);  .spec,  customable, dutiable,  tithable. 

taxation,  n.  assessment,  imposition;  spec. 
decimation  (rare,  exc.  hist.),  capitation, 
poUage  (rare),  tollage. 


teach,  V.  t.  1.  See  INFORM. 

2.  instruct,  educate,  inform  (rare),  lesson 
{literary),  learn  (obs.  or  vulgar);  spec. 
school,  show,  indoctrinate  or  (archaic) 
doctrinate,  catechize,  ground,  regent 
(rare),  tutor,  dry-nurse  (colloq.  or  cant), 
lecture,  cram  (colloq.),  coach,  college. 

3.  Referring  to  an  inculcation  of  knoivledge 
in:  inculcate,  preach,  indoctrinate  (rare); 
spec,  profess. 

teachable,  a.  1.  instructible  (rare),  docile, 
docible  (rare),  educable  (rare),  disciplin- 
able, tractable. 
Antonyms:  see  unteachable. 

2.    See  COMMUNICABLE. 

teacher,  n.  1.  See  informer. 
2.  instructor  (masc.  or  fern.),  instructress 
(fern.);  spec  schoolmaster,  schoolmistress, 
preceptor,  preceptress,  pedagogue  (now 
usually  hostile  or  depreciatory),  educator, 
dominie  (largely  local),  doctor  (archaic), 
master,  mistress,  governess,  inculcator, 
professor,  dame  (obsolescent),  tutor,  tu- 
toress, coacher,  crammer  (colloq.),  mysta- 
gogue,  usher,  drillmaster,  guru  (India), 
principal,  psdotribe,  khoja,  lecturer, 
catechist,  sophist,  sophister,  Sopherim 
(pi.),  rhetor,  docent,  oracle. 
Antonyms:  see  student. 

teaching,  n.  1.  See  information. 

2.  instruction ;  spec  tutelage,  tuition,  in- 
culcation, grounding,  discipline,  educa- 
tion, edification,  catechesis,  catechizing, 
tutory  (rare),  indoctrination,  lesson,  lec- 
ture, etc. 

3.  The  art  or  science:  pedagogy  (tech.), 
pedagogics  (tech.),  didactics  or  didascalics 
(rare  and  tech.),  didacticism  (rare),  pro- 
treptic  (rare);  spec  mystagogy. 

4.  That  which  is  taught:  doctrine,  lore. 
team,  n.  1.  rig;   spec,  span,  line,  tandem, 

swing. 

2.  Spec,  nine,  eleven,  fifteen,  four,  etc 
tear  (pron.  ter),  n.  I.  See  drop. 

2.  drop,  pearl  (poetic),  brine  (a  collective), 

dew  (poetic;  a  collective). 
tear  (pron.  tair),  v.  t.  1.  rend. 

2.  pull,  draw,  rip,  rend;  spec  wTench, 
claw,  shred. 

3.  See  distress. 

tear  (pron.  tair),  n.  1.  tearing,  rending,  pull, 

rip;  spec,  wrench,  laceration,  dilaceration 

(rare). 

2.  rent,  rip. 

8.  See  RUSH. 
tear  bottle,  lachrymatory. 
tearful,  a.  watery  (co7itextual) ,  teary  (col- 


t^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
tasteful:   palatable,  aesthetic. 
tasty:    palatable,  aesthetic. 
tatter,  n.:  rag. 
tatter,  v.  t.:  fray. 
tatterdemalion:  ragamuffin. 


tattoo,  n.:  drumbeat. 
tattoo,  V.  t.:  mark. 
taut:  tight. 

tautological:   repetitive. 
tautology:  repetition. 
tavern:   saloon,  inn. 


taverner:   innkeeper. 
taw:    alley. 
tawdry:  gaudy. 
tawny:  fulvous,  red,  dark. 
teamster:  driver. 
teary:  tearful. 


XW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

428 


TENSITY 


hq.),  mournful  (contextual),  lachrymose 
or  lachrymous  {both  learned  or  tech.),  liq- 
uid, maudlin  {archaic),  wet  {contextual), 
moist  {poetic;  contextual),  larmoyant 
{rare);  spec,  swimming. 
Antonyms:  see  tearless. 

tearless*  a.  dry  {contextual). 
Antonyms:  see  tearful. 

tear-shaped,  a.  lachrymiform  {tech.). 

tease,  v.  t.  1.  See  disentangle. 
2.  annoy,  trouble,  harass,  bother,  pester, 
torment,  plague,  vex;  spec,  lark,  badger, 
bullyrag,  haze  {U.  S.),  tantalize. 

technique,  n.  1.  See  execution,  skill. 
2.  technic,  technics  {pi.  or  collective  sing.), 
technology. 

teeth,  n.  pi.  Referring  to  artificial  teeth:  set 
{contextual),  denture  {cant). 

telegram,  n.  message  {contextual),  tele- 
graph {obs.  or  rare);  spec,  cablegram, 
marconigram,  radiogram,  heliogram,  wire 
(colloq.),  cable  (colloq.). 

telegraph,  n.  Spec,  wire  {colloq.),  cable 
{colloq.),  heliograph,  heliotrope,  marconi- 
graph,  wireless  {colloq.),  radiograph,  ra- 
diotelegraphy. 

telegraph,  v.  i.  communicate  (contextual); 
spec,  wire  (colloq.),  cable  (colloq.),  radio- 
graph, heliograph. 

telescope,  n.  tube  (colloq.);  spec,  reflector, 
refractor,  glass  (colloq.),  finder,  photo- 
helioscope,  equatorial.  ' 

tell,  V.  i.  1.  babble,  inform;  see  tattle. 
2.  count,  make,  act. 

temper,  n.  1.  See  calmness,  disposition. 
2.  Referring  to  actual  frame  of  mind  at  a 
given  time:  mood,  tone,  vein,  humor, 
frame,  cheer,  spirits;  see  ill  temper. 

temper,  v.  t.  1.  See  mix,  alloy,  mitigate, 
moderate,  restrain. 

2.  Referring  to  ynetals,  glass,  etc.:  anneal. 

3.  Referring  to  clay,  etc.:  work,  pug,  puddle. 
temple,  n.  1.  house  (contextual),  sanctuary, 

tabernacle,  fane  (archaic  or  poetic),  naos 
(tech.),  templet  (dim.),  delubrum  (Latin), 
church  (a  loose  usage);  spec,  pantheon, 
Athena;um,  Serapeum,  Theseion,  Par- 
thenon, pagoda  or  (rare)  pagod,  sacellum, 
hecatompedon,  dipteros. 


2.  See  church. 
temporal,   a.   1.  Of  or  relating  to  time: 
chronal  (rare),  temporaneous  (rare);    see 

CHRONOLOGICAL,   WORLDLY. 
2.    *S'ce  TEMPORARY. 

temporary,  a.  temporal   (rare),  momen- 
tary, short-lived,  momently  (rare),  flash- 
ing; spec,  interimistic;  see  provisional. 
Antonyms:    see  eternal,  lasting,  per- 
manent. 

temporize,   v.   i.    1,    Referring  to  indul- 
gence in  opportunism:  diplomatize;  spec. 
trim. 
2.  See  hedge. 

ten,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  number:  decad. 
2.  Referring  to  a  set,  group,  etc.:   decade, 
dicker  (cant),  decad  (rare). 

tenacious,   a.    1.    firm,    strong,    holding, 
holdfast  (rare),  fast,  unyielding. 
2.  See    STICKY,    constant,    persistent, 
retentive. 

tenant,  n.  holder,  tenantry  (collective  pi.), 
tenementer  (rare);  spec,  leaseholder, 
renter,  vassal  (feudalism),  termor;  see 
occupant. 

tend,  V.  t.  1.  See  attend. 
2.  Referring  to  cattle,  etc.:    herd,  guard, 
tail  (Australia);   spec,  shepherd,  graze. 

tend,  V.  t.  1.  See  incline,  contribute. 
2.  lean,  incline,  head,  lead,  point,  gravi- 
tate, look,  conduce;  spec,  squint. 

tendency,  n.  1.  See  inclination. 
2.  leaning,  inclination,  gravitation,  grav- 
ity, set,  tendence  (rare);  spec.  bias. 

tender,  v.  t.  1.  In  law:  offer,  delate  (obs.  or 
Roman  law) . 
Antonyms:  see  demand. 
2.  See  offer. 

tender,  n.  In  laio:  offer. 
Antonyms:  see  demand. 

tenfold,  a.  decuple  (chiefly  math.). 

tenon,  n.  projection  (contextual);  spec. 
dovetail,  cog,  dowel. 

tense,  a.  1.  See  stretched,  tight,  in- 
tense, excited. 

2.  high-strung,  strung-up  (chiefly  ■predica- 
tive), strained. 

ten-sided,  a.  decagonal  (literally  "ten- 
angled"),  decahedral; — both  tech. 


t^"  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

teat:  nipple. 

technician:   expert. 

techy:  irascible. 

tedious:   dull,  tiresome. 

tedium:  ennui. 

teebee:  laugh. 

teem:   generate,  stvarm,  abound. 

teeming:  fruitful,  abounding, 
abundant,  swarming. 

teeter:   seesaw. 

teetotal:  abstemious. 

tell,  V.  t.:  compute,  disclose, 
communicate,  mention,  narrate, 
express,  report,  tattle,  assure,  in- 
form, announce,  evidence,  per- 
ceive, distinguish,  bid,  confess. 


temerity:  cf.  rash. 

temperament:  constitution, 
disposition. 

temperance:  moderation,  ab- 
stinence. 

temperate:  moderate,  abstemi- 
ous, mild. 

tempest,  n.:  storm,  commotion. 

tempestuous:  stormy. 

template:   puttern. 

tempt:    provoke,  attract,  entice. 

temptation:  attraction,  en- 
ticement. 

tempting:   attractive. 

tenable:    defensible. 

tenancy:  tenure,  holding,  oc- 
cupancy. 


tenant,  v.  t.:  occupy. 

tend,  V.  i.:   attend. 

tender,  a.:  delicate,  weak, 
weakly,  unstable. 

tender,  v.  t.:  soften. 

tenderfoot:  newcomer. 

tending:   disposed. 

tendon:    ligament. 

tenebrous:  dark. 

tenement:  tenure,  holding, 
abode,  dwelling. 

tenet:   opinion,  creed. 

tensile,  a.:  ductile. 

tension,  n.:  tightness,  force, 
strain,  excitement,  intensity. 

tensity,  n.:  tightness,  strain,  in- 
tensity. 


IW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

429 


TENT 


tent,  n.  pavilion  (chiefly  spec),  tilt;  spec. 
marquee,  marquise,  privtorium  (Roman 
antiq.),  canvas,  booth,  kibitka,  tepee, 
wigwam. 

tenth,  n.  tithe,  decima  (rare),  denary 
(rare),  tithing  (nbs.  or  rare). 

tenure,  n.  tenement  (rare),  holding,  ten- 
ancy,   tenantship,    tenantry    (rare);     see 

OCCUPATION. 

term,  /;.  1.  Sec  limit,  duration,  period, 

NAME,  EXPRESSION. 

2.  //)  logic:  spec,  subject,  predicate,  ma- 
jor, minor,  conclusion. 

3.  In  math.:  .^pcc.  mean,  extreme. 

4.  In  school  use:  spec,  semester. 
terminable,  a.  limitable,  lapsable  or  la- 
bile, determinable;  see  finite. 

Antomjms:   see  endless. 

terminology,  n.  nomenclature  (lech.), 
glossology  (rare),  orismology  (rare),  tech- 
nology;  spec,  toponomy. 

terrestrial,  a.  1.  earthly  (rare,  exc.  in  con- 
trast icith  '"heavenUD,  earthy  (obs.,  exc. 
spec),  tellurian  (literary),  terrene  (liter- 
ary), worldly  (chiefly  in  contrast  to  "heav- 
enly"), mundane,  sublunar  or  sublunary, 
Eubastral,  terranean  (rare),  telluric  (rare), 
tellural  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  heavenly. 
2.  See  worldly. 

territory,  n.  1.  extent  (contextual),  region, 
place,  land,  tract,  quarter,  district,  local- 
ity; spec,  division,  side,  countryside, 
part,  section,  terrain,  terrane,  corner,  lati- 
tude, confine,  ambit,  domain,  bound 
(chiefly  in  pi.),  coast  (ohs.),  climate,  clime 
(poetic),  fatherland,  Cockaigne,  El  Do- 
rado, realm. 

2.  politically:  domain,  dominion,  de- 
mesne, empire,  diocese  (obs.  or  hist.,  exc. 
spec);  spec  enclave,  exclave;  see  divi- 
sion. 

testator,    n.    legator    (rare),    bequeather 
(chiefly  spec),  deviser  (chiefly  spec). 
Antonyms:  see  legatee. 

testify,  V.  t.   1.  state  (contextual),  swear, 
attest,  depose,  depone  (a  less  usual  equiv. 
of  "depose");  spec,  witness. 
2.  See  evidence,  avow. 

testimonial,  n.  1.  credential. 


2.  See  GIFT. 

tether,  v.  t.  fasten  (contextual),  tie  (con- 
textual); spec,  bush,  picket,  stake. 

text,  n.  1.  composition,  wording,  scripture 
(rare);    spec,  context,  mantra  (East  In- 
dia/}), hexapla,  libretto. 
2.  See  SUBJECT. 

texture,  n.    1.  See   fabric,    structure, 

COMPOSITION. 

2.  constitution,  fabric,  fiber,  grain,  con- 
texture (rare);  spec.  grit. 

thank,  v.  i.  bless  (usually  ludicrous  or  hy- 
]Hrf>()!ic). 

thankful,  a.  grateful. 
Antonyms:     see    ungrateful,    thank- 
less. 

thankfulness,  n.  gratitude,  gratefulness. 
Antonyms:  see  re.sentment. 

thanks,  n.  pi.  blessings  (usually  ludicrous 
or  hyperbolic) ;  see  grace. 

thanks,  inter j.  gramercy  (archaic),  merci 
(French). 

thanksgiving,  a.  eucharistic  (literary). 

that,  pron.  &  a.  thilk  (archaic);  spec 
yonder,  yon  (poetic). 

thatch,  a.  Spec  haulm  (Eng.),  cadjan 
(Anglo-Indian) ,  reed,  grass. 

theater,  n.  1.  playhouse,  house  (context- 
ual); spec.  Colosseum. 
2.  See  drama. 

theatrical,  a.  1.  Referring  to  the  stage  or 
stage  playing:  histrionic  (tech.  or  learned), 
dramatic,  stagy  (derogatory) ,  dramaturgic 
or  (rare)  dramaturgical  (both  literary), 
scenic  or  scenical. 
2.  See  dr.'\jviatic,  showy,  artificial. 

theft,  n.  1.  steal  (rare),  stealing,  conver- 
sion (contextual),  larceny  (often  spec), 
depredation  (contextual,  often  euphemis- 
tic), thievery,  thiefdom  (rare);  spec,  pilfer 
(obs.  or  rare),  pilferage  (rare),  pilfery  (obs. 
or  rare),  pickery  or  picking  (obs.  or  Scots 
law),  cribbage  (colloq. ),Tohhery,  burglary. 
"Theft"  is  not  properly  a  synonym  of 
"embezzlement." 

2.  The  thing  stolen:  steal  (rare),  filch 
(rare);  spec  pilfer,  pilferage  (rare),  pil- 
fery (obs.  or  rare),  crib,  mainour  (hist.). 

theist,  n.  Spec,  deist,  monotheist,  poly- 
theist,  pantheist. 


fW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
tent,  n.:  pledget. 
tent,  V.  i.:  dwell,  camp. 
tentacle,  a.:  feeler. 
tentative,  a.:  provisional. 
tenter,  n.:  frame. 
tenter,  v.  t.:  stretch. 
tenuous:  slender,  thin. 
term,  v.  t.:  name. 
termagant:  shrew. 
terminal,  a.:  final. 
terminal,  n.:   end. 
terminate,  v.  i.:  end. 
terminate,  r.  t.:  end. 
termination:   ending,  end,  out- 


come, suffix. 

terminus:  limit,  end,  destina- 
tion. 

termless:  boundless. 

terra-cotta:   earthenware. 

terrain,  terrane:  formation, 
area,  territory. 

terrible:   fearful,  alarming. 

terrific:   alarming. 

terrified:   afraid. 

terrify:   frighten. 

territorial:   local. 

terror:  fear. 

terrorize:  frighten. 

terse:  concise. 


tertiary:   third. 

tessellate:  inlay. 

test,     «.;      examination,     trial, 

standard,  assay. 
test,  r.  t.:  examine,  try. 
testament:  will. 
testy:   irascible. 
tether,  n.:  fastening. 
textile:   fabric. 
textural:    structural. 
thankless:   ungrateful. 
thaw:    liquefy. 
theme:      subject,    composition, 

stem. 
then:   afterwards,  therefore. 


XW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

430 


THIN 


theologian,  n.  theologer  (rare),  theologas- 
ter  (derogatory),  theologue  (rare),  theolo- 
gist,  theolog  {slang  or  colloq.) ;  spec,  divine. 

theology,  n.  divinity;  spec,  isagogics,  dog- 
matics, homiletics. 

theoretical,  a.  theoretic,  speculative, 
notional  (logic  or  philos.),  doctrinaire',  pa- 
per (fig.);  spec,  ideal;   see  conjectural, 

ACADEMIC. 

theorist,  n.  speculator  (rare),  doctrinaire 
(often  used  in  reproach),  doctrinarian,  no- 
tionalist (logic  or  philos.). 

theorize,  v.  i.  speculate,  doctrinize;    see 

GUESS. 

theory,  n.  1.  See  idea. 
2.  hypothesis,  speculation,  doctrine,  sys- 
tem,   ism    (chiefly   disparaging;    colloq.), 
principle,  philosophy;  spec,  theosopheme; 
see  GUESS. 

there,  adv.  1.  thereat  (a  formal  term). 
2.  thither  {noiv  chiefly  literary). 

thereabout,  adv.  1.  thereabouts,  therebe- 
sides  (archaic  or  poetic),  thereby  (archaic 
or  dial.).  There  is  no  decided  choice  between 
the  two  forms  "thereabout"  and  "there- 
abouts." 

2.  thereupon  (archaic  or  formal) ,  thereon 
(formal),  thereanent  (rare). 

therefore,  adv.  &  conj.  thus,  consequently, 
hence,  so,  ergo  (tech.  or  Latin),  wherefore; 
spec,  henceforward,  then. 

thereon,  adv.  thereupon  (more  formal  or 
emphatic  or  employed  for  euphony). 

thermometer,  n.  calorific  (a  loose  ^lse); 
spec,  mercury,  glass,  Fahrenheit,  Centi- 
grade, Reaumur. 

thick,  a.  1.  Referring  to  extension  from  one 
surface  to  the  opposite:  heavy,  crass  (obso- 
lescent); see  DEEP. 
Antonyms:  see  thin. 

2.  Referring  to  that  which  consists  of  visible 
separate  parts  or  objects,  as  hair,  a  forest, 
etc.:    dense,  thickset,  crowded;    spec,  see 

BUSHY. 

Antonyms:  see  thin. 

3.  Referring  to  fluids:  stiff,  inspissated, 
viscid,  viscous,  grumous  or  (rare)  gru- 
mose  (chiefly  tech.),  crass  (rare);  spec. 
clotted. 

Antonyms:  see  thin. 

4.  See  coarse,    cloudy,   foggy,   hazy, 

FREQUENT,  ABUNDANT,  HOARSE,  GUT- 
TURAL. 

thicken,  v.  t.  thick  (rare),  stiffen,  inspis- 
sate (tech.  or  learned),  inviscate  (rare),  in- 
crassate   (rare);    spec,  embody  (paints); 
see  condense,  coagulate. 
Antonyms:  see  thin,  dilute. 


thickening,  n.  1.  stiffening,  inspissation, 
incrassation  (rare),  inviscation  (rare);  see 
condensation. 

2.  Referring  to  ivhat  makes  thick:  stiffen- 
ing, binding;  spec,  liaison  (cookery). 

thickening,  a.  stiffening,  inspissant  (rare), 
incrassative  (rare). 

thicket,  n.  brush,  underbrush,  thickset 
(rare),  bosk  (literary),  boscage  (literary), 
covert,  brake  r-  spec,  chaparral  (south- 
western U.  S.),  fernshaw  (rare),  cane- 
brake,  jungle. 

thickness,  n.  1.  thick  (rare),  crassness  or 
crassitude  (rare),  heaviness;  spec,  grist, 
diameter. 

2.  density,  crowdedness. 

3.  stiffness,  consistence  or  (less  usual) 
consistency,  spissitude  (literary  or  tech.), 
viscosity,  crassness  or  crassitude  (rare). 

thick-skinned,  a.  1.  pachydermatous, 
pachyderm ; — both  tech. 

2.    See  INSENSIBLE. 

thief,  71.  stealer,  purloiner  (chiefly  spec), 
larcener  (rare),  pilferer  (chiefly  spec), 
filcher  (chiefly  spec),  lurch  (rare;  archaic), 
robber  (chiefly  spec),  lifter,  depredator 
(contextual),  micher  (obs.  or  dial.),  prig  or 
prigger  (slang  or  cant),  nimmer  (archaic), 
snatcher  (obs.  or  rare),  snapper  (obs.  or 
rare),  hooker  (slang,  obs.,  or  spec);  spec. 
picklock,  pickpocket,  shoplifter,  klepto- 
maniac, pickpurse  (rare  or  hist.),  cut- 
purse  (hi.it.),  light  horseman,  burglar. 

thievish,  a.  larcenous,  furacious  (pedantic 
or  humorous),  stealthy  (rare),  furtive 
(rare),  mercurial  (fig.;  literary),  light- 
fingered,  pilfering  (chiefly  spec),  pitchy 
(fig.;  said  esp.  of  the  claws,  finger,  etc), 
sticky  (fig.,  like  "pitchy"),  thefterous 
(rare). 

thievishness,  n.  thievery,  furaciousness  or 
furacity  (rare);  .spec  kleptomania. 

thigh,  n.  ham  (chiefly  in  pi.,  cxc.  spec), 
hock  or  hough  (spec  and  chiefly  Scot,  as 
applied  to  man). 

thighbone,  n.  femur  (tech.);  spec,  cross- 
bones  (pi.). 

thighpiece,  n.  In  armor:  cuisse  or  cuish. 

thimble,  n.  Spec,  thumbstall. 

thin,  a.  1.  See  slender,  sensitive,  shrill, 

UNSUBSTANTIAL,  FAINT. 

Antonyms:   see  thick. 

2.  rare,  rarefied,  crude  (rare),  exile  (ar- 
chaic), subtle  or  (now  rare)  subtile,  ten- 
uous (literary  or  formal),  tenuious  (rare), 
unsubstantial  (contextual). 

3.  Spec  thinnish,  dilute;  see  watery. 
Antonyms:  see  thick,  viscid,  crowded. 


S^^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
theorem:    statement,  rule. 
thereat:  tliere. 
thesaurus:   diclinnari/. 


thesis:    statement,  composition, 

proposition. 
thew:    muscle,  ligament. 
thick,  n.:  stork. 


thicken,  v.  i.:   cloud,  increase. 
thieve:   ."teal. 

thievery:       thieiiishness,     theft, 
riihhrni. 


%W  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

431 


THIN 


4.  loan,  loanisli  (rare),  slim,  poor,  spare, 
uieas^r  (lihrari/),  pinched,  slender;  spec. 
thinnish,  peaked  {chUjly  colioq.),  spin- 
dling, emaciated,  spindly  [colioq.),  gaunt, 
lank,  lanky,  scraggy,  scrawny  {U.  S.), 
hollow,  shrunken,  macilent  {rare),  hag- 
gard, bony,  fleshless,  lathy  {colioq.),  skinny 
{very  emphatic  or  loose  and  colioq.;  often 
contemptuous),  skeletal,  scramiel  {rare  or 
obs.),  raw-boned,  squinny  {rare). 

Antonyms:  see  fat,  plump. 
thin,  V.  i.  I.  rarefy,  attenuate,  extenuate 
{i-arc),  subtilize  {rare). 

Antonyms:   see  thicken. 

2.  Spec,  water,  dilute,  adulterate. 

3.  See  EMACIATE. 

thine,  n.  tuum  {Latin). 

thing,  n.  1.  »See  occurrence,  deed,  con- 
cern, MATERIAL,  ARTICLE,  ITEM,  OBJECT, 
IDEA,  SUBJECT,  CREATURE,  PERSON,  CHAT- 
TELS, GOODS. 

2.  article,  affair,  arrangement,  produc- 
tion, contrivance,  concern,  commodity, 
business  {colioq.),  shebang  {slang,  U.  S.), 
jiggumbob  {colioq.),  fakement  {slang), 
dodge  {colioq.  or  slang). 

3.  entity  {learned  or  tech.),  individuum 
{tech.);  spec,  non-ego,  monad,  something. 

think,  V.  i.  1.  cogitate  {tech.  or  literary), 
ween  {archaic);  spec,  misthink;  see  rea- 
son. 

2.  To  form  a  conception  (of):  dream  {used 
with  "of"). 

3.  As  in  "to  think  well  of,"  "to  think  a  good 
deal  of":  reckon  (rare). 

think,  V.  t.  conceive,  ideate ;  spec,  imagine, 
understand,  realize. 

thinkable,  a.  cogitable  {literary  or  learn- 
ed), conceivable,  possible;  spec,  imagi- 
nable. 

thinker,  n.  mind,  intellect,  intelligence  or 
intelligency  {rare). 

thinking,  a.  cogitating  {literary  or  tech.), 
reasoning,    cogitative    {literary  or  tech.), 
cogitant  {learned);  see  reasonable. 
Antonyms:  sec  unthinking. 

thinking,  n.   1.  cogitation  {tech.  or  liter- 
ary), thought,  brainwork;    spec,  concep- 
tion, reflection;  see  consideration,  rea- 
soning, imagination. 
2.  See  belief. 

third,  a.  tertiary,  ternary,  ternal  {rare); — 
all  learned  or  tech. 

third,  n.  tierce  {obs.  or  spec);  spec,  ditone, 
terza. 

thirst,  n.  1.  appetite  {contextual),  longing 
(contextual),  drought  or  drouth  (archaic); 
spec,  dipsomania,  polydipsia. 


2.  See  greed. 
thirsty,  a.  1.  Hamrig  thirst:    athirst  {ar- 
chaic or  literary),  thirstful  (rare),  droughty 
or  drouthy  (archaic),  dry  (colioq.  or  vulgar). 

2.  Causing  thirst:    dry  (colioq.  or  vulgar), 
dipsetic  (tech.). 

3.  See  desirous. 

thong,  71.  strip,  band,  range  (rare);   spec. 
riem  or  rheini  {So.  Africa),  lasso. 
thoracic,  a.  pectoral. 
thorn,  n.  1.  spine;  spec,  brier  or  briar;  see 

PRICKLE. 

2.    *S'ee  ANNOYANCE. 

thorough,  a.  complete,  absolute,  unqual- 
ified, straight-out,  regular,  ingrained,  out- 
and-out,  downright,  right-down  (colioq.), 
outright  (rare),  unmitigated  (colioq.),  good 
(contextual) ;•  spec,  radical;  see  exhaust- 
ive, DEEP. 
Antonyms:  see  negligent,  ikcomplete, 

.  partial. 

thoroughly,  adv.  completely,  well,  up, 
good  (colioq.),  downright;  spec,  radically. 

thoughtful,  a.  1.  considerative,  reflective, 
pensive  (rare),  cogitabund  (rare),  deliber- 
ate, musing,  contemplative. 
Antonyms:    see   blank,    thoughtless, 
unthinking. 
2.  *S'ee   careful,   prudent,   attentive, 

KINDLY. 

thoughtless,  a.  1.  unthinking,  unreflect- 
ing, irreflective  {rare),  unweighing  (rare), 
vacant,  blank,  vacuous  (literary  or  learn- 
ed), unideaed  (rare),  unideal  (rare), 
lightheaded  (rare),  inconsiderate  (rare). 

2.  Referring  to  what  is  done  thoughtlessly: 
unthinking,  unweighed,  casual. 

Antonyms:    see  thoughtful,  deliber- 
ate. 

3.  See  blank,  careless,  stupid. 
thoughtlessness,  n.  unthinkingness,  un- 

reflectingness,  vacuousness,  blankness,  etc. 

Antonyms:  see  consideration. 
thousand,  a.  millenary  (literary  or  learned) ; 

spec,  millennial. 
thousand,  n.  chiliad  (literary),  millennium 

(^earned,  or  spec),  millenary  {rare),  mill- 

iad  (rare). 
thrash,  v.  t.  1.  strike,  beat,  thresh  (obs.  or 

rare),  curry  (fig.),  comb  (slang),  dust  (obs. 

or  colioq.),  wallop  (slang),  whale  (colioq.), 

trim  (.slang),  drub,  trounce  (colioq.);  spec 

belt,  strap. 

2.  See  defeat. 
thread,  n.  1.  string  (contextual),  filament 

(contextual);     spec,   yarn,    cotton,    linen, 

purl,  lisle,  twine,  twist,  tram,  shute,  lingel 

or  lingle  (dial.). 


fS'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

thole:  roiclock. 

gence,  idea,  fancy,  opinion,  in- 

thin-skinned:  sensitive. 

thorny:  prickly- 

tention,   expectation,   considera- 

thirst, V.  i.:   long. 

thoroughgoing:  unqualified. 

tion,  attention,  care. 

thistle:   prickle. 

though:    u.nlthough. 

thrall:   slave. 

thistly:    prickly. 

thought:        Viitiking,       intelli- 

thralldom: slavery. 

iW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

432 


THROWING 


2.  The  thread  of  a  screw:  fillet. 

3.  See  FILAMENT,  STREAK,   SERIES,   CHAN- 
NEL, COURSE. 

thread,  v.  t.  1.  Naut.:  reeve. 

2.  Referring  to  a  screw:  spec.  tap. 

3.  trace;  spec,  {of  dancing)  braid. 

4.  See  FILE. 

threadlike,  a.  linear   {chiefly  tech.);    see 

HAIRLIKE. 

thready,  a.  setiilifonn  {tech.);  see  fila- 
mentous. 

threat,  n.  1.  menace,  thunder  {fig.),  thun- 
derbolt   {fig.),    commination    {literary  or 
learned);  spec,  denunciation  {learned). 
2.  Referring  to  the  aspect  of  the  sky:  lower 
or  lour. 

threaten,  v.  t.  1.  menace,  threat  {archaic), 
comminate  {rare);  spec,  denounce  {rare), 
warn. 

2.  With  the  thing  held  out  by  way  of  a 
threat,  as  object:  menace;  spec.  vow. 

3.  See  FOREBODE. 

threaten,  v.  i.  overhang,  lower  or  lour. 

threatening,  a.  1.  significant  {contextual), 
minatory  {literary),  menacing,  sinister, 
dark  {contextual),  black  {contextual),  om- 
inous, comminatory  or  {rare)  commina- 
tive  {literary  or  learned),  ill-boding,  dire- 
ful, dire,  threatful  {rare);  spec,  thundery 
{fig.),  denunciatory  {literary). 

2.  Referring  to  the  sky,  clouds.,  etc.:  lower- 
ing or  louring,  lowery  or  loury. 

3.  See  FOREBODING. 

three,  n.  trio,  ternion  {literary),  triad 
{chiefly  tech.),  trinity  {literary  or  spec), 
trine  {rare);  spec,  triumvirate  {chiefly 
fig.),  triplet. 

three-cornered,  a.  triangular,  triangle 
{rare),  triangled; — all  three  tech.  or  formal. 

threefold,  a.  triple,  triplicate,  treble,  ter- 
nary, ternal  {rare),  triplasic  {tech.),  tri- 
plasian  {obs.  or  rare),  trine  (rare),  triadic, 
trinary;  .spee.  trimerous. 

threefold,  adv.  triply,  trebly. 

three-footed,  a.  tripod,  tripodal,  tripodic 
{rare); — all  three  learned  or  formal. 

three-headed,  a.  tricephalous  {tech.). 

three-hundredth,  a.  tercentennial,  ter- 
centenary ; — both  learned. 

three-legged,  a.  tripod. 

three-parted,  a.  tripartite,  triparted; 
spec,  trichotomous; — all  three  tech.  or 
learned. 

three-sided,  a.  trilateral  {tech.  or  learned), 
triquetrous  {chiefly  spec;  tech.  or  learned). 

thresh,  v.  t.  Referring  to  the  threshing  of 
grahi:  thrash  (now  rare);  spec,  flail. 

threshold,  n.  1.  sill,  groundsel,  doorsill. 


2.  See  BORDER,  BEGINNTNG. 

3.  In  psychol.:  Umen  {tech.). 

thrill,    n.    sensation    {contextual),    shock, 

flush,  tingle,  tickle,  electrification  {fig.), 

dirl  {Scot.  &  Eng.  dial.). 
thrill,  V.  t.  affect  {contextual),  rouse,  tingle, 

tickle,  electrify  {fig.),  dirl  {Scot.  &  Eng. 

dial.). 
thrilling,   a.    sensational,    electric    {fig.), 

tinglish  {rare). 
thrive,  V.  i.  1.  *See  prosper. 

2.  flourish,  batten,  boom, 

3.  grow,  flouri.sh;  spec,  bloom,  vernate. 
throat,  n.  gullet  {a  loose,  depreciatory  use), 

throttle  {chiefly  dial.),  thropple  {Scot.  & 
dial.),  gorge  {archaic  of  the  exterior  front  of 
the  throat;  rhetorical  of  the  internal  throat), 
maw  {chiefly  spec),  lane  {slang),  hals 
{Scot.),  fauces  {tech.). 

throat,  a.  faucal  {tech.),  guttural  {chiefly 
tech.),  gular  {zool.),  faucial  {rare). 

throaty,  a.  hoarse  {contextual),  guttural. 

through,  prep.  1.  thorough  {archaic), 
throughout. 

2.    See  BY,  DURING. 

throw,  V.  t.  1.  See  project. 

2.  Referring  to  projection  by  the  motion  of 
the  arm  or  hand:  project,  cast  {chiefly  lit- 
erary or  used  in  games),  pitch  {chiefly 
spec),  sling,  fhng;  spec,  deliver,  huri,  hur- 
tle, launch,  skim,  lance  {rare  or  poetic), 
elance  {archaic  and  rare),  toss,  chuck  {of- 
ten colloq.  or  slang),  dash,  shy,  jaculate 
{rare),  lob,  heave  {naid.  or  colloq.),  cob, 
pelt,  pitchfork  {fig.  or  spec),  sky  {slang), 
reject  {rare),  retroject  {rare),  jettison, 
jerk,  quoit,  fork,  flirt,  flip,  play. 

Antonyms:  see  catch. 

3.  Meaiiing  to  throw  off  or  down:  cast, 
tumble,  cant,  flap  {colloq.),  flop  {colloq.), 
fling;  spec,  wrestle  {cowboy's  cant;  west- 
ern U.S.),  hipe;  see  fell,  unhorse. 

4.  precipitate,  fling,  plunge. 

5.  (See  overturn,  discharge,  put,  bring, 
defeat,  emit,  play,  shed. 

throw,  n.  1.  See  projection. 

2.  Referring  to  projection  by  the  motion  of 
the  arm:  projection,  throwing,  cast  {chief- 
ly literary  or  used  in  games);  spec,  deliv- 
ery, pitch,  sling,  fling,  hurl,  toss,  chuck, 
dash,  shy,  jaculation  {rare),  put  {Scot, 
or  cant),  lob,  rejection,  downcast,  flip. 

3.  *See  play;   spec,  crab,  nick,  cast,  main. 

4.  precipitation,  throwing,  plunge,  pitch. 

5.  Meaning  a  casting  off  or  down:  cast, 
cant,  tumble,  fall  {chiefly  spec),  fling; 
spec  buttock,  backcast,  nelson,  hipe. 

throwing,  a.  jaculatory  {rare). 


C^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
threnody:   dirge. 
thlift:   economy, 
thriftless :  imprudent. 
throb,  n.:  pulsation. 


throb,  t).  i.:  pulsate. 
throe:   spasm,  pain. 
throne:     seat,    chair,    cathedra, 
sovereignty.  [crowding. 

throng,    71.:     crowd,    multitude. 


throng,  V.  i.:  crowd,  congregate. 
throng,  V.  t.:  crowd. 
throttle:   choke,  silence. 
throw,  r'.  i.:   gamhle,  flounce. 
throwback:   relapse. 


XW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

433 


THRUM 


thrum,  ('.  i.  1.  strum;  sec  drum. 

2.    ^^'tV  HUM. 

thrum,  i:  t.  strum;  spec,  thumb;  see  pvay. 
thrum,  ;i.  1.  strum. 

2.    ^\T  HUM. 

thrushlike,  ti.  turdiform  (tech.). 
thrust,  n.  1.  ^V<•  push. 

2.  push,  pass  {chiefly  fencing  and  pugil- 
ism), dub  (coUoq.);    spec,  dab,  jab  (col- 

loq.),  job,  plunge,  lunge. 
thrust,  r.  t.  1.  See  push. 

2.  push,  propel,  stick,  poke,  run;    spec. 

plunge,  lunge  (rare),  ram,  jam,  jab  {col- 

loq.),  perk,  strike  {contextual). 
Atitonyms:  sec  draw. 

S.  punch,  dig;  see  poke. 

4.  See  PROPEL,  PUT. 
thrust,  V.  i.  1.  push,  pass;    spec.  lunge, 

poke,  job,  jab  {colloq.),  prick,  dab,  foil 

(archaic),  foin  (rare  or  obs.). 

2.  push,  poke;  spec,  lunge,  pass  (chiefly 
fencing  and  pugilism),  plunge,  ram,  job, 
jab  (colloq.),  return,  remise  (French), 
flanconade,  passado,  riposte  (French), 
prime,  tierce,  carte,  seconde,  quinte. 

3.  punch,  dig  (colloq.),  dub;  spec,  stab, 
poke. 

thumb,  n.  digit  (formal  oi^  learned),  poUex 
(tech.). 

thunder,  V.  i.  1.  detonate  (rare),  fulmine 
or  fulminate  (rare). 
2.  See  RESOUND,  shout. 

thunderbolt,  n.  thunder  (poetic  or  ar- 
chaic), thunderstone  (archaic),  thunder- 
stroke. 

thunderclap,  n.  thunder  (poetic  or  rhetor- 
ical), thunderblast. 

thunderous,  a.  1.  thundering,  fubnina- 
tory  (rare),  thundery. 

2.    See  RESONANT. 

ticket,  n.  1.  Spec,  coupon,  ballot;  see  la- 
bel, LIST. 

2.  Referring  to  a  ticket  of  admission: 
pasteboard  (slang),  billet  (archaic  or  obs.); 
spec,  ivory  (slang  or  cant). 

ticking,  n.  The  sound:  tick-tock  (colloq.). 

tickle,  V.  t.  1.  See  please,  divert. 
2.  titillate,  curry  (fig.);  spec,  ginnel. 

tickling,  n.  titillation. 

ticklish,  a.  1.  tickly,  kittly  (Scot,  and  local 
U.  S.). 

2.    (See  DANGEROUS. 


tidied,  a.  redd  {Scot.;  chiefly  icith  "up"). 

tidy,  n.  antimacassar  (now  rare  or  obs.). 

tidy,  V.  t.  arrange,  groom,  redd  (Scot,  or 
dial.;  chiefly  with  "up"). 
Antonyms:  sec  disarrange. 

tie,  n.  1.  See  band,  bond,  fastening,  ob- 
ligation, equality. 

2.  In  7nu.sic,  typography,  and  writing:  lig- 
ature, slur  (muxic). 

tiger,  n.  cat  (in  zoological  cla.'isification), 
pussy  (humorou.'^),  Johnny  (sportsman's 
cant);  spec,  whelp. 

tight,  a.  1.  *See  compact,  firm,  narrow, 
impassable,  close,  stingy. 
2.  tense,  taut  or  taught  (chiefly  naut.), 
strict  {rare  or  tech.),  strait  (rare  or  liter- 
ary), hard  (contextual);  spec.  snug. 
Antonyms:  see  loose. 

tighten,  v.  t.  1.  draw  (contextual),  tauten; 
spec.  lace. 
Antonyms:  see  loose,  relax. 
2.  Spec.  flag. 

tightness,  n.  tension,  tensity,  etc. 

tile,  71.  plate;  spec,  quarl,  head,  pantile. 

timber,  7i.  1.  wood  (contextual) ;  spec,  lum- 
ber (chiefly  U.  S.),  raff,  pilework,  piling, 
stumpage  (cant,  U.  S.). 
2.  See  beam,  material. 

timbre,  n.  I7i  7nusic:  clang  tint  or  (for 
short)  clang. 

time,  n.  1.  tide  (archaic),  space  (rare,  exc. 
contextual),  day  (Jjg.),  days  (pi.;  less  fig. 
than  "day"),  while  (chiefly  in  "ivorth 
while");  spec,  long,  eve,  usance,  breath- 
ing, bit;  see  date,  period,  leisure,  op- 
portunity, experience. 
2.  Referring  to  a  particular  instant  in  time, 
without  reference  to  duratio7i:  point,  in- 
stant, moment;  spec,  bell;  see  hour. 

timely,  a.  1.  appropriate,  seasonable,  op- 
portune,   tempestive    (archaic),    conven- 
ient   (archaic),    timeous    (obs.    or  tech.); 
spec,  fortunate,  acceptable. 
Antonyms:  see  untimely,  improper. 
2.  See  EARLY. 

timely,  adv.  1.  acceptably,  seasonably,  op- 
portunely, apropos. 

2.    See  EARLY. 

timepiece,  n.  timekeeper,  horologe  (tech.), 
horologium  (rare),  chronometer  (chiefly 
spec),  clock  (chiefly  spec);  spec,  watch, 
water  glass,  journeyman,  clepsydra,  hy- 


tS^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
thumb,  V.  t.:  handle,  read. 
thump,  n.:  blow. 
thump,  V.  t.:  heat. 
thunder,  r.  t.:  shout. 
thunderstruck:    surprised. 
thwack,  n.:  blow. 
thwack,  V.  t:  strike,  beat. 
thwart,  V.  t.:  defeat,  contravene. 
tick,  n.:  account,  credit. 
tick,  V.  &  n.:  tap,  mark,  check. 
tickle,  n.;  thrill. 


tide,  n.:  flow. 

tide,  V.  i.:  float,  flow. 

tide,  V.  t.:  transport. 

tidings:  news. 

tidy:  orderly,  considerable. 

tie,    V.  t.:     bind,   fasten,    knot, 

equal,  confine,  attach,  restrict. 
tied:   bound. 
tier:  row. 
tiff,  n.:  pet,  quarrel. 
tiff,  I'.  ?.;   quarrel. 
tigerish:  fierce. 


till,  prf p.  &  conj.:  until. 
till,  V.  t.:  cidtivate,  plow. 
tillable:   arable. 
tillage:  cultivation. 
tiller:  lever,  helm. 
tilt,  V.  t.:   incline. 
tilt,  n.:  canopy,  tent. 
tilt,  V.  i.:  slope,  fight,  contend. 
tilt,  n.:    inclination,  fight,  con- 
test. 
tilter,  n.:  fighter,  contestant. 
timeless:  eternal. 


tS^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

434 


TOLERANT 


droscope,  regulator,  pendule  (French), 
repeater. 

timeserver,  n.  opportunist,  politique 
{French  hist.),  temporizer,  trimmer. 

timeservice,  n.  opportunism  {chiefly  poli- 
tics) . 

timeserving,  a.  opportunist,  temporizing, 
politic,  diplomatic. 

time-table,  n.  schedule  (chiefly  U.  S.). 

timid,  a.  fearful,  timorous  (literary  or 
formal),  meticulous  (obs.),  scary  (colloq.), 
pavid  (rare),  tremulous  (rare  or  spec), 
unhardy  (rare);  spec,  shrinking,  shy,  dif- 
fident, faint-hearted,  faint,  half-hearted, 
cow-hearted  (rare),  creepmouse  (fig.; 
chiefly  in  nursery  talk),  cowardly,  super- 
stitious, heartless  (rare),  spiritless  (rare), 
spineless  (fig.),  inad  venturous  (rare), 
ghastful    (archaic),    funky    (slang);     see 

BASHFUL. 

Antonyms:    see  assured,  bold,  confi- 
dent, VENTURESOME. 

timidity,  n.  timidness,  fearfulness,  timor- 
ousness  (literary  or  formal),  meticulous- 
ness  (obs.);  spec,  shyness,  cowardice,  cow- 
ardliness, diffidence,  faint-heartedness, 
etc.;  see  bashfulness. 
Antonyms:  see  assurance,  boldness, 
etc. 

tinkle,  n.  ring,  tinkling,  ting-a-ling  (col- 
loq.), tintinnabulation  (literary),  ting 
(rare),  tingle  (rare),  tink  (rare);  see  ring. 

tinkle,  v.  i.  ring,  tink  (rare),  ting  (rare). 

tinner,  n.  tinsmith,  tinman,  whitesmith 
(rare  or  obsolescent) . 

tint,  n.  color  (contextual),  shade,  tinge, 
tincture  (rare),  tinct  (archaic  or  poetic), 
tone,  cast,  nuance  (French). 

tint,  V.  t.  color  (contextual),  shade,  tinge, 
tinct  (archaic  or  poetic) ,  tincture  (rare) . 

tip,  V.  t.  &  i.  1.  See  tap,  incline,  inform. 
2.  fee,    remember    (euphemistic),    pouch 
(slang  or  colloq.),  dash  or  dashee  (African 
coast),  baksheesh  (Oriental). 

tip,  n.  1.  See  tap,  inclination. 

2.  point,  pointer  (coZ^of/.,  U.  S.),hint. 

3.  gift,  fee,  remember  (euphemistic), 
douceur  (French),  dash  or  dashee  (African 
coast),  baksheesh  (Oriental),  bonus. 

tipple,  V.  i.  drink,  nip. 


tippler,  n.  drinker,  nipper,  bencher,  sipper. 

tirade,  n.  discourse  (contextual),  harangue, 
declamation,  screed,  rant. 

tirade,  v.  i.  discourse  (contextual),  har 
rangue,  declaim,  rant,  screed  (rare). 

tire,  n.  1.  See  dress. 
2.  tyre  (the  usual  British  spelling);   spec. 
pneumatic. 

tire,  V.  t.  I.  weary,  fatigue,  tucker  (colloq.; 
NewEng.),  forweary  (archaic);  spec,  jade, 
fag;  bore,  exhaust. 

Antonyms:   see  divert,  refresh,  rest, 
restore. 
2.  See  SICKEN. 

tire,  V.  i.  1.  weary,  flag;  spec,  jade,  fag. 
2.  See  SICKEN. 

tired,    a.    wearied,  weary,  fatigued,  etc.; 
spec,  tiry  (colloq.  and  rare). 
Antonyms:  see  fresh. 

tiresome,  a.  1.  wearisome,  fatiguing,  tedi- 
ous; spec,  fagging. 
Antonyms:  see  restful. 
2.  See  DULL. 

tissue,  n.  1.  See  fabric,  structure. 
2.  In  biology:  spec,  web,  membrane,  pa- 
renchyma, prosenchyma,  cartilage,  cinen- 
chyma,  muscle,  etc. 

to,  prep.  1.  toward. 
2.  See  at,  by,  until,  after. 

toad,  n.  batrachian,  paddock  (archaic), 
toadlet  or  toadling  (dim.). 

toast,  V.  i.  1.  Spec,  see  brown,  warm. 
2.  drink,  bumper  (rare),  pledge. 

toast,  n.  1.  pledge,  pledging,  wassail  (ohs. 
or  archaic),  skoal  (archaic);    spec,  senti- 
ment, health. 
2.  See  GLOW. 

tobacco,  n.  weed  (colloq.),  nicotian  (rare), 
Nicotiana  (a  personification). 

toddle,  V.  i.  walk,  waddle,  paddle. 

toe,  n.  digit  (tech.;  humorous  or  affected  in 
ordinary  language),  dactyl  or  dactylus 
(tech.);  spec,  heel,  hallux. 

together,   adv.    Spec,   mutually,   recipro- 
cally,   unitedly,    conjointly,    contempo- 
raneously. 
Antonyms:  see  apart. 

tolerant,  a.  1.  See  endurant. 
2.  forbearing,  indulgent;  see  liberal. 
Antonyms:  see  intolerant. 


IW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

tire,  V.  i.:  clothe. 

toady,  V.  i.:  fawn. 

timorous:  timid. 

tire,  n.:  weariness. 

toadying:  fawning. 

tinge,   n.:    tint,   quality, 

trace, 

titanic:   immense,  gigantic. 

toady ish:  fawning. 

admixture. 

titbit:   morsel,  sweetmeat. 

toast,  V.  I.:  glow. 

tinge,  V.  t.:    tint,  dye,  i 

mprcg- 

titillate:  please,  tickle. 

tocsin:   bell. 

nate. 

title,  n.:    heading,  name,  right. 

to-day:  now. 

tingle,  V.  i.:  sting,  thrill. 

ownership. 

toil,  n.:  net. 

tinker,  v.:  repair,  bungle 

title,  V.  t.:  name. 

toil,  ra.  &  v.:  work. 

tinsel:   gmidy. 

titter:  laugh. 

toilet:   dressing,  dress. 

tiny:  minute. 

tittle:  particle,  little. 

toilsome:   laborious. 

tip,  n.:  -point,  end. 

tittle  tattle:  gossip. 

tolien:      sign,     symbol,    badge 

tip,  V.  t..:  top. 

tittup:   prance. 

evidence. 

tipster:  informant. 

titular:   nominal. 

tolerable:    endurable,  fair,  in- 

tipsy: intoxicated. 

toadeater:  fawner. 

ferior,  considerable. 

tiptop:  excellent. 

toady,  ?i.;  fawner. 

tolerance:  endurance,  toleration 

tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

435 


TOLERATE 


tolerate,  r.  /.  1.  Sec  endure,  permit. 

2.  iiululsie. 
toleration,  n.  1.  See  ENDURANCE,  PER.MIS- 

2.  tolerance,  forbearance,  indulgence; 
spec,  liberality. 

tomb,  n.  1.  See  grave. 
2.  sepulcher  or  sepulchre  (hist,  or  rhetor- 
ical), sepulture  (archaic),  bier  (rare),  cist 
(archceoL);  spec,  mausoleum,  charnel, 
charnel  house,  feretory,  mastaba  or  ma-s- 
tabah,  vault. 

to-morrow,  n.  morrow  (literary),  to-morn 
(obs.  or  dial.). 

tone,  n.  1.  See  sound. 

2.  Referrin  g  to  a  so  u  nd  of  a  defi  n  ite  m  tisical 
pilch:  note;  spec,  second,  third,  fifth,  etc., 
touch,  hypate  (ancient  Greek  music),  toot, 
monotone. 

3.  Referring  to  vocal  pitch  or  modulation: 
strain,  key,  accent,  intonation;  spec. 
singsong. 

4.  Referring  to  the  sentiment  of  discourse: 
strain,  key,  spirit,  accent  (often  in  pi.,  as 
in  "in  accents  mild"). 

5.  See  TEMPER,  STRAIN,  HEALTH,  STATE, 
HUE. 

tongue,  7j.  1.  lingua  (tech.),  clapper  (slang), 
clack  (slang). 

2.  Referring  to  a  tonguelike  part:  spec. 
lingua,  hngula,  languet  (chiefly  mach.), 
examen  (rare),  doab  or  daub,  clapper. 

3.  See  LANGUAGE,  POLE,  POINTER,  HEAD- 
L-\ND. 

tongue- shaped,  a.  Ungulate,  linguiform; 
— both  tech.  or  learned. 

tooth,  n.  1.  ivory  (slang),  dental  (humor- 
ous); spec,  game  (pi.;  Scot.),  fang,  snag, 
tang,  gang  tooth,  pearl  (Jig.),  incisor, 
molar;  see  tusk. 

2.  projection  (contextual),  dent  (tech.), 
jag;  spec,  denticle,  denticulation,  dentil 
or  dentel  (archaic),  cog,  spur,  sprocket. 

3.  iSee  TASTE. 

toothless,  a.  edentate  (tech.;  chiefly  spec.), 
edentulate,  edentulous  (rare),  anodont 
(rare);    spec,  fangless. 

tooth-shaped,  a.  dentiform  (tech.),  odon- 
toid (rare); — both  tech.  or  learned. 


top,  n.  1.  See  head,  crown. 

2.  summit,  head,  cop  (ohs.  or  dial.), 
crown,  apc.\,  ujiside  (rare);  spec,  tiptop. 

Antonyms:  see  botto.m. 

3.  Referring  to  a  top  sloping  to  a  point  or 
edge:  apex,  peak,  vertex,  fa.stigium  (chief- 
ly architecture;  rare),  pitch;  spec,  crest, 
edge. 

Antonyttis:  .see  bottom. 

4.  Referring  to  the  jtiece  or  covering  forming 
the  top:  head,  headpiece  (chiefly  in  spec), 
heading,  cap,  capping,  crown,  cumulus 
(rare),  topping,  capital  (chiefly  architec- 
ture); spec,  drumhead,  lid,  capstone, 
cornice,  corona,  larmier,  coping. 

top,  V.  t.  1.  cover,  cap,  tip,  croAvn,  head, 
surmount,  crest,  ride. 

2.  ascend,  surmount,  rise  (chiefly  U.  S.), 
crest  (rare). 

3.  head;  spec,  crop,  pollard,  pall. 

4.  See  CROWN,  surpass. 

top,  a.  1.  highest,  topmost,  apical  (learned 
or  tech.),  culminal  (rare),  culminant  (rare), 
uppermost,  overmost. 
2.  See  CHIEF. 

top -shaped,  a.  turbinate  (tech.). 

topsyturvydom,  n.  Spec,  hysteron  pro- 
teron  (rare). 

torch,  n.  link  (literary  or  rare),  brand  (po- 
etic), flambeau,  mussal  (Anglo-Indian); 
spec,  lampion,  light. 

torchbearer,  n.  linkman  or  linkboy  (rare 
or  literary),  lampadephore  (Greek  antiq.; 
rare),  mus?alchee  (Anglo-Indian). 

torn,  a.  rent,  riven  (literary),  lacerate  or 
lacerated    (tech.     or    learned),    mangled, 
broken. 
Antonyms:  see  intact. 

tort,  n.  delict  (civil  and  Scots  law);  spec. 
trespass. 

torture,  v.  t.  1.  pain  (a  contextual  sense), 
agonize,  torment,  excruciate,  anguish 
(rare);  spec,  impale,  martyr  or  (rare) 
martyrize,  strappado,  rack,  roast,  bum, 
card,  pincer,  boot. 

2.    See  GRIEVE,  PER^-ERT. 

torture,  n.  pain,  torment,  excruciation; 
spec,  impalement,  martyrdom,  strappado, 
estrapade,  fire,  boot,  screws,  rack,  sling,  etc. 


trW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
tolerate:     endure,    permit,    in- 
dulge. 
toll:    ring. 
toll:   tax. 
tomboy:   hoyden. 
tombstone:  gravestone. 
tome:   hook. 
tomfoolery:  fooling. 
ton:   .'■tyle. 

tongue-lash:  abuse. 
tong:ueless:  silent,  dumb. 
tonic,  a. :  .stimulating. 
tonic,  n.:  stimulant. 
tonsure:    cutting. 
tonsured:  bareheaded. 


tool,  n.:   instrument,  puppet. 

tool,  !■.  i.:   drive,  bowl. 

toot,  v.:   blou\  sound. 

tooth,  V.  t.:  indent. 

toothed:   dentate. 

toothsome:   palatable. 

topcoat:  overcoat. 

tope:    drink. 

toper:    drinker. 

topheavy:   unstable. 

topic:  subject,  commonplace. 

topical:  local. 

topknot:   crest. 

topmost:   top. 

topping:   pretentious,  arrogant. 

topple,  V.  i.:  fall. 


topple,  T.  t.:  overturn. 

torment,  v.  t.:  pain,  torture, 
distress,  tease,  annoy,  trouble. 

torment,  n.:  pain,  distress,  an- 
noyance, trouble. 

torpid:  insensible,  apathetic, 
sluggish. 

torpor:  sluggishness,  apathy. 

torque:  twist. 

torrefy:   roast. 

torrent:  flood. 

torrid:  burnt,  hot. 

torridity:  heat. 

torsion:  tu-ist. 

torso:  body. 

tortuous:   sinuotis,  indirect. 


XW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

436 


TRACK 


Antonyms:  see  pleasttre. 
torturer,  n.  tormenter,  excruciator. 
torturous,  a.  painful,  excruciating  (often 

humorous),  agonizing. 
Antonyms:  see  pleasant. 
totter,  V.  i.  1.  See  falter. 

2.  Referring  to  what  seems  about  to  fall 

from,  weakness  or  instability:   shake,  reel, 

stagger,    rock,    titubate    (rare),    waver, 

tremble. 
totter,  ?)..  1.  See  fai-ter. 

2.  shake,  reel,  stagger,  rock,  titubation 

(rare),  waver,  tremble. 
tottering,  a.  shaky,  labefact  (rare),  titu- 

bant  (rare),  staggering,  etc. 
Antonyms:  see  firm. 
touch,?',  t.  1.  Spec,  reach,  impinge  (tech.), 

kiss,   lick,   sweep,   brush,   glance,   graze, 

feel,  handle,  palm,  toe,  finger,  join,  adjoin. 

2.  See  affect,  injure,  impair,  cakess, 

ANNOY,      SOFTEN,      PLAY,      TAINT,     REACH, 
IRRITATE. 

touch,  V.  i.  1.  contact  (rare  and  tech.);  spec. 

impinge,  kiss,  glance,  graze,  brush,  lap, 

border,  adjoin,  join,  osculate. 

2.  See  STOP. 
touch,  71.  1.  contact,  impact  (tech.),  trait 

(archaic;  now  chiefly  fig .) ,  tangence  (rare), 

attaint  (archaic);    spec,  feel,  kiss,  graze, 

glance,  brush,  osculation,  tickle,  button; 

see  IMPACT. 

2.  sensation,  feel,  feeling. 

3.  Referring  to  a  quality  of  a  player  or  ar- 
tist: hand,  stroke;  spec,  finger. 

4.  See     CARESS,     action,     execution, 

STROKE,     LITTLE,    DASH,    TRACE,    FIT,    IM- 
PERFECTION. 

touching,  n.  contingence  (rare  or  tech.), 
joinder  (rare),  tangence  or  tangency 
(tech.;  chiefly  spec);  spec,  adjacence,  ad- 
jacency. 

touching,   a.    1.    tangent    (tech.;    chiefly 
spec);  spec,  adjacent. 
Antonyms:  see  apart. 

2.    See  AFFECTING. 

toughen,  v.  t.  strengthen  (contextual); 
spec,     indurate,     inure;       see     anneal, 

HARDEN. 

tournament,  n.  1.  fight,  tourney;  spec. 
hastilude  (hist.),  carrousel,  justs  or  jousts. 
2.  See  CONTEST. 

tousle,  V.  t.  1.  ill-treat  (coiitextual) ,  tumble, 
touse  (rare),  maul,  mishandle,  manhan- 
dle (slang),  mouse  or  mousle  (archaic). 


2.    See  WORRY,  DISHEVEL. 

tow,  V.  t.  1.  draw  (contextual),  drag,  cor- 
delle  (U .  S.  &  Canada);  spec,  tug,  track. 

Antonyms:  see  push. 
2.  See  DRAW. 

tow,  n.  1.  draw,  drag; — referring  to  the  act 
of  towing  a  vessel. 
2.  towline,  cordelle  (U.  S.  &  Canada). 

toward,    prep,    towards    (less  usual   than 
"toward"),  to. 
Antonyms:  see  from. 

towel,  n.  cloth  (contextual),  wiper  (rare), 
diaper  (rare  or  obs.),  napkin  (rare);  spec 
lavabo  (eccL),  rubber. 

tower,  n.  Spec  towerlet,  sikhra,  vimana, 
pyramid,  pagoda,  pylon,  bastile,  lantern, 
peel,  nyragh,  donjon,  dungeon,  barbican, 
bartizan,  beacon,  tracker,  turret,  helepole 
(hist.),  belfry,  castle,  keep,  spire. 

town,  11.  burg  (colloq.  or  slang;  U.  S.), 
wick  (obs.,  exc  in  place  names);  spec,  bor- 
ough, city,  burgh  (now  Scot.),  pueblo, 
hamlet. 

townsman,  n.  citizen  (contextual),  towny 
(slang),  urbanite  (humorous),  urban  (rare), 
oppidan  (rare),  burgher  (archaic),  snob 
(xiniversity  cant;  Eng.),  Philistine  (a  term 
of  dislike  or  contempt),  cit  (short  for  "cit- 
izen"); spec  cad  (Eng.). 
Antonyms:  see  rustic. 

toy,  V.  i.  1.  See  play. 
2.  play,    dally,    dalliance    (rare),    trifle, 
fondle,  wanton,  daff  (chiefly  Scot.);   spec. 
finger,  fiddle,  twiddle,  twaddle  (rare). 

trace,  n.  Part  of  a  harness:  tug. 

trace,  n.  1.  See  track,  footprint,  evi- 
dence, DRAWING,  delineation. 

2.  mark,  impression,  vestige,  vestigium 
(tech.). 

3.  trifle,  taste,  savor,  smack,  smatch, 
shadow,  shade,  smell,  tang,  touch,  sus- 
picion (colloq.),  flavor,  suggestion,  hint, 
tinge,  cast;  spec  ray,  trick,  strain,  streak, 
spark,  sparkle,  tincture;  see  dash. 

trace,  v.  t.  1.  follow;  spec,  retrace. 

2.  See    TRACK,     delineate,     describe, 

COPY,  PERCEIVE. 

3.  derive,  track,  fetch  (ohs.  or  rare),  de- 
duce. 

track,  n.  1.  trace,  trail,  wake,  vestige 
(rare),  slot  (archaic  or  spec),  run  (rare), 
rack  (rare);  spec  tail  (tech.),  file,  spoor, 
furrow,  footing  (rare),  scent;  see  foot- 
print, PATH. 


f^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
toss,  V.  t.:  throw,  agitate,  annoy, 

bandy. 
toss,  V.  i.:  flounce. 
toss,  71.;  throw,  agitation. 
total,  a.;  whole,  absolute. 
total,  n.;  whole,  sum. 
total,  V.  i.:  amount. 
total,  V.  t.:  add,  constitute. 
totaling:   addition. 


totality:   wholeness,  whole. 
touchable:   tangible. 
touching,  prep.:    about. 
touchy:  irascible. 
tough,    a.:     strong,    intractable, 

hardy,     difficult,      troublesome, 

violent. 
tough,  n..-  rowdy. 
tour,  n.;   circuit,  excursion. 
tourist:    excursionist. 


tourney:   tournament. 
tout,  n.:   spy,  solicitor. 
tout,  V.  i.:  spy,  solicit. 
tower,  I',  i.:  rise. 
towering:   high. 
toxic:  poisonous. 
toxicant,  a.:   poisonous. 
toxicant,  n.:  poison. 
traceable:  attributable. 
tracery:  ornamentation. 


29 


fW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
437 


TRACK 


2.  way  (contextual),  road  {cotdextual), 
run,  runway,  rails  {collective  pL);  spec. 
tramway  (Eng.),  tram  [Eng.),  plate;   see 

SIDING. 

3.  N<T  ROAD,  COrUSK. 

track,  ('.  t.  1.  trace,  trail,  spoor,  slot  (rare, 
cxc.  .s'/MT.I;  spec,  pad,  foot  {rare),  prick, 
pug;    {Anghy-IniUaii),  scent,   road,    draw 

(/i«H/!'«<7). 

2.    ^'('r  TRACE. 

trade,  /i.   1.  See  business,  association, 

BAHTKH,  TRAFFIC,  SALE. 

2.  craft,  handicraft,  mystery  {archaic). 

tradesman,  n.  dealer;  spec,  shopkeeper. 

tradition,  n.  1.  See  delivert. 
2.  Spec,  folklore,  sunna. 

traditional,  a.  traditive  {literary  or  learn- 
ed), traditionary  {rare),  unwritten. 

traffic,  n.  1.  See  dealing. 
2.  business  {contextual),  trade,  trading, 
operations  {pi.),  mongering  {chiefly  ar- 
chaic or  depreciatory) ,  dealing,  commerce, 
merchantry  {rare),  truck,  merchandry 
{archaic),  nundination  {rare),  chapmanry 
(obs.  or  archaic),  chaffer  {obs.);  spec,  sim- 
ony, huckstery,  arbitrage,  contraband, 
barter. 

traffic,  V.  i.  1.  trade,  deal,  operate,  mer- 
chandise, merchant  {rare),  chaffer  {obs.  or 
archaic);    spec,  huckster,  bucket,  truck, 
barter,  commerce. 
2.  See  deal. 

tragedian,  n.  actor  {contextual),  trage- 
dienne {French;  fern.),  Thespian  {literary 
or  humorous) . 

tragedy,   7i.    drama    {contextual),   buskin 

(Jw.). 

Antonyms:  see  burlesque. 
tragic,  a.  dramatic,  cothurnal  {fig.),  Thes- 
pian {literary),  buskined  (fig.). 
Antonyms:  see  comic 
trail,  n.  1.  train  {chiefly  spec),  drag,  tail. 

2.  See  track,  path. 
train,  n.  1.  See  tail,  procession,  series, 
SET,  retinut:,  sequel. 

2.  Referring  to  persons  or  things  folloiving 
or  attending:  entourage,  cortege  {French); 
spec,  coffle  {Orieiifal). 

3.  Spec,  local,  express,  accommodation, 
freight. 

train,  v.  t.  1.  teach,  discipline,  drill,  edu- 
cate, school   {chiefly  spec),  form  {rare); 


spec,  make  {cant),  rehearse,  pace,  gait; 
see  accustom,  exercise. 

2.  In  horticulture:  spec,  espalier. 

3.  See  aim. 

trained,  a.  skilled,  disciplined,  educated 
(contextual);  sj)ec.  thorough-jjaced,  reared. 
Antonyms:  see  untrained. 

trainer,  /;.  educator  {cordextual),  drill  or 
ilriller  {chiefly  mil.),  coach  {chiefl.y  spec); 
spec,  rough-rider,  walker,  lanista  {Roman 
antiq.). 

training,  n.  discipline,  drill,  drilling, 
school  {chiefly  military;  cant),  manege 
{French)  or  {archaic)  manage  {equestrian- 
ism), making  {tech.;  hunting),  education; 
see  exercise. 

training,  a.  educative  (contextual). 

traitor,  n.  betrayer,  proditor  {obs.  or  rare), 
snake  [fig.),  serpent  {fiig.),  traitress  (fern.), 
Iscariot  {fig.),  Judas  (fig.),  renegade,  turn- 
coat; spec  parricide  {Jig.),  deserter. 
Antonyms:  see  patriot. 

tramp,  ;'.  i.  go  {contextual);  spec,  walk, 
hike,  plod,  trudge. 

trample,  v.  t.  tread  {contextual),  betrample 
{intensive),  tramp,  overtread  {rare),  over- 
trample  {rare);  spec,  hobnail,  poach. 

trampled,  a.  trod  or  trodden  (chiefly  used 
in  composition). 

trance,  n.  ecstasy  {hist.),  rapture  (obs.), 
catalepsy,  hypnosis,  coma. 

transaction,  n.  1.  See  doing. 
2,  act,  action,  affair,  job,  deal  {U.  S.). 

transcribe,  v.  t.  1.  write  {contextual),  copy; 
spec,  exemplify,  engross,  estreat. 
2.  See  transliterate. 

transcriber,  n.  A\Titer,  copyist,  scrivener, 
scribe  {learned  or  specific);  spec  literalist. 

transcript,  n.  writing  {contextual),  copy, 
transcription;  spec  exemplification,  en- 
grossment, estreat. 

transcription,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  action: 
writing,  copying,  transcribing;    spec  ex- 
emplification, engrossment. 
2.  Referring  to  the  copy:  see  transcript. 

transfer,  v.  t.  1.  See  remove,  copy. 
2.  convey,  cede  {formal  or  tech.),  alienate 
(tech),  grant  (rare  or  tech.),  divest  {liter- 
ary), pass  (contextual),  transmigrate 
(rare);  spec  devise,  bequeath,  consign, 
assign,  lease,  charter,  will,  demise,  give, 
negotiate,  mancipate. 


XW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
trackless:  -pathless. 
tract:   composition. 
tract:   area. 

tractable:    adaptable,  manage- 
able. 
tractate:  composition. 
tractile:  ductile,  mnnaqenhlc. 
traction:  drawing. 
trade,  r.  i.:   traffic,  barter. 
trading,  n.:   traffic. 
traduce:  disparage. 


trail,  V.  t.:  draw,  draggle,  track, 

hunt. 
trail,  V.  i.:  draw,    hang,    float, 

floiv,  creep. 
trait:   touch,  characteristic, 

quality. 
traitorous:     treacherous,    trea- 

xonahle. 
trajectory:   course. 
trammel:   hamper. 
tramp,  r.  !.;   step,  walk. 
tramp,  v.  t.:   trample,  traverse. 


tramp,   n.:     step,   tread,   walk, 

pcite^triaji,  vagrant. 
trample,  v.  i.:  walk. 
trample,  re..-   tread. 
tranquil:   calm,  peaceful. 
tranquilize:   calm,  pacify. 
tranquillity:  calm,,  peace. 
transact:   do. 

transcend:   exceed,  surpass. 
transcendent:    excessive,  fine, 

unequaled. 
transcendental:   abstract. 


t-^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

4  ns 


TRANSLATOR 


3.  Referring  to  intangible  tilings:  pass,  re- 
move, devolve,  devolute  {rare),  translate 
{chiefly  spec.),  transfuse  {fig.),  transmit, 
shift,  transplant  {chiefly  fig.  or  spec), 
post,  carry;  see  delegate. 
transfer,  n.  1.  See  removal,  movement, 
COPY. 

2.  transference,  transferal,  conveyance, 
cession  {rare  or  tech.;  often  spec),  assign- 
ment {often  spec),  assignation  {nmv  rare), 
alienation  {tech.),  disposal,  disposure 
(rare),  grant  {chiefly  tech.),  passing  {con- 
textual); spec,  deed,  devise,  devisal,  be- 
quest, bequeathment  {rare),  bequeathal 
{rare),  lease,  demise,  mancipation  {rare), 
commendation,  negotiation,  gift. 

3.  Referring  to  intangible  things:  trans- 
feral, transference,  removal,  devolve- 
ment,  devolution,  translation  {chiefly 
spec),  transfusion  {fig.),  transplantation 
{chiefly  fig.  or  spec),  transmission,  trans- 
mittal, shift;  spec  convection,  metony- 
my, metaphor. 

transferable,  a.  conveyable,  assignable, 
disponible  (Scot.),  etc.;  spec  bequeath- 
able,  devisable,  negotiable. 

transferee,  n.  assignee  {often  spec), 
grantee;  spec  consignee,  indorsee,  leg- 
atee, devisee,  donee. 

transfix,  v.  t.  pierce,  impale,  transpierce 
{rare);  spec  spit,  broach,  stake  {rare), 
spear,  skewer,  pin. 

transform,  v.  t.  change  {contextual),  trans- 
figure, transfigurate  {rare),  convert,  meta- 
morphose, translate  {chiefly  spec),  trans- 
verse {rare),  transmute  {chiefly  spec), 
transpeciate  {rare),  transnature  {rare), 
transmogrify  {humorous  or  contemptuous), 
transshape  {rare);  spec  transubstantiate, 
bedevil,  revolutionize,  resolve. 

transformation,  n.  change  {contextual), 
transfiguration,  transfigurement,  conver- 
sion, metamorphosis  {chiefly  spec),  trans- 
lation {chiefly  spec),  transmutation 
{chiefly  spec),  version  (rare),  transmor- 
phism  {rare),  transnaturation  {rare), 
transpeciation  {rare),  transmogrification 
{humorous  or  contemptuous),  metastasis 
{rare);  spec  resolution,  diagenesis. 

transgress,  v.  i.  offend,  trespass  (jiow  liter- 
ary or  archaic),  slip,  fault  {archaic),  misdo 
{rare);  see  sin. 

transgression,  7i.  1.  See  VIOLATION,  DIS- 
OBEDIENCE. 

2.  offense,  trespass  (now  literary  or  ar- 
chaic), slip,  misdeed,  fault,  delinquency 
(chiefly  literary  or  tech.),  crime,  delict 
{tech.;  chiefly  a  term  of  Roman  or  Civil 


law  or  of  French  law);  spec,  enormity, 
misdemeanor;  see  sin. 
transgressor,  n.  offender,  offendant  {rare), 
trespasser  {literary  or  archaic),  misdoer, 
delinquent,  cuiprit,  misfeasor;  spec. 
malefactor,  criminal,  misdemeanant;   see 

SINNER. 

Antonyms:  see  innocent. 

transience,  n.  1.  transientness  {rare), 
transiency,  temporariness,  evanescence 
{chiefly  fig.),  fugacity  or  fugaciousness 
{literary),  caducity  (rare),  impermanence 
or  impermanency,  ephemerality,  ephem- 
eralness,  passingness  {rare),  fleetingness 
{rare),  preterience  {rare),  volatility  {rare); 
see  brevity. 

Antonyms:  see  permanence. 
2.  cursoriness  (c/.  cursory). 

transient,  a.  1.  transitory,  temporary, 
fleeting,  passing,  impermanent,  ephem- 
eral, ephemerous  {rare),  evanescent  {chief- 
ly f(9-)>  caducous  {rare),  evanid  {archaic), 
fugitive,  volatile  {literary),  fleet  {poetic), 
meteoric  {fig.),  cometary  {Jig.),  fugacious 
{literary),  preterient  {rare);  spec,  trans- 
eunt,  transitive,  monohemerous  {vied.), 
deciduous;  see  brief,  short-lived. 
Antonyms:  see  imperishable,  perma- 
nent, constant. 
2.  See  passing,  cursory. 

transient,  n.  ephemeron  {literary). 

transition,  n.  change  {contextual),  transit 
{rare),  passing,  passage;  spec  leap,  jump, 
break,  graduation,  saltation  {literary), 
saltus  {rare),  play,  rise,  fall,  metastasis, 
metabasis. 

transitional,  a.  passing;  spec  gradual, 
metabatic. 

translate,  v.  t.  1.  See  move,  transfer, 
transform. 

2.  Referring  to  being  carried  to  heaven 
without  death:  transport,  ravish  {rare), 
enheaven  {rare). 

3.  reiider,  turn,  do  {contextual),  put  {con- 
te.rlu/d),  throw  {contextual),  construe  (a 
loose  use);  spec  retranslate,  retro  vert 
(rare),  transdialect  (rare),  interpret,  Eng- 
lish, paraphrase,  metaphrase  (rare),  de- 
cipher, decode  {cant). 

translation,  n.  1.  See  motion,  transfer, 
transformation. 

2.  Referring  to  the  action:  rendition 
{U.S.),  version,  construction  {a  loose  use), 
turning,  etc 

3.  Referring  to  the  result:  version,  con- 
strue (a  loose  use);  spec  metaphrase, 
paraphrase,  interpretation;  see  crib. 

translator,    n.    translatress    {fern.),    ren- 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

transfuse:    pour,  transfer,  in- 

transgressive: sinful. 

transference:    transfer. 

ject. 

transitive:  tra?isient. 

transfigure:  transform,  dignify. 

transgress,  v.   t.:    violate,  dis- 

transitory:     transient, 

short- 

idealize. 

obey. 

lived. 

fS'  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

439 


TRANSLITERATE 


deror,  iloor  (context iirJ),  vrn^iDiii.^t  {rurc^; 
S[MC.  intcrprotor,  intiTprot oss. 

transliterate,  v.  t.  transcribe;  spec,  do- 
oodo. 

translucent,  a.  1.  See  transparent. 
2.  somitransparcnt,    scmiopaque,    semi- 
diaphanous  (.rare),  translucid  [rare). 
Anlotnjms:  see  opaque. 

transmigrate,  r.  i.  1.  Sec  migrate. 
2.  metompsychosizc    (rare),    transcorpo- 
ratc  [rare). 

transmigrationist,  n.  Pythagorean. 

transmission,  n.  1.  See  communication. 
2.  //(  physics:  transmittal,  transmitment 
(rare),  propagation,  conveyance,  conduc- 
tion {chicf.y  spec.);   spec,  convection,  ra- 
diation, circulation,  communication. 

transmit,  v.  t.  1.  See  SEND,  transfer, 
communicate. 

2.  In  physics:    convey,  propagate,  con- 
duct; spec,  radiate,  communicate. 

transparency,  n.  1.  clearness,  transpar- 
ence, diaphaneity  or  diaphanousness 
{literary  or  tech.),  lucidity  or  lucidness 
iliterarrj),  limpidity  (literary),  lucency 
(rare),  pellucidness  or  pellucidity  (literary 
or  learned);  spec,  thinness,  cloudlessness. 
2.  Referring  to  a  transparent  object:  trans- 
parence, diaphane  (literary);  spec,  dia- 
positive. 

transparent,  a.  1.  diaphanous  (literary  or 
tech.),  clear,  translucent  (rare),  lucid  (lit- 
eranj),  pellucid  (literarij  or  learned),  lim- 
pid (literary),  transpicuous  (rare),  crystal 
(fig.);  spec,  thin,  cloudless,  white. 
Anton7jms:  see  opaque. 
2.  Referring  to  what  can  he  seen  through 
mentally:  flimsy,  thin. 

transpire,  v.  i.  1.  See  exhale,  occur. 
2.  escape  (contextual),  leak  out. 

transplant,  v.  t.  1.  plant,  replant;    spec. 
repot. 
2.  In  surgery:  graft. 

transport,  v.  t.  1.  move  (contextual),  carry, 
take  (contextual),  convey,  transfer,  bear 
(primarily  spec),  translate  (literary); 
spec,  conduct,  lug  (colloq.),  smuggle, 
row,  pull,  boat,  tide,  ship,  raft,  trail, 
float,  wagon,  cart,  truck,  coach,  ve- 
hiculate  (rare),  chair,  horse,  telpher,  vehi- 
cle, buck  (collnq.,  U.  S.),  waft,  wheel, 
transship,  tram,  pack,  portage,  sled 
(chiefly  U.  S.),  sledge,  roll,  bowl,  run, 
drive,  wing,  whirl,  drog  (rare,  Eng.), 
whisk,  freight,  ferry;  see  tr.anslate,  ex- 
pel, abduct. 
2.  overpower,  ra\'ish,  enravish  (rare),  en- 


rapture, entrance,  trance  (rare),  impara- 
dise  or  emparadise  (fig.;  literary),  rapture 
(rare),  rape  (rare),  rap  (now  rare),  raptur- 
ize (rare);  spec,  see  frenzy. 
transport,  n.  1.  See  movement,  trans- 
portation, vessel. 

2.  ravishment,  transportation  (rare),  rape 
(rare  or  archaic),  rapture  (rare). 

3.  Sec  frenzy. 

transportation,  n.  movement  (context- 
ual, carriage),  transportal  (rare),  con- 
veyance, bearing  (primarily  spec),  trans- 
porting, transport,  transit  (rare),  trans- 
ference, translation  (literary);  spec,  fare 
(ohs.),  lug  (colloq.),  traduction  (rare), 
transvection  (rare),  convection  (rare), 
shipment,  transshipment,  ferriage,  tel- 
I)herage,  portage,  truckage,  porterage, 
freight,  gestation  (rare;  tech.);  see  ex- 
pulsion. 

transported,  a.  entranced,  ravished,,  spell- 
bound (rather  colloq.  or  spec);  see  fran- 
tic, ECSTATIC. 

transporter,  n.  carrier,  bearer,  conveyer; 
spec,  porter,  shipper. 

transporting,  a.  entrancing,  ravishing, 
Orphic  (fig.). 

transpose,  v.  t.  interchange,  transverse 
(rare);  spec,  see  reverse. 

trap,  n.  1.  gin  (archaic);  spec,  snare,  net, 
pit,  springe,  trapfall,  trous-de-loup  (pi.; 
French), _  deadfall  (chiefly  U.  S.),  creel, 
pot,  cruive  (British),  mousetrap. 
2.  In  a  figurative  sense:  snare,  gin  (liter- 
ary), net,  trepan  or  trapan  (archaic),  am- 
bush. 

trap,  V.  i.  1.  catch,  entrap  (rare  or  literary), 
gin  (archaic);    spec,  snare,  springe;    see 

SNARE,  NET. 

Antonyms:  see  free. 
2.  I7i  a  figurative  sense:   catch,  snare,  in- 
snare  or  ensnare,  tangle,  trepan  or  trapan 
(archaic),  gin  (literary),  enmesh. 

trap,  P.  t.  adorn,  caparison. 

trapping,  7i.   1.  For  a  horse:    caparison, 
bard. 
2.  In  pi.:  see  dress,  ornamentation. 

travel,  v.  i.  1.  go  (contextual),  itinerate 
(rare  or  spec),  journey;  spec,  rail,  rail- 
road (U.  S.),  tram  (Eng.),  tramp,  rogue 
(now  rare),  drive,  wheel  (colloq.),  stage, 
camel,  cab,  caroche  (obs.),  roll,  gig,  sledge, 
sled  (U.  S.),  train,  post,  motor,  boat, 
canoe,  sail,  steam,  trek  (South  Africa  or 
colloq.),  pad;  see  journey. 
2.  See  MOVE,  journey. 

traveler,  n.    1.   goer   (contextual),  ganger 


fS^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
transmittal:      sending,     com- 
munication. 
transmute:   change,  transform. 
transom:    window. 
transpicuous:  transparent. 


transpire,  v.  t.:  exhale,  occur. 
transude:   exude. 
transverse,  a.:   cross. 
transversely:  crosswise. 
trapper:  hunter. 
traps:   goods,  baggage. 


trash:   refuse,  nonsense. 
trashy:   refuse,  paltry. 
travail:  childbirth. 
travel,  v.  t.:   traverse. 
travel,  v.  i.:  go. 
travel,  n.:    traveling,  motion. 


tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

440 


TREMOR 


(archaic),  viator  (rare),  wayfarer,  passen- 
ger, itinerant  (rare  or  spec);  spec,  poly- 
topian  (to  many  places;  rare),  sleigher, 
rider,  excursionist,  roadster,  trekker. 

2.    See  JOURNEYER. 

traveling,  a.  1.  going  (contextual),  travel, 
journeying,  itinerant  (rare,  exc.  spec),  er- 
rant (archaic,  exc  spec). 

2.    >See  MOVABLE. 

traveling,  n.  1.  going  (contextual),  journey- 
ing, travel,  itineration  (rare),  itinerancy 
(literary),  itineracy  (rare). 
2.  See  GOING. 

traverse,  v.  t.  1.  See  cross,  turn,  oppose, 

CONTRADICT. 

2.  travel,  make  (contextual),  cover  (chiefly 
contextual),  transit  (rare),  overgo  (rare), 
overpass  (rare),  peregrinate  (rare),  per- 
vade (rare),  itinerate  (rare),  peragrate 
(rare);  spec  run,  round,  range,  quarter, 
march,  ride,  walk,  retravel,  retraverse, 
patrol,  promenade,  perambulate,  wander, 
scour,  track,  measure,  overmeasure  (rare), 
wing,  procession  (rare),  sail,  boat,  cruise, 
shoot,  oversail  (rare),  override  (rare), 
overwalk  (rare),  overwander  (rare),  navi- 
gate, swim,  trot,  thread,  tramp,  trace 
(rare  or  obs.),  ply,  percur  (rare). 

tray,  n.  Spec  box,  plateau,  galley,  coaster, 
trencher,  voider,  salver,  server. 

treacherous,  a.  1.  faithless,  traitorous, 
traitor,  false,  perfidious,  untrue,  recreant 
(literary),  reptile  (fig.),  snaky  (fig.),  Is- 
cariotic  or  Iscariotical  (fig.;  rare),  trappy 
(colloq.),  serpentine  (fig.),  proditorious 
(rare),  trustless  (rare),  treasonable  (chief- 
ly spec),  Punic  (fig.),  treasonous  (rare); 

see  TREASONABLE. 

Antonyms:  see  constant. 

2.    See  DECEITFUL,   UNRELIABLE,   UNSAFE. 

treachery,  n.  faithlessness,  traitorousness, 
treason  (chiefly  spec),  infidelity  (formal; 
often  spec),  perfidy,  falsity,  falseness, 
recreancy  (literary),  prodition  (rare),  etc. 

tread,  v.  t.  walk,  pace,  foot  (rare  or  colloq.), 
press  (contextual),  pad  (rare),  stamp, 
spurn  (literary);  spec  full  (tech.),  tramp; 

see  TRAMPLE. 

tread,  v.  i.  step,  go  (contextual),  pace  (often 
spec);  spec,  tramp,  trample,  dance,  trip, 
walk,  run. 

treason,  n.  treachery  (contextual),  parri- 
cide (fiig.),  prodition  (rare),  lese-majesty 
(Civil  law). 

treasonable,  a.  treacherous  (contextual), 
traitorous,  proditorious  or  proditious 
(rare) . 


Antonyms:  see  constant. 

treasurer,  n.  receiver,  bursar  (tech.),  cof- 
ferer (hist.);  spec  dewan  (Anglo-Indian). 

treasury,  n.  fisc  (chiefly  spec),  bursary 
(tech.),  exchequer  (Eng.  or  literary),  coffer. 

treat,  v.  i.  1.  deal,  negotiate,  capitulate 
(rare);  spec,  parley,  temporize;  see  bar- 
gain, DISCOURSE. 

2.  entertain     (contextual);     spec,    shout 
(slang). 

treat,  v.  t.  1.  handle,  serve  (now  chiefly  col- 
loq.), use;  spec  work;  see  discuss,  doc- 
tor. 

2.  entertain    (which    see);     spec,    shout 
(slang;  U.  S.  &  Australia). 

treat,  n.  1.  See  pleasure. 
2.  entertainment  (which  see);  spec,  shout 
(slang;  U.  S.  &  Australia),  set-up  (slang, 
U.  S.). 

treatise,  n.  composition  (contextual),  dis- 
course (contextual);  spec  commentary, 
tract,  tractate,  tractlet  (dim.),  mono- 
graph, handbook, 

treatment,  n.  1.  dealing;  spec,  negotiar 
tion,  bargaining. 

2.  handling,   dealing,   use,   usage;    spec. 
service,  detail;  see  discussion. 

3.  therapy  (mostly  in  comp.);    spec  hy- 
drotherapy, serotherapy,  aerotherapy,  etc. 

treaty,  n.  agreement  (contextv/il) ;  spec. 
accord,  concord. 

treble,  n.  soprano. 

treble,  v.  I.  triple,  triplicate  (rare  or  formal) . 

tree,  n.  1.  dryad  (fig.);  spec,  pollard,  stand, 
sapling,  rampike  (U.  S.  or  dial.),  cordon 
(hort.),  scrub,  snag,  espalier,  Yggdrasil 
(7nyth.). 

2.  In  genealogy:    stemma   (tech.);    spec. 
Jesse. 

treelike,  a.  arboreal  (literary  or  learned), 
dendriform  (tech.),  arborescent,  dendritic 
or  dendritical  (tech.),  dendroid  (tech.). 

tremble,  v.  i.  shake,  shiver  (chiefly  spec), 
quake,  quiver,  quaver  (rare),  tremulate 
(rare),  dither  (chiefly  dial.),  didder  (now 
dial.),  dirl  (Scot.  <fc  dial.  Eng.);  see  tot- 
ter, QUIVER,  shudder,  PULSATE. 

tremble,  n.  shake,  tremor,  quiver,  quaver 
(rare),  quake,  tremulation  (rare),  trepida- 
tion (rare),  tremblement  (rare);  spec 
twitter,    twitteration,    tremolo    (music); 

see  QUIVER,  TOTTER,  SHUDDER,  PULSATION. 

trembling,  a.  shaking,  shaky,  tremulous 
(literary  or  formal),  quivering,  quavering 
(rare),  quaking,  trembly  (colloq.),  palsied, 
tremulant,  aspen  (fig.);  spec,  trepid  (rare), 
vibratory. 


ti^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
traverse,  ii.:    crossing,  passage, 

pass,  denial. 
travesty:   caricature,  burlesque. 
treacle:  molasses. 
treadle:   lever. 


treasure,      n.:      store,     hoard, 

wealth. 
treasure,  v.  t.:  hoard,  remember, 

value. 
trek:   travel,  journey. 
trellis:    lattice. 


tremble,  v.  t.:  shake,  vibrate. 
trembly:    trembling,  tremulous. 
tremendous:  immense,  fearful, 

surprising. 
tremolo,  n.:  tremble. 
tremor:   tremble,  vibration. 


tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

441 


TREMULANT 


tremulous,  a.  1.  .Stc  tukmblino,  vibra- 
tory. 

a.  shaky,  quivcry,  quavery  {rare),  trcm- 
blv  (rare);  spee.  tottery. 

trench,  n.  ditoh,  fosse  (teeh.,  often  spec), 
furrow    (chiejiy  spec.),    line    (cnnicxtual), 
eutting  (contextual);  spec,  iiarnllel,  zigzag, 
boyau  (iniL),  sap,  eunette  (mil.). 
Antonyms:  sec  dike. 

trend,  v.  i.  tend  (rare  of  persons),  gravitate 
{formal  or  learned),  set,  drift,  strike  {rare 
orsf)ec.);  spec,  lean,  run,  go  (confcrtual) . 

trend, «.  course,  direction(co;i/<'x<uo/) ,  bent , 
si't,deterniination(/i7«-ar(/);spec.run,tide. 

trespass,  v.  i.  1.  See  sin,  encroach. 
2.  Referring  to  intrusion  on  land:  intrude 
{rare),  enter  {contextual),  encroach;  spec. 
poach. 

trespass,  7l.  1.  See  SIN,  ENCROACI .MENT. 

2.  Referring  to  land:  intrusion  {rare),  en- 
trance (contextual),  encroachment. 
trial,  n.  1.  hearing,  doom  (archaic),  judg- 
ment (rare,  exc.  in  reference  to  God,  as  in 
"the  Last  Judgment");  spec,  ordeal,  mis- 
trial. 

2.  test,  probation  {rare,  learned,  or  pedan- 
tic), try  (rare),  proof;  spec,  prospect,  van. 

3.  experiment,    experimentation,    tenta- 
tion  (tech.,  rare),  try  (rare). 

4.  distress,  ordeal,  cross,  denial;   see  af- 
fliction. 

5.  See  ENDEAVOR. 

trial,  a.  experimental,  probative,  proba- 
tionary, probatory  (rare),  empirical,  pei- 
rastic  (rare),  tentative. 

triangle,  n.  trigon  (rare),  delta  {chiefly 
spec);  spec,  gore,  gusset. 

triangular,  a.  trigonal  (rare),  triquetrous 
(rare;  learned  or  tech.),  deltoid. 

tribal,  a.  tribual  {rare),  tribular  {rare), 
gentile  (rare  or  tech.). 

tribunal,  n.   1.  bench  {contextual),  chair 
(contextual);  spec.  dais. 
2.  See  COURT. 

tributary,  n.  stream,  affluent,  feeder,  in- 
fluent (rare);  spec  leader. 

trick,  n.  1.  artifice,  ruse,  shift,  bilk  {rare), 
device,  game  (colloq.),  dodge  (colloq.),  fob 
(slang),  rig  (slang  or  colloq.),  trap,  fake 
{slang),  cantel  (archaic),  jape,  shave  {fig.; 
esp.  in  "a  clean  shave"),  sleight  (now  rare, 
exc.  spec),  braid  (obs.);  spec  cog,  bunco 
or  bunko,  double,  shuffler,  flimflam;    .see 

HOAX,  CAPER,  FROLIC,   ARTIFICE,   EXPEDI- 
ENT, PLAN,  HABIT. 

2.  In  vyrestling:     trip,  chip,  click;    spec 
mare,  nelson,  half-nelson,  hip,  etc. 


trick,  )'.  /.  1.  deceive,  cheat,  fob,  jockey; 
spec  tra]),  intrigue  (rare);  see  hoax. 

2.    See  ORNAMENT. 

trickery,  n.  deception,  artifice;  spec  clap- 
tra])  (contempt uoii.s),  sleight  (nnwrare,  exc. 
of  lric!:enj  in  legerdemain),  hocus-pocus, 
l)ettif()gging,  hocus  (archaic  or  rare) ,  trap 
(colloq.  or  slang),  buncombe  or  bunkum, 
jiractice  (rare);  see  chicanery. 
Antonyms:  see  artlessness,  sincerity. 

trickiness,  n.  deceit,  deceitfulness,  eva- 
siveness, art,  artfulness,  shiftiness,  crook- 
edness. 

trickster,  n.  deceiver,  cheat,  hocus-pocus, 
shifter  (rare),  juggler. 

tricky,  a.  deceitful,  evasive,  artful,  pawky 
(chiefly  humorous;   Scot,  or  dial.),  tricksy 
{rare),   shifty,   shifting,   crooked,   quirky 
(rare) . 
Antonyms:  see  artless. 

tried,  a.  proved,  proven,  tested,  proof. 
Antonyms:  see  untried. 

trifle,  n.  1.  nothing,  bagatelle,  folderol  or 
falderal,  fillip,  fig,  fico  (archaic),  straw, 
bean,  fiddle-faddle  (chiefly  in  pi.),  fidfad, 
bubble,  fiddlestick,  flimflam,  feather 
(rare),  toy,  triviality,  vanity  (rare),  breath, 
doit  {fig.;  literary  or  archaic),  minim 
(rare;  literary),  frivohty,  nihihty  (rare), 
nothingism  (rare),  bawbee  (fig.;    Scot.); 

see  GEWGAW. 

2.  See  particle,  trace. 

trifle,  V.  i.  1.  fool,  shilly-shally,  frivol  (col- 
loq.), niggle  (chiefly  Eng.),  moon  (colloq.), 
dawdle,  dafly,  toy,  dillydally,  fiddle-faddle, 
fribble  (contemptuous),  palter,  peddle 
(rare),  piddle  {rare  or  colloq.),  trick  (rare), 
tomfool  (colloq.),  flimflam  (colloq.);  see 
idle,  potter. 
2.  See  PLAY. 

trifle,  V.  t.  fool,  frivol  {colloq.),  dawdle, 
fribble  {contemptuous),  palter,  fritter,  toy, 
flimflam  (colloq.). 

trifler,  n.  dawdler,  fribble  (contemptuous), 
frivoler  (colloq.),  shilly-shallier,  tomfool 
(rare);     spec,    idler,    potterer,    butterfly 

{fig.). 

trifling,   a.  idle,   foolish,   silly   (rare,  exc 
spec),  trivial,  finicking;    spec   null;    see 
frivolous. 
Antonyms:  see  earnest,  sincere. 

trifling,  n.  1.  foohng,  dalliance  (literary), 
play,  fidfad  (rare),  fiddle-faddle,  frivohty, 
flummery,  etc;  spec  flimflam,  boy's  play, 
girl's  play. 
2.  See  PLAY. 

trill,  n.  quaver,  vibration;  spec  roll,  burr. 


1^°  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
tremulant:   trembling. 
trench,  r,  i.:  encroach. 
trenchant:  sharp,  energetic. 
tress:  lock. 


triad:   three. 
tribe:  race,  group,  set. 
tribune:  rostrum. 
tribute:   tax,  contribution,  com- 
pliment. 


trice:   moment. 
trickish:    deceitful. 
trickle,  v.  i.:  flow,  drip. 
trickle,  n.;  flow,  drip,  streamlet. 
tricksy:   mischievous. 


tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

442 


TROUSERS 


rhotacism,  shake,  tremolo,  vibrato,  trem- 
blement,  warble. 

trill,  V.  i.  quaver,  vibrate;  spec,  roll,  shake, 
warble,  tremble. 

trim,  V.  t.  1.  See  ornament,  adjust,  ar- 
range, DEFEAT. 

2.  In  nautical  use:  adjust,  fill. 

3.  cut,  clip,  lop  {rare  or  spec);  spec,  crop, 
poll,  shear,  prune,  shrub,  pare,  dub,  skirt, 
barber,  list. 

trim,  n.  1.  See  state,  adjustment,  ar- 
rangement, DRESS. 
2.  cut,  clip;  spec.  crop. 

trimming,  n.  1.  cutting,  clipping;  spec. 
pruning,  inlucation,  cropping,  etc. 

2.    iSfe  REPROOF. 

trinity,  7i.  1.  Of  the  state  or  quality:  triu- 
nity,  trip!icity  (rare). 

2.  Of  ivhat  constitutes  three  in  one:  triu- 
nity,  triplicity  (rare),  trine  (rare),  triad. 
"Trinity"  is  especially  applied  to  Deity. 

trinket,  n.  bijou  (French),  bauble;  spec. 
jewel,  jingle-jangle;   see  gewgaw. 

trip,  V.  t.  1.  stumble  (rare). 
2.  See  CATCH. 

tripod,  n.  tripos  (rare),  trivet  (chiefly 
spec);  cat,  teapoy  (Anglo-Indian) . 

trivial,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  a  crossroads 
where  three  ways  meet:  compital; — both 
rare. 

2.  insignificant,  unimportant,  trifling, 
light,  little,  petty,  small,  slight,  slim,  nig- 
gling (chiefly  Eng.),  picayune  (colloq.), 
picayunish  (colloq.,  U.  S.),  flimsy  (chiefly 
spec),  sixpenny  (Eng.),  futile  (formal  or 
literary),  empty,  frothy  (fig.),  nugatory 
(literary),  quotidian  (rare),  nugacious 
(rare),  minute  (rare),  immemorable, 
worthless,  gimcrack  (chiefly  spec),  trump- 
ery (chiefly  spec),  sapless  (fig.);  sj^cc 
paltry,  doggerel. 
Antonyms:  see  important. 

triviality,  n.  insignificance,  unimportance, 
nugatoriness  (literary),  flimsiness  (chiefly 
spec),  futflity  (formal  or  literary),  empti- 
ness, fiddle-faddle  (in  a  generic  scn.se),  etc. 

tropical,  a.  tropic  (rare),  intertropical  or 
intratropical. 

trouble,  n.  1.  distress,  disquiet,  worry, 
worriment  (colloq.),  pain,  vexation,  tor- 
ment, affliction,  care,  cross,  cark  (archaic), 
teen  (archaic),  sore  (obs.),  cumber  (ar- 
chaic), fash  or  fashery  (Scot,  and  dial. 
Eng.),  molestation  (rare),  perplexity  (now 


rare  or  obs.);  spec,  sorrow,  misfortune, 
anxiety,  fear. 

2.  In  a  loose  sense  referring  to  any  degree, 
however  slight,  of  discomfort  or  inconven- 
ience: bother,  botherment,  ado,  pother, 
fuss,  annoyance,  vexation  (a  loose  use), 
discomfort;  see  embarrassment,  in- 
convenience. 

3.  Referring  to  what  causes  trouble:  dis- 
tress, vexation,  torment,  cross,  curse, 
thorn,  bale,  pest,  plague,  bane,  bother, 
chagrins  (pi.);  spec  care,  burden,  mis- 
fortune, sorrow. 

Antonyms:  see  comfort. 

4.  See  effort,  ailment,  disturbance. 
trouble,  v.  t.  1.  distress,  disquiet,  ail,  wor- 
ry, pain,  vex,  torment,  plague,  afflict, 
harass,  agitate,  excruciate  or  (archaic) 
cruciate  (rare),  crucify  (fig.),  cut  (fig.), 
infest  (rare),  cumber  (archaic  or  obs.), 
cark  (archaic),  perplex  (rare  or  obs.),  mo- 
lest (archaic);  spec  frighten,  oppress;  see 

GRIEVE. 

2,  In  a  loose  sense:    bother,  pother,  ail, 
fuss  (rare  or  slang),  curse,  annoy,  pester, 
dun;  see  embarrass,  tease. 
troubled,  a.  1.  distressful,  disturbed,  etc., 
troublous,  careful  (archaic). 

2.    See  UNSETTLED. 

troublesome,  a.  1.  distressful,  disturbing, 

distressing,  troublous  (rare),  afflictive, 
grievous,  painful,  worrisome,  cruel  (often 
in  colloq.  use  as  a  mild  intensive),  trou- 
bling, spiny  (fig.),  thorny  (fig.),  tough 
(colloq.),  vexatious,  bad,  cumbersome  (ar- 
chaic or  dial.),  molestful  (rare),  fashions 
(Scot.);  .spec,  burdensome;  see  calam- 
itous. 

2.  In  a  loose  sense:  distressful,  discom- 
fortable  (rare),  bothersome,  pestiferous 
(colloq.  or  humorous),  pestilent  or  pestilen- 
tial (colloq.  or  humorous);  spec  inconven- 
ient, difficult,  unwieldy. 

troubling,  n.  distressing,  agitation,  worri- 
ment (rare),  vexation,  affliction,  harass- 
ment, excruciation  or  (archaic)  crucia- 
tion,  molestation  (archaic). 

trough,  n.  1.  Spec,  manger,  hutch,  laun- 
der. 
2.  See  channel,  tube. 

trousers,  n.  pi.  pantaloons  (orig.  spec), 
breeches  (colloq.),  pants  (vulgar  or  cant), 
kickseys  (slang),  inexpressibles  (humor- 
ous),    innominables    (humorous),     sacks 


tS^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
trim,  V.  i.:  hedge,  temporize. 
trim,  a.:  elegant,  smart,  shapely. 
trimmer:   timeserver. 
trip,  n.:    step,  excursion,  jour- 
ney, errand,  circuit,  error. 
trip,  V.  i.:   step,  misstep. 
triple,  a.:   threefold. 
triple,  V.  t.:   treble. 
triplet:    three. 


triplicate,  a.:   threefold. 

triplicate,  v.  t.:   treble. 

tripod,  a.:   three-legged. 

trite:   commonplace. 

triturate:  grind. 

triumph,  n.:  celebration,  vic- 
tory, exultation,  accomplish- 
ment, hymn.  [exult. 

triumph,  v.  i.:  celebrate,  rejoice, 

troll:   goblin. 


troll,  j>.  i.:  fixh. 
trollop:    sUiltcrn. 
troop,  n.:    body,  company,  mul- 
titude, flock,  herd. 
troop,  V.  i.:  meet,  march. 
trooper:   cavalryman. 
troops:   soldiery. 
trophy:    prize,  memorial. 
trot,  n.:  gait. 
trot,  )'.  t.:  drive,  jiggle. 


O^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

443 


TRUCE 


(slang),  unmentionables  (liunwrnus),  in- 
effables  {humorous),  kicks  (slang),  con- 
tinuations (slang);  spec,  slops,  bloomers, 
ehausses  (French;  hist.). 

truce,  n.  1.  armistice. 
AntonJ/ms:  sec  war. 
2.   Sec  DEL.W. 

true,  a.  1.  See  constant,  accurate,  cor- 
rect, GENUINE,  SINCERE,  JUST,  FUXLr- 
BLOODED,  ACTUAL,  TRUTHFUL. 

2.  Referring  to  agreement  ivith  reality: 
right,  accurate,  correct,  substantial, 
sooth  (archaic). 

Antonyms:    see  untrue,   absurd,    er- 
ront:ou.s,  false. 
trueness,  n.  1.  See  constancy,  accuracy, 

CORRECTNESS,  SINCERITY,  ACTUALITY, 
TRUTHFULNESS. 

2.  rightness,  substantiality,  soothness 
(archaic). 

truly,  adv.  1.  Spec,  constantly  ("truhj"  in 
this  sense  is  archaic),  accurately,  correctly, 
purely,  actually,  sincerely,  justly. 
2.  By  icay  of  emphasis,  or,  sometimes,  as  a 
mere  expletive:  assuredly,  indeed,  quite, 
sooth  (archaic),  soothly  (archaic),  for- 
sooth (mom;  only  ironical  and  7ised  paren- 
thetically), verily,  yea  (archaic),  iwis  (ar- 
chaic), perfay  (archaic). 

trumpet,  n.  trump  (archaic),  horn  (often 
spec);  spec,  lituus  (Roman  antiquities), 
lure  (Scot.),  conch. 

trumpet,  v.  i.  blow,  toot  (chiefly  spec; 
often  contemptuous);  spec,  tootle. 

trumpet,  v.  t.  proclaim,  blow,  blare;   see 

CELEBRATE,  ADVERTIZE. 

trumpeter,  n.  blower  (contextual),  tooter 

(chiefly  contemptuous  or  humorous),  blazer 

(archaic);  spec,  tootler. 
trunk,  n.  1.  stem,  body,  bole,  stock,  bouk 

(Scot.),   truncheon    (rare),   butt,   caudex 

(tech.),  axis  (tech.). 
Antonyms:  see  branch. 

2.  See  SHAFT,  BODY. 

3.  box  (contextual),  chest  (contextual), 
peter  (thieves'  cant);  spec  imperial. 

4.  proboscis  (tech.),  snout  (colloq.). 

5.  Referring  to  the  body  or  main  part:  spec. 
beam,  synangium  (anat.). 

truss,  V.  t.  1.  .See  bind. 
2.  Referring  to  fastening  the  unngs  or  legs 
(as  of  a  fowl)  for  baking:  spec,  skewer. 

trust,  n.  1.  confidence,  faith,  reliance,  af- 
fiance (literary) ;  see  belief. 


Antonyms:  see  distrust,  doubt. 
2.  Sec  HOPE,  credit,  duty,  association. 
trust,  V.  i.  1.  confide,  lippen  (chiefly  Scot.); 
see  RELY,  believe. 
Antonyms:  see  doubt. 

2.  See  HOPE. 

3.  tick  (colloq.). 

trusted,  a.  confidential,  bosom,  un- 
doubted, unsuspected. 

trustee,  ?i.   depositary,   fiduciary   (rare); 
spec,  garnishee. 
Antonyms:  see  grantor. 

trustful,  a.  confiding,  confident  (rare),  un- 
suspicious, reliant,  trusting,  credent 
(rare),  undoubting,  questionless  (rare), 
unquestioning,  fiducial  (theol.);  see  be- 
lieving. 
Antonyms:  see  doubtfutl. 

trustworthy,  a.  faithful,  trusty,  faith- 
worthy  (rare),  responsible;  see  reliable, 
credible,  constant. 

truth,  n.  1.  See  constancy,  accuracy, 
correctness,  authenticity,  sincerity, 
justice,  actuality,  truthfulness. 

2.  Referring  to  conformity  with  zvhat  is  ac- 
tual: fact,  reality,  verity  (learned),  accu- 
racy, correctness,  trueness,  right,  troth 
(archaic),  sooth  (archaic). 

Antonyms:  see  error. 

3.  Meaning  a  thing  that  is  true  or  in  con- 
formity with  reality:  fact,  reality,  oracle, 
principle;  spec,  prsecognita  (rare),  gen- 
eraha  (pi.). 

Antonyms:    see  untruth,  error,  fal- 
lacy, LIE. 

truthful,  a.  true,  veracious  (literary),  ve- 
ridical (learned),  veridicous  (rare),  sooth- 
fast (archaic). 
Antonyms:  see  untruthful. 

truthfulness,  n.  truth,  trueness,  veracity 
(chiefly  a  literary  term),  veridicality  or  ve- 
ridicalness  (rare),  fideUty. 

try,  V.  t.  1.  See  ATTEMFr,  strain,  afflict, 
judge. 

2.  examine,  test,  prove  (archaic  or  tech.), 
essay  or  assay  (literary  or  archaic);  spec 
sample,  taste,  ring  (a  coin),  sift  (a  person), 
smell;  see  experience. 

3.  tempt,  solicit. 

4.  hear  (as  a  ease  in  court). 
try,  V.  i.  1.  <See  endeavor. 

2.  seek,  fish. 
tub,  n.  keeve  or  kive  (Eng.  or  tech.,  and 
chiefly  spec .) ;  spec,  cowl  (archaic  or  dial.), 


f^^  Cross  references-  see  Note. 
truck,  V.  t.:  barter. 
truck,  V.  i.:  barter,  traffic. 
truck,  n.:   rubbish,  intercourse, 

produce. 
truck,  n.;  wheel,  roller. 
truckle,  r.  i.:  fawn,  cringe. 
truckling:    obsequious. 
truculence:  ferocity,  cruelty. 
truculent:  fierce,  cruel. 


trudge:   iralk. 
true,  r.  I.:   adjust. 
truelove:  lover. 
trull:    harlot. 

trumpery,  n.:  rubbish,  nonsense. 
trumpery,  a.:    worthless,  friv- 
olous. Iriiial. 
truncate:  dock,  maim. 
truncheon:  staff,  club. 
trundle,  n.:  wheel,  roller. 


trundle,  r.  {.;  roll. 
trundle,  v.  I.:  roll,  wheel. 
truss,  n.:    bundle,  girdle. 
trust,  V.  t.:   hope,  credit,  expect, 

commit. 
trust,  a.:  fiduciary. 
trustiness:    constancy. 
trusty:   trustworthy,  constant. 
try,  ;i.;   attempt,  endeavor,  effort." 
tryst:  appointment,  rendezvous. 


tS"  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

444 


TURN 


bowie  (Scot.),  kit,  corf  (mining),  beck 
(brewing) . 

tube,  n.  pipe,  duct  (chiefly  spec,  anat.,  or 
bat.),  tuba  (tech.),  trough  (rare  or  dial. 
Eng.),  tubulus  (tech.),  tubule  (dim.);  spec. 
bore,  catheter  (med.),  hose,  chimney,  lead, 
trap,  tuyere  or  twyer,  worm,  fistula,  quill 
or  quillet,  lull  (whaling),  pipette,  bron- 
chus, bronchiole,  tubulure. 

tube,  V.  t.  pipe. 

tuber,  n.  Spec,  tubercle  or  tubercule 
(dim.).  "Bulb,"  "corm,"  and  "tuber"  are 
not,  in  exact  usage,  synonymous. 

tubercular,  a.  1.  tuberculous  (now  rare); 
spec,  verrucoso,  verrucous. 

2.    See  TUBERCULOUS. 

tuberculous,  tubercular  (now  rare);  spec. 
consumptive,  hectic,  phthisical  (rare), 
phthisicky  (rare),  scrofular. 

tubular,  a.  tube-shaped,  tubate  (rare  or 
tech.),  tubiform  (rare),  pipy  (rare);  spec. 
tubuliform,  tubulous,  tubulose,  vasiform 
(tech.),  fistulous,  fistulose,  fistuliform, 
fistular,  capillary,  canalicular,  canalicu- 
late. 

tuck,  n.  fold,  pleat,  plait,  wimple  (obs.  or 
archaic),  take-up  (cant;  colloq.). 

tuck,  V.  t.  1.  fold,  pleat,  plait,  wimple  (obs. 
or  archaic) . 
2.  See  CROWD. 

tuft,  n.  1.  bunch,  brush,  feather;  spec. 
tussock,  pompon,  spear,  fetlock,  scopa, 
penicil,  fioccus,  topknot,  coma,  cirrus, 
verricule,  villus;  see  fi.ock,  crest,  clump. 
2.  hassock,  tussock,  hag  (Scot,  and  dial. 
Eng.),  bog  (Scot,  and  dial.  Eng.). 

tufted,    a.    1.    tufty;      spec,    penicillate, 
plumed,  floccose. 
2.  tussocky,  hassocky. 

tumble,  V.  i.  1.  roll,  wallow,  welter;   see 

FLOUNCR. 

2.  See  RUSH,  depreciate, 

tumble,  n.  1.  See  fall,  flounce. 
2.  roll,  wallow,  welter. 

tumor,  n.  tumefaction  (rare  or  learned); 
spec,  neoplasm,  boil,  carbuncle. 

tune,  V.  t.  1.  adjust,  modulate;  spec,  tem- 
per, disattune  (rare). 
2.  See  play. 

tunnel,  n.  Spec,  tube  (colloq.),  drift  (min- 
ing). 

turban,  n.  headdress,  mandil  (Arabian); 
puggree  or  puggaree  (Anglo- Indian). 

turbid,  a.  1.  thick,  muddy,  cloudy,  roily 


(U.  S.  &  dial.  Eng.),  riley  (U.  S.),  drumly 
(chiefly  Scot.),  lutulent  (rare),  unsettled; 

see  DREGGY. 

2.  See  confused. 
Antonyms:  see  clear. 

turfy,  a.  grassy,  soddy  (rare),  cespititious 
(rare),  cespitose  or  cespitous  (rare),  turf  en 
(rare),  turbinaceous  (rare  and  erroneous). 

turkey,  ?i.  gobbler  (masc). 

turn,  n.  1.  See  rotation,  revolution. 

2.  Referring  to  a  change  in  position  only: 
turning;  spec,  twirl,  roll,  swing,  twist, 
troll  (chiefly  spec;  rare),  anteversion,  an- 
tro version,  retroversion,  retortion  (rare), 
cock-up,  volution  (rare),  cast,  return, 
counterturn;  see  twist. 

3.  Referring  to  a  change  of  direction  or 
course:  deflection  (literary  or  tech.),  diver- 
sion (literary),  flexure  (rare  or  tech.);  spec. 
«lue,  slew,  bend,  swing,  wheel,  double, 
doubling,  demivolte,  volte,  refraction, 
blanch,  canceleer,  contraversion  (rare), 
caracole;  see  deviation,  wind. 

4.  Referring  to  the  motion  of  the  eyes:  roll, 
cast,  cock,  goggle. 

5.  Referring  to  speech:  twist,  crank, 
crankle,  crankum  (literary). 

6.  spell,  shift,  tour,  trick,  try  (colloq.),  go 
(colloq.  or  slang),  inning  (orig.  spec,  in 
sports);  spec,  hand  (games),  watch;  see 
round,  opportunity. 

7.  See    BEND,    twist,    curve,    circuit, 

ROUND,  change,  COIL,  NEED,  CRISIS, 
COURSE,  FIT,  INCLINATION,  FOLD. 

turn,  V.  t.  1.  See  rotate,  revolve, 

2.  Referring  to  change  in  position  only: 
sway,  bend,  swivel,  cast,  twist,  twirl, 
wheel;  spec  traverse,  crank,  grind,  trip 
(naut.),  sphere;  see  bend,  twist,  fold, 
reverse,  curve. 

3.  Referring  to  change  in  the  direction  of 
m.otion:  sway,  roll,  swerve,  deflect,  divert, 
flex  (rare  or  tech.);  spec,  reflect,  retract, 
refringe,  slue,  slew,  antrovert,  introvert 
(chiefly  fig.),  topsyturn  (rare;  also  fig.), 
brace,  round  (rare),  avert,  haul;  see  re- 
verse, DRIVE,  WIND,  switch. 

4.  Referring  to  the  eyes:  roll,  cock,  cast; 
spec  goggle,  troll. 

5.  Referring  to  remarks,  arguments,  etc.: 
direct,  retort. 

6.  See  adapt,  dissuade,  convert,  make, 
direct,  consider,  avert,  prejudice, 
nauseate,  sour. 


t^W  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
tuberosity:   protuberance. 
tuck,  n.:   drumbeat. 
tug,  n.;  pull,  effort,  trace. 
tumble,  V.  t.:    throw,  overturn, 

tousle,  disarrange,  dishevel. 
tumbledown:  rickety. 
turaef action:  swelling. 
tumefy:  swell. 


tumescent:   sivellinq. 

tumid:   .swollen,  bombastic. 

tumultuary:  disorderly,  agi- 
tated. 

tumultuous:  disorderly,  bois- 
terous. 

tumulus:   mound. 

tune,  n.:  melody,  harmony. 

tuneful:  melodious,  harmonious. 


tuneless:   inharmonious. 

tunicle:   coat. 

turbulent:  disorderly,  boister- 
ous, rough,  violent. 

turf:    sod. 

turgid:  swollen,  inflated,  bom- 
bastic. 

turmoil :  disturbance,  commo- 
tion, agitation,  activity. 


IW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

445 


TURN 


turn,  r.  (.  1.  Nir  rotatk,  hkvol\  k. 
2.  Referring  to  a  cfiaugv  in  poifitioit:  move, 
bond,  roll,  shift,  twist,  twirl,  wry  {ar- 
chaic): spec,  grind;  sec  twist. 
8.  Rcjfcrring  to  a  change  in  direction  of  mo- 
iu.m:  luMui,  sway,  swinp,  roll,  deflect 
(formal  or  litcmrg);  spec,  veer,  slue,  slew, 
cast,  double,  deviate,  swerve,  maneuver, 
jib,  broach,  tack,  haul,  warp,  elbow  (rare), 
wear  (naut.),  return,  wind,  shy,  goggle. 

4.  Referring  to  mental  action:  advert. 

5.  See   BECOME,    RESORT,    NAUSEATE,    DE- 
PEND, APPLY,  APPEAL. 

turnable,    a.    versable    (rare),    versatile 

(tech.);  set' DiRECT.^BLE. 
turned,  a.  Spec,  retrousse  {French);    see 

REVERSE. 

turnip-Shaped,  a.  napiform  {tech.). 

turnkey,  n.  screw  (slang). 

turret,  n.  tower,  pinnacle,  tourelle  (rare); 

spec,  gazebo,  lantern,  belvedere,  cupola, 

serac,  louver. 
tusk,    n.   tooth,    tush    {chiefly  archaic  or 

dial.),   ivory    (spec,   or  slang;    colloq.   or 

tech.);  spec,  scrivello. 
twang,  n.   1.  ring  {contextual),  twangle, 

twank  (dial.). 

2.    See  NASALITY. 

twang,  V.  i.  &  t.  1.  ring  (contextual),  twan- 
gle, twank  (dial.). 
2.  See  PULL. 

twelve,  a.  duodecimal  (tech.  and  chiefly 
spec),  duodenary  (arith.).  "Dozen"  with 
a  following  noun,  as  in  "a  dozen  men,"  is 
properly  construed  as  a  noun  followed  by  a 
word  of  measure.  It  now  is,  however,  in 
effect  an  adjective. 

twelve,  n.  dozen. 

twentieth,  a.  vigesimal  {tech.  or  learned), 
vicenary  (rare). 

twenty,  n.  score. 

twice,  adv.  bis  (tech.);  see  doubly. 

twiddle,  V.  i.  1.  See  fidget. 
2.  twirl,  wdggle,  fiddle,  play. 

twiddle,  V.  t.  twdrl,  fiddle,  wiggle,  play. 

twig,  n.  stem  (contextual),  shoot,  stick, 
switch,  rod,  sarment  (rare);  spec,  slip, 
withe. 

twiggy,  a.  1.  virgal  {rare),  viminal  or  vi- 
mineous  (both  tech.), 

2.    See  BRANCHY 


twilight,  n.  1.  dusk,  candlelight  (fig.), 
crepuscle  or  crepuscule  or  crepusculum 
(all  three  tech.  or  literary),  gloaming  (liter- 
ary or  poetic),  gloam  (rare),  glooming 
(rare),  dimmit  (dial.  Eng.),  nightfall. 
The  time  from  daybreak  to  sunrise  is  sel- 
dom called  "twilight." 
2.  See  shade. 

twilight,  a.  crepuscular  (chiefly  tech.), 
crepuscuhne  (rare),  crepusculous  (rare). 

twin,  n.  gemini  (pL;  Latiji);  fig.  Dromio 
(in  Shak.),  Antipholus  (in  Shak.),  Castor 
{classical),  Pollux  (classical). 

twinkle,  v.  i.   1.  flash,  sparkle,  spangle, 
scintillate,  twink  (rare). 
2.  See  FLIT. 

twinkle,  n.  twinkling,  flash,  sparkle,  scin- 
tillation, twink  (rare). 

twist,  n.  1.  See  cord,  thread,  rotation, 

SPIRAL,  wind,  coil,  PERVERSION,  DISTOR- 
TION, inclination,  attitude,  turn,  CON- 
VOLUTION, TANGLE. 

2.  Referring  to  the  making  of  thread,  yarn, 
cord,  etc.:  spin,  spinning,  throwing  (tech.), 
purling  (archaic);  spec.  lay. 

3.  torsion,  torque  (tech.),  screw,  twine 
(rare),  twirl  (rare,  exc.  spec),  wreath 
{rare,  exc.  spec,  as  in  "a  wreath  of  smoke"); 
spec,  curl,  turn  (contextual),  crinkle,  in- 
torsion  (rare),  kink,  buckle,  kinkle. 

twist,  V.  t.  1.  Referring  to  thread,  yarn,  cord, 
etc.:  spin,  throw  (tech.),  purl,  pirl  (ar- 
chaic), twine  (rare  or  archaic),  wreathe 
(rare);  spec  slub,  lay. 

2.  Referring  7nerely  to  torsion:  screw, 
twine  (rare,  exc.  spec),  twirl  (rare),  wring, 
turn  (contextual),  entwist  (emphatic;  lit- 
erary); spec,  kink,  crinkle  (dim.),  curl, 
coil  (rare),  WTeathe  (rare,  exc.  fig.),  wry 
(rare),  intort  (rare). 

Antonyms:  see  untwist. 

3.  See  rotate,  wind,  coil,  interlace, 
turn,  contort,  distort,  pervert. 

twist,  V.  i.  1.  Referring  to  motion  of  torsion: 
turn,  spin  (chiefly  spec),  kink  (chiefly 
spec),  twirl. 

2.    See  ROTATE,  WIND,  TURN,  COIL. 

twisted, a.  1.  crooked  (co7itextual),  P,crev,'ed, 
twisty,  torqued  (tech.),  tortidous  (tech.), 
tortile  (rare),  tortive  (rare),  wreathen  (lit- 
erary and  chiefly  fig.),  wreathy  (rare;  liter- 


XW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
turncoat:  apostate,  deserter, 
turning,  n.:   turn,  dissuasion. 
turnout:   equipage,  meeting. 
turnpike:  road. 
turpitude:  baseness,  wickedness. 
tush:   nonsense. 
tussle,  n.:  contest. 
tussock:  tuft. 
tut:   nonsense. 

tutelage:    guardianship,  teach- 
ing. 
tutelar:   protective. 


tutor,  n.:  guardian,  teacher, 
coach. 

tutor,  V.  t.:  teach,  coach,  disci- 
pline. 

twaddle,  n.;  commonplace,  non- 
sense. 

twaddle,  v.  i.:  commonplace. 

twain:   two. 

tweak:   pull,  jerk. 

tweezers:  pincers. 

twine,  V.  t.:  twist,  wind,  inter- 
lace, encircle. 

twine,  V.  i.:  wind,  coil. 


twine,  n.:   string,  coil,  wind. 

twinge:   pain. 

twinkling:   twinkle. 

twirl,  V.  i.:    twist,  rotate,  turn, 

twiddle. 
twirl,  n.:    twist,  rotation,  turn, 

twiddle. 
twit:   reproach,  taunt. 
twitch,  V.  t.:  jerk,  pull. 
twitch,    n.:   jerk,    pull,    pluck, 

quiver. 
twitchy:  jerky,  uneasy. 
twitter:    chirp,  quiver. 


tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

446 


UNALLOYED 


ary  and   chiefly  fig.);    spec,    convolute, 

kinky. 

2.  (SeespiBAL. 
two,  a.  twain  (archaic  or  poetic). 
two,  n.  1.  twain  (literary  or  rare);   spec. 

both. 

2.  Referring  to  two  things  taken  as  a  unit: 
dyad  (chiefly  tech.),  duad  (literary),  pair; 
spec,  couple,  couplet,  doublet  (tech.,  cant, 
or  colloq.),  brace,  match,  span,  yoke,  cast. 

3.  Referring  to  cards,  dominoes,  etc.:  deuce. 
two-colored,   a.   dichroic,  dichromic,  di- 
chromatic, dichroous; — all  four  tech. 

two-edged,  a.  ancipital  (rare),  ancipitous, 
ancipitate  (rare); — all  three  learned. 

two-faced,  a.  1.  bifacial  (tech.),  bifront 
(rare); — both  learned. 

2.    See  DECEITFUL. 

two-handed,  a.  bimanous  (tech.). 
two-headed,  a.    double-headed,  dicepha- 

lous  (rare),  bicephalous  (rare),  bicipitous 

(rare;     chiefly    spec),    bicipital    (chiefly 

spec). 
two-horned,  a.  bicorn,  bicorned,  bicorn- 

ous,  bicorn ute,  dicerous; — all  five  rare  or 

spec 
two-legged,  a.  bicrural  (rare). 
two-paired,  a.  bigeminal  (esp.  in  anat.), 

bigeminate  (esj).  in  hot.),  bijugate  (esp.  in 

hot.). 
two-rowed,  a.  biserial  or  biseriate  (tech.), 

distichous    or     (rare)     distich    (tech.    or 

learned);  spec,  bifarious  (rare). 
two-sided,  a.  bilateral  (tech.  or  learned). 
type,  n.  1.  See  symbol,  pattern,  kind, 

NATURE. 

2.  example,  representative,  ideal,  model, 
pattern,  beau  ideal. 

3.  Referring  to  any  block  used  in  printing: 
spec,  letter,  figure,  member,  character,  etc. 

4.  Collectively:  spec  letters  (pi.),  letter 
(tech.),  form,  script,  roman,  italic,  text, 
clarendon,  brevier,  etc. 

typical,  a.  1.  See  symbolic. 
2.  exemplary,  representative,  true,  ideal, 
model. 

typify,  V.  t.  1.  See  symbolize. 
2.  exemplify,  represent,  type  (rare),  ideal- 
ize, image;    spec,  impersonate,  embody; 
see  prefigure. 

tyrannical,  a.  pendragonish  (rare),  tyran- 
nous, arbitrary;  see  domineering,  op- 
pressive. 

tyrannize,  v.  i.  despotize  (rare),  tyrant 
(rare);  see  domineer. 


tyranny,  n.  1.  See  AUTOCRACY. 
2.  arbitrariness,     despotism,     harshness; 

see  DOMINEERING,  OPPRESSION. 

tyrant,  n .  1.  See  autocrat. 
2.  oppressor  (contextual),  despot,  liberti- 
cide  (rare). 

u 

udder,  n.  bag  (only  of  cows,  goats,  etc.). 

ugly,  a.  1.  unsightly,  hideous;   spec,  hard- 
favored  (archaic),  evil-looking. 
Antonyms:   see  beautiful. 
2.  See   repellent,    ill-tempered,    ill- 
shaped. 

ulcerate,  v.  i.  fester  (chiefly  spec). 

ulcerous,  a.  Spec,  cankerous. 

umbrella,  n.  Spec  gingham,  gamp,  chat- 
ta  (Anglo-Indian) ,  parasol. 

umpire,  n.  arbitrator,  referee;  spec  lines- 
man. 

umpire,  v.  t.  referee  (sports). 

unaccented,  a.  atonic  (tech.),  unstressed, 
toneless,  weak. 

unacceptable,   a.    unwelcome,    disagree- 
able;  spec,  unpopular. 
Antonyms:  see  acceptable. 

unaccommodating,  a.  disobliging,  non- 
compliant,  incompliant. 
Antonyms:  see  complaisant. 

unaccountable,     a.     irresponsible,     un- 
answerable. 
Antonyms:  see  accountable. 

unaccustomed,     a.     unusual,     unused, 
strange,  foreign  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  customary. 

unadorned,  a.  plain,  simple,  bare,  unor- 
namented,  ungarnished;  spec,  unvar- 
nished {fig.),  naked,  blank. 

unadulterated,  a.  pure,  clear,  simple, 
sincere  (rare  or  literary),  honest;  spec. 
undiluted,  neat. 

unadvisable,  a.  inadvisable,  inexpedient, 
impolitic. 
Antonyms:  see  advantageous,  wise. 

unaffected,   a.    1.   untouched,   unmoved, 
unchanged;  spec,  see  intact. 
Antonyms:  see  affected. 
2.  simple,  plain,  natural,  native,  inarti- 
ficial. 
Antonyms:  see  affected,  pretentious. 

unaided,  a.  unsupported,  unseconded; 
spec,  singly  (predicative),  single-handed, 
helpless. 

unallowable,  a.  inadmissible,  impermissi- 
ble. 


tS^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
twofold,  a  :  double. 
twofold,  adv.:    doubly. 
tympanum:  drum,  eardrum. 
tyrannous:     autocratic,    tyran- 
nical. 
tyre:   tire. 
tyro:  uovice. 


ubiquitous:  omnipresent. 
ulterior:  distant,  additional. 
ultra,  a.:  extreme. 
ultra,  ».:  radical. 
ultra,  adv.:'  e.rcessively. 
umbrage:  offense. 


umbrageous:  dark. 
umpire,  v.  i.:  decide. 
unable:    incapable. 
unaccompanied:   alone. 
unaccountable:    irresponsible. 
unacknowledged:   hidden. 
unacquainted :    inexperienced. 
unalloyed:   absolute. 


tIsF'  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

447 


UNALTERABLE 


unanibitious,a.hiimblo,unaspiring(rare). 
Anloni/nm:  sec  ambitious. 

unanimous,  a.  a^rooing,  consentaneous, 
fonsontiont,  solid  {chiijli/  slang;  in  polit- 
ical usage:   I  ■  S-)- 

unappealable,  a.  final. 

unappeasable,  a.  inappcasablo,  implac- 
able, deadly,  mortal;  spec,  inexpiable;  see 

RELENTLESS. 

An(oni/ms:  see  compassionate, 

unappreciative,  a.  inappreciative,  una])- 
plausive  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  appreciati\'E. 

unarmed,  a.  weaponless,  inerm  {rare,  or 
bot.). 
Antonyms:  see  armed. 

unascertainable,  a.  indeterminable. 

unassailable,  a.  invulnerable  {often  fig.), 
inoppugnable  {rare). 

unatonable,  a.  inexpiable. 

unauthorized,  a.  illegitimate,  bastard. 

unavoidable,  a.  inevitable,  certain,  neces- 
sary, ineluctable  {literary),  escapeless 
(rare);  spec,  inavertible  {rare),  indispen- 
sable, unpreventable. 

unaware,  a.  unknowing,  ignorant. 
Antonyms:  see  knowing. 

unawareness,  n.  ignorance. 

unbaked,  a.  raw,  crude;  spec,  green,  un- 
fired,  unburnt. 

unbearable,  a.  intolerable,  insupportable, 
insufferable,  unendurable. 
Antonyms:  see  endurable,  pleasant. 

unbecoming,  a.  unbeseeming  {literary  or 
archaic),  unseemly,  unworthy,  misbecom- 
ing {rare  or  literary),  uncomely  {rare),  un- 
meet, unsuitable,  unfitting,  indecent 
{rare);  spec,  incorrect;  see  improper. 
Antonyms:  see  becoming. 

unbelief,  n.  heresy  (tending  to  create 
schism),  miscreance  {archaic),  disbelief, 
miscredit  {rare),  discredence  {rare),  infi- 
delity {chiefly  eccl.),  incredulity,  incredu- 
lousness. 
Anton7jms:  see  belief. 

unbelievable,  a.  incredible,  disbelievable 
{rare);  spec,  inconceivable. 
Antonyms:  see  believable. 

unbeliever,  n.  disbeliever,  infidel  {chiefly 


eccl.),  heretic  {chiefly  eccl.),  miscreant 
{archaic),  misbeliever;  spec,  minimifidiaii 
{rare),  nullificlian  (rare),  free-thinker,  zeu- 
dik  {Oriental),  nothingarian  {eccl.;  run). 

Antony >ns:  see  believer. 
unbelieving,  a.  incredulous;  spec,  infidel, 
disbelieving. 

Antonyms:  see  believing. 
unbosom,  v.  t.  unburden,  unbreast  {rare), 
open. 
unbreakable,  a.  infrangible  {learned),  ir- 
rui)tible  (rare). 
Antonyms:   see  brittle. 
unbreathable,  a.  irrespirable. 
unbroken,  a.  1.  even;    spec,  blind,  dead 
{level). 

2.  See  constant,  uninterrupted. 
uncalled,  a.  uninvited. 
uncanny,  a.  unnatural,  weird. 
unceremonious,  a.  abrupt,  bluff,  blunt, 
offhand,    brusque,  curt,  gruff,    informal; 
spec,  familiar. 
Antonyms:  see  formal. 
uncertain,    a.    doubtful,    indeterminate; 
spec,    precarious,    problematical,    shaky, 
slippery,  equivocal,  insecure,  mistakable. 
Antonyms:  see  certain. 
uncertainty,  n.  doubt;   spec,  precarious- 
ness,  insecurity. 
Antonyms:  see  certainty. 
unchangeable,  a.  unalterable,  immutable. 
unchaste,  a.  wanton;  sec  lascivious. 
uncivilized,   a.    savage,    barbarous,    bar- 
barian, barbaric,  low  {contextual),  uncivil 
{rare),  raw  {rare). 
Antonyms:  see  civilized. 
uncle,  n.  nuncle  {obs.  or  dial.),  mink  {obs. 

or  dial.). 
uncomfortable,    a.    distressing,    uneasy 
{obs.  or  rare). 

Antonyms:  see  comfortable. 
uncompassionate,  a.  unkind,  unfeeling, 
pitiless,  stony,  relentless,  ruthless,  fierce, 
cruel,  impiteous  {rare). 
Antonyms:  see  compassionate. 
unconcealed,  a.  open,  public,  overt. 

Antonyms:  see  hidden. 
uncongenial,   a.    incongenial    {rare),    in- 
compatible. 


fW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

unbending,  a.:  formal. 

uncleanly:  dirty. 

unalterable:       constant,      un- 

unbending, it.:   relaxation. 

uncloak:   disclose. 

changeable. 

unbiased:   impartial. 

unclose:   open. 

unambiguous:   clear. 

unbind:  free,  loose. 

unclothed:  naked. 

unamiable:    ill-tempered. 

unblemished:  intact. 

unclouded:    clear. 

unanimated:  dull. 

unbolt:    loose. 

uncombined:  free. 

unappalled:   dauntless. 

unbounded:  unlimited,  absolute. 

uncommon:       infrequent,  un- 

unapproachable:  inaccessible. 

unbrace:  loose. 

us-ual. 

unasked:   groundless. 

unbuckle:   loose. 

uncommunicative:  reticent. 

unattacheid:  free. 

unburden:  free,  disclose. 

uncomprehending:    blind. 

unattempted:  untried. 

uncage:  free. 

uncomprehensive:    narrow. 

unattended:   alone. 

uncalled-for:  groundless. 

uncompromising:  unyielding. 

unavailing:    ineffectual. 

unceasing:   constant. 

i^trict.                                    [ferent. 

unavowed:    hidden. 

unclad:   naked. 

unconcerned:    careless,  indif- 

unbalanced:  deranged. 

unclasp:  loose. 

unconditional:  absolute. 

unbend:  relax. 

unclean:    dirty,  indecent. 

unconfined:   free,  uninclosed. 

tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

448 


UNDERSTANDING 


unconnected,  a.   1.  separate,  disparate, 
distinct,  disjunct;   spec,  individual. 
2.  Referring  to  knowledge,  facts,  etc.:    un- 
related,  incoherent,   scrappy,  disjointed, 
loose. 
Antonyms:  see  related, 

unconquerable,  a.  1.  invincible,  indomi- 
table, unsubduable,  irreducible  {rare),  in- 
expugnable. 
Antonyms:  see  conquerable. 

2.    See  IMPREGNABLE. 

unconscious,  a.  insensible,  unaware  {only 
in  pred.,  with  "of"),  inconscious  (rare),  in- 
conscient    (rare),    nonconscious,  incogni- 
zant (rare),  brute  (literary). 
Antonyms:      see     conscious,     aware, 

AWAKE. 

uncontrol,  n.  freedom  (contextual). 

uncontrollable,  a.  ungovernable,  incon- 
trollable,  unrestrainable,  wild ;  spec,  ram- 
pant, rampageous;  see  unmanageable. 
Antonyms:  see  manageable. 

uncontrolled,    a.    unbridled,    unbitted, 
reinless,  wild,  intemperate. 

unconventional,  a.  Spec,  unofficial,  un- 
accustomed; see  INFORMAL. 
Antonyms:  see  conventional,  cpstom- 

ARY,  STIFF. 

unconvincing,  a.  weak. 

Antonyms:     see    convincing,    cogent, 
impressive. 

uncooked,  a.  raw. 

uncorrupted,  a.  honest,  innocent,  untar- 
nished, uncorrupt  (rare;). 
Antonyms:  see  corrupt. 

uncover,   v.   t.   open,    discover,    disclose; 
spec,    undrape,    unveil,    uncurtain,    un- 
sheathe, disease  (archaic). 
Antonyms:  see  cover. 

uncovered,  a.  open,  bare,  naked,  undis- 
guised. 

unction,  n.  1.  anointing,  aneling  (esp.  as  a 
religious  rite).   . 
2.  See  emotionalism. 

unctuous,  a.  1.  bland,  smooth;  spec,  see 
emotional. 

2.  smooth  (contextual),  oily  (fig.),  greasy 
(fig.;  contemptuous). 
Antonyms:  see  harsh. 

uncultivated,  a.  1.  wild,  untilled,  imre- 
claimed,  unhusbanded  (rare);  spec,  fallow. 
2.  homely,  home-bred,  rough,  unrefined; 
spec,  uncultured,  uncouth. 


uncultured,  a.  artless,  rural,  Philistine; 

see  BOORISH. 

undeceive,  v.  t.  disillusion,  disabuse,  dis- 
illude  (rare),  unbefool  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  deceive. 

undecidable,  a.  indeterminable. 

undecided,    a.    1.     uncertain,     undeter- 
mined, irresolute,  unresolved,  unsettled; 
spec,  open,  pendent,  drawn  (battle,  etc.). 
2.  See  doubtful,  hesitating. 

undefended,  a.  unguarded,  unprotected, 
guardless,  naked  (fig.),  exposed. 

undefiled,  a.  1.   See  clean. 
2.  inviolate,  luipolluted,  unfiled  (rare). 

undeniable,  a.  unquestionable,  incontest- 
able, indisputable,  incontrovertible,  irre- 
futable, irrefragable. 

under,  prep,  below,  beneath,  underneath. 
Antonyms:   see  upon. 

underbrush,  n.  undergrowth,  underwood; 

see  THICKET. 

underclothes,  n.   underwear,   undergear 

(colloq.);  spec,  flannels,  underlinen. 

undercurrent,  n.  underset,  underflow 
(rare);  spec,  undertow. 

underground,  a.  subterraneous,  subter- 
ranean, subterrane  (rare),  subterrestrial 
(rare),  catachthonian  (rare). 

underhung,  a.  Spec,  undershot 

underlying,  a.  subjacent  (to). 
Antonyms:   see  incumbent. 

undermine,  v.  t.  1.  mine,  sap,  underwork 
(rare);  spec,  honeycomb. 

2.    See  WEAKEN. 

underrate,  v.  t.  depreciate,  underestimate, 
disparage   (rare),  extenuate  (rare  or  ar- 
chaic);  see  UNDERVALUE. 
Antonyms:  see  overrate. 

undersong,  n.  refrain,  bourdon,  burdoun, 
burden  (hist,  or  rare),  faburden  (hist.). 

understand,  v.  t.  know,  comprehend,  per- 
ceive, catch,  grasp,  penetrate,  seize,  real- 
ize, sense  (colloq.),  apprehend,  conceive, 
twig  (slang),  receive,  have,  intelligize 
(rare),  ken  (Scot,  or  obs.),  wool  (slang), 
tumble  to  (slang),  take  (rare);  spec,  de- 
cipher, interpret,  construe,  follow,  fath- 
om, bottom. 

understandable,  a.  knowable,  comprehen- 
sible, apprehensible,  penetrable,  intelligi- 
ble, fathomable;  spec,  interpretable. 

understanding,  n.  knowledge,  sense, 
comprehension,    conception,    perception, 


t^^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
unconstrained:  easy. 
unconstraint:  ease. 
uncontented:    discontented. 
uncontrolled:    absolute. 
unconventional:    informal. 
uncouple:   disconnect. 
uncouth:  awkimrd. 
uncreated:  self-existent 
undated:   dateless. 
undaunted:  bold. 


undeceitful:  sincere. 

undeceivable:    infallible. 

undecipherable:  illegible. 

undemonstrative:  impassive. 

under,  a.:   lower. 

underestimate:    underrate. 

undergo:  suffer,  experience, 
endure. 

undergrowth:  underbrush. 

underhanded:  hidden,  deceit- 
ful, stealthi/. 


underling:  subordinate,  wretch. 
underpin:   prop. 
underpinning:   support. 
underset,  n.:  undercurrent. 
underset,  c.  t.:  prop. 
undershot:   underhung. 
undersign:   subscribe. 
undersized:   dwarf. 
understanding,  a.:  intelligent. 
understanding,      n.:      intelli- 
gence, agreement. 


{W  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

449 


UNDERSTUDY 


head,  intrllix-tion  {rare  or  learned);   s/kt. 

f^rip.  apprtn-iatidn. 
understudy,  ii.  substitute,  devil  {colloq.  or 

canO. 
undertake,   r.   /.   accept,   attack,    tackle 

(colhq.),  assume,  enterprise  {archaic);  see 

ATTEMPT,      PROMISE,      GUARANTEE,      CON- 
TRACT. 

Anlorujms:  see  avoid. 

undertaker,  n.  Spec,  projector,  entre- 
preneur (French);  see  contractor. 

undertaking,  n.  enterprise,  emprise  (ar- 
chaic),  affair,  assumption,  venture,  con- 
tract {spec,  or  slang);  see  attempt, 
guaranty. 

undervalue,  v.   t.   underrate,   deconsidcr 
{rare),  underprize,  depreciate,  disappre- 
ciate  {rare),  misprize,  underestimate. 
Antonyms:  sfe  overrate. 

underwater,  a.  subaqueous  {learned  or 
tech.);  spec,  submarine. 

underworld,  n.  1.  antipodes  (pL;  learned). 

2.   Sec  HELL. 

undeserving,  a.  deserveless  (rare),  un- 
worthy, desertless,  indign  (archaic). 

undeveloped,  a.  Spec,  rudimentary,  em- 
br>'onal,  rude,  embryonary,  embryonic, 
primordial,  perennial,  immature,  un- 
baked. 

undevelopment,  n.  immaturity. 

undignified,  a.  belittling,  mean;  spec,  de- 
grading. 
Antonyms:  see  dignified. 

undiscriminating,  a.  indiscriminate,  in- 
discriminative,  promiscuous. 

un<lisputed,  a.  unquestioned,  uncontro- 
verted,  uncontested. 

undissolvable,  a.  irresoluble,  insoluble, 
insolvable  (rare). 

undisturbed,  a.  1.  sound,  unmolested. 
2.  See  CALM. 

undo,  V.  t.  1.  Spec,  unknit,  unrip,  untie, 
unplait,  unpick,  unhook,  unlace,  unbut- 
ton,   unspin,    unwork    (rare),    unweave, 
untuck,  unwreathe  (rare),  unmake. 
2.  See  OPEN,  invalidate,  ruin. 

undress,  v.  i.  unrobe,  unclothe,  disrobe 
(literary,  formal,  or  affected),  devest  (obs. 
or  rare),  disease  (archaic),  unapparel 
(rare),  disarray  (literary);  spec,  disgown; 
see  strip. 
Antonyms:  see  dress. 

undress,  v.  t.  disrobe,  strip  (colloq.),  peel 
(slang),  unattire  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  dress. 

undress,  n.  disarray  (literary  or  formal); 


sjirr.    ncgHgi'c,    dishabille   or    deshabille, 
mufti. 

undressed,  a.  I.  See  crude. 
2.  Of  stone:  unhewn,  self-faced  (<ec/i.). 

undulate,  v.  i.  1.  Spec,    fluctuate   (rare), 
wave,  ripple,  roll  (of  prairie  land) ,  pulsate, 
pulse,  wimple,  crisp,  crimp,  crimple. 
2.  See  SWING,  billow. 

undulate,  v.  t.  agitate;  spec,  wave,  crin- 
kle, rij)plo,  roll. 

undulating,  a.  undulous,  fluctuant;  spec. 
rolling,    rippUng,    wavy;     see    billowy, 

SINUOUS. 

undulation,  n.  1.  agitation,  wave,  billow 
(chiefly  spec),  rolling;    spec,  crispation, 
pulsation,  pulse. 
2.  See  SINUOSITY,  swing. 

undulatory,  a.  wavy,  rolling,  rippling, 
ripply,  crinkly. 

undutiful,  a.  dutiless  (rare),  remiss;  spec. 
disobedient. 
Antonyms:  see  obedient. 

uneasiness,  a.  restlessness,  unrest,  un- 
quiet, unquietness.  unrestingness  (rare), 
intranquillity  {rare),  inquietude,  disquiet, 
unrestfulness  {rare),  dispeace  (chiefly 
Scot.);  spec,  impatience,  impatiency 
(rare),  fidgetiness,  fidgets  (colloq.),  pertur- 
bation, agitation,  discomposure;  see  dis- 
comfort. 

uneasy,  a.  1.  restless,  unreposing  (rare), 
unresting,  disturbed,  inquiet  (rare);  per- 
turbed, disquieted,  discomposed;  spec. 
queasy,  sleepless,  twitchy,  impatient,  ex- 
cited, fidgety,  feverish. 
A  ntonyms:  see  calm,  composed,  patient. 
2.  See  distressing,  difficult,  agitated. 

uneatable,  a.  inedible,  inesculent  (learned 
or  formal). 
Antonyms:  see  eatable. 

uneducated,  a.  ignorant,  untaught,  illit- 
erate, letterless  (rare);    spec,  untutored, 
imtrained. 
Antonyms:  see  educated. 

unemotional,    a.    cold,    cool,    apathetic, 
icy,  dry  (chiefly  spec),  impassive,  unim- 
passioned. 
Antonyms:    see  demonstrative,  effu- 
sive. 

unemployed,  a.  idle;  spec,  loafing. 
Antonyms:  see  industrious. 

unemployment,  n.  idleness,  nonemploy- 
ment;  spec  loafing. 

unengaged,    a.    1.    unemployed;     spec. 
briefless  (law). 
2.  free,  heart-whole. 


X^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
undertow:   current. 
underworld,  a.:   infernal. 
underwrite:  subscribe. 
undeviating:   constant. 
undiluted:   crude. 
undiscerning:   blind. 


undisciplined:   inexperienced. 
undiscovered:   hidden. 
undisguised:  frank. 
undismayed:    courageous. 
undisputed:    unquestioned. 
undistinguished:  commonplace. 
undoubted:  unquestioned. 


undue:  improper,  excessive. 
undying:  immortal,  endless. 
unearth:    disinter,  disclose,  ex- 

pose. 
unearthly:    supernatural. 
unembarrassed:  easy. 
unending:  endless. 


t^'  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
450 


UNFORTUNATE 


unequal,  a.  incqual  (rare),  disparate,  iii- 
adequative. 
Antonyms:  see  uniform. 

unequaled,  n.  fellovvless  (rare),  match- 
less, inimitable,  unparalleled,  unpeered 
(rare),  unexampled,  unpatterned  (rare), 
nonpareil,  peerless,  incomparable,  tran- 
scendent,-unmatched  (rare),  unique,  un- 
rivaled, unapproached;  spec,  unmatch- 
able  (rare). 

unerring,  a.  1.  See  INFALLIBLE. 
2.  accurate,  sure,  inerrant  (rare);  spec. 
dead  (shot,  etc.). 

unescapable,  a.  includible  (literary),  in- 
evitable, inevasible  (rare),  inescapable 
(rare),  unavoidable;  spec,  unexcludible 
(rare),  inexcusable  (rare). 

unessential,  a.  1.  meaningless,  pithless. 

2.  dispensable;  see  unnecessary. 

uneven,    a.    rough    (contextual),    tumbly, 
variable,    lumpy,    stony,    cuppy,    pitted, 
hilly,  holey,  broken. 
Antonyms:    see  even,  uniform,  plain. 
2.  Of  numbers:  odd. 

uneventful,  a.  smooth,  eventless. 
Antonyms:  see  eventful. 

unexaggerated,  a.  true,  real;  spec,  cool 
(colloq.;  as  in  "he  has  a  cool  million"). 

unexcitable,  a.  imperturbable,  calm. 
Antonyms:  see  excitable. 

unexhausted,  a.  inexhausted  (rare);  see 
fresh. 

unexpected,  a.  sudden,  unlooked-for,  un- 
foreseen. 

unexperienced,  a.  1.  See  inexperienced. 
2.  untasted,  unfelt. 

unexplainable,  a.  insoluble,  inexplicable, 
unaccountable,  inexplainable  (rare);  spec. 
sphinxlike  (fig.). 

unexplodcd,  a.  live. 

unexposed,    a.    protected,    unobnoxious 
(rare);  spec,  see  safe. 
Antonyms:  see  exposed,  unprotected. 

unexpressed,  a.  unworded  (rare);  spec. 
unwritten,  unsaid. 

unfading,  a.  fast,  fadeless,  immarcesci- 
ble  (rare),  amaranthine  (literary),  perma- 
nent. 

unfailing,  a.  1.  infaUible. 

2.    See  RELIABLE. 

unfair,  a.  inequitable,  unjust,  oblique  (lit- 
erary or  rare),  unequal;    spec,  foul;    see 

PARTIAL. 

Antonyms:  see  impartial. 
unfaithful,  a.  faithless,  recreant,  dishon- 
est, derelict  (rare),  unleal,  illoyal  (rare), 
false,  untrue,  disloyal  (now  chiefly  spec), 
un trusty  (rare),  perfidious. 


Antonyms:  see  constant. 

unfamiliar,  a.  strange,  novel,  new,  unac- 
quainted, inconversant;  spec,  outlandish, 
bizarre. 
Antonyms:  see  familiar,  common. 

unfasten,  v.  t.  loose,  unloose,  loosen,  un- 
loosen (rare);  spec,  unscrew,  unbind,  un- 
hitch, unhasp,  unpin,  disglue,  untack,  un- 
lace, unspjar  (rare),  unclasp,  unfix,  unlink. 
Antonyms:  see  fasten. 

unfathomable,  a.  1.  bottomless,  sound- 
less, uuplumbed  (rare). 
2.  See  unintelligible. 

unfavorable,  a.  unfriendly,  sinister,   ad- 
verse, disadvantageous;    spec,  ill,  inaus- 
picious,  unlucky,  indisposed,  foul,  con- 
trary; see  inauspicious. 
Antonyms:  see  favorable. 

unfeeling,  a.  merciless,  pitiless,  unpitiful 
(rare),  unmerciful,  hard,  hard-hearted, 
cold,  cold-blooded,  cold-hearted,  obdu- 
rate (literary  or  learned),  careless,  heart- 
less, .soulless,  inhuman,  inhumane  (rare), 
dispiteous  (literary),  granitic  (fig.;  rare), 
unimpressionable,  callous,  incompassion- 
ate  (rare),  rocky  (fig.),  stony,  marbly 
(fig.),  marble  (fig.),  flinty  (fig.),  bloodless, 
dispassionate,  iron  (fig.),  bowelless;  spec. 
hollow,  emotionless,  relentless,  adaman- 
tine, empty;  see  senseless,  insensible, 
cruel,  dull. 
Antonyms:  see  kindly,  merciful,  com- 
passionate. 

unfinished,  a.  crude,  incomplete,  incon- 
dite (rare);  spec,  raw,  sketchy,  inelegant; 
see  ROUGH. 
Antonyms:  see  finished. 

unfitness,  n.  unsuitability,  disqualifica- 
tion;  spec,  ineligibility,  disability. 

unfold,  V.  t.  open,  undo,  display  (rare  or 
spec),  unroll,  evolve  (chiefly  literary),  ex- 
pand ;  spec undouble  (rare), spread,  unfurl, 
disinvolve  (rare),  separate;  see  develop. 
Antonyms:  see  fold,  close,  shut,  w^rap. 

unfolding,  n.  Spec,  evolution,  disclosure, 
display;  see  development. 

unforeseeable,  a.  incalculable,  unfore- 
knowable. 

unforgiving,  a.  implacable,  unrelenting, 
inexorable,  unappeasable;  spec,  rancorous, 
merciless,  pitiless;  see  relentless. 
Antonyms:  see  forgiving. 

unfortunate,  a.  ill,  unlucky,  disastrous, 
destructive,  ruinous,  fatal  (hyperbolical), 
hapless  (archaic  or  literary),  ill-starred; 
spec,  fortuneless,  misfortunate  (notv  chief- 
ly Scot.  <&  dial.  U.  S.),  luckless,  evil,  un- 
successful. 


C^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
unequivocal:  definite. 
unezpressible:    inexpressible. 
unespressive:   blank. 


unfaded:  fresh. 
unf earful:  courageous 
unfeigned:   sincere. 
unfetter:  free. 


unfit,  a.:  improper. 
unfit,  r.  t.:  disable,  disqualify. 
unfix:   unfasten,  loose,  detach. 
unfold,  V.  ».;  develop,  disclose. 


(W  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
451 


UNFOUNDED 


Antonijnis:  see  fortunate,  rROSPEuous. 
unfounded,  a.  proofless,  unevidcnccd ;  nee 

liKOLNDLKSS. 

AnUini/nis:   sec  well-founded. 

unfrequented,  a.  solitary,  desolate,  des- 
ert, deserted,  forsaken,  abandoned,  lonely, 
lone  (archaic  or  poetic),  lonesome;  spec. 
uninhabited;    see  uninhabited,  lonely. 

unfriendliness,  n.  hostility. 

unfriendly,    o.    hostile,    inimical,    ill-af- 
leeted  (rare),  enemy  (rare,  esc.  spec),  op- 
posed {contextual),  indisposed. 
Antonyms:  six  fhiendly. 

unfurnished,  a.  bare,  naked,  imequipped, 
ungarnished. 

ungallant,   a.  unchivalrous,  unchivalric; 
spec,  caitiff. 
Antonyms:  see  brave,  polite. 

ungentlemanly,     a.     uncivil,     impolite, 
coarse;    see  boorish. 
Antony}ns:  see  polite. 

ungirt,  a.  zoneless,  unzoned  (rare),  un- 
cinctured,  discinct  (rare). 

ungovernable,  a.  unruly,  uncontrollable, 
unmanageable. 

ungoverned,  a.  1.  unbridled,  uncontrolled. 
2.  See  anarchical. 

ungrateful,  a.  ingrate  (literary),  unthank- 
ful, thankless. 
Antonyms:  see  thankful. 

unguarded,  a.  unwatched,  uncared-for; 
spec,  blind  (side). 

unhallowed,  a.  profane,  unsanctified.  un- 
baptized  (spec,  or  fig.). 
Antonyms:  see  hallowed. 

unhappy,  a.  1.  miserable,  wTetched,  sad, 
infelicitous  (literary  or  formal) ,  disconso- 
late, unblessed  (rare),  unbhssful  (rare), 
unjo.vful,  joyless;  spec,  heartsick,  incon- 
solable, dismal. 

Antonyms:   see  happy. 
2.  See  calamitous. 

unharmed,  a.  uninjured,  imhurt,  safe, 
scatheless,  immune,  seotfree,  harmless 
(rare). 

unharness,  v.  t.   1.  unrope  (local  U.  S.), 
untackle   {rare),  unhitch;    spec,  outspan 
(So.  African),  unsaddle. 
Antonyms:  see  harness. 
2.  See  loose. 

unhealth,  n.  infirmity,  morbidity  (rare), 
sickness,   cacochymy  (med.;    used  by  the 
old  humorists),  feeblesse  (archaic),    vale- 
tudinarianism:  spec,  disease. 
Antonyms:  see  health. 


unhcalthful,  a.  unwholesome,  insalubri- 
ous, healthless,  insanitary. 
.[nlonipns:  see  healthful,  s.^^nitary. 

unhealthy,  a.  ailing,  morbid,  sickly,  in- 
salubrious,   healthless     (rare),    morbose 
(rare),  valetudinarian. 
Antonyms:  sec  healthy'. 

unheeded,  a.  unobserved,  unregarded; 
.^pec.  ignored. 

unholy,  a.  1.  unsanctified,  profane;  see 
unhallowed. 

2.  ungodly,  godless,  impious;    see  irre- 
ligious. 
Ardonyms:  see  hallowed. 

unhorse,  v.  t.  Spec,  throw,  unsaddle,  buck; 
.see  dismount. 

uniform,  a.  equal  (rare  as  to  physical 
things,  ami  then  equivalent  to  "equable"), 
steady,  constant,  even,  smooth,  equable 
(archaic  of  temper,  viind,  etc.),  unvarying, 
regular,  same,  dead,  plain,  level;  spec,  flat, 
unbroken  (color),  measured,  solid,  undi- 
versified,  jog-trot,  pure,  self,  undeviating, 
homogeneous,  correspondent;   see  even. 

Antonyms:  see  varied,  unequal,  un- 
even, diversified,  multiform,  varie- 
gated. 

uniform,  n.  livery,  regimentals  (pi.;  spec. 
or  fig.);  see  costume. 

uniformed,  a.  Spec,  liveried.  ' 

uniformity,    n.    constancy    (which    see), 
evenness,     regularity,     sameness;      spec. 
steadiness,  monotony,  homogeneity,  ho- 
mogeneousness,  unity. 
Ardonyms:  .see  variety',  diversity. 

unimaginable,     a.     inconceivable,      un- 
thinkable, impossible. 
Antonyms:  see  thinkable. 

unimaginative,  a.   prosaic,  unromantic, 
fanciless  (rare);  see  matter-of-fact. 
Antonyms:  see  imaginative,  fanciful. 

unimpassioned,  a.  cold,  passionless,  dis- 
passionate,   bloodless    (slang   or  colloq.), 
cold-blooded;  see  une.motional,  calm. 
Antonyms:  see  excited,  angry. 

unimportant,  a.  immaterial,  inconse- 
quent (rare),  inconsiderable,  insignificant, 
light,  inconsequential,  slight;  spec,  ines- 
sential, petty,  small,  inferior,  inapprecia- 
ble, meaningless,  minor,  indifferent,  im- 
momentous  (rare),  nonessential. 

Ardonyms:  see  important,  flagrant, 
great. 

uninelosed,  a.  open;  spec,  fenceless. 
Ardonyms:  see  confined. 


t^"  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
unfruitful:    barren,  unprodiic- 

tive. 
unfunded:  floating. 
ungainly:    aukward. 
ungenial:    inclement. 
ungentle:   rough. 
ungraceful:  axvkward,  clumsy. 


ungracious,    a.:     impolite,    of- 
fensive. 

ungratefulness:   ingratitude. 
unguent:  ointment. 
unguiform:  hook-shaped. 
ungulnous:  fat. 
unhair:    depilate. 
unhandsome:   homely. 


unhandy:   clumsy. 
unhearable:    inaudible. 
unheedful:  careless,  disregard- 
ful. 

unhinge:   derange,  unseat. 
unify:   unite. 
unimpressionable:     impas- 


iS"  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

452 


UNIVERSAL 


uninfluenced,    a.    unswayed;     &'pec.    see 

IMPARTIAL. 

uninformed,  a.  1.  unapprised,  ignorant. 

2.    See  IGNORANT. 

uninhabitable,   a.   untenantable,    unliv- 
able. 
Antonyms:  see  habitable. 

uninhabited,  a.  unfrequented,  lifeless, 
desolate,  desert  {now  rare),  unsettled, 
peopleless  {rare);  spec,  waste,  abandoned. 

uninjured,  a.  whole,  unprejudiced;    see 

SOUND,  INTACT. 

unintelligent,  a.  unapprehensive  (rare), 
mindless  {rare);    spec,  impenetrable;  see 

STUPID. 

Antonyms:  see  intelligent,  clever. 
unintelligible,   a.  inexplicable,  inscruta- 
ble, unfathomable,  fathomless,  blind,  in- 
conceivable, incomprehensible,  hidden. 
Antonyms:  see  intelligible,  clear. 
unintentional,  a.  unmeant  {rare),  inde- 
liberate {rare),  undesigned,  inadvertent, 
spontaneous,  unpremeditated. 
Antonyms:  see  intentional. 
uninterrupted,  a.  continuous,  unbroken, 
solid. 
uninteresting,   a.    dry,     dreary,    dreari- 
some,    arid,    barren,    flat,    jejune;     spec. 
featureless,    dry-as-dust,    tasteless;     see 

DULL,  INSIPID. 

Antonyms:  see  interesting. 

uninvited,  a.  unasked,  unbidden,  un- 
called. 

union,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  act  or  action: 
uniting,  joining,  interunion  {rare),  uni- 
tion  {rare);  spec,  conjunction,  conjunc- 
ture, connection,  fusion,  combination,  in- 
corporation, consolidation,  coalescence, 
inosculation;  see  attachment. 
Antonyms:  see  division. 

2.  See  coupling. 

3.  Referring  to  a  vital  process,  as  of 
growth:  spec,  conjugation,  fusion,  sym- 
physis, inosculation,  synartesis  {rare), 
synosteosis,  ankylosis,  coossification,  syni- 
zesis,  synechia. 

4.  association  {contextual),  federacy,  alli- 
ance, confederacy  {usually  a  looser  or  more 
temporary  union  than  a  "confederation"), 
coalition  {especially  in  politics);  spec. 
Zollverein  {Ger.),  guild,  craft,  trade 
union  or  {for  short)  union;  see  associa- 
tion, marriage. 

unique,  a.  singular,  only,  sole,  single 
{rare). 

unison,  n.  unisonance,  homophony  (mu- 
sic, tech.);  see  harmony. 

unisonous,  a.  unisonant,  unisonal  {rare), 
unison  {rare),  homophonic  or  homopho- 
nous  (tech.). 


unit,  n.  one,  unity,  monad  {chiefly  tech. 
and  spec),  monas  {rare);  spec,  item,  in- 
teger, module,  standard,  point. 

unitary,  a.  monadic,  monadical; — both 
tech.  or  learned. 

unite,  V.  i.  1.  combine,  join,  conjoin;  spec. 
connect,  incorporate,  couple,  marry  {fig.), 
inosculate,  interosculate,  fuse,  cement, 
consubstantiate,  consolidate,  blend,  in- 
terlace {chiefly  fig.),  anastomose,  coa- 
lesce, conjugate,  syncretize  {rare),  solid- 
ify, regelate,  agglutinate;  see  join. 
Antonyms:  see  disunite. 
2.  combine,  join,  coalize  {rare  or  tech.), 
solidify  {fig.),  league,  confederate,  feder- 
ate, consolidate,  inone  {rare);  spec,  ally, 
interleague  {rare),  pair,  couple,  mate, 
fraternize,  harmonize,  mass,  center,  club, 
wed  {fig.),  amalgamate;  see  associate, 
marry. 
Antonyms:  see  break,  divide. 

unite,  V.  t.  1.  combine,  join,  conjoin  {rare 
or  formal,  or  intensive);  spec,  connect, 
couple,  incorporate,  concentrate,  con- 
flate {learned  or  literary),  marry  {fig.), 
fuse,  aggregate,  cement,  consolidate,  cen- 
ter, unify,  solidify,  lump,  dovetail,  agglu- 
tinate; see  ADD,  attach. 
Antonyms:  see  disunite,  comminute, 
divide. 

2.  combine,    join,    conjoin    {rare  or  em- 
phatic);   spec,  ally,  solidify,  league,  con- 
federate, federate,  harmonize,  mass,  amal- 
gamate; see  associate,  marry. 
Antonyms:  see  disunite. 

united,  a.  1.  combined,  joined,  consoli- 
date or  consolidated,  conjunct  {rare  or 
emphatic),  conjoint  {rare  or  emphatic); 
spec,  connected,  conjunctive,  attached, 
indiscrete  {literary),  conjugate,   connate. 

Antonyms:  see  divided. 
2.  combined,    joined,    conjoint    {rare   or 
emphatic);   spec,  federal,  confederate,  al- 
lied,  leagued,    amalgamated    {fig.),   cor- 
porate. 

uniting,  a.  1.  combinatory,  conjunctive; 
spec,  confcrescive,  connective  {rare),  ad- 
ditive, coalescent. 

2.  federative,  con  federative,  incorpora- 
tive,  coalescent  {rare). 

unity,  n.  1.  oneness,  singleness,  undivided- 
ness,  indivision  {rare);  spec,  compagcs 
{often  fig.;  literary  or  tech.);  see  sameness. 
2.  oneness,  singleness,  harmony,  concord, 
solidarity. 

universal,  a.  1.  cosmic  or  cosmical;    see 
general,  cosmic. 
Antonyms:  see  local. 

2.  catholic,  ecumenical  or  oecumenical. 

3.  Spec,  pandemic,  encyclopedic. 


I^°  Cross  references:  see  Note. 


I      unintermitted :  cortstnnt. 


uninviting:   repellent. 


30 


ZS^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
453 


UNIVERSE 


universe,  n.  worlil.  creation,  cosmos  {liler- 
(in/  or  tt'Cf  .\  system,  nature;  spec,  mac- 
rocosm, mo^acosm. 

unjointed,  a.  inarticulate,  inarticulated; 
spic.  unhinged. 

unjust,  a.  unwarranted,  unrighteous,  un- 
right  {archair),  unequal,  unrightful  (rare), 
ill,  inequitable,  iniquitous  {chiefiy  inten- 
sive). 
Antonifms:  see  JUST. 

unjustifiable,  a.  unwarrantable,  inexcus- 
able. 

unkempt,  a.  disordered,  disarranged,  di- 
sheveled, shaggy;  see  disheveled,  slov- 
enly. 

unkind,  a.  mifeeling,  hard-hearted;  spec. 
pitiless,  merciless,  harsh,  cruel,  atrocious, 
brutal,  ferocious,  savage,  inhuman,  bar- 
barous;   6Ce  ILL-N.\TURED. 
Antonyms:  see  kind. 

unkindness,  n.  unfeelingness,  etc;   spec. 
cruelty,  atrociousness,  atrocity,  brutality, 
ferocity,  inhumanity,  barbarity,  etc. 
Antonyms:  see  kindne.ss,  mercy. 

unknown,  a.  unascertained,  hidden,  un- 
beknown (colloq.),  undiscovered,  dark; 
spec,  untold,  incognita  (Jem.),  incognito 
(masc);  see  anonymous,  obscure. 

unknown,  n.  incognita  (Jem.),  incognito 
(masc),  terrge  filius  (Latin);  see  stranger. 

unladen,  a.  disburdened,  light. 

unlamented,  a.  unmoaned,  unmourned; 
f'pec.  unwept. 

unlawful,   a.   illegal,   illegitimate,   illicit; 
spec,  unconstitutional. 
.4  ntonyms:  see  lawful. 

unless,  prep,  except. 

unlimited,  a.  boundless,  limitless,  illimit- 
able, unbounded,  iUimited  (rare),  indefi- 
nite, absolute;    spec,  unconfined,  confine- 
less;  see  infinite,  ent)Less. 
Antonyms:  see  confined. 

unload,  i'.  t.  d"  i.  discharge  (more  formal 
than  "unload"),  disburden  or  (archaic) 
disburthen,  disemburden  or  disemburthen 
(both  rare),  disload  (rare),  unlade  (rare), 
disencumber,  discumber  (rare),  ofT-load 
(South  Africa);  spec,  unship,  empty, 
dump. 
Antonyms:  see  encumber. 

unlucky,  a.  1.  unhappy,  unfortunate,  mis- 
chanceful     (poetic    or    rare),    mischancy 
(chiefly  Scot.),  misadventurous. 
Antonyms:  see  fortunate. 
2.  See  INAUSPICIOUS. 


unmake,  r.  t.   1.  uncreate,  unform;    see 

ANNIHILATE. 

Antonyms:  see  create. 

2.    ^Ve  INVAL1D.\TE. 

unman,  v.  t.  1.  ^S'/;ec.  disgarrison. 

2.    Sec  EMASCULATE. 

unmanageable,  a.  difficult,  wieldless 
(rare),  unworkable  (rare),  unwieldy;   see 

UNGOVERNABLE. 

Antonyms:  sec  manageable. 

unmannerly,   a.    ill-mannered,    manner- 
less, ill-bred;   sjicc.  caddish,  rude,  rustic. 
AnU)ny)ns:  sec  polite. 

unmarked,  a.  blank. 

unmarried,    a.    single,    celibate    (chiefly 
tech.  or  litcrarTj),    lone  (only  of  women  in 
mock  pathos),  unwed  (literary);  spec,  wife- 
less, husbandle.ss,  discovert  (law). 
Antonyms'  see  married. 

unmentionable,  a.  indescribable;  spec. 
ineffable. 

unmentioned,  a.  unnamed,  nameless,  un- 
touched. 

unmitigated,  a.  unredeemed,  unrelieved, 
stark,  perfect,  utter,  absolute,  sheer,  mere. 

unmixed,  a.  pure,  unmingled,  straight 
(slang),  sheer,  solid,  clear,  unalloyed, 
simple. 

unmoral,  a.  nonmoral. 

unmusical,  a.  rude,  musicless  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  musical. 

unmutilated,  a.  immutilate  (rare),  un- 
maimed. 

unnamed,  a.  1.  innominate  (rare  or  tech.). 

2.    See  UNMENTIONED,  ANONYMOUS. 

unnatural,  a.  nonnatural,  foreign,  ab- 
normal, prodigious  (rare);  spec,  preter- 
natural, contranatural,  subternatural,  sub- 
natural,  cataphysical  (rare),  infranatural; 
see  MONSTROUS,  .vrtificlal,  affected. 
Antonyms:  see  natural. 

unnecessarj',  a.  needless,  inessential,  su- 
perfluous,   dispensable,    supererogatory, 
spare,    unneediul  (rare),  supervacaneous 
(jare) . 
Antonyms:  see  necessary. 

unnerved,  a.  upset  (colloq.) ;  spec,  flighty. 

unnoticeable,    a.    inconspicuous,    unob- 
servable,  unobtrusive,  inobservable. 
Antonyms:  see  conspicuous. 

unnoticed,  a.  unobserved,  unnoted,  un- 
perceived,  unremarked,  notele.ss  (rare). 

unobjectionable,  a.  inoffensive,  unexcep- 
tionable. 
Antonyms:  see  offensive. 


I^=  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

unlikeness:   dijjerrnce. 

unmeltable:   refractory. 

university:   school. 

unloaded:    empty. 

unmerchantable:    unsalable. 

unkindly:   malignant. 

unloose:   loose. 

unmindful:    careless,  forgetful. 

unknowing:  ignorant. 

unlovely,  a.:    homely,  unpleas- 

inirttentire. 

unlash:   loose. 

ant,  ill-tempered. 

unmistakable:   evident. 

unlearn:  forget. 

unmeaning:    meaningless,  ex- 

unmoved:     constant,   insensi- 

unlearned:  ignorant. 

pressionless. 

ble. 

unlike:  different. 

unmeasured:  infinite. 

unneighborly:  distant. 

unlikely:    improbable. 

unmelodious:    harsh. 

unnutritious:   innutritiou':. 

tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

454 


UNREFLECTING 


unobservant,  a.  careless,  disregardful, 
unobserving,  inobservant;   see  carelkss, 

INATTENTIVE. 

Antonyms:   see  attentive,  caiiepul. 

unobstructed,  a.  open,  fair,  clear,  free. 

unoccupied,  a.    1.   vacant,   unpossessed; 
spec,  tenantless. 
2.  See  IDLE. 

unpaid,  a.  Spec,  unsatisfied,  unsalaried, 
unfeed,  feelcss,  unsettled. 

unpalatable,  a.  distasteful,  uiitoothsome 
(rare);  spec,  bitter,  sour,  etc. 
Antonyms:  see  palat.able. 

unpardonable,  a.   unforgivable,  irremis- 
sible  (rare),  inexcusable. 
Antonyms:   see  excusable. 

unperceivable,  n.  inco,n;nizable ;    spec,  un- 
seeable, intangible,  indiscernible. 
Antonyms:  see  perceptible. 

unpleasant,  a.  displeasing,  bad,  unpleas- 
ing,  distasteful,  offensive,  unlovely,  dis- 
agreeable, pesky  (colloq.  or  dial.;  U.  S.), 
displacent  (rare),  unagreeable  (rare); 
spec,  indelectable  (rare),  nasty,  brackish 
(fig.),  ungracious,  disgustful,  sickening, 
jarring  (spec,  or  fig.),  noisome;  see  offen- 
sive. 
Antonyms:  see  pleasant. 

unpleasantness,  n.  1.  displeasure,  dis- 
agreeableness ;  spec,  noisomeness,  jarring- 
ness  (spec,  or  fig.;  rare),  insuavity  (rare), 
surliness. 

2.  time  (as  in  "to  make  a  time  about  a 
thing"),  stink  (slang;  vulgar). 

unpolished,  a.  1.  See  rough. 
2.  rude,   ill-bred,   crude;    spec,   cubbish; 
see  COARSE. 
Antonyms:  see  refined. 

unprecedented,  a.  unexampled. 

unpretentious,  n.  modest,  simple,  unas- 
suming;    spec,    unambitious,    homelike, 
homely. 
Antonyms:  sec  assuming. 

unprincipled,  c.  Spec,  dishonest,  crooked 
(colloq.),  fraudulent,  thievish,  rascally, 
scampish,  roguish,  lawless;  see  aban- 
doned. 

Antonyms:  see  upright,  conscientious, 
scrupulous. 

unproductive,  a.  1.  fruitless,  unfruitful, 
sapless,  dead,  poor,  waste ;  see  barren. 

Antonyms:  see  fruitful. 
2.  futile,  barren,  nugatory,  otiose  (rare); 
spec,  see  ineffectual. 
.Antonyms:  see  effective. 


unprofitable,  a.  profitless,  bootless,  un- 

beneficial  (rare),  ungainful  (rare). 
Antonyms:   see  profitable. 

unprogressive,  a.  improgressive,  back- 
ward; spec,  vegetative  (fig.),  stagnant; 
sj7ec.  see  conservative. 

unpromising,  a.  unlikely. 
Antonyms:  see  promising. 

unprotected,  a.  defenseless,  naked,  fence- 
less (rare),  unfenced  (ohs.  or  spec);  spec. 
unguarded. 
Antonyms:  see  unexposed. 

unprovable,  a.  undemonstrable,  indemon- 
strable. 

unproved,  a.  unauthenticated. 

unpunished,  a.  scatheless  (chiefly  liter- 
ary), immune. 

unqualified,  a.  1.  straight,  outright,  out- 
and-out,  thoroughgoing;    see  thorough, 

ABSOLUTE. 

Antonyms:  see  limited. 
2.  disquahfied  (less  general  than  '  'unquali- 
fied"), unsuited,  unfit,  ineligible  (legally 
disqualified) . 

Antonyms:  see  qualified. 
unquestionable,  a.  indubitable,  sure,  in- 
disputable,   questionless,    unimpugnable 
(rare),    certain,    dead    (as   in  "dead  cer- 
tainty");  see  UNDENIABLE. 

A  ntonyms:  see  ambiguous,  conjectural, 
disputable,  questionable. 

unquestioned,  a.  undoubted,  undisputed. 

unquestioning,  a.  implicit,  sure. 

unquiet,   a.   unpeaceful,   disquiet   (rare), 
inquiet  (rare),  peaceless;    spec,  unquies- 
cent;  see  restless. 
Antonijms:  see  agitated. 

unravel,   v.  t.    1.   ravel,    unweave;     spec. 
feaze;  see  disentangle. 
Antonyms:  see  entangle. 
2.  See  develop,  explain. 

unreal,  a.  illusionary,  illusory,  imaginary, 
fictitious,    shadowy,    aerial    (fig.);    spec. 
fanciful,  spectral,  dreamlike;   see  unsub- 
stantial. 
Antomjms:  see  actual. 

unreasoning,   a.   irrational,    unthinking, 
brutal,  brute,  brutish,  animal,  unreason- 
able (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  rational. 

unrefined,  a.  1.  rude,  gross,  rough,  coarse, 
inelegant,  unpolished,  vulgar,  rustic, 
rural,  uncultivated,  uncultured,  incult 
(rare),  Gothic  (fig.),  common,  vulgate 
(rare);  spec,  rugged,  Doric;  see  low. 


XW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
unobservable:  unnoliceaUe. 
unobtrusive:  mudest. 
unofficial:    informal. 
unorganized:  structureless,  in- 
organic. 
unostentatious:  modest. 
unpacli:  loose. 
unpassionate:  impartial,  calm. 


unpeople:  depopuVite. 
unperceiving:  blind. 
unperformed:  unsatisfied. 
unperturbed:  calm. 
unpin:  loose. 
unprejudiced:   impartial. 
unpresumptuous:   modest. 
unpretending:  m.odest. 
unpropitious:    inauspicious 


unproportionate:  dispropor- 
tionate. 

unquenchable:  inextinguish- 
able. 

unready:  slow. 

unreality:   illusion. 

unreasonable:  illogical,  ex- 
cessive, unreasoning. 

unreflecting:  thoughtless. 


t:W  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
455 


UNREGENERATE 


Anlonynis:  see  rkfined. 
2.  ^J(r  curni:. 
unregenerate,    (7.    natural,    irrcgenerate 

unrelated,   a.    irrolative,    irrclatc    (rare), 
disrehited,  foreign,  alien,  remote,  apart 
{predicative;   used  with  "from"). 
Antoriyms:  sec  kindred,  related. 
unreliable,  a.  unsure,  uncertain,  ticklish, 
fallible  [liable  to  error);    spec,    treacher- 
ous,   ineonstant,    inauthentic;     see    un- 
trustworthy, UNSTABLE. 
Antonyms:     see    const.\nt,    reliable, 

TRUSTWORTHY. 

unremovable,   a.   ineradicable,   inextirp- 

able,  inerasable. 
unrequited,  a.  unreturned,  unanswered. 
unresisting,  a.  nonresistive,  nonresistant, 

yielding,  resistless;  spec,  frictionless. 
unrest,  n.  disquiet,  disquietude. 

Antonyms:     see    motionlessness;    cf. 

MOTIONLESS. 

unrestrainable,  a.  irrestrainable   (rare), 
irrepressible. 
unrestrained,    a.    1.    untrammeled,    un- 
bounded,    unbridled,     unchecked,     un- 
curbed;   spec,  unconfined,  fetterless,  un- 
fettered; see  FREE. 
Antonyms:  see  careful. 
2.  incontinent,    broad,    wanton,    inordi- 
nate, licentious  (rare),  lawless,  lax,  loose, 
effuse  (archaic),  wild,  rampant,  reinless; 
spec,  ruleless. 
unripe,  a.  immature,  crude. 

Antonyms:  see  ripe. 
unroll,  V.  t.  open,  outroU  (rare). 

Antonyms:  see  roll. 
unruly,  a.  1.  obstreperous,  unmanageable, 
wanton,     insubordinate,     fractious,    re- 
fractory,    rowdy      (rare),     breachy     (of 
cattle). 
Antonj/ms:  see  manageable. 
2.  <See  lawless,  disobedient. 
unsaSe,  a.  insecure,  precarious,  uncertain; 
spec,  treacherous. 
Antonyms:  see  safe. 
unsalable,  a.   dead,   unmarketable,   un- 
merchantable. 
Antonyms:  see  salable. 
unsatiis&able,  a.  insatiable,  insatiate. 
unsatisfied,  a.   1.  insatiate,  unstanched 
(rare). 
Antonyms:  see  surfeited. 


2.  Spec,  unperformed,  undischarged,  un- 
renderqd,  unpaid. 

unsatisfying,  a.  empty,  hungry  (of  fare, 
food.  I  Ic;  rare). 

unscalable,  a.  insurmountable. 

unscholarly,  a.  ignorant,  illiterate,  illib- 
eral, bookless  (literary). 
Antonyms:  sec  learned. 

unseat,  r.  /.  iSpec.  unship,  unhinge,  un- 
hook. 

unselfish,  a.  sclf-sacrificing,  self-forgetful, 
disinterested,   altruistic,   selfless,   self-re- 
nounced, generous. 
Antonyms:  see  selfish,  egoistic. 

unsettle,  v.  t.  1.  disarrange,  disturb,  dis- 
settle  (rare),  upset;  spec,  unstring,  un- 
hinge. 

Antonyms:  see  fix. 
2.  See  derange. 

unsettled,  a.  1.  indeterminate,  unfixed; 
spec,  troubled,  unnerved,  afloat;  see 
shifting. 

2.  Spec,  pendent,  pendant,  pending,  out- 
standing, unpaid. 

unshaped,  a.  unfashioned,  unformed. 

unsheathe,  v.  t.  bare. 

unsheathed,  a.  bare,  naked. 

unshorn,  a.  uncut,  rough,  shaggy. 

unskilled,  a.  inexpert,  rough,  rude  (oT' 
chaic),  unversed. 

unskillful,    unskilful,    a.    skilless,    bun- 
gling, clumsy,  poor,  ill,  inapt;    spec,  un- 
practiced. 
Antonyms:  see  clever,  skillfui,. 

unsociability,  n.  reserve,  aloofness,  un- 
socialism  (rare),  unsociality  (rare). 

unsociable,  a.  Spec,  reserved,  distant,  re- 
tiring, shy,  dissociable,  insociable,  insocial, 
segregative  (rare),  morose,  sour. 
Antonyms:  see  sociable. 

unsolvable,  a.  insoluble,  insolvable,  irre- 
soluble  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  simple. 

unspoken,  a.  tacit. 

unstable,  a.  changeable,  inconstant,  in- 
firm,   instable    (rare),    variable,    fluctu- 
ant (fig.),  wavering  (fig.  or  spec.);   spec. 
fluid,  labile,  crank,  tender,  topheavy. 
Antonyms:  see  constant. 

unsteady,  a.  1.  In  a  physical  sense:  vacil- 
lating, tottery,  shaky,  tottlish  (colloq.), 
ticklish,  tipply  (colloq.),  wavery,  wabbly, 
drunken  (fig.),  rocky  (slang),  coggly  (col- 


t^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
unrelenting:   relentless. 
unremHting:   constant. 
unrepair:  disrepair. 
unreserved:     frank,    absolute, 

demrmatnitive,  affable. 
unriddts:    explain. 
unruffled:   calm. 
unsanctified:    unhallowed. 
unsavory:   offensive. 
unsay:  recall. 


unscrew:  loose. 
unseemly:  unbecoming. 
unsentimental:  mhtler-of-fact. 
unshackle:   loose. 
unshakable:  fired. 
unshaken:  constant. 
unsheltered:   exposed. 
unship:  displace. 
unshod^  barefoot. 
unsightly:  repellent. 
unsoUed:  dean. 


unsolicited:    groundless. 
unsophisticated:  simple. 
unsophistication:  inexperience. 
unsought:   groundless. 
unsound:     diseased,     deranged, 

decayed^,  incorrect,  imperfect. 
unsparing:   severe. 
unspeakable:  inexpressible. 
unspiritual:   bodily. 
unstableness:    instability. 
unsteadiness:    instability. 


(^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

456 


UNTRUTHFUL 


loq.);  spec,  unballasted,  wayward,  falter- 
ing, jumpy. 
Antonyms:  see  firm. 

2.  wavering,  fluctuating,  trembling,  shift- 
ing, desultory. 

Antonyms:  see  constant,  firm. 

3.  'See  RESTLESS. 

unstinted,  a.  abundant  (contextual), 
prodigal,  profuse,  profusive  (rare),  lavish; 

see  ABOUNDING. 

Antonyms:  see  scanty. 
unsubdued,  a.  unbowed,  untamed,  un- 
broken. 

Antonyms:  see  subdued. 
unsubmissive,   a.    insubmissive,    unruly, 
ungovernable;  see  disobedient. 
Antonyms:  see  submissive. 
unsubstantial,  a.  1.  bodiless,  slight,  insub- 
stantial,  unsolid    (rare),   nonsubstantial; 
spec,  gaseous,  imponderable,  thin,  paste- 
board;   see  SLIGHT,  FLIMSY. 

Antonyms:  see  massive. 
2.  tenuous,  vague,  flimsy,  vaporous, 
windy,  airy,  frothy,  vain,  shallow, 
yeasty,  fungous  (fig.),  mushroom  (fig.), 
moonshiny  (colloq.),  dreamlike  (fig.); 
spec,  unreal ;  see  empty. 

unsuccess,  n.  insuccess  (rare);  see  fail- 
ure. 

unsuccessful,  a.  1.  unprosperous,  thrive- 
less  (poetic);  see  unfortunate. 
Antonyms:  see  prosperous,  fortunate. 
2.  See  ineffectual. 

unsuitable,  a.  1.  ill-adapted,  improper, 
unbeseeming,  inapplicable,  dissuitable 
(rare),  unchancy  (chiefly  Scot.),  inappro- 
priate, malappropriate  (rare),  malapro- 
pos, infelicitous,  misappropriate,  unbe- 
coming, inapt,  unapt,  bad,  inapposite, 
impertinent,  inept  (rare  or  archaic),  in- 
congruent,  incongruous. 

Antonyms:    see  agreeable,  appropri- 
ate, BECOMING. 
2.    See  UNTIMELY. 

unsullied,  a.  1.  See  intact. 
2.  spotless,  immaculate. 
Antonyms:  sec  sullied:  c/.  sully. 
unsupported,  a.  Spec,  unbacked,  naked. 
unsuspected,  a.  unguessed,  undoubted. 

Antonyms:  see  known. 
unsuspicious,    a.    unsuspecting,    simple, 
undoubtful  (rare) ;  see  trustful. 
Antonyms:    see   suspicious,    distrust- 
ful. 
unsystematic,    a.    disorderly,    planless 
(rare);  spec,  haphazard. 
Antonyms:  see  orderly. 


unteachable,  a.  ineducable  (rare  or  liter- 
ary). 
Antomjms:  see  teachable, 
unthinkable,  a.  inconceivable,  insuppos- 
able,  incogi table  (rare  or  learned). 
Antonyms:  see  thinkable. 
unthinking,    a.    incogitative  (tech.),    in- 
cogitant  (learned);  spec,  mechanical,  auto- 
matic;   see   UNREASONING,  THOUGHTLESS, 

careless. 
Antonyms:  see  thinking,  thoughtful. 

untidy,   a.    Spec,    dowdy,    frumpy,    slat- 
ternly, mussy  (U.  S.),  mussed  (U.  S.), 
httery,  disorderly,  helter-skelter;  spec,  see 
slovenly. 
Antonyms:  see  orderly. 

untie,  V.  t.  Spec,  unknit  (rare),  unknot; 
see  loose. 

until,  prep.  &  conj.  till  (less  formal  than 
"until");  spec.  to. 

untimely,  a.  unsuitable  (contextual),  in- 
opportune, ill-timed,  ill-placed,  unseason- 
able, timeless  (rare),  intempestive  (rare); 
spec,  immature,  premature,  late,  incon- 
venient. 
Antonyms:  see  timely,  appropriate, 
proper. 

untiring,  a.  indefatigable,  unfatigueable, 
unweariable,  fatigueless,  unwearied,  tire- 
less, unwearying;  spec,  unremitting,  unre- 
laxing. 

untrained,  a.  raw,  green;  spec,  unbroken, 
unbacked  (of  colts) . 
Antonyms:  see  trained. 

untried,  a.  virgin  (fig.),  maiden  (fig.),  un- 
tested,   unassayed    (rare),   unattempted; 
see  inexperienced. 
Antonyms:  see  tried. 

untrodden,  a.  untrod,  unbeaten. 

untrue,  a.  inaccurate,  wrong,  false;    see 
erroneous,  incorrect. 
Antonyms:  see  true,  correct. 

untrustworthy,  a.   unreliable,  slippery; 
see  dishonest,  unreliable. 
Antonyms:  see  trustworthy,  reliable. 

untruth,  ?i.  1.  See  incorrectness,  error. 
2.  fabrication,  fudge  (colloq.),  deceit,  fa- 
ble, falsehood,  tale,  story  (colloq.  and 
euphemistic),  cog  (obs.),  rapper  (chiefly 
dial.),  taradiddle  or  tarradiddle  (slang  or 
colloq.),  lie;  spec,  mistake  (often  euphe- 
mistic), imposture,  fib  (often  euphemistic), 
flam ;  see  lie. 
A  ntonym  s :  see  truth. 

untruthful,  a.  false,  unveracious,  lying, 
faithless,  inveracious. 
Antonyms:  see  truthful. 


t^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
unstici*:    loose. 
unstring:  loose. 
unsuitability:  unfitness. 
unswear:   abjure. 
unswerving:    constant. 


unsymmetry:   dissymmetry. 
untangle:  disentangle,  explain. 
untanned:   crude. 
untenable:   indefensible. 
untether:   Wse. 
unthankful:   ungrntcful. 


unthankfulness:  ingratitude. 
untold:   incalnilable. 
untoward:   perverse. 
untrammeled:  free. 
untransferable:  inalienable. 
untroubled:    careless,  calm 


1^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 
457 


UNTRUTHFULNESS 


untruthfulness,  /(.  1.  falsehood,  hollow- 
ness. 

2.  falsehood,  fibbcry,  lying,  leasing  (ar- 
chaic), unveracity,  inveracity. 

untwist,  V.  t.  disentwine,  untwine;    spec. 
unlay  (a  rope),  unwreathc. 
Ankmyms:  see  twist. 

unused,  a.  Spec,  virgin  (fig.),  maiden  (fig.), 
idle,  waste,  disused. 
Antonyms:  see  rsED. 

unusual,  a.  abnormal,  exceptional,  ex- 
traordinary, uncommon,  out-of-the-way, 
unordinary  (rare^,  inusitate  (rare),  un- 
wonted, unaccustomed,  especial  (only  at- 
tributively), exceptionable  (a  7nisuse), 
rare,  recherche  (French),  supernormal 
(rare),  singular,  extra;  spec,  curious, 
peculiar. 

Antonyins:   see  usuAii,  ordinaiit,  com- 
mon, COMMONPLACE. 

unutterable,  a.  unspeakable,  incommuni- 
cable; spec,  see  INEXPRESSIBLE,  ABOMINA- 
BLE. 

unuttered,  a.  unvoiced,  unvented  (rare); 
spec,  unsyllablcd,  unpronounced. 

unwieldy,  a.  heavy,  ponderous,  cumber- 
some, cumbrous,  elephantine  (fig.),  hulk- 
ing (colloq.),  hunky  (colloq.),  unwield- 
some  (rare),  megatherial  (fig.),  hippo- 
potamic;  see  clumsy. 
Antonyms:  see  wieldt,  manageable. 

unwilling,  a.  disinclined,  indisposed,  re- 
luctant, averse,  loath,  backward. 
Antonyms:  see  willing,  disposed. 

unwillingness,  n.  disincUnation,  reluct- 
ance, etc. 

unwind,  v.  t.  uncoil;    spec,  reel,  unreel, 
untwine,  ravel. 
Antonyms:  see  coil. 

unwisdom,    n.    insipience    (rare);     spec. 
foolishness,    silliness,    imbecility,    indis- 
cretion, in  judiciousness,  folly,  senseless- 
ness. 
Antonyms:  see  wisdom. 

unwise,  a.  injudicious,  unwary,  impru- 
dent, ill-judged,  ill-advised,  unadvised; 
spec,  silly,  goosish  (rare),  senseless, 
brainless,  stupid,  witless,  reasonless, 
crazy,  mad,  insane,  insensate,  empty, 
foohsh,  impolitic,  inexpedient,  indiscreet, 
inconsiderate,  absurd,  insipient  (rare),  im- 
becile, fatuous,  idiotic,  weak. 

Antonyms:     see    W'ise,    advantageous, 
judicial. 


unyielding,  a.  i.  Spec,  immovable,  un- 
bending, adamantine  (fig.),  inductile; 
sjHC.  >s(e  rigid. 
Antonyms:  .see  yielding,  ductible. 
2.  indomitable,  immovable,  grim,  inflex- 
ible, obdurate  (literary  or  learned) ,  inexo- 
rable,  relentless,  uncompromising,  hard, 
stiff  (fig.),  rigid,  rocky  (fig.),  stony,  iron 
(Jig.),  steel  (Jig.),  steely  (Jig.);  spec,  un- 
conquerable, incoercible,  stubborn;    see 

STERN,  tenacious,  STRICT,  OBSTINATE. 

Antonyms:    see  yielding,    adaptable, 

COMPKLL.ABLE,  COMPLAISANT. 

up,  adv.  upward,   upwards,  upways  (col- 
loq.), heavenward,  skyward;    spec,  aloft, 
uphill,  upstream. 
Antonyms:  see  down. 

upheaval,  n.  1.  agitation,  upthrow,  up- 
thrust,  uplift,  upcast;  spec,  cataclysm;  see 

CATASTROPHE. 

2.  In   a   nonphysical   sense:   spec,    cata- 
clysm, debacle,  paroxysm. 

upland,  n.  1.  ridge,  down  (usually  in  pi.); 
spec.  fell. 
Antonyms:  see  lowland. 
2.  See  inland. 

upon,  prep,  on,  over.  "Upon"  does  not 
essentially  differ  from  "on,"  except  in  being 
more  formal  or  emphatic  and  in  some 
places  more  euphonious. 

upright,  a.  1.  *See  vertical. 
2.  conscientious,    honorable,     righteous, 
straight  (colloq.),  incorrupt,  honest,  up- 
standing,    stand-up      (colloq.),     rightful 
(rare),  perpendicular  (literary;  rare);  see 

JUST. 

Antonyms:  see  unprincipled,  niMORAL. 

upright,  n.  standard,  vertical,  perpen- 
dicular; spec,  post,  stUe. 

upright,  adv.  endlong,  endwise. 

uprightness,  n.  1.  erectness,  perpendicu- 
larity, verticalness,  verticality. 
2.  righteousness,  Tightness,  goodness,  mo- 
rality, honesty,  honor,  right,   rectitude, 
probity,  integrity. 

uproar,  n.  discord,  tumult,  hubbub,  poth- 
er (colloq.),  hullabaloo  (colloq.),  pande- 
monium ;  spec,  larum.  Bedlam  (a  scene  of 
mad  confusion),  ferment,  din,  clamor, 
embroilment,  bruit,  hurly-burly;  see  out- 
cry, disturbance. 
Antonyms:  see  silence. 

uproar,  v.  i.  hurricane  (rare),  hurly-burly 
(rare) . 


tW  Cross  references'  see  Note. 
untwine:   disentangle. 
unvaried:  constant. 
unwary:   unwise. 
unwavering:   constant. 
unwearied:  untiring. 
unwell:   diseaf:ed,  ailing. 
unwonted:  ununual. 
unworthy:   discreditable. 


unwrought:   crude. 
unyoke:   loose. 
upbraid:   reprove. 
upcast:   uplicaral. 
upcountry:  inland. 
upgrowth:  development. 
uphold:    support,  aid,  defend. 
upholder:    supporter. 
upholding:   support,  defense. 


upkeep:   support. 
uplift:  raise. 
upon,  adv.:  above. 
upper,  a.:  higher. 
uppermost:  highest. 
uppish:  arrogant. 
uprise,  n.:  development. 
uprise,  v.  i.:  rise. 
uprising:  insurgence. 


tS^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

458 


UTTER 


uproarious,    a.    noisy,    tumultuous;     see 

BOISTEROUS,  CLAMOROUS,  FESTIVE. 

Antonyms:  see  silent. 
uproot,  V.  t.  1,  root,  grub  {used  chiefly  with 
"up"),    disroot    (rare),    displant    (rare); 
spec,  muzzle,  stub. 

Antonyms:  see  plant. 

2.    See  EXTIRPATE. 

uprush,  V.  i.  rise  (co7itextual) ,  upsurge 
(rare) . 

upset,   V.   t.    1.   overtumble    {rare),   over- 
throw, overset  {rare);  see  overturn. 
Antonyms:  see  balance. 

2.  overthrow,  subvert,  overset  {rare). 

3.  See  DISCONCERT,  derange. 

4.  In  metallurgy:  jump. 
upset,  a.  1.  topsyturvy,  confused. 

2.  disconcerted. 

upstart,  n.  parvenu,  mushroom,  start-up 
{rare) . 

upturned,   a.   raised    elevated,  retrousse 
{French) . 
Antonyms:  see  downcast. 

urban,  a.  town  {the  noun  used  atlributively) , 
townish,  oppidan  {now  rare). 
Antonyms:  see  rural,  rustic 

urge,  V.  t.  press,  push,  drive;  spec,  hound, 
spur,  egg,  solicit,  exhort,  crowd,  im- 
portune, incite,  ply,  persecute,  bucket, 
yoick    (a    term    in    hunting),    goad;   see 

ENCOURAGE,      DRIVE,      EXHORT,      HASTEN, 
PROSECUTE. 

Antonyms:  see  restrain. 

urge,  V.  i.  press,  push,  drive;   spec,  insist. 

urgency,  n.  push,  pressure,  drive,  press, 
instancy  {literary),  instance  {rare);  spec. 
goad  {fig.),  clamorousness,  importunity, 
drive,  cogency  {rare),  haste. 

urgent,  a.  pressing,  importunate,  instant 
{literary);  spec,  cogent  {rare),  impera- 
tive, crying,  clamant  {chiefly  Scot.),  exi- 
gent; see  exigent. 

urging,  n.  pressure,  exhortation,  cohorta- 
tion  {rare),  prosecution;  spec,  encourage- 
ment. 
Antonyms:  see  restraint. 

urinate,  v.  i.  stale  {obs.  or  dial.),  micturate 
{an  erroneous  use). 

urine,  n.  water  {contextual  and  usually 
euphemistic),  lant  {obsolescent) ,  stale  {noio 
only  of  horses  and  cattle) . 

usable,  a.  utile   {rare);    spec,  applicable, 
practicable,  consumable,  available. 
Antonyms:  see  useless. 

usage,  n.  practice,  fashion,  custom,  con- 
suetude {chiefly  Scot,  or  law),  mode,  or- 
dinance {chiefly  eccl.);  see  custom,  habit. 


use,  n.  1.  usage  {rare),  employment,  em- 
ploy   {rare),    occupation,    entertainment 
{rare);  spec,  nonce  {as  in  "for  the  nonce"), 
see  frequentation. 
Antonyms:  see  disuse. 

2.  avail,  service,  advantage. 

3.  See  custom,  habit,  need,  form. 

use,  V.  t.  1.  employ  {;more  literary  and  rhetor- 
ical than  "use"),  utilize  {technical  or  book- 
ish); spec,  improve,  take,  seize,  condemn, 
christen  {fig.),  handsel,  borrow,  brook 
{obs.  or  archaic),  handle,  spare,  do  {con- 
textual), treat,  waste;  see  exercise,  ex- 
pend, PASS,  APPLY. 

Antonyms:  see  disuse. 
2.  See  ACCUSTOM,  frequent. 

use,  V.  i.  wont. 

used,  a.  Spec,  second-hand,  worn. 
Antonyms:  see  unused. 

useful,  a.   serviceable,   practical,   advan- 
tageous, valuable. 
Antonyms:  see  useless. 

useless,  a.  unserviceable,  worthless,  boot- 
less; spec,  waste,  unprofitable,  imprac- 
ticable, helpless,  inutile  {rare),  fruitless, 
otiose  {rare),  inapplicable,  dead;  see  idle, 
profitless,  ineffectual. 

Antonyms:    see  usable,   serviceable, 
useful. 

uselessness,  n.  inutility. 
Antonyms:  see  utility. 

usher,  v.  t.  announce,  introduce;  spec. 
ring,  induct. 

usual,  a.  customary,  habituary,  wonted, 
ordinary,  general,  usitate  {rare),  regular, 
normal,   unexceptional   {rare);    see  cus- 
tomary, habitual. 
Antonyms:  see  unusual,  odd,  special. 

usurp,  V.  t.  seize,  accroach  {rare). 

usury,  n.  interest  {contextual),  gombeen 
{Anglo-Irish). 

utility,  n.  value,  usefulness,  serviceable- 
ness,  use,  cui  bono  {literary  and  pedantic 
or  humorous). 
Antonyms:  see  uselessness. 

utilize,  V.  t.  1.  See  use. 
2.  exploit,  use  {colloq.). 

utmost,  a.  1.  See  extreme,  highest. 
2.  main,  supreme,  superlative,  greatest, 
highest,  last,  full. 
Antonyms:  see  least. 

utter,  a.  stark,  downright,  sheer,  blank, 
absolute;  see  diametric,  perfect. 

utter,  V.  t.  1.  voice,  emit,  give,  fetch,  tell 
{dial,  or  colloq.),  tongue  {rare),  breathe, 
raise,  mouth  {archaic);  spec,  deliver,  ar- 
ticulate, bespout,  blat,  blate,  bleat  (fig.), 


IC^  Crass  references:  see  Note. 
upset,  ?%./   disconcertedness. 
upset,  a.:  fixed,  unnerved. 
upset,  V.  t.:  overturn. 
upshot:   meaning,  outcome. 


upthrow:  upheaval. 
up-to-date:  modern. 
urbane:   polite. 
urbanity:   politeness. 
urchin:    child. 


usher,  n.:  doorkeeper. 
usurp,  V.  i.:   encroach. 
utensil:  instrument. 
Utopian:   visionary. 
utricle:   sac. 


VW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

459 


UTTERANCE 


blunder  (usualhj  irilh  "ow/"),  blurt  (usu- 
ally with  "out"),  hurl,  bolt,  brawl,  bray, 
call,  cast  {obs.),  chimp,  consummate,  coo, 
cough,  crack,  cry  {often  icith  "out"),  dic- 
tate, discourse,  draw,  drivel,  drone, 
drop,  ejaculate,  enounce,  enunciate,  ful- 
minate, grind  {usually  with  ''out"),  gab- 
ble, giggle,  gasp,  groan,  gurgle,  harp, 
heave,  hiss,  hollo,  hollow,  holla,  howl, 
hum,  hymn,  jabber,  jangle,  jerk,  kecklc, 
launch,  lip,  lisp,  low,  mumble,  oracle,  out- 
speak (rare),  pass,  peal,  phonate  (tech.), 
pipe,  prate,  pronounce,  prattle,  preach, 
pule,  rattle,  rave,  read,  resound  (rare), 
rip  {used  with  "out"),  roar,  roll,  rumble, 
say,  shoot,  shriek,  sigh,  slobber,  snap, 
snarl,  snifT  ,  sniffle,  snuff,  splutter,  spout, 
syllable,  tang,  twang,  whimper,  whine, 
whisper,  yawn,  yowl,  express,  fling,  grate, 
hoot,  scream,  shout,  sing,  speak. 

2.  See  ISSUE. 

utterance,  ?}.  1.  emission  (rare),  deUver- 
ance,  delivery,  breathing,  elocution  {rare, 
exc.  spec),  vent  {as  in  "to  give  vent  to"), 
voice,  parol  {now  only  law);  spec,  articu- 
lation, blurt,  chorus,  drawl,  effusion, 
ejaculation,  fulmination,  gibber,  heave, 
hiss,  scream,  hum,  humph,  phonation 
{tech.);  see  pronunciation,  speech. 
2.  Referring  to  what  is  littered:  spec. 
breath,  whisper,  speech,  dictamen  (rare  or 
learned),  dictum,  pronouncement,  dixit 
{learned),  effusion,  observation,  remark, 
wind. 


vacancy,  n.  1.  vacuity,  emptiness  {rare), 
voidance  {rare),  vacuousness. 
Antonyms:  see  fullness. 

2.  opening  (for  a  position). 

3.  See  absent-mindedness,  gap,  empti- 
ness, leisure. 

vacate,  v.  t.  1.  See  invalidate. 
2.  disoccupy    {rare),    quit,    void    (rare), 
abandon. 
Antonyms:  see  occupy. 
vacillate,  v.  i.  1.  oscillate. 
2.  fluctuate    (of   persons,  opinions,  etc.), 
waver,  w'abble  (colloq.),  sway,  stagger. 
Antonyms:  see  continue. 
vacillating,  a.  willy-nilly,  shilly-shally. 

Antonyms:  see  const.vnt. 
vacillation,  n.  1.  oscillation. 
2.  wavering,  faltering,  wabbling  (colloq.), 
wabble  (colloq.). 


Antonyms:  see  constancy. 

vacuum,  n.  void,  vacancy  (rare),  vacuity 
(rare),  voidness  (rare);  see  emptiness. 

vagabond,  n.  wanderer,  stroller,  tramper, 
train}),  lurdan  (archaic:),  loafer  (archaic), 
palliard  (archaic),  shack  (dial.),  canter 
(archaic),  landloper  or  landlouper  (liter- 
ary),    gangrel     (archaic);     see    rascal, 

BEGGAR. 

Antonyms:  sec  w'orker. 

vagabond,  a.  wandering,  landloping  or 
laiidlouping  (literary),  truant  (now  usu- 
ally spec). 

vagrancy,  n.  wandering,  vagabondage, 
vagabondism. 

vagrant,  a.  wandering,  vagabond,  roving, 
gangrel  (archaic),  circumforaneous  (rare), 
vagrom  (an  allusive  Shakespearianism) , 
arrant  (archaic). 

vagrant,  n.  wanderer,  vagabond,  tramp 
(now  chiefly  spec),  floater  (rare  or  spec); 
spec,  caird  (Scot.),  hedgebird  (Eng.), 
gaberlunzie  (Scot.). 

valet,  n.  attendant,  body-servant,  tireman 
(obs.  or  archaic),  lackey  (chiefly  spec); 
spec,  footman. 

valid,  a.  I.  w'ell-grounded,  solid,  sound, 
good;  see  logical. 

2.  legal,  sound,  just,  good,  effectual  (tech. 
or  learned) . 
Antonyms:  see  inv.\lid. 

valley,  n.  hollow,  basin,  vale  (poetic),  bot- 
tom (now  obsolescent  or  local);  spec.  Can- 
ada (Span.),  canon  or  canyon,  clough 
(Eng.),  col,  coomb  (Eng.  or  Scot.),  corrie 
(Scot.),  coulee,  dale  (chiefly  poetic  or  dial.), 
dean  or  dene  (local  Eng.),  dell,  dumble 
(dial.  Eng.),  donga  (South  Africa),  dingle, 
glen,  gully,  gorge,  gap,  park  (U.S.),  pock- 
et, ravine,  rille,  slade  (Eng.),  swale,  swire; 
see  GLEN. 
Antonyms:  see  hill,  mountain,  peak. 

valuable,  a.  1.  rich,  precious,  prizable  or 
prisable  (rare);  see  costly. 
Antonyms:  see  worthless. 

2.    See  EgTIMAILE. 

valuation,  n.  appraisal,  appraisement,  es- 
timate; spec,  assessment,  appreciation, 
extent. 

value,  n.  1.  worth,  importance,  rate,  valu- 
ation. 

Antonyms:     see    worthlessness;     cf. 
worthless. 
2.  See  meaning. 

value,    V.    t.     estimate,  sense,    appraise, 


IW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
utterly,  adv.:  absolutely. 
uttermost:   extreme. 


vacation:   invalidation,  holiday. 
vaccinate:   inoculnt". 


vacuous:  empty,  blank,  thought- 
less. 

vade-mecum:  handbook. 

vagary:  caprice. 

vague:   indefinite,  discursive. 

vain:  empty,  conceited,  showy, 
proud,  ineffectual. 

vainglorious:      boastful,     self- 


important. 
vainglory:   show,  boasting. 
valediction:  farewell. 
valedictory:  farewell. 
valet,  r.  t.:  attend. 
valetudinarian:  ailing. 
valiant:  brave,  courageous. 
validate:   confirm. 


tice  Notes  of  Explanation. 

460 


VEGETATIVE 


apprise,  treasure,  mete  (archaic),  rate, 
price  (archaic  or  spec),  ponderate  (rare); 
spec,  prize,  assess,  extend  (Eng.);  see  ap- 
preciate. 

valve,  n.  1.  Spec,  flap,  poppet,  butterfly, 
cock,  ventil,  piston,  pallet,  valvula,  por- 
tal.- 
2.  See  LEAF. 

valvular,  a.  valvate,  valviform. 

van,  n.  1.  See  front. 
2.  wagon    (contextual),    caravan    (chiefly 
spec);  spec,  pantechnicon  (Eng.). 

vandalic,  a.  barbarous,  Hunnish. 

Vandyke,  n.  beard  (contextual),  pick-de- 
vant  (obs.). 

vane,  n.  1.  beard  (of  a  feather) . 

2.  Of  an  arrow:  feather. 

3.  See  WEATHERVANE. 

vanish,  v.  i.  disappear  (contextual);   spec. 
melt,  evaporate,  fleet,  fly,  sink,  die  (usually 
with   "away"  or  "out"),   vamose    (slang, 
U.S.). 
Antonyms:  see  appear. 

vanishing,  a.  disappearing,  dewy  (fig.; 
poetic) . 

vanity,  n.  1.  windiness,  inanity  (of  human 
desires,  etc.);  see  emptiness,  show,  fool- 
ishness, CONCEIT,  ineffectiveness. 
2.  trifle  (a  vain  thing). 

vapor,  n.  1.  exhalation,  reek,  steam,  fume, 
brume    (literary),    halitus    (rare);     spec. 
cloud,  mist. 
2.  See  fancy,  boast,  bluster. 

vapor,  V.  i.  1.  exhale,  reek,  steam,  fume. 
Antonyms:  see  condense. 
2.  5ee  bluster. 

vaporous,  a.  reeky  (rare),  steamy,  smoky, 
fuming,    reeking,    fumose    (rare),    fumy, 
vapory,  halituous  (rare);  spec,  moist. 
Antonyms:  see  liquid,  solid. 

varied,  a.  diversified;    spec  daedal  (liter- 
ary), checkered  (often  fig.): 
Antonyms:  see  uniform,  monotonous. 

variegate,  v.  t.  diversify,  counterchange 
(rare),  variate,  vary,  varify  (rare);  spec. 
freak  (usually  in  p.  p.  or  p.  a.;  rare), 
shoot  (usually  in  p.  p.  "shot"),  lace,  inter- 
lace, fret,  diaper,  water;  camlet,  inter- 
shoot  (rare),  mottle,  streak,  spot. 

variegated,  a.  diversified,  varied  (tech.  or 
rare);   spec  motley,  multicolored,  harle- 


quin (fig.),  dappled,  daedal  (literary),  dis- 
color or  discolorate  or  discolorous  (biol.), 
varicolored,  varicolorous,  laced,  intershot 
(rare),  mottled,  streaked,  spotted,  party- 
colored,  checked. 

Antonyms:  see  uniform. 
variety,  n.  1.  diversity,  assortment,  varia- 
tion. 

Antonyms:  see  uniformity,  monotony. 

2.  subspecies,  race; — both  tech. 

3.  See  group. 

variolous,  a.  pocky  (now  obsolescent  or  col- 
loq.). 

various,  a.  different,  manifold,  sundry, 
divers  (now  chiefly  in  scriptural  or  legal 
use);  spec,  omnifarious;  see  diversified, 
multiform,  different. 

varnish,  v.  t.  1.  Spec  megilp,  lacquer,  shel- 
lac, japan,  enamel. 
2.  See  GLOZE. 

vary,  v.  i.  change  (contextual),  fluctuate, 
veer,  range;    spec  depart;    see  differ, 

DEVIATE. 

vase,  n.  1.  Spec,  tazza,  lachrymatory,  mur- 

rhine,  epergne,  urn,  beaupot,  boughpot. 

In  Greek  antiq.:  amphora,  crater,  cylix, 

lecythus. 

2.  In  architecture:  basket,  bell,  drum. 
vaseline,  n.  petrolatum  (British). 
vassal,  n.  feodary,  liege,  man  (contextual), 

subject   (contextual),  feudary,  bondman; 

spec  vavasor,  sub  vassal;  see  feudatory. 

Antonyms:  see  lord. 
vast,  a.  wide;  spec  monumental  (loose  or 

contemptuous);    cosmic;    see    enormous, 

SPACIOUS,  immense. 
Antonyms:  see  narrow. 
vat,  n.  Spec,  tun,  hopper,  buddle,  union. 
vault,  n.  arch;   spec  dome,  cupola,  crypt, 

cope,  dungeon,  round ;  see  cell. 
vault,  V.  t.  arch;  spec.  dome. 
vaulted,  a.  arched;  spec  domed,  domical 

(rare),  domic  (rare),  dome-shaped,  cupo- 

lar,  cathedraled. 
vegetable,  n.  plant,  produce  (a  collective), 

truck   (a  collective);    spec,   greens   (pi.), 

salading,  sauce  (pi.;   chiefly  U.  S.),  fruit 

(a  collective),   legume,   fruitage  (rare;    a 

collective) .  f ruitery  (a  collective;  rare) . 
vegetable,    a.   vegetal,    vogptative,    halo- 

phytic  (tech.);  spec,  olitory  (rare). 


t^=  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

valvate:  valvular. 

vampire:  demon. 

vandal:  destroyer. 

vandalism:  barbarism,  de- 
struction. 

vanishment:  disappearance. 

vanquish:   overcome. 

vanquishment:  defeat,  over- 
coming. 

vapid:   tasteless,  dull. 

vaporize:   evaporate. 

variable:   changeable,  changing, 


floating,  capricious. 

variance:  difference,  disagree- 
ment. 

variant:   changeable,  different. 

variate:  change,  variegate,  diver- 
sify. 

variation:  difference,  alterna- 
tion, change,  deviation,  diversity. 

varicolored:  variegated. 

variform:  diversified,  multiform. 

varlet:  fellow. 

vary,  v.  t.:  change,  alternate,  di- 
versify, variegate. 


vassalage,  enslavement. 
vast,  n.:   immensity. 
vast,  a.:  spacious,  immense. 
vasty:  immense. 
vault:   arch,  curvet. 
vaulter:   acrobat. 
vaunt:   boast,  rejoice,  exult. 
vaunting:   boastful,  boasting. 
veer,  v.  i.:  deviate,  turn. 
veer,  n.:  deviation. 
vegetate:   germinate,  grovi. 
vegetation:  growth,  herbage. 
vegetative:  vegetable. 


P^  Soo  Notes  of  Explanation. 
4G1 


VEHEMENCE 


Antomjms:  sec  ^imal,  mineral. 

vehemence,  n.  force  ',c''>/(^'.r/(«(/),  hardness; 
sptc  piv&siuii;  6ri'  .utpou,  i.mi'KTuosity. 
AnUnii/ms:  cf.  nu-.vssivE. 

vehicle,  ;i.  1.  carriage  (now  chiefly  spec), 
cauveyance  (chiefly  spec);  spec  voiture 
(French),  caravan,  carochc  (archaic  or 
hist),  cart,  catafalque,  chair  (archaic), 
ch;mot,  chaise,  coach,  equipage,  float, 
hackney,  hack  (tioic  I'.  S.),  hearse,  rattle- 
trap, sled,  sledge,  sleigh,  taxi,  trap  (col- 
loq.),  tumbrel,  van,  vis-^-vis  (French), 
wagon,  wagonette,  car. 

2.    See  AGENCY. 

vehicular,  a.  vehiculatory  (rare),  curricu- 

lar  (rare). 
veil,  n.  1.  film  {contextual);  spec  yashmak 

(Turkish),  muffler,  fall,  mask. 

2.    See  PRETENSE,  GLOSS,  CURTAIN,  COVER, 
DISGUISE. 

veil,  V.  t.  1.  en  veil  (rare),  shroud,  overveil 

(rare) . 

2.  See  COVER,  disguise,  gloze. 
vein,  n.  1.  vena  (tech.);  spec  veinlet. 

2.  nerve,  nervure;    spec,  veinlet,  venule, 
venula,  veinule,  rib,  midrib. 

3.  In  mining:  spec,  leader,  ledge,  lode. 

4.  See    DISPOSITION,    temper,     strain, 

STREAK. 

veined,  a.  netted,  reticulate. 

vendor,  n.  institor  (chiefly  Roman  &  Scots 

law);     spec    hawker,    peddler,    cramer 

(Scot.),  consigner. 
venous,  a.  venosal  (rare),  venose. 
vent,   n.    1.   opening    (contextual),   orifice 

(contextual;    learned);   spec,  bung,  bung- 
hole,  fumarole,  f  emerell,  touchhole,  bouche, 

bush,  hydrant,  plug. 

2.  See  EXPRESSION,  market. 
vent,   V.    t.    1.   emit    (contextual),    exhale, 

breathe. 

2.  See  EXPRESS. 
ventilate,  v.  t.  air,  aerate  (rare  or  spec), 

perflate  (rare). 
ventilator,  n.  aerator  (rare);  spec,  louver, 

transom,  funnel. 
ventral, a.  stomachal  (iec/i.),  sternal  (tech.); 

see  ABDOMINAL. 

venture,  n.  1.  chance,  risk,  stake,  slap 
(colloq.  or  slang);  spec  flyer. 


2.    Src  DANGER,  SPECULATION. 

venture,  v.  t.  chance,  risk,  liazard,  pre- 
sume,  dare,   adventure,    undertake;    see 

A'rrKMI'T,  ADVANCE. 

venturesome,  a.  rash  (contextual),  bold, 
adventurous,   venturous;    spec  reckless, 
foolhardy,  presumptuous. 
Antonyms:  see  cautious,  timid. 

veranda,  7i.  stoop  (incorrect,  U.  S.),  porch 
(local,  U.  S.). 

verbal,  a.  word  (the  noun  used  attributive- 
hj);  spec  literal,  wordy. 

verbalist,  n.  wordsman  (rare);  see  critic. 

verbose,    a.    wordy,    wordish,    expletive 
(rare);  spec,  talkative;  see  prolix. 
Antonyms:  see  concise. 

verdant,  a.  green  (contextual),  verdurous; 
spec,  viridescent;  see  greenish. 

verdict,  n.  decision,  deliverance. 

verdure,  n.  foliage,  green  (chiefly  in  pi. 
and  spec),  greenness  (rare),  greenery 
(rare),  vegetation,  greenth  (rare);  spec 
vert. 

verge,  n.  edge  (contextual),  rim  (chiefly  po- 
etic), brink;  see  boundary,  border. 
Antonyms:  see  center,  middle. 

verge,  v.  i.  border  (upon),  approach. 

verify,  v.  t.  confirm  (contextual),  support, 
substantiate,  aver  (rare);  spec  actuaUze, 
number;  see  prove. 
Antonyms:  see  disprove. 

verily,  adv.  so,  actually,  truly. 

vernacular,  a.  hving,  vulgar  (now  rare  or 
literary),  trivial  (tech.);  see  native. 

vernal,  a.  spring. 

versatile,  a.  mobile  (rare),  mercurial  (liter- 
ary), many-sided,  two-handed  (flg.),  am- 
bidextrous (fig.),  polytropic  (rare);  see 
adaptable. 

verse,  n.  1.  line,  stave  (tech.  or  literary), 
bob  (prosody),  stitch  or  stichos  (tech.), 
number;  spec  heroic,  versicle,  verselet, 
echo;  see  DmsiON. 
Antonyms:  see  prose. 
2.  numbers  (pi.);  spec,  rime  or  rhyme, 
doggerel;  see  poetry. 

versed,  a.  conversant,  versant  (rare);  spec 
accomplished. 

versification,  n.  orthometry  (tech.),  pros- 
ody (tech.). 


t^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

vein,  V.  t.:  streak. 

velocity:  speed. 

velvet:   smooth. 

velvety:   smooth,  bland. 

venal:  rnercmary. 

venatic,  venatorial:  hunting. 

venation:  hunting, 

veneer,  n.:  facing,  gloss,  dis- 
guise. 

veneer,  v.  t.:  face,  gloze,  dis- 
guise. 

venerable:  respected,  old. 

venerate:    respect,  esteem. 

veneration:   respect,  esteem. 


venerous:   lascivious. 
venery:  hunting,  chase. 
vengeance:    retribution. 
venial:   excusable. 
venison:   deer. 

venom,  n.:   poison,  ill  will,  ma- 
levolence. 
venom,  v.  t.:  poison. 
venomous:   poisonous. 
venture,  v.  i.:  assume. 
venturous:   venturesome. 
venue:   neighborhood. 
veracious:   truthful. 
verbosity:   prolixity. 
verdict:  opinion,  decision. 


verification:     proof,    confirma- 
tion. 
verisimilar:   probable. 
veritable:   actual. 
verity:   truth. 
vermicular:   sinuous. 
vermiculate:  sinuous. 
vermiform:   wormlike. 
vermin:  animal. 
vernacular,  n.:  dialect. 
vernation:  leafage. 
version:  translation. 
vertebral:  spinal. 
vertex:   top. 


XW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

462 


VICTIM 


versifier,  n.  poet,  versificator  (rare);  spec. 
rimer,  rimester,  jingler,  rhymester,  rhym- 
ist,  lyrist. 
Antonyms:  see  prosaist. 
versify,  v.  i.  meter  {rare  or  ohs.),  metrify 
{rare);  spec,  rime  or  rhyme. 
Antonyms:  see  prose. 
vertical,  a.  upright,  perpendicular,  plumb, 
aplomb  {French),  downright;  see  erect. 
Antonyms:  see  horizontal,  prostrate, 

INCLINED. 

verticality,  n.  uprightness,  perpendicular- 
ity, aplomb  {French),  etc. 

verticalize,  v.  t.  plumb. 

vertically,   adv.   perpendicularly,    plumb, 
downright  {archaic) . 
Antonyms:  see  obliquely. 

very,  adv.  right  {archaic  or  dial.;  or  colloq. 
U.  S.),  quite,  hugely,  vastly,  exceedingly 
{stronger  than  "very"),  excessively  {strong- 
er than  "exceedingly"),  full,  jolly  {colloq.), 
uncommon  {illit.  or  vulgar),  parlous  {col- 
loq.), enormously  {spec,  or  colloq.),  won- 
drous {spec,  or  colloq.),  wondrously  {spec,  or 
colloq.),  horribly  {colloq.),  terrible  {colloq.), 
woundy  {archaic  and  colloq.),  woundily 
{archaic  and  colloq.);  spec,  see  extremely. 

vesicle,  n.  bladder,  bleb,  pompholyx  {tech.); 
spec,  bulla,  blain,  blister,  follicle,  vacuole, 
blotch ;  see  blister. 

vesicular,  a.  vesiculate,  vesiculose,  vesicu- 
lous, cystic  {tech.),  vesical,  blebby,  bulla te 
{tech.),  bullous;  spec,  vacuolar,  vacuolate, 
foUicular,  folliculose,  folliculous. 

vespers,  n.  evensong  (tech.). 

vessel,  n.  1.  boat,  craft  (a  collective);  spec. 
hulk,  coffin  {colloq.  or  slaiig),  tub,  bark, 
blackbirder,  catamaran,  cockle,  cockle- 
shell, coaster,  collier,  convoy,  hooker,  lap- 
streak,  razee,  slaver,  tender,  transport, 
tramp,  whaleback,  whaler;  see  ship,  raft. 

2.  receptacle;    spec,  horn,  dish,  canteen, 
crock,  glass. 

3.  In  anatomy:  spec,  vein,  artery,  capillary. 

vest,  n.  waistcoat;  spec,  caftan  {Oriental). 

vest,  v.  t.  1.  lodge  {as  a  power);  spec,  re- 
vest. 

2.  See  CLOTHE,  admit. 

vest,  V.  i.  inhere,  rest;  spec,  see  accrue. 

vestibule,  n.  entrance,  propyteum  {rare), 
porch  (rare);  spec,  hall,  lobby,  prothyrum, 
pronaos,  narthex,  tambour,  anteroom. 
Antonyms:  see  body. 

vestige,  n.  evidence,  sign;  see  footprint, 

TRACE. 


vestment,  n.  garment;  spec,  stole,  dal- 
matic, palliuip,  maniple,  succinctorium 
{eccl.),  cope,  chasuble,  pall,  tunicle. 

veterinarian,  n.  farrier,  vet  {colloq.);  spec. 
hippiatric,  horseshoer. 

veto,  n.  1.  intercession  {Roman  hist.). 
2.  See  forbiddance. 

veto,  V.  t.  1.  intercede  {Roman  hist.). 
2.  See  FORBID. 

vex,  V.  t.  disquiet  {contextual),  disturb 
{contextual),  gall,  harass,  irritate,  pes, 
ter,  plague,  spite,  irk  {archaic),  cha- 
grin, nip    {rare);    see   tease,    trouble, 

ANNOY. 

Antonyms:   see  pacify. 

vexation,  n.  1.  disquiet,  spite;  see  annoy- 
ance, TROUBLE,   troubling,   ANGER,  EM- 
BARRASSMENT, disturbance. 
2.  disquiet,    chagrin,    mortification;     see 
anger. 

vexatious,  a.  annoying,  disturbing,   pes- 
terous  {rare),  pestilent  {humorous);    see 
annoying,  troublesome. 
Antonyms:  see  pacific. 

viaduct,  n.  Spec,  trestlework  or  {for 
short)  trestle. 

vibrant,  a.  oscillating,  oscillant,  undulous, 
libiating,  etc. 

vibrate,  v.  i.  &  t.  oscillate,  librate,  waver 
{rare),  sway,  shake,  undulate  {rare), 
quiver,  pulsate  {rare);  spec,  nutate,  dirl 
{Scot.  &  dial.  Eng.),  jar,  tirl  {chiefly  Scot.), 
thrill,  trill,  tremble;  see  swing. 

vibration,  n.  oscillation,  libration,  undu- 
lation {rare),  shaking  {contextual),  shake 
{contextual),  quiver,  w^avering  {rare),  wag 
{spec,  or  colloq.),  motitation  {rare),  pulsa- 
tion {rare),  pulse  {rare);  spec,  jar,  fremi- 
tus, thrill  (rare),  tremor,  tremble,  vibrato 
{Italian),  trepidation  {rare),  vibratiuncle 
(rare);  see  swing. 

vibrational,  a.  undulatory,  oscillatory, 
Ubratory,  shaking  (contextual),  vibrative 
(rare),  vibratile  (rare),  motatorious  or 
motatory  (rare),  pulsatile  (tech.  or  rare), 
pulsatory  (tech.  or  rare),  pulsative  {tech.  or 
rare),  seismic. 

vibrator,  n.  Spec,  trembler,  oscillator, 
diaphragm. 

viceroy,  n.  prorex  (obs.);  spec,  exarch,  re- 
gent. 

vice  versa,  contrariwise,  conversely,  turn 
about. 

victim,  n.  prey;  spec,  dupe,  hoaxee  (rare; 
jocular);  see  sacrifice. 


tW  Cross  references:  see 

Note. 

vestry:   chapel. 

viceregent:  governor. 

vertiginous:   dizzy. 

vesture:   dress,  clothing. 

cover. 

vicinage:   neighborhood. 

vertigo:  dizziness. 

vexed:   annoyed. 

vicinal:   near. 

verve:  energy,  ardor. 

vibrator:  vibration. 

vicinity:      neighborhood,    near- 

very, a.:  actual. 

vicar:  deputy,  minister. 

ness. 

vesica:  .sac. 

vicarage:   benefice. 

vicious:   immoral,  corrupt. 

vesication:  blister. 

vicarial:   substituted. 

viciousness:     immorality,    cor- 

vesiculation:   inflation. 

vicarious:   substituted. 

[fault. 

ruption. 

vesper:  evening  star. 

vice:      immorality,     corruption, 

vicissitude:  change. 

E^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

463 


VICTOR 


victor,  71.  conqueror,  triuniphpr,  victress 
ifcm.),  victrix  (J\in.),  master;  spec,  win- 
ner, pancratiiist,  champion,  conquistador 
(Spanish  hist.). 

victorious,  a.  conquering,  triumphant,  tri- 
imiphal,  prevalent  (rare). 

victory,  n.  conquest,  triumph,  pakn  (fig.), 
mastery;    spec,  walkover  (eolloq.),  epini- 
cian  (Greek  literaiurc),  gammon. 
Aniontjms:  sec  defeat. 

vie,  V.  i.  contend,  strive. 

view,  n.  1.  Referring  to  ichat  is  seen  by  the 
eye:  prospect,  survey,  sight,  outlook,  vista, 
purview,  range,  scene,  spectacle  (chiefly 
spec);  spec,  picture,  eyeshot,  command, 
lookout,  perspective,  cloudscape  (rare), 
seascape,  landscape,  ofFscape  (rare),  off- 
skip  (rare),  scape;  see  scenery. 

2.  Referring  to  mental  view,  the  view  of  the 
mind's  eye:  look,  outlook,  conspectus 
(formal),  light  (as  in  "to  come  to  light"); 
spec,  retrospect,  retrospection,  review, 
purview,  foreglance  (rare),  glimpse,  pano- 
rama; see  SURVEY,  opinion. 

3.  See  SIGHT,  VISION,  object,  considera- 
tion, ASPECT. 

view,  V.  t.  1.  Referring  to  beholding  vrith  the 
eye:  see,  behold  (archaic);  spec,  eye,  gaze 
(rare),  contemplate,  envisage  (rare),  con- 
sider (archaic),  meditate  (rare);  see  sur- 
vey. 

2.  Referring  to  mental  vision:  see  con- 
sider. 

viewer,  n.  seer,  beholder,  observer,  sur- 
veyor, onlooker,  etc. 

viewpoint,  n.  ground,  standpoint.  Many 
consider  "vieivpoint"  not  in  good  usage, 
though  it  is  very  common. 

viewy,  a.  1.  sightly,  showy. 
2.  See  visionary. 

vigil,  n.  watch;  spec,  in  pi.  devotions,  per- 
noctation  (rare). 

vigilant,  a.  watchful,  jealous,  sharp,  un- 
slumbering;  see  cautious. 

vigor,  n.  1.  activity,  vehemence,  strenuous- 
ness,  strength,  vim  (eolloq.),  freshness, 
forcibleness,  intensity,  intenseness,  inten- 
sion (rare),  strenuosity  (rare),  severity; 
spec,  cordiality,  heartiness,  boldness,  ea- 
gerness;   see  ACTIVITY,  ENERGY,  SPIRIT. 

Antonyms:  see  weakness. 
2.  virihty,  smartness,  stamina  (originally 
a  pi.;  now  mostly  construed  as  a  sing.), 
lustihead  (archaic),  lustihood  (archaic), 
lustiness,  dewiness  (rare),  pith  (fig.), 
strength,  flower  (fig.),  nerve,  energy,  vi- 
tality, health;  spec,  hardiness. 


Antonyms:  see  weakness. 

vigorous,    a.    I.    active,    strong,    lustful, 
lusty,    robust,    robustious,    fresh,    hale, 
stout,  flourishing,  smart,  entire  (archaic), 
ycgctc  (rare) ;  spec,  buxom;  sec  robust. 
Antonyms:  see  ailing,  w'eak,  weakly. 
2.  active,    energetic,    strong,    strenuous, 
smart,  sharp,   quick,   crank   (dial.),  hot, 
severe,  sturdy,  stout;   spec,  bold,  cordial, 
nervous  (as  in  " nervous  English") ,  hearty, 
masculine,  virile. 
Antonyms:  see  wtsak. 

vile,  a.  1.  See  dirty. 
2.  base,  filthy,  contemptible,  discredit- 
able, ugly,  lousy  (in  contempt;  usually 
vulgar),  dirty,  obscene  (rare  or  spec);  spec. 
slavish,  degraded,  p\^gish,  hoggish,  brut- 
ish; see  beastly,  abominable,  lewtd. 
Antonyms:  see  elevated. 

village,  71.  wick  (obs.,  exc.  in  place  names), 
thorp  (archaic  or  hist.),  settlement;  spec 
vill  (chiefly  hist.),  hamlet,  dorp,  clachan 
(Scot.  &  Irish),  rancho,  kampong  (Ma- 
lay), kraal  (South  Africa),  bustee  (Anglo- 
Indian),  com])ound. 

villain,  n.  blackguard,  miscreant,  slip- 
halter  (archaic),  nithing  (archaic);  spec 
ruffian ;  see  rascal. 

villainous,  a.  miscreant;  spec  ruffianly; 
see  CRLMiNAi.,  rascally. 

villainy,  n.  miscreancy  (rare),  doggery 
(fig.);  spec,  see  wrong,  rascality. 

vindicate,  v.  t.  defend  (contextual),  right, 
avenge,  maintain;  spec  assert,  revenge. 

vindictive,  n.  retaliative,  revengeful, 
grudgeful  (rare),  vengeful. 

vine,  n.  Spec,  liana,  grape. 

vinery,  n.  grapery. 

violate,  v.  t.  1.  desecrate,  defile,  profane, 
dishonor;     spec    deflower    (fig.),    abuse, 
force. 
Antonyms:  see  honor. 

2.  infringe,  invade,  contravene  (tech.  or 
learned),  break,  infract,  transgress. 

Antonyms:  see  observe. 

3.  *See  ill-treat,  rape. 

violated,  a.  broken;  spec  breached,  dese- 
crated. 

violation,  n.  1.  desecration,  defilement, 
deflowering  (fig.). 

2.  infraction  (formal  or  literary),  trans- 
gression, breach,  infringement,  contra- 
vention (tech.  or  learned),  breaking. 

3.  See  rape. 

violence,  n.  force  (contextual),  fury,  furi- 
ousness,  furiosity  (rare),  heaviness  (con- 
textual),  rage,    headiness    (fig.   or  rare), 


X^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
victual,  V.  t.:  provision. 
victual,  r.  i.;  eat. 
victuals:  food. 
vileness:  fiUh. 


viliflcation:    abuse,  disparage- 

?nertt. 
viliflcatory:   abusive,  disparag- 

i'lg. 
vilify:  disparage,  abuse,  defame. 


villa:   couutry  house. 
villous:   hairy,  shaggy. 
vim:  force. 
vindication:  defense. 
vintage:  harvest. 


'■iT  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

464 


VIVACIOUS 


strength  (contextual),  severity  (context- 
ual), rampage,  rudeness  (rare),  brunt, 
turbulence,  ferocity,  ferociousness;  spec. 
strain,  flagrancy,  desecration,  excess,  in- 
tensity, desperateness. 
Antonyms:  see  gentleness. 
violent,  a.  furious,  forcible  (contextual), 
forceful,  strong,  fierce,  raging,  extreme, 
severe,  rabid  (literary);  spec,  sharp, 
grievous  (archaic),  rampant,  high,  wild, 
tough  (colloq.),  smart,  hot,  heavy,  hard, 
heady  (dust,  current,  etc.),  rank,  impetu- 
ous, rude  (literary  or  rare),  rough,  roaring 
(rare),  sore,  impetuous,  stormy,  boister- 
ous, drastic,  desperate,  outrageous  (rare), 
virulent,  vicious  (colloq.), tearing,  towering, 
stiff,  red  (fig.),  turbulent,  passionate;  see 

ROUGH,  FLAGRANT,  BURNING,  INTENSE. 

Antonyms:  see  gentle. 

violin,  n.  fiddle  (now  colloq.,  familiar,  or 
depreciatory),  viol  (rare;  poetic),  catgut 
(Jig.);  spec,  crowd,  rebeck,  kit  (rare). 

violin,  V.  i.  fiddle  (familiar,  often  cant). 

violinist,  n.  fiddler  (except  as  denoting  the 
violinist  in  action  colloq.  or  derogatory), 
scraper  (derogatory);  spec,  crowder. 

virgin,  a.  1.  maiden,  maidenly,  virginal, 
vestal,  parthenian  (rare),  parthenic  (rare); 
spec,  vestal. 
2.  See  PURE. 

virgin,  n.  maiden,  maid  (archaic),  may 
(poetic  and  archaic);  spec,  vestal. 

virtual,  a.  potential,  practical,  substantial; 
spec,  moral. 

virtue,  n.  1.  rectitude,  uprightness,  moral- 
ity, worth,  honor,  goodness;  spec,  car- 
dinal virtues  (justice,  prudence,  temper- 
ance, fortitude,  as  distinguished  from  the 
theological  virtues  of  faith,  hope,  and  char- 
ity; the  last  also  with  modern  writers  being 
called  "cardinal  virtues");  see  chastity, 
honesty. 
Antonyms:  see  wickedness,  dishon- 
esty. 

2.  Referring  to  a  virtue:  grace. 

3.  See  power,  effectiveness. 
virtuoso,  n.  connoisseur,  master  (context- 
ual), adept;  sec  expert. 

virtuous,  a.  honorable,  good,  moral,  hon- 
est (chiefly  literary;  often  spec),  upright; 
spec,  goody,  goody-goody,  exemplary;  see 
chaste. 
Antonyms:  see  wicked,  dishonest. 

virulent,  a.  acrid,  bitter;  see  acrimoni- 
ous, ACRID,  malignant,  POISONOUS. 


viscera,  n.  pi.  entrails  (now  chiefly  spec), 
insides  (colloq.  or  dial.),  inwards,  inter- 
nals (rare),  numbles  (archaic),  guts;  spec. 
inmeats,  haslet  or  harslet. 

visceral,  a.  splanchnic;  see  abdominal. 

viscid,  a.  viscous,  adhesive,  sticky,  mu- 
cilaginous, thick,  stiff,  tough,  tenacious, 
slab  (literary);  spec,  glairy,  glaireous 
(rare),  slimy,  sizy,  clammy,  glutinous, 
thready,  ropy,  plastery;  see  slimy. 
A  ntonyms:  see  thin. 

visible,    a.    visual,    perceptible     (context- 
ual), open,  seeable,  unhidden,  apparent; 
spec,  megascopic,  macroscopic,  conspicu- 
ous. 
Antonyms:  see  invisible. 

vision,  n.  1.  Referring  to  the  faculty:  sight, 
eyesight,  hght  (fig.);  spec  diplopia;  see 
sight. 

2.  Referring  to  the  range  of  vision:  eyeshot, 
eyesight,  eye,  ken. 

3.  Mental  vision  or  comprehension:  fore- 
sight, prospect,  view;  spec  dream. 

4.  See  sight. 

visionary,  a.  unreal,  impractical,  chimer- 
ical, absurd,  Laputan  (fig.),  fantastic 
(rare),  viewy  (colloq.);  spec,  quixotic, 
Cervantic ;  see  imaginary. 
Antonyms:  see  actual,  practical, 
matter-of-fact. 

visionary,  n.  visionist  (rare),  dreamer,  fan- 
tast  (rare);  spec.  Utopian;  seeiMAGiNER. 

visit,  n.  Spec  call. 

visit,  V.  t.  1.  seek  (archaic),  do  (contextual), 
spec,  intervisit,  haunt,  Uonize;    see  fre- 
quent. 
2.  affect,  afflict. 

visitor,  n.  visitant,  company  (a  collective); 
spec,  caller,  sojourner,  incomer,  stranger; 
see  guest,  immigrant. 

visor,  n.  Spec,  beaver. 

visual,  a.  optical,  ocular,  optic  (rare,  exc 
spec). 

visualize,  v.  t.  externalize,  envisage,  actu- 
ahze. 

vital,  a.  1.  life  (the  noun  used  attributively); 
spec,  biotic. 
2.  »See  essential,  necessary. 

vitiation,  n.  1.  *See  degradation,  cor- 
ruption. 

2.  contamination,  corruption;  spec,  adul- 
teration, spoiling. 

vitrify,  v.  t.  vitrificate  (rare);   spec,  glaze. 

viva,  inter j.  vivat  (French),  vive  (French). 

vivacious,  a.  1.  See  long-lived. 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
viperish:   malignant. 
virago:   shrew. 
viridescent:   greenish. 
virile:  forceful,  manly. 
virulence:  poison. 
virus:   pcisoH. 
visage:  face. 


viscous:     viscid,   sticky,   slimy, 

thick. 
vise:  approval. 
vise,  V.  t.:  approve,  indorse. 
visitation,    ji.:     affliction,    ^re- 

quentalion. 
vitality:  life. 
vitalize:   animate,  strengthen. 


vitiate:  degrade,  corrupt,  im- 
pair, .ipoil. 

vitiatory:   corruptive. 

vitreous:  glassy. 

vitriollze:   poison. 

vituperate:  abuse,  revile,  de- 
nounce. 

vituperative:  abusive. 


K^^  Sec  Notes  of  Explanation. 

465 


VIVACITY 


2.  active,    smart,   lively,    bright,    breezy 
{fig.);  see  uvely,  gay. 
Antoni/ms:  str  sad.  sfllen,  serious. 

vivacity,   n.  vivaciousness,   activity,   61an 
{Frendi);  secGAYETV. 
Antonijms:  see  ennui. 

vivarium,  n.  vivary  (rare),  claire  (French), 
pond,  stew  {obs.  or  dial.  Eng.),  preserve, 
preservatory  (rare);  spec,  park  (for  oys- 
ters), pound  (far  fish),  aquarium,  nuil- 
letry,  penguinery,  pclicanr^-,  inscctarium 
(rare),  aviary. 

vivid,  a.  fresh,  lively,  living,  quick,  clear, 
loud,  brilliant,  strong;    see  descriptive, 

DEFINITE,  intense. 

Antonyms:  see  dull. 

vocabulary,  n.  1.  language,  terms  (pi). 
2.  See  dictionary. 

vocal,  a.  1.  sonant,  voiceful  (rare),  phthon- 
gal  (rare);  spec,  sonorescent  (rare). 
2.  See  ORAL. 

vociferate,  v.  t.  bellow,  bawl,  yell,  howl, 
clamor;  see  shout. 
Antonyms:  see  whisper. 

vociferation,  n.  bellow,  howl,  bawl;  spec. 
see  outcry. 

vociferous,  a.  open-mouthed;  see  clam- 
orous. 

voice,  ?i.  1.  tongue,  tone,  vox  (Latin);  spec. 
whisper,  bass,  barytone,  tenor,  alto,  so- 
prano,   contralto,   falsetto,   pipe,   breast 
(archaic),  cry. 
2.  See  say,  speaker,  singer. 

void,  a.  1.  See  empty,  devoid,  ineffect- 
ual. 
2.  blank,  null,  invalid,  inept  (law;  rare). 

void,  n.  I.  blank;  spec,  chasm;  see  hole, 
abyss. 
2.  See  emptiness. 

void,  V.  t.  1.  empty,  clear;  see  evacuate, 
eject. 
2.  evacuate  (learned). 

volatile,  a.  1.  flyaway,  flighty,  mercurial 
(literary),     giddy,     Hght-headed,     incon- 
stant, transient ;  see  frivolous,  lively. 
2.  incoercible  (gases),  evaporative. 

volley,  n.  1.  flight;  spec,  round,  platoon, 
return,  harquebusade;  see  discharge. 

2.    See  OUTBREAK. 

volplaning,  n.  flight,  planing  (colloq.). 
volume,  n.  1.  content,  bulk,  bouk  (5coL), 
quantity,  substance,  size. 

2.  »See  QUANTITY. 

3.  book,    tome    (chiefly   literary);     spec. 


codex,  heptateuch,  folio,  octavo,  duodec- 
imo, etc.;  see  roll. 

voluminous,  <i.  big  (contextual),  full; 
s/xc.  discursive,  flowing,  ample,  poly- 
graphic  {U(irned). 

voluntary,  a.  intentional,  willing,  deliber- 
ate, free,  unconstrained. 
Antonyms:  see  involuntary. 

voluptuary,  7i.  pleasurist  (rare),  softling 
(obs.  or  rare),  sensualist;  spec,  beast, 
brute. 

voluptuous,  a.  voluptuary;  spec,  effem- 
inate, sybaritic;  see  sensual,  luxurious. 

vomit,  V.  t.   1.    eject   (contextual),  spew, 
disgorge  (contextual),  regorge  (rare),  puke 
{vulgar),  cast,  egurgitate  (rare),  eructate 
(learned  or  tech.). 
Antonyms:  see  swallow. 
2.  5ee  eject. 

vomit,  V.  i.  spew,  puke  (colloq.  or  vulgar). 

voracious,  a.  ravenous,  devouring,  raven- 
ing (literary),  vulturous  (rare),  rapacious, 
cormorant  (fig.),  bulimic  (chiefly  med.), 
bulimious  (rare),  polyphagous  (rare),  vo- 
raginous  (rare). 

voracity,  7i.  ravenousness,  raven  or  ravin; 

sec  HUNGER. 

vortex,  n.  whirl,  tourbillion  or  turbiUion 
(rare),  gyre  (poetic  and  literary) . 

votary,  n.  adherent  (contextual),  votarist 
(colloq.),  votaress  (Jem.);  spec.  Cytherean; 

see  DEVOTEE. 

vote,  n.  1.  voice  (spec,  or  fig.),  say  (spec,  or 
fig.);  spec,  plebiscite,  plebiscitum,  plump- 
er (Eng.),  ballot. 

2.  franchise,  suffrage,  poll   (rare);    spec. 
ballot. 

voter,  n.  Spec,  suffragist  (rare),  floater, 
potwalloper  (Eng.),  potwaller  (Eng.), 
plumper  (Eng.),  repeater  (U.  S.),  elector; 

see  CONSTITUENT. 

votive,  a.  votary;  spec,  see  dedicatory. 

vouch,  V.  t.  evidence;  see  guarantee. 

voyage,  n.  journey,  trip;  spec,  cruise,  navi- 
gation (rare),  sail,  passage;  see  excur- 
sion. 

voyage,  v.  i.  journey;  spec,  travel,  sail, 
steam,  row,  passage. 

vulgar,  a.  1.  plebeian,  popular,  common, 
profane  (learned  or  literary);  see  lowly. 
Antonyms:  see  noble. 
2.  base,  cheap,  rustic,  raffish,  carhsh  (lit- 
erary),  gross.  Bowery  (fig.,  U.  S.);   spec. 
boorish,  coarse,  rabble;  see  low. 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

vogue:   style. 

volute,  a. :  curled. 

vivify:  animate. 

voiceless:   dumb,  silent. 

volute,  ;!..•   coil,  curl. 

vixen:  shrew. 

TOidance:  ejection. 

vomitory:  emetic. 

vixenish:  ill-tempered. 

volatilize:  evaporate. 

voodoo:  magic. 

vizor:  mask. 

volitant:  flying. 

vouch,  n.:  guaranty. 

vocalist:   singer. 

volley,  V.  t.:   discharge. 

voucher:   evidence. 

vocation:   business. 

voluble:    talkative,  fluent. 

vow,  V.  t.:  promise. 

vociferant:   damorous. 

volunteer,  v.  t.:  offer. 

vow,  V.  i.:   swear. 

vociferate,  r.  i. :  shout. 

voluptuary,  a..-  sensual. 

voyaging:   sailing. 

fSr  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

46G 


WANDER 


Antonyms:  see  refined. 
vulgarize,  v.  t.  plebeianize,  plebify  {rare); 

see  POPULARIZE. 

vulnerable,  o.  assailable,  woundable. 
Antonyms:  see  invulnerable. 

w 

wade,  V.  t.  Spec.  ford. 

wading,  a.  Spec,  grallatorial  (tech.). 

wafer,  n.  Spec,  cachet,  konseal,  obley;  see 

HOST. 

wag,  V.  t.  &  i.  1.  See  sway. 
2.  Referring  to  the  tongue:  run. 

wager,  v.  i.  gamble;  spec,  plunge  (slang), 
punt;  see  bet. 

wager,  v.  t.  gamble,  stake,  risk,  set  (ar- 
chaic),   go,    adventure;     spec,    play;     see 

GAMBLE. 

wager,  n.  stake,  gamble,  risk;  spec,  bet, 
ante,  raise,  straddle,  pot,  jackpot;    see 

GAMBLE. 

wages,  n.  sing.  &  pi.  pay,  payment,  sti- 
pend; see  hire,  earnings. 

wagon,  n.  Spec,  truck;  see  vehicle. 

wail,  V.  t.  1.  bewail  (an  intensive),  behowl 
(rare),  beweep  (rare);  see  mourn. 
Antonyms:  see  rejoice,  laugh. 
2.  See  ACCLAIM. 

waist,  n.  1.  See  body. 
2.  Referring  to  a  garment:    body;    spec. 
bodice,    vest,    basque,    corsage,    bolero, 
blouse,  cuirass,  corset  (now  rare) . 

wait,  V.  i.  1.  rest,  defer;  spec,  watch. 

2.  See  ATTEND. 

3.  To  wait  at  table:  minister  (archaic  or 
literary) . 

waiter,  n.  Spec,  gargon,  pannier  (Eng.), 
skinker  (rare),  Robert  (rare). 

wake,  n.  wash  (of  a  vessel);  see  track. 

wake,  V.  t.  1.  See  ROtrsE. 
2.   waken,  awake,  awaken,  arouse,  rouse, 
excite. 

wakeful,  a.  waking,  roused. 
Antonyms:  see  sleepy. 

walk,  n.  1.  Act  of  walking:  deambulation 
(rare  and  learned);  spec,  excursion,  tramp, 
trudge,  hike,  pace,  waddle,  daddle,  march, 
promenade,  perambulation,  plod,  saunter, 
stroll,  stalk,  cakewalk;  see  gait. 

2.  A  distance  walked:  spec,  constitutional 
(colloq.),  hike,  tramp,  saunter,  stroll, 
promenade,  dander  (Scot.  &  dial.  Eng.), 
turn. 

3.  Place  where  one  walks:  spec,  path, 
cloister,    promenade,    pergola,    frescade 


(rare),  mall,  deambulatory  (rare),  boule- 
vard, marina  (Spariish  and  Italian),  es- 
planade; see  course. 
4.  *See  SPHERE. 

walk,  V.  i.  1.  deambulate  (rare),  tread,  pe- 
destrianize  (rare),  pedestrianate  (rare); 
spec,  trample,  tramp,  trudge,  stamp,  hike, 
stump,  stride,  step,  plod,  poach,  grind 
(Eng.  university  slang),  dade  (obs.  or  dial. 
Eng.),  leg  (esp.  with  "it"),  pad,  falter, 
stalk,  foot  (used  with  "it"),  mince,  per- 
ambulate, saunter,  stroll,  lounge,  ramble, 
tiptoe,  shin  (colloq.),  thump,  trundle, 
roll,  trapes  or  traipse  (colloq.  or  dial.), 
promenade,  parade,  shamble,  poundj 
see  march,  toddle. 

Antonyms:  see  run. 
2.  See  LIVE. 

walk,  v.  t.  1.  traverse,  tramp;  spec,  pace; 

see  TREAD. 

2.  Sec  MOVE. 

walker,  n.  footman  (rare),  footer  (rare), 
pcriijatetic  (chiefly  humorous);  spec,  pe- 
destrian, dustyfoot  (obs.  or  hist.;  Scot.), 
perambulator  (rare),  trudger,  tramper, 
hiker,  etc. 

walking,  a.  gradient  (tech.),  ambulant 
(tech.),  gressorial  (tech.),  ambulatory 
(tech.);  spec,  pedestrian,  trippant. 

walking,  n.  pedestrianism,  peripateticism 
(hu7norous),  perambulation. 

walking-stick,  n.  Spec,  staff,  cane,  bour- 
don (obs.),  palster  (archaic),  crutch. 

wall,  n.  Spec,  partition,  bulkhead,  bail  or 
bailey,  canaut  (Anglo-Indian),  counter- 
scarp, parapet,  escarp,  revetment,  coun- 
termure;  see  inclosure. 

wall,  V.  t.  Spec,  mure,  in  wall,  countermure; 

see  FORTIFY. 

wallow,  V.  i.  welter,  muddle  (archaic); 
spec,  see  tumble. 

wand,  n.  stick  (contextual),  rod;  spec,  rod- 
let,  baton,  caduceus,  scepter;   see  staff, 

SWITCH. 

wander,  v.  i.  1.  ramble,  roam,  rove,  stray, 
straggle,  range,  meander,  maunder,  stroll, 
prowl,  roll,  trapes  (obs.  or  dial.),  spatiate 
(rare),  divagate  (literary);  spec,  gad  (used 
with  "about"),  obambulate  (rare),  expa- 
tiate (rare  or  fig.;  literary),  vagabondize 
(rare),  vagabond  (rare),  scamander  (rare), 
estray  (rare),  shack  (dial,  or  colloq.),  tru- 
ant, forage. 

2-  Referring  to  mental  wandering:   moon, 
ramble,  gander  (dial.  Eng.);  see  rave. 

3.  See  MIGRATE,  DEVIATE. 


t£^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

W 

wabble:  sway,  shake. 
wade:  ford. 
wadding:  lining. 
wag:   humorist. 


wage,  ?i.:  hire. 
wage,  V.  t.:  conduct. 
waggishness:  fun. 
waggle:  sway. 
wail,  n.:  cry. 
wail,  V.  i.:  cry,  weep. 
wainscot:   lining. 


wait,  V.  t.:  await. 
waiting:   attendance. 
waive:   relinquish. 
wake:   awake. 
waken,  v.  t.:  rouse. 
waken,  v.  i.:  awake. 
wan:   -pale. 


G^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

467 


WANDER 


wander,  n.  ramblo,  ramblinp;,  roam, 
ruvo,  divapatioii  (lUn-anj);  spec,  prowl, 
p;ad  {dial.  Eng.  or  colUxj.),  trapes  {colloq.  or 
lUaL),  stroll  (litcrnri/). 

wanderer,  n.  ramlilcr,  roamcr,  rover, 
strayer,  etc.,  ninapate  (archaic),  vagabond 
(now  rare  or  literary),  vagrant  (c/iir/// 
spec),  scatterling  [arcliaic),  waif,  gad- 
about {colloq.),  runabout  (colloq.);  spec. 
nomad. 

wandering,  a.  1.  rambling,  roaming, 
roving,  etc.,  stray,  vagarish  (rare), 
vagarious  (rare),  abroad  (predicative); 
spec,  nomadic,  discursive  (literary),  float- 
ing, nomad,  vagabond,  migratory,  mul- 
tivagant  (rare),  perambulatory,  itinerant, 
devious,  vagrant,  truant,  cometic,  aber- 
rant, circumforaneous  (rare),  erratic,  ex- 
cursive, planetary  (fig.),  obambulatory 
(rare) . 

2.  Referring  to  thought  or  discourse:  ram- 
bling, discursive. 
Antonyms:  see  direct. 
S.  See  DEVIOUS,  delirious. 

wandering,  n.  1.  rambling,  roaming, 
straying,  etc.,  error  (poetic),  divagation 
(literary);  spec,  gadabout,  obambulation 
(rare),  discursion  (rare),  extra vagation 
(rare),  evagation  (rare). 

2.   See  DEVIATION,  DELIRIUM,  ABERRATION. 

waning,  a.  decrescent  (literary  or  tech.). 

wanting,  a.  minus;  spec,  absent,  gone, 
lost,  destroyed,  etc. 

wanton,  n.  Referring  to  a  woman:  gill, 
flirt  (archaic),  baggage  (often  playful), 
bitch  (not  now  in  decent  use),  light-o'-love 
(literary),  Ught-skirts  (rare),  Cyprian  (lit- 
erary), skit  (chiefly  Scot.),  bona  roba 
(learned);  see  flirt. 

war,  71.  fight  (contextual),  hostilities^  (pZ.); 
spec,  warfare,  guerrilla  (rare),  jihad,  jehad, 
crusade,  gigantomachy  (rare) . 
Antonyms:  see  peace,  truce. 

war,  V.  i.  fight  (contextual);  spec,  crusade, 
campaign. 

war  cry.  slogan,  battle  cry,  on-cry  (rare) . 

ward,    n.    1.    alumnus    (masc),    alumna 
(fern.); — both  tech.  or  learned. 
2.  See  GUARD,  protection,  protector, 

DR^ISICN,  district. 

ward,  V.  t.  fend  (rare  or  archaic),  guard, 
drive  (used  with  "off";  archaic);  spec. 
stave  (used  with  "off"),  parry;  see  repel. 

warden,  n.  Spec,  herenach  (Anglo-Irish), 
dizdar,    disdar    (Oriental);     see  guard, 

CUSTODIAN. 


warder,  n.  Spec,  gatekeeper,  gateward 
(archaic);  see  guard,  protector. 

wardrobe,  n.  1.  clothing,  vestiary  (rare); 
spec,  vestry. 
2.  See  CLOSET. 

ware,  n.  1.  Spec,  crockery,  earthenware, 
enamel,  silver,  plate,  glass,  etc. 
2.  commodity,  truck  (a  collective),  goods 
(pi.);    spec,    merchandise    (a    collective), 
import,  export. 

warehouse,  n.  repository,  bankshall 
(Oriental),  emporium  (a  loose  usage); 
spec,  hong  (Chinese),  godown  (in  the  Far 
East),  pantechnicon  (Eng.),  packhouse, 
storehouse. 

warlike,  a.  belligerent,  beUicose,  belluent 
(rare);  spec,  truculent,  militant;  see  pug- 
nacious. 

warm,  a.  1-  Spec,  calid,  tepid,  lukewarm; 

sec  HEATED. 

Antonyms:  see  cold. 

2.    See  LIVELY,    glowing,   fresh,   AFFEC- 
TIONATE, ardent. 

warm,  v.  t.  heat  (contextual),  calefy;  spec. 
tepefy,  roast,  toast  (colloq.). 
Antonyms:  see  cool. 

warm-blooded,  a.  hsemathermal,  hsema- 
thermous; — both  tech.  or  rare. 

warmth,   n.    1.    heat    (contextual);    spec. 
tepidity,  tepidness;  see  glow. 
Antonyms:  see  cold, 
2.  See  ARDOR. 

warn,  v.  t.  caution,  admonish  (formal), 
premonish  (rare),  notify,  inform,  precau- 
tion (rare),  forewarn  (emphatic),  monition 
(eccl.;  rare),  prewarn  (rare),  advise  (chiefly 
spec),  readvise  (rare). 

warning,  a.  monitory  (formal),  cautionary, 
admonitory  (formal),  premonitory  (e??i- 
phatic);  spec,  sematic. 

warning,  n.  caution,  monition  (learned 
or  literary),  premonition  (rare  or  spec), 
monitor  (fig.),  forewarning  (emphatic), 
preadmonition  (rare),  notice,  notifi- 
cation, information,  admonition  (for- 
mal), precaution  (rare),  commonition 
(rare),  advice  (chiefly  spec),  caveat 
(now  only  fig.);  spec,  example,  exem- 
plar, memento  (rare),  ensample  (ar- 
chaic) . 

warp,  n.  stamen  (tech.  or  hist.),  web  (dial.), 
chain,  bend. 

warp,  V.  i.  Spec,  hog,  kedge,  cast. 

warring,  a.  belligerent  (tech.),  mihtant 
(literary) . 

warrior,  n.  belligerent  (contextual; learned), 


X^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

wane,  n.;  decline. 

wane,  v.  i.:  abate. 

want,     n.;      desire,     deficiency, 

poverty,  need,  absence. 
■want,  t>.  i.;   lack. 
wantage:  deficiency. 


wanting:  deficient,  absent. 
wanton,  a.:   unchaste. 
wanton,  v.  i.:  flirt,  frolic,  play. 
warble:   yodel. 
ward,  r.  i.:  guard. 
warehouse,  v.  t.:  store. 
warfare:   war. 


warp,  t.  t.:  move,  bend,  distort, 

pervert. 
warrant,  n.:  authority. 
warrant,  v.  t.:  guarantee,  state, 

assure,  justify. 
warrantor:   surety. 
warranty:   guaranty,  authority. 


X^^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

468 


WATCHMAN 


brave  (now  chiefly  spec);    spec.  Hector, 

Amazon  {fern.),  berserker,  crusader. 
warship,  n.  Spec,  battleship,  cruiser,  battle 

cruiser,  destroyer,  dreadnought,  monitor, 

frigate. 
warty,   a.    verrucous   or   verrucose    (both 

tech.),  warted  (rare). 
wash^  n.    1.   Spec,  rinse   (colloq.),  scrub, 

scour,  swab;  see  bath,  cleaning,  splash, 

GARGLE. 

2.  Referring  to  the  waves:  see  break. 

3.  Referring  to  liquid  with  which  to  coat  or 
wash:  spec,  bath,  liquor,  coat,  calcimine, 
whitewash,  pigment,  paint,  embrocation, 
liniment,  lotion,  eyewater,  coUyrium. 

4.  In  geology:  spec,  alluvium,  till,  silt. 

5.  Referring  to  an  amourd  of  clothes  to  be 
loashed:  washing,  batch,  buck. 

wash,  V.  t.  1.  clean  {contextual),  lave  {liter- 
ary), bathe;  spec,  rinse,  sluice,  irrigate, 
launder,  lick,  lip. 

2.  coat  {contextual);  spec,  calcimine, 
whitewash,  paint. 

3.  See  absolve. 

wash,  V.  i.  1.  lave  {literary);  spec,  lip,  rinse, 
scour  {usually  jocular  as  used  of  the  face), 
scrub,  flush,  sluice;  see  bathe,  splash. 
2.  Referring  to  covering  with  a  liquid: 
spec,  coat,  elutriate  {rare),  flush,  edulco- 
rate, gull  {dial,  or  tech.),  pan;  see  splash, 

LAUNDER,  GARGLE,  PURIFY. 

washer,  n.  burr  {of  a  rivet). 

washing,  n.  1.  The  action:  ablution  {rare), 
lavage   {chiefly  med.),  lavation   {literary, 
pedantic,   or  tech.);    spec,  elution  {rare), 
edulcoration,  lavabo;  see  cleaning. 
2.  See  wash. 

washing,  a.  Spec,  lavatory  {chiefly  eccl.). 

washroom,  n.  lavatory  {formal  or  literary). 

washstand,  n.  lavabo  {grandiose  or  cant); 
spec,  commode. 

wasplike,  a.  vespine  {tech.). 

waste,  V.  t.  1.  lose,  dissipate,  squander, 
scatter  {archaic),  misspend,  consume 
{contextual);  spec,  lavish,  dilapidate 
{rare),  wanton,  riot,  lounge,  fritter  {chief- 
ly with  "away"). 
Antonyms:  see  economize,  stint,  pre- 
serve. 

2.  See  devastate,  desolate,  emaciate. 

3.  emaciate,  tabefy  {tech.),  f orpine  {ar- 
chaic). 

waste,  /'.  i.  tabefy  {tech.),  pine,  dwine  {ar- 
chaic or  Scot.);  spec,  molder. 
Antonyms:  see  fatten. 
waste,  n.  1.  squander,  ineconomy  {rare); 
spec,  estrepement ;  see  decay. 

Antonyms:  see  economy. 
2.  Referring  to  what  is  ivasted:    wastage, 
offal   {tech.),   refuse,   wastrel    (lUerary  or 


archaic);  spec,  culm,  debris,  detritus, 
spilth,  sands  (pi.),  slops,  trash,  wash, 
wilderness,  dross,  leakage,  junk,  allu- 
vium, egesta. 
Antonyms:  see  savings  (wc  saving,  n.  3). 
3.  See  desert,  devastation. 
wasted,  a.  1.  lost  {contextual);  spec. 
squandered,  misspent. 

2.    See  EMACIATE. 

wasteful,  a.  prodigal,  unthrifty;   see  ex- 
travagant. 
Antonyms:  see  economical,  stingy. 

wastefulness,  n.  prodigality,  unthrift. 

waster,    n.    prodigal,    wastrel,    lavisher; 
see  spendthrift. 
Antonyms:  see  niggard. 

wasting,  a.  1.  tabescent  {tech.). 
2.  Causing  wasting:    emaciative,    tabific 
{tech.). 

wasting,  to.  emaciation,  tabefaction  (tech.), 
contabescence  {rare);  spec,  maceration, 
marasmus,  syntexis,  coUiquation,  con- 
sumption, tabes. 

watch,  TO.  1.  Referring  to  the  act:  observa- 
tion {contextual),  ward,  guard,  vigil  {for- 
mal  or  literary),  outlook,  espial  {rare), 
wake  {chiefly  spec);  spec,  oversight 
{rare),   surveillance,   dog  watch,   round; 

see  GUARD. 

2.  One  who  watches:  observer,  ward;  spec. 
sentinel,  sentry  {the  more  technical  mili- 
tary term),  picket;  see  guard. 

3.  A  timepiece:  tompion  {obs.),  ticker 
{slang),  tattler  {slang);  spec,  bull's-eye 
{colloq.),  hack. 

watch,  V.  i.  invigilate  {rare  or  spec);  spec. 
waken  {rare),  mark,  picket,  preside, 
scout,  float;  see  guard. 

watch,  V.  t.  1.  observe  (contextual),  over- 
watch  (emphatic),  oversee  (rare),  ward 
(archaic),  attend  (rare),  notice  (rare), 
espy  (archaic),  twig  (slang),  stag  (slang), 
mark  (rare  or  literary);  spec,  dragonize 
(rare),  follow,  eye;  see  guard. 
2.  See  AWAIT. 

watchdog,  TO.  bandog  (archaic),  porter 
(fig.);  spec.  Cerberus  (fig.). 

watcher,  to.  observer  (contextual),  guard 
(rare);  spec,  lookout,  crow  (thieves'  cant), 
spy,  picket,  scout,  dragon  or  (Jem.)  drag- 
oness,  invigilator. 

watchful,  a.  observing  (contextual),  vigi- 
lant, alert;  spec,  erect. 
Antonyms:  see  careless. 

watching,  to.  vigilance;  spec,  surveillance, 
spying,  espionage,  invigilation. 

watchman,  to.  watch,  ward  (archaic); 
spec,  lookout,  scout,  runner,  patrol, 
night  watchman,  Charley  (obs.),  dozener 
(obs.);  see  guard. 


C^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
wary :   careful. 


wash,  V.  i.:  break. 
waste,  a.:  wild,  desolate. 


wastrel:  waster. 
watchfulness:  alertness. 


31 


iW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

469 


WATCHTOWER 


watchtower,  n.  bcncon. 

watchword,  n.  word,  cry,  shibboleth  (Jig.); 

sec  PASSWORD,  COUNTERSIGN. 

water,  n.  1.  anua  {Latin),  eau  (French); 
spec,  lymph  {rhetoncal  or  poetic),  crystal 
(poetic),  flood  (poetic  or  rhetorical),  steam. 
2.  A  body  of  icatcr:  spec,  dam,  drink  (hu- 
morous; U.  S.),  sluice,  river,  lake,  pond, 
sea,  ocean,  pool,  etc.;  see  flood. 

water,  a.  aquatic  (formal  or  tech.),  hy- 
draulic [tech.). 

water,  ;-.  /.  1.  wet;    spec,  damp,  irrigate, 
flood,  soak,  sprinkle,  moisten. 
Antonyms:  see  dry. 
2.  calender,  moire,  tabby,  cloud. 

water  cooler.  oUa  (U.  S.  &  formerly  in 
Spain,  etc.),  guggler,  goglet,  gugglet, 
gorgolette  (rare). 

watercourse,  n.  run  (chiefly  U.  S.  & 
North  Eng.  dial.);  spec,  arroyo  (local, 
U.  S.),  nullah  (Anglo-Indian),  inlet,  lead, 
donga  (South  Africa). 

water  cure,  hydrotherapy,  hydrothera- 
peutics. 

watered,  a.  moire  (French). 

waterfall,  n.  fall;  spec,  cataract,  cascade, 
force  (local,  Eng.),  sault  (local,  America), 
Niagara  (fig.),  hnn  (chiefly  Scot.). 

watery,  a.  waterish,  aqueous  (learned  or 
tech.),  Uquid  (rhetorical);  spec,  wheyish, 
thin  (contextual),  washy,  serous. 

wattle,  n.  gill,  jowl,  jollop  (rare);  spec. 
dewlap,  jewing. 

wave,  n.  1.  undulation  (literary  or  tech.); 
spec,  bore,  billow,  comber,  curl,  decuman 
(rare),  eager  or  eagre,  groundswell  heave, 
ripple,  head,  roller,  ranger  (rare),  ripplet, 
sea,  seiche,  surge,  sweU,  wavelet,  white- 
cap;    see  BILLOW,  RIPPLE. 

2.  A  body  of  moving  water:  spec,  flood, 
flush. 

3.  See  UNDULATION,  SINUOSITY,  SWING, 
SEA,  GESTURE,  FLOURISH. 

4.  A  wave  of  emotion,  success,  etc.:  flush, 
tide. 

wave,  V.  i.  1.  undulate;  spec,  heave,  wal- 
low (archaic),  ripple,  fluctuate  (rare),  roll, 
curl,  crisp,  crinkle;  see  ripple. 

2.  swing  (contextual),  flaunt,  tremble 
(fig.),  shake,  sway;  spec,  play,  flow,  rip- 
ple; see  FLUTTER,  undulate. 

3.  See  GESTURE,  CUR"\"E. 

wave,  V.  t.  swing  (contextual),  sway, 
shake;  spec,  flourish,  brandish,  flaunt, 
ripple,  flash,  flare  (rare),  stream,  flutter; 

see  WAVER,  RIPPLE,  FLOURISH. 

waver,  n.  1.  wave  (contextual),  oscillation, 
fluctuation. 


2.    See  FLICKER,  FAIiTER,  TOTTER. 

waver,  v.  i.  1.  wave  (contextual);  spec. 
fluctuate,  oscillate,  pendulate  (rare);   see 

FLICKER,  TOTTER. 

2.  vacillate,  balance,  fluctuate;  see  hes- 
itate. 

3.  See  falter. 

waving,  n.  undulating  (literary  or  tech.); 

spec,  flying,  flourish. 
wavy,  a.    1.   undulant   (tech.  or  learned), 

undulatory  (tech.  or  learned);  spec,  surgy; 

see  BILLOWY,  RIPPLY,  ROUGH,  CHOPPING, 
FLICKERING. 

2.  Marked  with  wavy  lines:  undate  (tech.), 
undulate  (chiefly  tech.),  undose  (tech.), 
undulated  (tech.),  repand  (tech.);  spec. 
fle.xuous,  flamboyant,  undo  (her.),  curly, 
crisp,  crisped,  crispy,  gyrose;  see  ripply, 

SINUOUS. 

waxing,  a.  crescent  (tech.  or  literary) . 
waxy,  a.   1.  waxen,   cereous   (literary  or 

learned),    ceraceous    (tech.);    spec,   ceru- 

minous. 

2.    See  IMPRESSIBLE. 

way,  n.  1.  via  (Latin);  spec,  passage, 
avenue,  path,  footway,  walk,  route,  cut, 
lane,  b>'^vay,  midway,  boulevard,  drift- 
way, canal,  footpath,  cul-de-sac  (French), 
ferry,  wireway,  wheelway,  waterway, 
fairway,  thoroughfare,  wynd  (Scot.  & 
Eng.),  alley,  defile,  causeway,  gate,  tran- 
sit, descent;  see  track,  road,  path. 

2.  See  DISTANCE,  DIRECTION,  CUSTOM, 
MANNER,  PROCEDURE,  COURSE. 

wayside,  n.  roadside. 

weak,  a.  1.  Having  little  power:  feeble, 
weakly,  feckless  (Scot,  or  literary),  foison- 
less  (chiefly  Scot.),  infirm,  asthenic  (tech.); 
spec,  debilitated,  impotent,  decrepit,  in- 
energetic,  shaky  (colloq.),  strengthless, 
doddered,  groggy  (slang  or  farriery) ,  deb- 
ile  (obs.  or  archaic),  crazed  (archaic), 
crazy  (archaic),  imbecile  (rare),  impuis- 
sant  (rare),  brittle,  weakHng  (rare), 
poorly,  languid,  faintly,  sickly,  faint, 
feeblish,  effeminate,  enervated,  dotty 
(colloq.  or  slang),  low,  atonic  (tech.),  re- 
miss, puny,  forceless,  nerveless,  small, 
spineless;   see  powerless,   effeminate, 

UNCONVaNCING. 

Antonyms:    see  strong,  able,  cogent, 

POWERFUL,  FIRM,  FORCIBLE,  INTENSE, 
VIGOROUS. 

2.  Having  little  power  to  resist:  unsub- 
stantial, frail,  slimsy  (colloq.,  U.  S.), 
delicate,  soft,  molluscous  (fig.),  slender, 
reedy  (fig.),  tender,  infirm,  spineless 
(fig.);    spec,  fragile,  paper  (fig.),  brittle. 


(W  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

wattle,  n.:  switch,  withe. 

wayfarer:   traveler. 

waterless:   dry. 

wattle,  V.  t.:  bind. 

waylay:  ambush. 

watershed:   divide. 

wax,    V.   I.:    rise,   increase. 

be- 

wayward:     disobedient. 

capri- 

waterway:  wry. 

come,  grow. 

dous,  perverse. 

tS^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

470 


WEE-FOOTED 


rickety,  boneless  (JiQ-))  sinewless,  inver- 
tebrate {fig.),  Kttle;  see  slight,  fragile, 

BRITTLE,    COMPLAISANT. 

Antonyms:  see  strong,  vigorous. 
3.  Referring  to  liquors:  thin,  small,  single 
(archaic),  light,  wash,  washy. 
weaken,  v.  t.  1.  enfeeble,  feeble  (rare  or  ar- 
chaic); spec,  unstring,  undermine,  depo- 
tentiate  (rare),  shake,  reduce,  imbecili- 
tate  (rare),  impair,  debilitate,  refund 
(rare),  faint  (rare),  disinvigorate  (rare), 
unsinew  (fig.;  rare),  devitalize,  unman, 
emasculate,  attenuate,  enervate,  indis- 
pose, disintensify,  slacken,  sap,  stagger, 
blunt,  bate,  effeminate,  effeminize,  un- 
nerve. 

Antonyms:    see  strengthen,  confirm, 

ENERGIZE,  FIRM,  INTENSIFY. 

2.  Reduce  the  resisting  jorce  of:    shake, 
impair;  spec,  fatigue,  strain. 

Antonyms:  see  strengthen. 

3.  See  DILUTE,  adulterate. 

weaken,  v.  i.  1.  dechne,  languish,  flag,  fail. 

2.  See  backslide. 
weakened,  a.  enfeebled,  broken,  reduced, 

impaired,   broken-down;    spec,  decrepit, 

emasculated,  atonic  (tech.),  enervate  (fig. 

or  literary),  unmanly,  effeminate. 
Antonyms:      see     strengthened;      cf. 

strengthen. 
weakening,    a.    debilitating,    debihtant 

(rare),  debiUtative,  asthenic  (tech.);  spec. 

exhausting. 
Antonyms:     see    strengthening;     cf. 

STRENGTHEN. 

weakening,  n.  enfeeblement,  impairment, 
impair  (archaic),  labefaction  (rare);  spec. 
attenuation,  effemination,  debilitation. 

weakling,  7i.  jellyfish  (fig.),  squab  (fig.). 
Antonyms:  see  athlete. 

weakly,  a.  frail,  tender,  unhardy  (rare); 
spec,  rickety;  see  delicate. 
Antonyms:  see  strong,  vigorous,  hardy. 

weak- minded,  a.  feeble-minded;  spec. 
doting,  dotish. 

weakness,  n.  1.  feebleness,  impotence,  im- 
potency,  impuissance  (rare),  infirmness, 
caducity  (literary);  spec,  decrepitude, 
superannuation,  senility,  atony  (tech.), 
debility,  neurasthenia  (tech.),  faintness, 
languidness,  languor,  imbecility,  puni- 
ness,  attenuation. 

Antonyms:    see  strength,  energy,  in- 
tensity, POWER. 

2.  frailty,    frailness;     spec,    invertebracy 
(rare),  delicacy;  see  effeminacy. 

Antonyms:  see  vigor. 

3.  foible,    failing,    foiblesse    (rare;     old 
French);  spec,  liking,  besetment. 


4.  See  ailment. 

weal,  n.  Spec,  welt,  wale,  ridge,  fleabite, 
streak. 

wealth,  n.  1.  riches,  fortune,  substance, 
lucre  (chiefly  depreciatory),  pelf  (depre- 
ciatory), mammon  (Biblical),  gold  (rhetor- 
ical for  large  sums),  treasure,  moneybags 
(fig.);  spec,  capital. 

2.  opulence,  affluence,  richness,  wealthi- 
ness. 

Aritonyms:  see  poverty. 

3.  See  abundance. 

weapon,  n.  arm  (chiefly  in  pi.);  spec,  dag- 
ger, gun,  sword,  etc. 

wear,  v.  t.  1.  consume  (contextual),  eat,  im- 
pair; see  deteriorate,  fray,  exhaust. 

2.  carry  (as  a  watch,  crutches,  etc.),  bear 
(as  in  defense  or  display),  sport  (colloq.), 
display  (colloq.). 

3.  See  PASS. 

wear,  n.  consumption  (contextual),  impair- 
ment; spec,  detrition  (tech.  or  learned). 

wearied,  a.  tired,  fatigued,  worn;    spec. 
ennuye  (French),  bored. 
Antonyms:  see  fresh. 

weariness,  n.  fatigue,  tire  (colloq.),  tired- 
ness (rare);  spec,  ennui  (French),  tedium, 
boredom,    languor,    lassitude,    languish- 
ment,  sickness,  monotony. 
Antonyms:  see  freshness,  energy. 

wearing,  a.  Referring  to  pain:  racking, 
grinding. 

wearisome,  a.  weary,  weariful  (rare),  fa- 
tiguesome  (rare);    spec,  borish,  tedious, 
boring,  irksome;  see  tiresome. 
Antonyms:  see  restful,  refreshing. 

weary,  v.  t.  1.  fatigue,  tire,  wear  (as  with 
"out"). 

Antonyms:  see  rest. 

2.  Referring  to  mental  attitude:   bore,  en- 
nui   (rare;    French),   tire,   irk   (archaic); 
spec,  glut,  surfeit. 
Antonyms:  see  divert. 

weary,  v.  i.  tire;  see  sicken. 

weary,  a.  1.  See  tired. 
2.  impatient,   ennuied,   aweary    (poetic); 
spec,  careworn;  see  sick,  discontented. 

weathervane,  n.  weathercock,  vane,  cock. 

weave,  v.  t.  1.  inweave  (rare),  compose 
(contextual),  loom  (rare);  spec,  twill,  knit, 
tissue,  damask. 

2.    *S'ee  INTERLACE,  DESIGN. 

weaving,  n.  loom  (fig.),  weave  (cant). 
web,  n.  1.  Web  of  spiders,  etc.:    cobweb, 
net;  spec,  tent,  gossamer. 

2.  »See FEATHER,  MEMBRANE,  PLATE, TISSUE. 

webbed,  a.  vexillate  (tech.). 
web-footed,    a.    bicoUigate    (rare),    pal- 
miped (tech.),  totipalmate  (tech.). 


C^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
wealthy:  rich. 
wean:  alienate. 


weanling:  infant. 
wear,  v.  i.:  pass,  endure. 
weather,  v.  t.:   overcome,  disin- 


tegrate. 
weather,  v.  i.:  disintegrate. 
weathercock:  weathervane. 


t:^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

471 


WED 


wedge,  II.  quoin  or  coin  {tech.  or  literary); 
sfHc.  shiui,  oloat,  slic'o,  cottor,  chock,  block, 
forelock,  froe,  frow,  dut,  gore,  bias. 

wedge-shaped,  a.  sjMioroid  (chirjl!/  tech.), 
cuneiform  [tech.  or  literar)/),  cuneal  (rare), 
cuneatc  {chiejly  tech.),  wedgy  (rare). 

weeds,  n.  pi.  sackcloth  (a  collective),  sa- 
bles (pL),  mourning. 

week,  n.  sevennight  (literary  or  rare),  sen- 
night (archaic),  heptad  (rare),  hebdomad 
(ch  icjly  spec. ;  rare) . 

weekly,  a.  hebdomadal  or  hebdomadary 
(learned;  chiefly  spec). 

weep,  r.  i.  1.  cry,  greet  (Scot.);  spec,  blub- 
ber (generally  contemptuous  and  in  ridi- 
cule), blirt  (dial.),  boohoo  (contemptuous; 
often  jocular),  wail;  sec  cry. 
Antonyms:  see  laugh. 
2.  fSee  DRIP,  DROOP. 

weeping,  n.  cry  (colloq.),  greet  (Scot.), 
lachrjTnation  (rare),  tears  (pi.),  ploration 
(rare),   lachrymals   (pi.;    rare),   sobbing; 

Cf.  LAMENTATION. 

Antonyms:  see  laughter. 
weeping,  a.   1.  lachrymatory  (learned  or 
tech.),  ploratory  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  laughing. 
2.  See  DROOPING. 
weigh,  V.  t.  1.  trutinate  (rare);  spec,  scale. 

2.  consider  (contextual),  prepend  (rare), 
ponderate  (rare),  poise  (rare);  spec,  heft 
(coUoq.). 

3.  See  raise. 

weigh,  V.  i.  1.  scale  (rare);  spec,  counter- 
weigh. 

2.  To  weigh  on  the  mind:  press,  sit. 

3.  count,  talk  (slang);  see  matter. 
weight,  n.  1.  ponderousness  (rare),  pon- 

derance  (rare),  ponderosity  (literary; 
chiefly  rhetorical),  heaviness,  heft  (U.  S. 
&  dial.  Eng.);  spec,  tonnage,  gravity. 

2.  Spec,  plumb,  sinker,  counterbalance, 
pea,  bob,  plummet,  counterpoise,  halteres 
(pZ.),bias;  see  plummet,  clog. 

3.  See  BURDEN,  emphasis. 

weight,  V.  t.  ingravidate  (rare  and  chiefly 
fi^.);   spec,  plumb,  load,  lead;   see  lead, 

LOAD,  BURDEN. 

weightless,  a.  imponderable. 

weir,    n.    stop    (contextual);    spec,    goryd 

(local,  Eng.),  lasher  (chiefly  local,  Eng.), 

hedge,  waste;  see  dam. 
weird,  a.  eerie  or  eery  (literary) ,  unearthly, 

uncanny,  witching,  eldritch  (chiefly  Scot.); 

spec,  elvish,  elfish. 


welcome,  v.  t.  embrace  (spec,  or  fig.), 
gratulatc  (archaic);  spec,  greet. 

welcome,  n.  bienvenue  (French);  see 
grekting. 

welfare,  n.  weal,  well-being;  spec,  com- 
monwealth (obs.),  commonweal  (ob.w- 
Icsccnt). 

well,  n.  1.  eye  (archaic);   spec,  cesspool, 
gusher. 
2.  See  shaft. 

well,  adv.  1.  Spec,  exemplarily,  capitally, 
first  rate  (colloq.),  finely,  gallantly,  fairly, 
clean,  famously  (colloq.),  splendidly  (col- 
loq.), nobly,  rarely,  timel}-,  properly, 
justly;  see  thoroughly. 
Antonyms:  see  poorly. 
2,  Spec,  conveniently,  fortunately,  agree- 
ably, favorably  (cf.  convenient,  for- 
tunate, etc.). 

well,  o.  whole,  sound,  right  (rare),  whole- 
some (obs.  or  archaic),  bobbish  (dial,  or 
slang);  see  healthy. 
Antonyyns:  see  ailing. 

well-balanced,  a.  level  (colloq.,  U.  S.). 

well-being,  n.  good,  welfare,  health  (ar- 
chaic); .spec,  comfort;  see  prosperity. 
Antonyms:  see  discomfort. 

well-born,  a.  thoroughbred  (colloq.  or  fig.); 

see  NOBLE,  GENTLE. 

well-bred,  a.  genteel  (vulgar  or  deprecia- 
tory); spec,  gentlemanly,  ladylike. 

well-founded,  a.  reasonable,  just. 
Antonyms:  see  unfounded. 

well-informed,     a.     intelligent,     posted 
(colloq.);  spec,  well-read,  learned. 
Antonyms:  see  ignorant. 

well-known,  a.  familiar,  notorious;  spec. 
famous,  renowTied,  celebrious  (archaic), 
proverbial. 

well- shaped,  a.  eumorphous  (rare);   see 
shapely. 
Antonyms:  see  deformed. 

welsh,  V.  i.  back  out,  jib,  weaken,  funk 
(slang),  crawfish  (fig.;  colloq.). 

welsher,  n.  funker,  jibber  (rare),  weak- 
ener,  recreant. 

wench,  n.  1.  girl  (which  see);  spec,  (in  de- 
preciation)   Wowze,    dowdy    or    dowdie, 
trull,  slut  (not  in  polite  use). 
2.  See  maidservant. 

werewolf,  n.  lycanthrope,  loup-garou 
(French). 

west,  n.  Occident  (rare,  exc.  spec,  and  with 
cap.,  "Occident'') ,  sunset. 
A  ntonyms :  see  e  ast. 


t^^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
wed:   marry. I 
wedding:   marriage. 
wedge,  V.  i.:  crowd. 
wedlock:  marriage. 
wee:   m.inute. 
weep,  V.  t.:  shed,  drip. 
weep,  n.:  cry. 


weet:  cry. 

weft:   woof. 

weighty:  heavy. 

welcome:   acceptable. 

welcome:   acceptable,  pleasant. 

welkin:   heaven. 

well,  i\  i.:  flow. 

well -becoming:  becoming. 


well-behaved:  orderly,  good. 
well-conducted:  orderly. 
well-disposed:   kindly. 
well-founded:  reasonable,  just. 
well-shaped:   shapely. 
well-to-do:   prosperous,  rich. 
welt,  V.  t.:  beat. 
welter:  tumble. 


IW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

472 


WHIRL 


western,    a.   west,    westerly,    westward, 
Hesperian  {'poetic),  ponent  {obs.  or  rare), 
occidental     {rare,    exc.    spec,    and   cap., 
^^  Occidental"). 
Antonyms:  see  eastern. 

wet,  a.  madid  {rare);  spec,  drippy,  dewy, 
rainy,  sprinkly,  drunken  {rare  or  literary), 
dripping,  irriguous  {rare),  nasty  {context- 
ual), soppy,  sloppy,  slushy,  slobbery 
{chiefly  dial.),  wishywashy  {colloq.),  spewy, 
squelchy,    clammy,    sour,    dabby;      see 

MOIST,  FOUL. 

Antonyyns:  see  dry. 

wet,  V.  t.  water  {chiefly  in  spec,  senses), 
moil  {archaic),  humidify  {rare),  humect 
{rare),  humectate  {rare),  humify  {rare); 
spec,  dip,  daggle,  dew,  bedew,  drench, 
dabble,  sluice,  slaver,  slobber,  shower,  be- 
draggle, bedrabble,  bedabble,  draggle, 
soak,  saturate,  moisten,  irrigate,  em- 
bathe  {poetic),  drown,  bucket,  buck  {rare), 
blubber,  beweep  {rare),  besplash,  be- 
slubber,  bedrench,  baste  {cookery),  hose; 
see  MOISTEN. 
Antonyms:  see  dry. 

wet,  n.  moisture;  spec,  humidity,  wash, 
damp. 

wetting,  n.  humectation  {rare);  spec. 
drench,  irrigation  {rare,  exc.  spec),  flush- 
ing. 

wetting,  a.  Spec,  irriguous  {rare),  irriga- 
tional  or  irrigative  {rare,  exc.  spec). 

whale,  n.  cetacean  {contextual),  cete  {liter- 
ary); spec,  cub,  finner. 

wharf,  n.  Spec,  quay,  pier  {a  pier  used 
as  a  wharf),  dock  {colloq.  &  U.  S.),  kev 
(obs.). 

whatever,  n.  whatsoever  {formal  or  ar- 
chaic), whatsomever  {dial.  &  illiterate). 

whatnot,  n.  rack  {contextual);  spec. 
ctagere  {French). 

wheat,  n.  cereal  {contextual),  grain  {con- 
textual); spec,  frumenty,  spelt. 

wheel,  n.  1.  Spec,  roller,  balance,  caster, 
bowl,  pulley,  fusee,  rowel,  roulette,  trun- 
dle, truck,  trolley,  lap,  drum,  sheave, 
scaife  {local),  skive,  truckle;    see  cycle, 

CASTER,  TURN. 

2.  See  ROTATION,  REVOLUTION,  TURN. 

wheeler,  n.  Referring  to  a  horse:    poler, 

thiller. 
wheel-shaped,  a.  rotate  {tech.  or  learned), 

rotiform. 
wheezy,  a.  phthisicky  {humorous) . 
whelp,  n.  cub,  puppy,  pup. 


whence,  adv.  where,  wherefrom  {formal), 
whenceforth  {rare);  spec  whencesoever. 

where,  adv.  1.  Spec,  wherever. 
2.  whereto  {formal),  whither. 

whereness,  n.  ubiety  {rare),  ubication 
{rare) . 

whetstone,  n.  Spec  rubstone,  burr,  hone, 
oilstone. 

which,  pron.  whether  {archaic) . 

whichever,  pron.  whether  {archaic). 

while,  conj.  whilst  {archaic),  whiles  (ar- 
chaic) . 

whine,  n.  cant,  snivel. 

whine,  i).  i.  whimper,  mewl,  cant,  pule; 
spec  snivel,  nasillate  (rare). 

whip,  n.  1.  flagellum  {humorously  pedan- 
tic), scourge  {rhetorical  or  spec);  spec,  cat, 
cat-o'-nine-tails,  kourbash  or  koorbash, 
knout,  crop,  cowhide,  swinge,  switch, 
dick  (slang),  plet  (French),  quirt  (U.  S.), 
bullwhack  (U.  S.),  taws  (pi.),  sjambok, 
chabouk;  see  lash. 
2.  See  SNAP. 

whip,  V.  t.  1.  beat  (contextual),  scourge 
(rhetorical  or  spec),  swinge,  flagellate 
(tech.  or  learned);  spec,  switch,  rawhide, 
twig  (rare),  cowhide,  flog,  knout,  koor- 
bash, lace,  willow,  thong,  horse,  birch, 
flick,  breech,  double-thong  (colloq.), 
horsewhip,  tar,  quirt,  discipline  (rare,  exc. 
spec),  slash,  lash. 

2.    See    GATHER,    DEFEAT,    HURRY,    SNAP, 
TAKE. 

whipped,  a.  flagellate  (rare). 
whipper,  n.   flagellator   (learned);    spec. 
flagellant. 
whipping,  a.  flagellatory  (learned),  flagel- 

lative  (rare). 
whipping,  n.    1.   flagellation    (learned  or 
spec);    spec,   flogging,   dusting   (coUoq.), 
jacketing  (colloq.),  quilting  (rare),  basti- 
nado, breeching. 

2.    See  DEFEAT. 

whippletree,  n.  crossbar,  singletree,  swin- 
gletree. 
whip-shaped,    a.    flageUate    (teamed   or 

tech.). 

whir,  n.  Spec  birr  or  burr,  chirr  or  chir, 
whiz,  whish  (rare). 

whirl,  n.  1.  rotation  (which  see);  spec,  vor- 
tex (tech.),  reel,  spin,  pirouette,  twirl, 
swirl. 

2.  Referring  to  bodily  motion  in  a  circuit: 
revolution,  swirl,  vortex  (tech.);  spec.  eddy. 

whirl,  V.  i.  &  t.  1.  rotate  (which  see);  spec. 


I^=  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
whack,  V.  t.:  heat. 
whack,  n.:  bump,  blow. 
whacking:  big. 
whale,  V.  t.:  beat. 
wheedle,  v.  t.:   cajole,  get. 
wheel,  V.  i.:  roll,  circle,  revolve. 
wheel,  V.  t.:   roll,  transport,  ro- 


tate, move,  revolve. 
wheeze,  n.:   breath. 
wheeze,  v.  i.:  breathe. 
whelk:   protuberance. 
whelm:   submerge. 
whet:   grind,  excite. 
whiff,  71.:   blow,  cloud. 
whiff,  v.:  blow. 


whigmaleerie:   contrivance. 
while,  V.  t.:  pass. 
whim :   caprice:* 
whimper:  cry. 
whimsical:  capricious. 
whin:  furze. 

whinner,  whinny:    neigh. 
whip -shaped:  flagellate. 


XW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

473 


WHIRLING 


rool,  swirl,  spin,  jiirouetto,  Irundlo,  twirl, 

whip. 

2.  Rcfcrriug  to  bodily  motioti  in  a  circuit: 

revolve  (which  sec),  swirl;  spec.  eddy. 

whirling,  a.  1.  rotatory,  vertiginous  (learn- 
ed); spec,  giddy,  dizzy. 
2.  revolving,  vortical  (learned),  vorticose 
(rare),  vortiginous  (rare),  swirling,  swirly 
(rarc"^,  eddying. 

whirlpool,  n.  vortex  (learned),  gurge 
(rare),  well  (rare),  gulf  (now  chiefly  fig.); 
spec,  eddv,  curl,  gurglet,  maelstrom, 
Charyhdis  (fig.). 

whirlpool-like,  a.  gulfy  (poetic). 

whisker,  /(.  1.  hair;   spec,  vibrissa  (tech.); 

see  FEELER. 

2.  In  pi.:  see  beard. 

whisky,  n.  usquebaugh  (Irish  or  Scot,  or 
humorous),  tanglefoot  (slang,  U.  S.);  spec. 
poteen  or  potheen  (Irish). 

whisper,  n.  1.  murmur,  buzz. 
Antonyms:  see  shout. 
2.  See  RUSTLE. 

whisper,  t'.  i.  1.  speak  (contextual),  round 
(archaic). 

Antonyyns:  see  shout. 
2.  See  RUSTLE. 

whisper,  v.  t.  speak  (contextual),  breathe, 
round  (archaic). 
Antonyms:  see  shout,  vociferate. 

whispering,  a.  susurrous  (learned),  susur- 
rant  (rare);  spec,  rustling. 

whistle,  n.  1.  note  (contextual);  spec,  call, 
catcall,  siren,  pipe,  whew. 
2.  The  thing:  spec,  hooter,  pipe. 

whistle,  V.  i.  1.  Spec,  siffle  (rare  or  literary), 
pipe,  pule,  flute,  toot. 
2.  See  SLNG. 

white,  a.  1.  candid  (archaic);  spec,  whit- 
ish, silver,  milky,  whity  (rare),  snowy, 
snowish,  ivory,  frosty,  hoary,  canescent, 
frosted,  marmoreal  (fig.;  poetic  or  rhetor- 
ical), marmorean  (fig.;  rare),  chalky. 
Antonyms:  see  black. 
2.  See  PURE. 

white,  n.  1.  glair  (of  an  egg). 
2.  cracker  (a  poor  white;   U.  S.). 

white  nian.  Spec,  buckra  (a  Negro  term), 
pakeha  (Neiv  Zealand),  paleface. 

whiten,  v.  t.  white,  dealbate  (ohs.,  exc. 
spec),  blench  (rare),  bleach  (spec,  or  fig.), 
blanch  (spec,  or  fig.);  spec,  pale,  etiolate, 
besnow,  grizzle,  silver,  ermine  (fig.;  rare), 
hearthstone,  frost. 
Antonyms:  see  blacken. 

whiteness,  n.  1.  Spec,  canescence,  hoari- 
ness,milkiness,frostiness,blink,grizzliness. 
2.  See  PURITY. 


whitening,  a.  canescent  (learned  or  liter- 
ary), iiu-auescent  (rare),  albescent  (tech. 
or  learned). 

whitening,  n.  dealbation  (rare,  exc.  spec); 
sjxc.  blanching,  bleaching,  bleach, 

whitewash,  n.  Spec,  parget  (rare),  rough- 
cast, calcimine. 

whitewash,  c.  /.  1.  white;  spec,  calcimine. 
2.  To  make  speciously  fine  by  use  of  fair 
trords:  gild,  varnish  (slang). 

whitewashed,  a.  white-limed. 

whitish,  a.  white,  albescent,  whity  (rare). 

whole,  a.   1.   total,  entire,  complete,  all 
(with  "the"  or  predicative),  integral  (rare), 
integrate  (learned  or  rare),  gross,   indis- 
crete ;  see  intact. 
Antonyms:  see  broken. 
2.  See  WELL. 

whole,  n.  totality,  entirety,  entire  (rare), 
all,    ensemble,    general    (archaic),    be-all 
(rare   or   spec),   integer;     spec,   integral 
(math.),  complex. 
Antomjms:  see  abstract,  pakt. 

wholeness,  n.  entirety  (which  see),  com- 
pleteness, totality,  totalness,  integralness, 
integrity,  integrality  (rare),  allne.ss  (rare), 
omneity  (rare),  omnitude  (rare);  spec 
universality,  undividedness,  intactness. 

wholesale,  adv.  in  block,  en  bloc  (French). 

wholly,  adv.  entirely,   clean,  fully,  alto- 
gether, quite,  utterly,  outright. 
Antonyms:  see  partially. 

whore,  v.  i.  wench  (archaic),  drab. 

whorl,  n.  volution  (tech.),  gyre  (rare);  spec. 
involucre  or  involucrum. 

why,  adv.  wherefore  (formal  or  archaic). 

wicked,  a.  evil,  iniquitous,  wrong,  wTong- 
ful,  bad,  nefarious  (chiefly  literary),  ne- 
fandous  (learned),  sinister,  perverse,  felon, 
dark,  black,  ill  (rare  or  literary),  nefast 
(rare),  unholy,  unrighteous;  spec,  unre- 
generate,  obdurate,  ungodly,  heinous, 
abominable,  atrocious,  black-hearted,  in- 
famous, facinorous  (archaic),  graceless, 
godless,  devilish,  flagitious,  horrible,  cor- 
rupt, unprincipled,  ungracious  (obs.), 
vicious,  villainous,  criminal;    see  sinful, 

FLAGRANT. 

Antonyms:  see  sinless,  virtuous,  in- 
nocent. 
wickedness,  n.  evilness,  e\'il,  turpitude, 
iniquity,  perversity,  depravity,  darkness 
(fig.),  ill  (rare),  iniquitousness,  unright- 
eousness, improbity  (literary),  perverse- 
ness,  pravity  (rare);  spec,  darkness, 
unregeneracy,  corruption,  villainy,  crim- 
inality, crime,  obduracy,  corruption,  pu- 
tridity, gracelessness,  godlessness,  atroc- 


1^="  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

whist,  inter j.:  silence. 

whoop,  n.:  cry. 

wlilsk,  n.;  flourish. 

whit,  n.:   particle.,  little. 

whoop,  V.  i.:   shout. 

wtaJsk,  t).  t.:  flourish. 

white-limed:  whitewashed. 

whop,  V.  i.:  flounce. 

whisk,  v.  i.:  rush. 

whiz:   hum,  whir. 

whore:  harlot. 

whiskered:   bearded. 

wholesome:   healthful,  sweet. 

wicket:  gate. 

J^=  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

474 


WIND 


ity,  devilry,  deviltry,  diabolism,  malignity 
{rare),  enormity;  see  sin,  impiety,  flag- 

RANCY,  IMMORALITY,  HORRIBLENESS. 

Antonyms:   see  virtue,  holiness;   also 
cf.  sinless. 

wide,  a.    1.  broad,   broadish,   expanded; 
spec,  heavenwide,  statewide,  nationwide. 
Antonyms:  see  narrow. 
2.  See   SPACIOUS,    roomy,    comprehen- 
sive, astray,  inclusive,  expansive. 

widely,  adv.  far. 

widen,  v.  t.  1.  broaden,  breadthen  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  narrow. 
2.  See  enlarge,  expand,  extend. 

wideness,  n.  broadness;  see  expansion, 
enlargement,  extension. 

widening,  o.  broadening;  see  expansive. 

widespread,  a.  diffuse,  rife;    spec,  world- 
wide, nationwide,  statewide;   see  exten- 
sive, general. 
Antonyms:  see  local. 

wide- spreading,  a.  effuse  {archaic). 

widow,  n.  relict  {legal),  matron  {context- 
ual); spec,  jointress  or  jointuress,  dow- 
ager, suttee. 

widowed,  a.  viduous  {rare),  husbandless 
{contextual),  bereaved  {contextual),  un- 
husbanded  {rare). 

widowhood,  n.  viduity,  viduation,  vidu- 
age ; — all  rare. 

width,  n.  size  {contextual),  breadth,  broad- 
ness, amplitude  {formal  or  literary),  lati- 
tude {ohs.  or  humorous),  wideness;  spec. 
tread,  measure,  diameter,  beam,  span, 
roominess,  spaciousness. 

wield,  V.  t.  ply,  manipulate,  handle;  see 
play,  exercise,  manage. 

wieldy,  a.  handy  (colloq.). 
Antonyms:  see  unwieldy. 

wife,  n.  spouse  {contextual),  woman  {con- 
textual;  low,  contemptuous,  or  dialect), 
helpmate  {chiefly  rhetorical  or  literary;  a 
corruption  of  the  Biblical  "helpmeet"),  rib 
{humorous  or  in  allusion  to  Gen.  ii:21), 
queen  {fig.,  exc.  spec),  matron  {context- 
ual), lady  {contextual;  complimentary  or 
deferential),  feme  {legal);  spec,  concubine, 
Grizel,  grass  widow,  bride,  empress. 
Antonyms:  see  husband,  celibate. 

wifelike,  a.  wifely. 

wifely,  a.  matronly  {contextual) . 

wig,  n.  periwig  {ohs.  or  historical),  jasey 
{chiefly  spec;  colloq.  and  humorous) ;  spec. 
toupee,  peruke,  pigtail,  tail,  Ramillie, 
frizz,  Gregorian,  Brutus,  Chedreux 
{French);  see  grizzle. 

wig,  V.  t.  periwig  {now  rare),  bewig  {em- 
phatic); spec,  peruke  (rare). 


wiggle,  V.  i.  &  t.  tweedle;  see  twiddle. 
wild,  a.  1.  untamed,  savage,  untame,  feral 

(learned),  ferine  (rare),  undomesticated; 

spec  tameless. 
Antonyms:  see  tame. 

2.  uncultivated,  wilding  (poetic),  incult 
(rare);  spec,  desert,  waste,  rough,  luxuri- 
ant, desolate,  rude. 

Antonyms:    see  cultivated;   cf.  culti- 
vate. 

3.  Of  persons  or  conduct:  harum-scarum, 
harum  (rare);  see  excited,  frolicsome, 

GAY. 

4.  See  stormy,  rough,  reckless,  bois- 
terous, uncultivated,  extravagant, 
dissipated,  ill-considered,  uncon- 
trolled. 

wild-looking,  a.  frenzied,  haggard. 

wildness,  n.  1.  savageness,  savagery,  fer- 
ity (rare). 

2.  uncultivation,  naturalness,  incultiva- 
tion  (rare);  spec  desolation. 

willful,  a.  heady,  headstrong,  capitose 
(rare),  willyard  (Scot.);  spec,  high-handed; 
see  obstinate,  arbitrary. 

will,  n.  1.  volition,  pleasure,  mind,  desire; 
spec,  discretion ;  see  intention. 
2.  testament. 

willing,  a.  1.  See  intentional. 
2.  volitive    (rare),    ready,    forward,    free 
(chiefly  spec). 
Antonyms:  see  unwilling. 

willingly,  adv.  readily,  freely,  lief  (liter- 
ary). 

will-o'-the-wisp,  n.  ignis-fatuus,  jack-o'- 
lantern  or  jack-a-lantern,  wisp. 

willowy,  a.  supple  (contextual),  willowish 
(rare);  see  flexible. 
Antonyms:  see  stiff. 

willy-nilly,  adv.  nolens  volens  (Latin). 

wimple,  n.  gorget  (historical). 

win,  V.  t.  1.  gain,  get  (rare),  conquer,  carry 
(as  one's  point),  gather,  obtain  (archaic), 
score  (fig.,  exc.  spec);  spec,  steal,  recover, 
take,  make,  kick. 
Antonyms:  see  lose. 

2.  gain,  engage;  spec  reclaim,  recover, 
curry  (as  a  person  with  one  in  argument), 
conciUate;  sec  induce. 

Antonyms:  see  estrange. 

3.  Spec,  reach,  accomphsh. 

win,  V.  i.  Spec,  recover,  overcome ;  see  suc- 
ceed. 

wind,  n.  meteor  (tech.;  contextual),  air 
(chiefly  spec);  spec,  aura,  blow,  blast, 
blare  (archaic),  blizzard,  bluster,  blus- 
terer, Boreas,  breath,  flurry,  breeze,  bus- 
ter, Csecias,  cat's-paw,  coil,  cyclone,  east. 


It^^  Cross  references:  see 

Note. 

wile,  V.  t.:  pass. 

will,  V.  t.:  convey. 

wigwag,  71.:  flag. 

wile,  n.:  deception. 

wilt:  wither. 

wigwag,  V.  t.:  wave. 

wile,  V.  t.:  entice. 

wily:  artful. 

wilderness:   desert. 

wiliness:   art. 

wince:  shrink. 

wildwood:  furext. 

will,  V.  i.:  intend. 

wind,  V.  t.:  blow. 

fW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

475 


WIND 


Eurus  fanning  (rare),  flaiight  (chiefly 
Scot.),  flaw,  foehn  (German)  or  fohn, 
fresh,  fuff  (rare  or  Scot.),  squall,  gale 
(naut.,  a  storm;  poetic  and  rhctoricolhj,  a 
gentle  breeze)^  gust,  hurricane,  monsoon, 
scud,  puff,  simoon,  sirocco,  siroc  (rare), 
slant,  slap,  sough,  slat,  snorter  (slanq  or 
coUoq.),  storm,  tornado,  typhoon,  waft, 
whiff,  whiille,  whirlwind,  whisk,  windate, 
williwaw,  windfall,  zephyr,  Zephyrus. 

wind,  v.i.  twist,  turn,  wry  (archaic);  spec. 
twine,  meander,  serpentize  (rare),  snake 
(rarf),  coil,  spool  (rare),  circuit,  bottom, 
curl,  zigzag. 

wind,  r.  t.  1.  turn  (contextual),  entwine 
(emphatic  or  formal);  spec,  twine,  twist, 
involve,  wTeathe,  coil,  crank,  roll,  reel,  quill. 
2.  To  wrap  something  around:  encircle 
(contextual);  spec,  serve,  woold,  gange, 
worm. 

wind,  n.  curve  (contextual),  turn,  twist; 
spec,  twine,  meander,  coil,  circuit,  curl, 
curling,  roll,  crankle  (rare  or  Scot.),  zig- 
zag;  see  SINUOSITY,  COIL. 

winder,  n.  Spec,  flyer,  blow  (chiefly  in 
"sidewinder"). 

windfall,  n.  Spec,  obvention  (occasional  or 
incidental,  rare;  chiefly  tech.),  legacy. 

winding,  a.  crooked  (contextual),  twisting, 
turning,  sinuous  (formal  or  literary),  de- 
vious (contextual),  voluble  (rare);  spec. 
meandering,  meandrous,  serpentine, 
snaky,  tortuose  (rare),  tortuous,  cranky, 
circuitous;  see  sinuous. 

winding,  n.  1.  twisting,  turning,  circuit; 
spec,  twining,  sinuation  (formal  or  liter- 
ary), reeling,  filature. 
2.  That  which  winds:  tw'ist,  bend  (con- 
textual); spec,  meander  (chiefly  in  pi.), 
serpentry  (rare),  circumvolution  (rare), 
crinkle-crankle,  intervolution,  crankle, 
insinuation  (rare);  see  sinuosity. 

wind  instruments,  wind  (cant  or  colloq.); 
.-^ppc.  brass  wind,  wood  wind. 

windlass,  n.  roll  (contextual),  roller  (con- 
textual); sped  capstan,  hurdy-gurdy, 
winch, jack. 

window,  n.  light,  casement  (spec,  or  po- 
etic), fenestration  (a  collective;  learned  or 
tech.),  bole  (Scot.);  spec,  fenestella  (rare), 
windowlet,  dormer,  lattice,  oriel,  bay, 
bow,  bow-wandow,  glass,  transom,  rosace, 
lychnoscope  (tech.),  bull's-eye,  oeU-de- 
boeuf  (French),  lucarne  (obs.  or  French). 

window,  a.  fenestral  (rare). 

window -shaped,  a.  fenestrifonn  (rare). 

windpipe,  n.  weasand  (archaic),  trachea 
(tech.),  guggle  (slang). 


windy,  a.   1.  airy,  breezy,   blowy;    spec. 

blasty,  gusty,  blustery,  blusterous,  drafty, 

fretful,  fitful,  squally,  stormy. 

2.  See  flatulent,  kxposkd. 
wine,  n.  1.  vinuni  (tech.;  Latin);  spec,  cup, 

verdea    (Italian),   sherry,    vidonia,   sack, 

tent,  must;  see  element. 

2.  See  FEAST. 
wine,  a.  vinic,  vinous;  —  both  tech.  orlearned. 
wine  cellar.  Spec,  catacomb. 
wine-colored,  a.  vinous; — tech.  or  learned. 
wineshop,  n.  bodega  (Spanish). 
wing,  n.  1.  ala  (tech.;   Latin),  sail  (poetic 

or  tech.),  van  (rare);  spec,  pinion,  poiser, 

alula,  winglet,  elytrum. 

2.  Wing  of  an  army:  horn  (rare). 

3.  See  EXTENSION,  LOBE,  SAIL,  FLIGHT. 

wing  cover,  elytrum,  shard  (an  erroneous 
usage,  based  on  an  erroneous  interpretation 
of  Shakespeare;  see  the  Oxford  English 
Dictionary). 

winged,  a.  1.  See  ALAR. 

2.  pennate. 

3.  lofty,  wingy,  soaring,  aspiring. 
winged  creature,  volatile  (rare  or  obs.). 
wingless,  a.  apterous  (tech.),  impennate 

(chiefly  spec),  flightle!5S. 
wink,  n.  1.  tw'inkle,  blink. 

2.    (See  MOMENT. 

wink,  V.  i.  twinkle,  blink;  spec,  nictate, 

nictitate. 

winking,  a.  nictitant  (tech.  or  rare). 
winnow,  v.  t.  1.  separate,  ventUate,  wind 

(rare);  .see  fan. 

2.  *See  FLAP. 
winter,  n.  hiems  (Latin) . 
Antonyms:  see  summer. 
winter,  a.  hiemal  (literary  or  learned),  hi- 
bernal (rare). 
winter,  v.  i.  hibernate  (spec,  or  learned), 

shack   (local,   U.  S.),  overwinter  (rare), 

hiemate  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  suiiMER. 
wintering,  a.  hibernating  (spec,  or  learned) , 

latitant  (rare). 
wintering,  n.  hibernation  (spec,  orlearned), 

hiemation  (rare),  latitancy  (rare). 
wintry,    a.    winterly,    brumal    (literary), 

brumous  (literary). 
wipe,  V.  t.  rub,  mop;  spec.  feak. 
wiper,  n.  Spec,  squeegee,  wipe. 
wisdom,  n.  1.  sapience  (learned  and  chiefly 

humorous),  ad\dsabi;ity,  policy,  wiseness. 
Antonyms:  see  unwisdom,  foolishness. 

2.  See  LEARNING. 

3.  advisability,    expediency,    policy;    see 

PRUDENCE. 

wise,  a.  1.  sapient  (learned  and  chiefly  hu- 


XW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 

wing- shaped,  a.:  alar. 

tractive. 

wind-up:  end. 

winner:    conqueror. 

winsome: 

attractive. 

wine,  r.  t.:  feast. 

winning,  n.;   conquent,  gain. 

wiredraw: 

refine. 

winglike:  alar. 

winning,    a.:     persuasive,    at- 

wirework: 

filigree. 

13^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

476 


WOMAN 


m or ous  or  ironical),  sage,  Solomonic  {fig.); 
apec.  worldly-wise;  see  learned,  experi- 
enced, SKILLFUL. 

2.  advisable,  expedient,  politic;  see  pru- 
dent, JUDICIOUS. 
Antonyms:  see  unwise,  foolish,  unad- 

VISABLE. 

wise{icre,    n.    1.    sophist    (rare),    sapient 
(learned  and  chiefly  jocular).    "Wiseacre" 
is  now  chiefly  depreciatory. 
Antonyms:  see  blockhead. 
2.  See  scholar. 

wishbone,  n.  furcula  (tech.),  furculum  (an 
incorrect  form) ,  merrythought  (chiefly  lit- 
erary). 

wit,  n.  1.  See  intelligence,  fun. 
2.  Referring  to  a  witty  person:  spec,  droll, 
bel-esprit  (masc;  French). 

witch,  n.  1.  pythoness  (spec,  or  fig.),  sibyl 
(spec,  or  fig.),  cummer  (Scot.);  spec,  water 
witch;  see  MAGICIAN. 

2.    See  HAG,  CHARMER. 

with,  prep.  1.  See  BY. 

2.  plus,  besides. 
withdraw,  v.  i.  1.  See  retire. 

2.  retreat  (contextual;  spec),  recede,  re- 
tract, shrink,  resile  (literary),  inshell 
(rare),  dissociate  (rare),  secede;  see  re- 
tire, RETREAT,  DEPART. 

Antonyms:  see  intrude,  extend. 

3.  welsh,  crawfish  (fig.;  colloq.,  U.  S.); 
spec,  resile  (tech.). 

withdraw,  v.  t.  1.  remove,  separate,  sub- 
duce,  take;  spec,  sequester,  retract,  re- 
tire, slip  (with  "off"  or  "out"),  minish 
(rare),  abduce,  subtract,  extract,  deduct, 
detract;  see  abstract,  retire. 
Antonyms:  see  commit,  insert,  intro- 
duce, intrude. 
2.  See  recall. 

withdrawal,  n.  1.  See  retirement. 

2.  separation,  removal,  retraction;  spec. 
drain,  subduction  (rare),  subtraction,  de- 
duction. 

Antonyms:  see  insertion,  introduction. 

3.  See  retirement,  departure,  re- 
treat, recession,  abstraction,  recall. 

withdrawer,   n.    Spec,   seceder,   burgher 

(Scot.),  secessionist  (U.  S.  hist.),  secesh 

(U.  S.  hist.;  colloq.). 
withe,  n.  withy,  wicker,  osier,  wattle;   see 

switch. 
wither,  v.  i.   1.  wilt,  shrivel,  dry,  fade, 

wizen,  sear  (rare). 

2.  *See  decline. 


wither,   t>.   t.   wilt,    shrivel,   wizen,   sear, 
blight  (contextual),  fade. 
Antonyms:  see  swell. 

withered,  a.  wilted,  sear  or  sere,  wizen, 
blighted  (contextual);  spec,  sapless. 
Antonyms:  see  swollen,  fresh. 

withering,  a.  Spec,  marcescent  (tech.). 

withhold,  V.  t.   1.  Spec,  forbear,  check, 
spare,  detain. 
2.  »See  restrain,  keep. 

within,  prep.  1.  in,  inside;   spec,  inboard. 
Antomjms:  see  outside. 
2.  <See  during. 

within,  adv.  in,  internally,  interiorly,  in- 
side, withinside  (rare),  ben  (Scot.);  spec. 
indoors. 

without,  prep.  I.  sans  (archaic);  spec,  be- 
yond. 
2.  .See  OUTSIDE. 

without,  adv.  outwardly,  externally;   see 

OUTSIDE. 

witling,  n.  witticaster  (chiefly  literary), 
smart  Alec  (slang). 

witness,  n.  1.  observer,  overlooker,  be- 
holder, bystander. 

2.  testifier ;  spec,  compurgator. 

3.  See  EVIDENCE. 

wits,  n.  pi.  beaux  esprits  (French);    see 

FACULTY. 

witticism,  n.  saying,  bon  mot  (French), 
quip,  sally,  flight,  mot  (French),  jeu 
d'esprit  (French),  quirk,  sparkle. 

witty,  a.  clever  (contextual),  bright  (con- 
textual),  funny  (colloq.),  sharp  (contextual), 
smart,  sparkling. 
Antonyms:  see  dull,  stupid. 

wolf,  n.  Spec,  whelp,  cub,  wolfkin,  wolf- 
ling,  Isegrim  or  Isgrin  (literary  and  ar- 
chaic; a  personification),  lobo,  coyote,  hy- 
ena (often  fig.). 

wolfish,  a.  1.  lupine  (bookish  or  tech.),  lu- 
pous (rare). 

2.    iSee  FIERCE,  CRUEL. 

woman,  n.  female  (contextual),  tabby  (con- 
temptuous), dona  (slang),  maness  (rare), 
carline  (chiefly  spec;  Scot.),  feminine 
(rare),  petticoat  (fig.),  femme  (French), 
fair  (archaic  or  poetic),  burd  (obs.),  Ama- 
zon (fig.);  spec,  beebee  (Anglo-Indian), 
beldam  (literary),  Bellona  (fig.),  cailleach 
(Gael.),  crone,  cummer  or  kimmer  (Scot.), 
dame  (hist,  or  poetic),  damsel  (archaic,  lit- 
erary or  play  fid),  damosel  or  daraozel 
(poetic  or  a  word  of  the  romances),  matron- 
age   (a  collective),   dowager,   dowd,  hag, 


t^'  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
wish:  desire. 
wishful:   desirous. 
wishy-washy:   dilute. 
\^stful:   longing. 
witch,  !).<.. •  bewitch. 
witchcraft:  magic. 
witchery:     magic,    captivation. 


beu'itchery,  bewitchment. 

withe,  !'.  t.:   bind. 

withhold,  V.  i.:  abstain. 

withiness:  flexibility. 

withstand:  resist,  endure,  op- 
pose. 

withstanding:  resistance,  op- 
po.tition. 


withy:  flexible. 
wizard:    magiciari. 
wizardry:  magic. 
woe:    .sorrow,  depression. 
woebegone:  sorrowful. 
woeful:    sorrowful,  depressing, 

depressed. 
wold:  down. 


K^^See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

477 


WOMAN-HATING 


dragon  or  dragoness   {fig.),  duenna,  gib 
{reproachful),     Gorgon     {fig.),     matron, 
motluT,  nymph,  squaw,  sylph,  Titaness 
(fig.),  vixen. 
Anto?njms:  see  MAN. 

woman-hating,  a.  misogynous. 
Antoriyms:  sec  amatory. 

womanish,  a.  petticoat,  feminine,  effem- 
inate ;  spec,  haggish ;  sec  effeminate. 
Antonyms'  sec  manly. 

womanlund,  n.  woman,  femininity,  fem- 
inity {rare),  feminine  {archaic),  woman- 
hood, distaff  {Jig.;  used  imth  "the"). 
Aiitonyms:  see  mankind. 

womanly,  a.  womanlike;    spec,  ladylike, 
matronal,  matronly. 
Antonyms:  see  childish,  manly. 

womb,  n.  uterus  {tech.),  matrix  (rare),  ven- 
ter (/ec/i.),  ventricle  (rore). 

wonder,  n.  1.  wonderment,  astonishment, 
awe;  spec,  see  surprise. 
2.  prodigy,     marvel,     miracle,     portent, 
phenomenon  {contextual),  wonderwork. 

wonder,  v.  i.  1.  marvel. 
2.  See  question. 

wonderful,    a.    marvelous,    miraculous, 
wondrous  {elevated),  prodigious,  porten- 
tous, astonishing,  stupendous. 
Antonyms:  see  ordinary. 

wondering,  a.  marveUng,  agape  (predica- 
tive). 

wonder-working,  a.  miraculous,  thau- 
maturgic  {learned),  mirific  {rare  and 
jocular). 

wood,  n.  1.  hurst  {chiefly  dial,  or  in  combina- 
tion); spec,  grove,  shaw  {rare  or  archaic), 
thicket,  bosk,  bosket,  hanger  {Eng.),  holt 
(poetic),  covert,  carr  {Eng.),  coppice, 
copse,  spinney,  spinny,  greenwood. 
2.  Spec  brash,  lumber,  timber,  loppings 
(pi.),  lop  {Eng.),  driftwood. 

wooded,  a.  overgrown  {contextual);  spec. 
busky,  tufty  {rare). 

wooden,  a.  1.  ligneous  {chiefly  jocular) . 
2.  See  awkward,  stupid,  expressionless. 

woodland,  n.  Spec,  bush,  bocage  (French); 
see  forest. 

woodland,  a.  silvan  or  sylvan;  spec,  for- 
estal,  forestial  {rare). 

woodworker,  n.  Spec,  carpenter,  joiner, 
cabinetmaker,  cartwright,  wheelwright, 
bender,  ebonist. 

woody,  a.  1.  ligneous  (tech.),  lignescent, 
lignose  {rare),  xyloid. 
Antonyms:  see  pulpy. 
2.  Spec,  sylvan,  bosky,  silvestral  (rare), 
silvestrian  {rare),  braky,  nemorous  (rare), 
woodsy  (U.  S.). 


woof,  n.  weft. 

wool,  n.  1.  fleece;   spec,  marling,  brokes, 

matchings,  slub. 

2.  See  DOWN. 
wool-bearing,  a.  laniferous,  lanific,  lanig- 

erous; — all  tech.  or  learned. 
woolly,  a.  1.  fleecy,  lanose  (tech.). 

2.  Bearing  wool:  lanate  (tech.);  spec. 
ulotrichous. 

3.  See  FLUFFY,  flocculent. 

word,  n.  1.  A  unit  of  speech,  having  in  mod- 
ern uriting  a  formal  independence:  term; 
spec,  name,  vocable,  monosyllable,  folio  (a 
collective),  accents  (pi.),  antonym,  met- 
onym,  synonym,  heteronym,  homonym. 
2.  See  speech,  promise,  information, 

CONVERSATION. 

word,  a.  Spec,  lexical;  see  verbal. 

word,  V.  t.  To  express  in  words:  spec. 
phrase. 

wordy,  a.  verbose  (formal  or  literary);  spec. 
diffuse,  garrulous;  see  prolix. 
Antonyms:  see  concise. 

work,  n.  1.  toil,  labor,  moil  (archaic  or  lit- 
erary), business  (chiefly  spec),  cark  (ar- 
chaic); spec,  handiwork,  handwork,  hand, 
head  work,  brainwork,  journeywork,  el- 
bow grease  (humorous),  counterwork 
(rare),  slavery,  grind,  fag  (colloq.), 
drudgery,  turn,  Sisyphism  (fig.;  literary), 
pain,  corvee. 

Antonyms:  see  indolence,  rest,  play, 
diversion. 

2.  Concretely  with  "a";  labor,  opus;  spec. 
opuscule  or  opusculum  (learned,  often  hu- 
morous), bronze,  statue,  etc. 

3.  See  TASK,  occupation,  service, 
structure,  embroidery,  ornamenta- 
tion, accomplishment,  exercise. 

4.  In  military  usage:  battery. 

work,  V.  i.  1.  labor  (chiefly  spec);  spec. 
peg  (colloq.),  ply  (rare),  toQ,  cark  (ar- 
chaic), root  (colloq.,  slang;  U.  S.),  hustle 
(colloq.;  U.  S.),  moil  (archaic  or  literary), 
drudge,  poke,  grind,  slave,  scrub,  fag, 
job,  char  (Eng.),  chore  (U.  S.),  devil  (cant 
or  slang),  grub,  lucubrate  (rare  or  liter- 
ary), push,  sweat,  practice  or  practise, 
doctor,  serve,  hammer. 
Antonyms:  see  idle,  play,  rest. 

2.  operate;  spec,  act,  go,  run,  seethe, 
take ;  see  ferment. 

3.  See  ACT,  progress. 

work,  V.  t.  1.  To  cause  to  work:  spec  em- 
ploy, belabor,  drive,  busy,  drudge  (rare), 
horse  (cant),  sweat. 

2.  To  put  into  operation:  operate  (chiefly 
U.  S.),  play,  rxm;  spec  treadle,  crank. 


tW  Cross  references,  see  Note. 
wonderment:  wonder, 
wondrous:  wonder  Jul. 
wont,  a.:  accustomed. 


wont,  V.  t.:  accustom. 
wont,  n.;  habit. 
wonted,  a.:  habitual. 
woo:  court,  seek. 


wooing:   courtship. 
wording:  diction. 
workable:  possible. 
workaday:   everyday. 


tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

478 


WORTH 


Antonyms:  see  rest,  divert. 

3.  To  shape,  make ,  or  alter  hy  work:  spec. 
hammer,  forge,  tool,  puddle,  pug,  knead, 
beat,  rough,  torture,  mold. 

4.  To  give  effect  or  expression  to:  vent 
{rage,  fury,  etc.). 

5.  See  ACCOMPLISH,  manage,  cultivate, 

EXPLOIT,  EMBROIDER,  EFFECT,  BURROW, 
ACT,  PREPARE. 

workbag,  n.  Spec,  reticule,  hussy. 

worked,  a.  wrought;  spec,  embroidered, 
chased,  carved,  inlaid,  etc. 

worker,  n.  1.  One  ivho  works:  laborer, 
toiler;  spec,  performer,  moiler  (literary), 
drudge,  slave,  hack,  artist,  grubber, 
sweater,  grinder,  f agger,  handicrafts- 
man, jobber,  handworker,  practitioner, 
practician  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  idler. 

2.  A  worker  at  some  occupation  of  the  so- 
called  working  class:  laborer,  labor  (a  col- 
lective), hand;  spec,  journeyman,  opera- 
tive, hind  (Scot,  and  local  Eng.),  peon 
(Spanish  America),  coolie,  cooly,  docker, 
lumper,  ditcher,  diker,  shoveler,  heaver, 
doffer,  brazier,  kanaka,  paddy  (cant  or 
slang),  navvy,  longshoreman,  stevedore, 
proletarian. 

Antonyms:  see  vagabond. 

3.  See  AGENT,  ARTIFICER,  SMITH,  NEUTER. 

workhouse,   n.    bridewell    (Eng.),    union 

(Eng.). 
working,  n.  1.  operation. 

2.    See  ACTION,  EXERCISE,  FERMENTATION. 

working,  a.  practical. 

working  girl,  grisette  (French). 

workman,  n.  wright  (obs.,  exc.  in  combina- 
tion); spec,  master,  workmaster  (rare), 
machinist,  machiner,  mechanic,  journey- 
man, operator,  hobo  (cant  or  slang),  ar- 
tisan, artificer,  craftsman,  mason,  maistry 
(East  Indian),  brazier. 

workmanlike,  a.  workmanly,  masterly; 

see  SKILLFUL. 

workmanship,  n.  facture  (rare);  spec. 
craftsmanship. 

work  place,  works;  spec,  shop,  room,  fac- 
tory, workroom,  workshop. 

workroom,  n.  work  place;  spec,  shop, 
laboratory;  see  studio. 

workshop,  n.  officina  (rare),  works  (sing.); 
spec,  plumbery,  chapel,  pottery,  atelier 
(Frenc/i),  workroom;  see  factory. 

world,  n.  1.  See  earth. 

2.  The  inhabitants  of  the  earth:  mankind, 
monde  (French),  earth;  spec,  microcosm. 

3.  See  MULTITUDE,  LIFE. 

worldliness,  n.  secularism,  temporalism, 

secularity,  carnalness,  mundanity  (rare), 
mundaneness  (rare); — all  six  formal  or  rare. 


worldly,  a.  temporal,  terrestrial,  secular, 
worldly-minded,  terrene  (literary);  spec. 
mundane,  unspiritual,  carnal  (archaic), 
earthborn,  fleshly  (rare),  unregenerate, 
unsanctified. 
Antonyms:  see  heavenly,  spiritual. 

worldwide,    a.    cosmopolitan   (formal  or 
literary) ;  spec,  universal. 
Antonyms:  see  local. 

worm,  n.  helminth  (tech.;  chiefly  spec), 
vermin  (a  collective);  spec,  wormling 
(chiefly  fig.),  grub,  larva. 

worm-eaten,  a.  wormy,  vermiculate  (tech. 
or  literary). 

wormlike,  a.  vermiform  (tech.). 

wormy,  a.  vermiculate  (tech.  or  literary), 
vermian  (rare),  helminthoid  (rare),  ver- 
miceous  (rare),  vermicular,  vermiform 
(tech.),  vermiculose  (rare  or  tech.),  vermin- 
ous (rare);  spec,  grubby,  maggoty. 

worn-out,  a.  gone,  passe  (French). 
Antonyjns:  see  new. 

worried,  a.  fretted,  distressed,  harassed. 

worry,  v.  t.  1.  distress  (contextual),  touse 
(rare),  tousle,  disquiet,  beset,  bait  (fig.  or 
spec),  harass,  shake,  harry,  faze,  bedevil; 

see  TROUBLE,  DISTURB,  DRIVE. 

Antonyms:  see  comfort. 
2.  tease,  bait  (^^.),  badger;  see  trouble. 

worry,  v.  i.  fidget,  fuss,  fume;  see  fret. 

worry,  n.  distress  (contextual),  cark  (ar- 
chaic), fret,  fume,  fuss;  see  disturbance. 

worship,  n.  1.  office  (chiefly  tech.),  service, 
adoration  (formal  or  spec),  laud,  devo- 
tion, cult  or  cultus  (tech.);  spec,  synaxis 
(rare),  incense,  latria,  prayer,  order,  chap- 
el (Eng.),  compline  or  complin,  matin, 
Lychnic,  hours,  cosmolatry,  ecclesiolatry, 
geolatry,  gyneolatry,  hagiolatry,  hygeiol- 
atry,  iconolatry,  idolatry,  idolatrization, 
idolism,  logolatry,  lordolatry  (jocose), 
Mariolatry,  Marianolatry  (rare),  mar- 
tyrolatry,  necrolatry,  topolatry,  zoolatry, 
zoomorphism,  zootheism. 
2.  See  esteem,  honor. 

worship,  V.  t.  1.  adore  (formal  or  literary), 
bless   (archaic);    spec,   hymn,   idolatrize, 
idolize,  cense,  incense;  see  deify. 
2.  See  esteem,  honor. 

worshiper,  n.  adorer  (formal  or  spec); 
spec,  idolater,  idolatress  (fern..),  idolist, 
fetishist,  fetichist,  iconolator,  ignicolist 
(rare),  kneeler,  hagiolator,  Marian. 

worshipful,  a.  1.  adorable  (formal  or  rare), 
worshipable. 
2.  (See  honorable. 

worth,  n.  worthiness,   value,   merit,    ac- 
count, excellence,  dignity   (a  Latinism); 
spec,  nobleness,  condignity;  see  dignity. 
Antonyms:  see  fault. 


X^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
workmanly:  skillful. 


worm,  II.;   crawl,  insinuate. 
worsen,  v.  i. :  deteriorate, decline. 


worsen,  v.  I.:  aggravate. 
wort:   plant. 


tS^  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

479 


WORTHLESS 


worthless,  a.  mcritloss,  naught  (predica- 
tive), unworthy,  unvahiable  (rare),  good- 
for-nothing  {chicjhj  spec),  precious  {iron- 
ical); spec,  lose!  {archaic),  chatTy,  light, 
empty,  ne'er-do-well,  riffraff,  refuse, 
rubbish,  tnunpery,  mean,  drathsh,  draffy, 
queer  (thieves'  cant),  trashy,  yeasty;  see 

I'ALTRT,  TRIVIAL. 

Antonyms:   see  valuable,  ina'ALUable. 

worthy,  a.  worthful  (rare);  spec,  noble, 
suitable,  estimable;  see  honorable,  de- 
serving. 

wound,  n.  traumatism  or  trauma  (tech.), 
breach  (rare,  exc.  spec),  gride  (archaic); 
spec  hack,  cut,  scratch,  stab,  crepance, 
bite,  prick,  laceration. 

wound,  v.  t.  Spec,  cut,  shoot,  bite,  scratch, 
harrow  (rare),  lance,  wing,  calk,  tear, 
vuln  (chiefly  heraldry),  lacerate. 

wounded,  a.  vuhxcrose  (learned  or  literary). 

woven,  a.  textile. 

wrap,  n.  envelope;  spec.  mufHer,  mantle, 
shawl,  nubia,  sontag,  overwrap  (rare);  see 

FOLD. 

wrap,  V.  t.  envelop  or  envelope  (formal  or 
literary),  fold,  enwTap  or  inwrap  (literary); 
spec,  involve,  cere,  bewrap  (intensive),  en- 
swathe  (rare),  impall,  wind,  w^hip,  serve, 
seize,  shawl,  lap,  roll,  muffle,  mob,  furl 
(rare),  sw^athe,  tuck,  mantle,  scarf;    see 

FOLD. 

Antonyms:  see  unfold. 
wrapper,  n.  1.  envelope  (literary,  formal, 
or  spec),  wrapping,  wrappage  (rare);  spec. 
puddening  or  pudding  (naid.). 

2.    See  CONTAINER. 

wrapt,  a.  absorbed,  breathless. 

wreath,  n.  ring   (contextual);    spec,  bays 

(pi.),  laurel,  garland,  crown,  twist,  torse 

(heraldry;  rare),  festoon,  coronet. 
wreathe,  v.  t.  twist  (contextual),  overtwine 

(rare);  spec  festoon,  garland. 
wreck,  v.  t.  shipwreck  (originally  spec); 

spec,  dynamite. 
Antonyms:  see  save. 
wreckage,  n.  flotsam,  jetsam,  ligan. 
wrecker,  n.  Spec  salvager. 
wrench,  n.    1.  Spec.  wTest;    see  strain, 

perversion,  tear. 

2.  Spec,   spanner,   key,  monkey-wrench, 
s-wrench. 

3.  See  force,  perversion. 

wrench,  v.  t.  1.  wrest;  see  deface,  strain, 

TEAR. 

2.    See  DISTORT,  PERVERT. 

wrestle,  v.  i.  struggle,  tug;  —  both  con- 
textual. 

wretch,  n.  1.  A  wretched  person:  elf  (liter- 
ary), devil  (used  with  "poor"),  soul  {used 


with  "poor"),  caitiff  (archaic);   spec.  m(v 
nial,  underling. 

2.  .l.s  a  term  of  reprobatinn:  miscreant, 
slubberdeguUion  (obs.  or  dial.),  scab 
(slang;  opprobrious  or  a  term  of  abuse), 
bugger  (low),  cullion  (literary  and  ar- 
chaic), caitiff  (contemptuous);  spec  beg- 
gar (fig.),  hound  (flg.),  skunk  (vulgar), 
scrub,  hilding  (archaic),  cur  (colloq.;  con- 
temptuous). 
wretched,  a.  miserable,  mean,  forlorn;  see 

DEPRESSED,  MEAN. 

wriggle,  V.  i.  writhe,  squirm  (chiefly  U.  S. 
&  dial.  Eng.),  w^orm;  spec.  busk. 

wrinkle,  n.  1.  Spec  crumple,  rumple, 
ridge  (contextual),  ruga  (tech.),  crimple 
(dial.),  furrow  (contextual),  ruck,  crease, 
touse  (rare),  rugosity,  pucker,  crimp, 
crinkle,  crow's-foot;  see  fold,  ruffle. 

2.  wrinkledness;  spec,  crumpledness,  ruf- 
fledness. 

3.  See  EXPEDIENT. 

wrinkle,  v.  t.  &  i.  Spec  rumple,  crumple, 
corrugate  (literary  or  tech.),  crinkle,  puck- 
er, knit,  furrow  (contextual),  crease,  ruck, 
frumple  (obs.  or  dial.),  ridge  (contextual), 
ruckle,  crimp,  crape,  shrivel;  see  ruffle. 

wrinkled,  a.  rugose  (tech.),  corrugated 
(literary  or  tech.),  puckered,  wTinkly,  ru- 
gate (tech.);  spec,  crinkly,  crimpy,  crum- 
pled, rugous  (tech.),  rugulose  (tech.), 
oursed  (rare),  puckered,  rugged  (features), 
knit,  bent,  shriveled. 
Antonyms:  see  smooth. 

wrist,  n.  carpus  (tech.). 

wristlet,  n.  band,  wrister  (local,    U.  S.). 

writ,  n.  brieve  (law;  Scot.),  precept;  spec. 
extent. 

write,  V.  t.  1.  inscribe  (formal  or  literary), 
indite  (now  literary),  set  (noiv  always  with 
"doivn"),  scriven  (rare);  spec,  engross, 
pencil,  draw,  scrawl,  hieroglyph,  bescrib- 
ble,  record. 
2.  See  compose. 

write,  V.  i.  1.  inscribe;    spec,  cipher;    see 

SCRIBBLE,  DISCOUKSE. 

2.  In  sense  of  write  up:  spec,  paper,  para- 
graph, scribble. 
writer,  n.  1.  scribe,  scriptor  (rare);   spec 
calligraphist,  penman,  penner,  pen  (fig.). 

2.    See      AMANUENSIS,      AUTHOR,      CORRE- 
SPONDENT. 

writhe,  v.  i.  worm,  twist,  wring,  contort, 
wry  (rare);  spec,  distort. 

writhing,  a.  twisting,  worming,  serpen- 
tine. 

writing,  a.  scriptory  (learned). 

writing,  n.  1.  inscription,  engrossment. 
2.  manuscript,  lucubration  (now  usually 


tW  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
wounding:    cutting. 
wraith:   apparition. 


wrangle:  quarrel,  dispute,  cavil. 
wratli:   anger. 
wrathful:   angry. 


wreak:  execute. 
wrest:  wrench. 
wretchedly:  poorly. 


tW  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 

480 


YOUTH 


derisive  or  playful),  writ  (chiefly  used  of 
Scriptures),  script  (obsolescent);  spec,  leg- 
end, autograph,  scroll,  scribble,  document. 
3.  A  style,  manner,  etc.,  of  writing:  hand- 
writing, hand;  spec,  cipher,  lexigraphy, 
cuneiform,  haplography,  dittography, 
macrography. 

writing   desk,    table    (contextual);    spec. 
davenport,  escritoire. 

writing    room,    scriptorium    (learned   or 
tech.),  scriptory  (rare). 

written,  a.  scriptory  (rare),  literal  (rare). 
Antonyms:  see  oral. 

wrong,  a.  1.  amiss  (predicative),  erroneous, 
abroad;  see  incorrect. 
Antonyms:  see  right. 

2.  See  WICKED,  IMPROPER,  IMMORAL, 
CRIMINAL,  SINFUL. 

wrong,  n.  1.  See  error. 
2.  A  wrong  act  or  deed:   injury,  injustice, 
tort   (law),   crime,   grievance,   gravamen 
(rare);   spec,  unfairness,  villainy;   see  in- 
jury, SIN. 
Antonyms:  see  Justice. 


i-shaped,  n.  decussate,  chiasmal;  — both 
tech.  or  learned. 


yachtsman,  n.  Spec.  Corinthian. 

yard,  a.  inclosure  (contextual);  spec,  court, 

curtilage,  garth,  bailey,  farmyard,  barton 

(Eng.),  barnyard,  bawn. 
yarn,  n.  t.  Spec,  worsted,  inkle,  fingering 

(Eng.),  crewel. 

2.    <See  NARRATIVE. 

year,  n.  1.  twelvemonth  (formal  or  em- 
phatic), sun  (fig.);  spec,  indiction,  jubilee. 
2.  In  pi.:  see  age. 

yeast,  n.  leaven;  spec,  barm,  emptyings 
(U.  S.),  emptins  (dial.  U.  S.). 

yeasty,  a.  barmy  (archaic). 

yellow,  a.  xanthous  (tech.);  spec,  buff, 
buffy,  citrine  or  citrinous,  cream,  drab, 
fallow,  flavescent,  foxy,  fulvous,  icterine 
(tech.),  isabelline,  jaundiced,  khaki,  lute- 
ous  (tech.),  luteolous  (tech.;  rare),  lu- 
tescent  (tech.),  nankeen,  ocherous,  ochery, 
ochrous,  ochry,  orange,  saffrony  (rare), 
sallow,  sandy,  sorrel,  subflavous  (rare), 
vitelline,  xanthochroic  (tech.),  xantho- 
chroous  (tech.),  yellowish,  yellowy,  flaxen; 

see  STRAW-COLORED,  GOLDEN. 

yellow,  n.  Spec,  fustic,  jonquil,  massicot, 
orellin,  saffron;  see  gold. 


yeoman,  n.  goodraan  (hist,  or  poetic j, 
laird  (Scot.);  spec,  beefeater,  duniwassal 
(Scot.),  cocklaird  (Scot.;  humorous). 

yes,  exclamation,  yea  (archaic),  aye  (ar- 
chaic or  spec);  spec,  placet. 

yesterday,a.  pridian(rare),  hesternal(rare). 

yesterday,  n.  Spec,  yestermorn,  yestereve, 
yestereven,  yesternight; — all  four  archaic. 

yield,  n.  1.  return,  produce;  see  harvest. 
2.  bend,  give  (colloq.). 

yield,  v.  i.  1.  In  a  physical  sense:  give, 
budge,  go;  spec,  fall,  come,  bend,  sink, 
cave  in,  duck,  start,  ply  (rare). 
2.  succumb,  meeken  (rare),  weaken;  spec. 
defer,  submit,  cringe,  crouch,  budge, 
stoop,    melt;     see   surrender,    accede, 

ADMIT,  relent. 

Antonyms:  see  struggle. 
yield,  v.  t.  1.  furnish  (contextual),  return, 
afford,  bear,  pan  (esp.  with  "out";   spec, 
or  fig.);  spec,  net;  see  produce. 

2.    See  RELINQUISH,  SURRENDER. 

yielding,  a.  1.  nonresistant,  pliant,  weak; 
see  SOFT. 
Antonyms:  see  unyielding. 
2.  weak,    pliable,    acquiescent,    passive, 
flexible,  toward  (literary  or  archaic);    see 

COMPLAISANT,  SUBMISSIVE,  RELENTING. 

Antonyms:  see  unyielding,  autocratic. 

yielding,  n.  submission,  submittal  (rare); 
spec,  homage,   acquiescence,  fall,  lapse, 
deference,  abandonment,  relinquishment, 
submissiveness. 
Antonyms:  see  opposition. 

yodel,  V.  t.  &  i.  warble  (U .  S.),  carol,  troll, 
troUol. 

yonder,  adv.  beyond,  yon  (poetic). 

yonder,  a.  yon  (poetic). 

young,    a.    1.    youthful,    youthy    (rare), 
youthsome     (rare),    green     (fig.);    spec. 
juvenile,  infant,   immature,  squab  (esp. 
of  doves  or  pigeons). 
Antonyms:  see  old. 
2.  See  recent. 

younger,  a.  junior,  puisne  (obs.,  exc.  law), 
less  (a  Latinism) . 

youth,  n.  1.  childhood  (contextual),  chil- 
dren (pi.;  chiefly  spec),  juvenescence 
(rare),  youthhead  (archaic),  youthhood 
(archaic),  youngness  (rare);  spec,  adoles- 
cence, boyhood,  boyage  (rare),  girlhood, 
immaturity,  nonage. 
Antonyms:  see  age. 

2.  A  boy  or  girl:  youngster  (chiefly  famil- 
iar or  contemptuous),  younker  (obsolescent), 
youngling  (rare),  sprig  (often  .somewhat  con- 
temptuous), slip  (chiefly  spec). 

3.  Referring  to  a  boy:  stripling,  lad  (usu- 


t^W  Cross  references:  see  Note. 
wrong,  V.  t.:  injure. 
wrongful:       immoral,      sinful, 

tricked,  injurious. 
wrong-headed:   perverse. 


yarn,  v.  {.:  discourse. 
yawn,  n.:  gape. 
yawn,  D.  i..'  gape,  long. 
yawning,  a..'  gaping,  open. 


yearly:  annual. 
yearn:  long. 
yearning:   longing. 
yoke, ».  t.;  harness. 
yokefellow:  associate. 


XW  i^oo  Notes  of  Explanation. 
481 


YOUTHFUL 


alhj  familiar  or  spec),  laddie  (alermofni- 
dearmciit;  chicjlij  Scot.),  cockerel  (jig.), 
springal  (chivjlij  Scot.),  grummet  {hidor- 
ical),  callant  (Scot.),  whelp  {contc7nptu- 
ous),  gossoon  {chicjly  Anglo-Irish);  spec. 
cub,  damoiseau  (obs.  or  archaic),  hobble- 
dehoy (coUoq.),  buckeen  (Anglo-Irish), 
boykin  (diiu.),  knave  (archaic). 
Antontjms:  see  old  man. 

4.    ^t  t'  RECENCY. 

youthful,  a.  childish  (contextual) ,  young 
(contcrtual),  early  (contextual),  juvenile, 
>oungly  (rare),  green  (fig.;  chiefly  depre- 
ciatory); spec,  beardless,  maiden,  boy- 
like, bo_\-ish,  puerile. 
Antonyms:  see  old. 

youthfulness,  n.  childishness,  juvenility, 
green  (as  in  "m  the  green";  often  depre- 
ciatory); spec,  boyishness,  boyism. 

y-shaped,  a.  j']:)silif orm ; — tech  or  learned. 


zeal,  n.  devotion,  passion,  jealousness  (ar- 
chaic), jealousy  (archaic),  zealotry,  zelo- 
tj-pia;  see  ardor. 


zealot,  71.  Spec,  enthusiast  (often  deprecia- 

tory\  religionist;  see  devotee,  fanatic. 
jealous,  a.  ardent  (which  see),  alacritous, 

jealous  (archaic). 
zemstvo,  n.  assembly  {wliicli  see). 
zenith,  n.  1.  prime. 

Antonyms:  see  horizontal,  nadir. 

2.  See  height. 
zenithal,  a.  culminant  (literal  orfi^.). 
zero,  n.  1.  Sec  cipher. 

2.  nothing  (contextual);    spec,  goose  egg 

(U.  S.),  duck  (sla7ig). 
zest,  n.  1.  flavor,  salt  (fig.). 

2.  See   edge,    flavoring,    enjoyment, 

STING,  liking. 

zigzag,  11.  Spec,  dancette,  boyau. 

zigzag,   a.   crooked    (contextual),   sinuous 
(contextual),    cranky     (rare);    spec,    zig- 
zaggy,  dog-legged  (said  of  a  kind  of  stair- 
case), chevrony. 
Antonyins:  see  straight. 

zigzag,  V.  I.  stagger. 

zonal,  a.  zonary,  arthromeric  (tech.),  met^ 
americ  (tech.). 

zone,  n.  band  (contextual);   spec,  zonula, 
zonule,  zonulet;  see  girdle. 


t^  Cross  references:  see  Note. 


zany:  buffoon. 


zealotry:  fanaticism. 
zealous:  ardent,  jealous,  frantic. 
zenana:  harem. 
zephyr:  wind. 


zigzag,  V.  i.:  wind. 
zikkurat:  tower. 
zip:   sound. 
zoster:  girdle. 


fS"  See  Notes  of  Explanation. 


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